The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
The status of health in rural populations.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
Health services, public or private, in rural areas. The services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care.
The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poland" is not a medical term or concept; it is a country located in Central Europe. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help answer those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lithuania" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in northeastern Europe, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and the Baltic Sea to the west. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them!
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Environment un-modified by human activity. Areas in which natural processes operate without human interference.
A geographic location which has insufficient health resources (manpower and/or facilities) to meet the medical needs of the resident population.
A republic in west equatorial Africa, south of CAMEROON and west of the CONGO. Its capital is Libreville.
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
Hospitals located in a rural area.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Greece" is a country in southeastern Europe and not a medical term or condition. If you have any medical questions or need a definition related to medicine, I would be happy to help.
The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
A geographical area of the United States with no definite boundaries but comprising northeastern Alabama, northwestern Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, western North Carolina, eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, western Virginia, West Virginia, western Maryland, southwestern Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, and southern New York.
The status of health in urban populations.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bolivia" is not a medical term that has a definition in the field of medicine. It is actually the name of a country, specifically the Plurinational State of Bolivia, located in South America. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Arkansas" is a place name and does not have a medical definition. It is a state located in the southern region of the United States.
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
The process whereby a society changes from a rural to an urban way of life. It refers also to the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.
The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Geographic area in which a professional person practices; includes primarily physicians and dentists.
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.
The art or practice of preparing food. It includes the preparation of special foods for diets in various diseases.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.
Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bangladesh" is a country located in South Asia, not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition. It shares borders with India, Myanmar (Burma), and Bay of Bengal. The population is primarily Bengali, and the official language is Bangla (Bengali). The capital city is Dhaka. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, feel free to ask!
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
A province of western Canada, lying between the provinces of British Columbia and Saskatchewan. Its capital is Edmonton. It was named in honor of Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p26 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p12)
An infant during the first month after birth.
A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Argentina" is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. Argentina is actually the second largest country in South America, and is known for its rich cultural history, diverse landscapes, and significant contributions to fields such as science, arts, and sports. If you have any questions related to healthcare, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!
A situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level.
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.
A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Health services required by a population or community as well as the health services that the population or community is able and willing to pay for.
The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)
Differences in access to or availability of medical facilities and services.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
Typical way of life or manner of living characteristic of an individual or group. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.
Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)
Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive health services provided for individuals in the community.
Size and composition of the family.
Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.
Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Variation in rates of disease occurrence and disabilities between population groups defined by socioeconomic characteristics such as age, ethnicity, economic resources, or gender and populations identified geographically or similar measures.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed.
Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
A province of Canada lying between the provinces of Manitoba and Quebec. Its capital is Toronto. It takes its name from Lake Ontario which is said to represent the Iroquois oniatariio, beautiful lake. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p892 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p391)
The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Federative Republic of Brazil. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or science, I'd be happy to help answer those!
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.
The integration of epidemiologic, sociological, economic, and other analytic sciences in the study of health services. Health services research is usually concerned with relationships between need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services. The aim of the research is evaluation, particularly in terms of structure, process, output, and outcome. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.
Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.
The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.
Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.
Statistical measures of utilization and other aspects of the provision of health care services including hospitalization and ambulatory care.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Helicobacter pylori infection, garlic intake and precancerous lesions in a Chinese population at low risk of gastric cancer. (1/6923)

BACKGROUND: Cangshan County of Shandong Province has one of the lowest rates of gastric cancer (GC) in China. While intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia (DYS) are less common in Cangshan than in areas of Shandong at high risk of GC, these precursor lesions nevertheless affect about 20% of adults age > or = 55. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: In order to evaluate determinants of IM and DYS in Cangshan County, a low risk area of GC a survey was conducted among 214 adults who participated in a gastroscopic screening survey in Cangshan County in 1994. METHOD: A dietary interview and measurement of serum Helicobacter pylori antibodies were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of H. pylori was lowest (19%) among those with normal gastric mucosa, rising steadily to 35% for superficial gastritis (SG), 56% for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), 80% for IM, and 100% for DYS. The prevalence odds of precancerous lesions were compared with the odds of normal histology or SG. The odds ratio (OR) or CAG associated with H. pylori positivity was 4.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 1.7-10.0), while the OR of IM/DYS associated with H. pylori positivity was 31.5 (95% CI: 5.2-187). After adjusting for H. pylori infection, drinking alcohol was a risk factor for CAG (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.1-9.2) and IM/DYS (OR = 7.8, 95% CI: 1.3-47.7). On the other hand, consumption of garlic showed non-significant protective effects and an inverse association with H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that infection with H. pylori is a risk factor and garlic may be protective, in the development and progression of advanced precancerous gastric lesions in an area of China at relatively low risk of GC.  (+info)

Precancerous lesions in two counties of China with contrasting gastric cancer risk. (2/6923)

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and shows remarkable geographical variation even within countries such as China. Linqu County in Shandong Province of northeast China has a GC rate that is 15 times higher than that of Cangshan County in Shandong, even though these counties are within 200 miles of each other. METHOD: In order to evaluate the frequency of precancerous gastric lesions in Linqu and Cangshan Counties we examined 3400 adults in Linqu County and 224 adults in Cangshan County. An endoscopic examination with four biopsies was performed in each individual of the two populations. RESULTS: The prevalence of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia (DYS) was 30% and 15.1%, respectively, in Linqu compared to 7.9% and 5.6% in Cangshan (P < 0.01). Within these histological categories, advanced grades were found more often in Linqu than in Cangshan. The prevalences of IM and DYS were more common at each biopsy site in Linqu, where the lesions also tended to affect multiple sites. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support the concept that IM and DYS are closely correlated with risks of GC and represent late stages in the multistep process of gastric carcinogenesis.  (+info)

Constitutional, biochemical and lifestyle correlates of fibrinogen and factor VII activity in Polish urban and rural populations. (3/6923)

BACKGROUND: Fibrinogen and factor VII activity are known to be related to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, but population differences in clotting factors and modifiable characteristics that influence their levels have not been widely explored. METHODS: This paper examines correlates of plasma fibrinogen concentration and factor VII activity in 2443 men and women aged 35-64 in random samples selected from the residents in two districts in urban Warsaw (618 men and 651 women) and from rural Tarnobrzeg Province (556 men and 618 women) screened in 1987-1988, and assesses which characteristics might explain urban-rural differences. Fibrinogen and factor VII activity were determined using coagulation methods. RESULTS: Fibrinogen was 12.9 mg/dl higher in men and 14.1 mg/dl higher in women in Tarnobrzeg compared to Warsaw. Factor VII activity was higher in Warsaw (9.2% in men and 15.3% in women). After adjustment for selected characteristics, fibrinogen was higher in smokers compared to non-smokers by 28 mg/dl in men and 22 mg/dl in women. In women, a 15 mg/dl increase in HDL-cholesterol was associated with a 10 mg/dl decrease in fibrinogen (P < 0.01). After adjustment for other variables, a higher factor VII activity in Warsaw remained significant (a difference of 9.4% in men and 14.8% in women). Lower fibrinogen in Warsaw remained significant only in women (15.4 mg/dl difference). CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed that sex, age, BMI, smoking and blood lipids are related to clotting factors. However, with the exception of gender differences and smoking, associations between clotting factors and other variables were small and of questionable practical importance.  (+info)

Hygiene behaviour in rural Nicaragua in relation to diarrhoea. (4/6923)

BACKGROUND: Childhood diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Nicaragua. Amongst the risk factors for its transmission are 'poor' hygiene practices. We investigated the effect of a large number of hygiene practices on diarrhoeal disease in children aged <2 years and validated the technique of direct observation of hygiene behaviour. METHODS: A prospective follow-up study was carried out in a rural zone of Nicaragua. From the database of a previously conducted case-control study on water and sanitation 172 families were recruited, half of which had experienced a higher than expected rate of diarrhoea in their children and the other half a lower rate. Hygiene behaviour was observed over two mornings and diarrhoea incidence was recorded with a calendar, filled out by the mother, and collected every week for 5 months. RESULTS: Of 46 'good' practices studied, 39 were associated with a lower risk of diarrhoea, five were unrelated and only for two a higher risk was observed. Washing of hands, domestic cleanliness (kitchen, living room, yard) and the use of a diaper/underclothes by the child had the strongest protective effect. Schooling (>3 years of primary school) and better economic position (possession of a radio) had a positive influence on general hygiene behaviour, education having a slightly stronger effect when a radio was present. Individual hygiene behaviour appeared to be highly variable in contrast with the consistent behaviour of the community as a whole. Feasible and appropriate indicators of hygiene behaviour were found to be domestic cleanliness and the use of a diaper or underclothes by the child. CONCLUSION: A consistent relationship between almost all hygiene practices and diarrhoea was detected, more schooling producing better hygiene behaviour. The high variability of hygiene behaviour at the individual level requires repeated observations (at least two) before and after the hygiene education in the event one wants to measure the impact of the campaign on the individual.  (+info)

Role of schools in the transmission of measles in rural Senegal: implications for measles control in developing countries. (5/6923)

Patterns of measles transmission at school and at home were studied in 1995 in a rural area of Senegal with a high level of vaccination coverage. Among 209 case children with a median age of 8 years, there were no deaths, although the case fatality ratio has previously been 6-7% in this area. Forty percent of the case children had been vaccinated against measles; the proportion of vaccinated children was higher among secondary cases (47%) than among index cases (33%) (prevalence ratio = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.76). Vaccinated index cases may have been less infectious than unvaccinated index cases, since they produced fewer clinical cases among exposed children (relative risk = 0.55, 95% CI 0.29-1.04). The secondary attack rate was lower in the schools than in the homes (relative risk = 0.31, 95% CI 0.20-0.49). The school outbreaks were protracted, with 4-5 generations of cases being seen in the two larger schools. Vaccine efficacy was found to be 57% (95% CI -23 to 85) in the schools and 74% (95% CI 62-82) in the residential compounds. Measles infection resulted in a mean of 3.8 days of absenteeism per case, though this did not appear to have an impact on the children's grades. Among the index cases, 56% of children were probably infected by neighbors in the community, and 7% were probably infected at health centers, 13% outside the community, and 24% in one of the three schools which had outbreaks during the epidemic. However, most of the school-related cases occurred at the beginning and therefore contributed to the general propagation of the epidemic. To prevent school outbreaks, it may be necessary to require vaccination prior to school entry and to revaccinate children in individual schools upon detection of cases of measles. Multidose measles vaccination schedules will be necessary to control measles in developing countries.  (+info)

I(6/6923)

nvited commentary: vaccine failure or failure to vaccinate?  (+info)

Longitudinal evaluation of serovar-specific immunity to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (7/6923)

The serovars of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that are predominant in a community change over time, a phenomenon that may be due to the development of immunity to repeat infection with the same serovar. This study evaluated the epidemiologic evidence for serovar-specific immunity to N. gonorrhoeae. During a 17-month period in 1992-1994, all clients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic in rural North Carolina underwent genital culture for N. gonorrhoeae. Gonococcal isolates were serotyped according to standard methods. Odds ratios for repeat infection with the same serovar versus any different serovar were calculated on the basis of the distribution of serovars in the community at the time of reinfection. Of 2,838 patients, 608 (21.4%; 427 males and 181 females) were found to be infected with N. gonorrhoeae at the initial visit. Ninety patients (14.8% of the 608) had a total of 112 repeat gonococcal infections. Repeat infection with the same serovar occurred slightly more often than would be expected based on the serovars prevalent in the community at the time of reinfection, though the result was marginally nonsignificant (odds ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.0-2.4; p = 0.05). Choosing partners within a sexual network may increase the likelihood of repeat exposure to the same serovar of N. gonorrhoeae. Gonococcal infection did not induce evident immunity to reinfection with the same serovar.  (+info)

Diagnosing anaemia in pregnancy in rural clinics: assessing the potential of the Haemoglobin Colour Scale. (8/6923)

Anaemia in pregnancy is a common and severe problem in many developing countries. Because of lack of resources and staff motivation, screening for anaemia is often solely by clinical examination of the conjunctiva or is not carried out at all. A new colour scale for the estimation of haemoglobin concentration has been developed by WHO. The present study compares the results obtained using the new colour scale on 729 women visiting rural antenatal clinics in Malawi with those obtained by HemoCue haemoglobinometer and electronic Coulter Counter and with the assessment of anaemia by clinical examination of the conjunctiva. Sensitivity using the colour scale was consistently better than for conjunctival inspection alone and interobserver agreement and agreement with Coulter Counter measurements was good. The Haemoglobin Colour Scale is simple to use, well accepted, cheap and gives immediate results. It shows considerable potential for use in screening for anaemia in antenatal clinics in settings where resources are limited.  (+info)

A rural population refers to people who live in areas that are outside of urban areas, typically defined as having fewer than 2,000 residents and lacking certain infrastructure and services such as running water, sewage systems, and paved roads. Rural populations often have less access to healthcare services, education, and economic opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. This population group can face unique health challenges, including higher rates of poverty, limited access to specialized medical care, and a greater exposure to environmental hazards such as agricultural chemicals and industrial pollutants.

Rural health is a branch of healthcare that focuses on the unique health challenges and needs of people living in rural areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rural health as "the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in the rural population."

Rural populations often face disparities in healthcare access and quality compared to their urban counterparts. Factors such as geographic isolation, poverty, lack of transportation, and a shortage of healthcare providers can contribute to these disparities. Rural health encompasses a broad range of services, including primary care, prevention, chronic disease management, mental health, oral health, and emergency medical services.

The goal of rural health is to improve the health outcomes of rural populations by addressing these unique challenges and providing high-quality, accessible healthcare services that meet their needs. This may involve innovative approaches such as telemedicine, mobile health clinics, and community-based programs to reach people in remote areas.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Rural health services refer to the healthcare delivery systems and facilities that are located in rural areas and are designed to meet the unique health needs of rural populations. These services can include hospitals, clinics, community health centers, mental health centers, and home health agencies, as well as various programs and initiatives aimed at improving access to care, addressing health disparities, and promoting health and wellness in rural communities.

Rural health services are often characterized by longer travel distances to healthcare facilities, a greater reliance on primary care and preventive services, and a higher prevalence of certain health conditions such as chronic diseases, injuries, and mental health disorders. As a result, rural health services must be tailored to address these challenges and provide high-quality, affordable, and accessible care to rural residents.

In many countries, rural health services are supported by government policies and programs aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure, workforce development, and telehealth technologies in rural areas. These efforts are critical for ensuring that all individuals, regardless of where they live, have access to the healthcare services they need to maintain their health and well-being.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Urban Population" is not a medical term. It is a demographic term used to describe the portion of a country's population that lives in areas classified as urban. The United Nations defines an urban area as a city, town, or other agglomeration with a population of 20,000 or more. However, the specific definition can vary by country and organization.

In contrast, medical terms typically refer to conditions, diseases, symptoms, treatments, or healthcare-related concepts. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help if I can!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poland" is not a medical term. It is a country in Central Europe. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help answer those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lithuania" is not a medical term. It is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

In the context of medical care and emergency response, "wilderness" is not strictly defined by specific environmental criteria, such as the presence of trees or the absence of roads. Instead, it refers to areas that are remote and difficult to access, often with limited communication capabilities and a lack of immediate medical resources. This can include wilderness areas in the traditional sense, such as forests, mountains, and deserts, but also other types of remote and challenging environments, such as oceans, polar regions, and even urban settings during large-scale disasters.

The Wilderness Medical Society defines "wilderness" as:"An area where full medical support is not immediately available or evacuation may be significantly delayed."

This definition highlights the key challenges in wilderness medicine: the need for self-sufficiency, improvisation, and extended care capabilities due to potential delays in professional medical assistance.

A Medically Underserved Area (MUA) is a designation used by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). It refers to a geographic area that lacks sufficient access to primary care services, as defined by specific criteria such as:

1. The ratio of primary medical care physicians per thousand population is less than 30% of the national average.
2. The population has a poverty rate of at least 20%.
3. The population has an infant mortality rate that is higher than the U.S. average.
4. The population has a high elderly population (over 65 years old) and/or a large minority population.

MUAs are often located in rural or inner-city areas where there is a shortage of healthcare providers, facilities, and services. This designation helps to identify areas with significant healthcare needs and makes them eligible for federal assistance and resources, including funding for community health centers and other programs aimed at improving access to care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Gabon" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Africa, known officially as the Gabonese Republic. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

"Age distribution" is a term used to describe the number of individuals within a population or sample that fall into different age categories. It is often presented in the form of a graph, table, or chart, and can provide important information about the demographic structure of a population.

The age distribution of a population can be influenced by a variety of factors, including birth rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and aging. Public health officials and researchers use age distribution data to inform policies and programs related to healthcare, social services, and other areas that affect the well-being of populations.

For example, an age distribution graph might show a larger number of individuals in the younger age categories, indicating a population with a high birth rate. Alternatively, it might show a larger number of individuals in the older age categories, indicating a population with a high life expectancy or an aging population. Understanding the age distribution of a population can help policymakers plan for future needs and allocate resources more effectively.

"Rural Hospital" is a term that refers to a healthcare facility located in a rural area, providing inpatient and outpatient services to people living in those regions. According to the National Rural Health Association, a rural hospital is generally defined as a hospital located in a county with a population density of 100 persons per square mile or less and with a majority of the population (over 50%) living in rural areas.

Rural hospitals often serve as critical access points for healthcare services, offering a broad range of medical care including emergency services, primary care, surgery, obstetrics, and mental health services. They are essential for ensuring that residents of rural communities have access to necessary medical care, especially when considering the challenges associated with longer travel distances and limited availability of healthcare providers in these areas.

Rural hospitals often face unique challenges compared to their urban counterparts, such as financial difficulties due to lower patient volumes, higher rates of uncompensated care, and a greater reliance on Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements. Additionally, rural hospitals may struggle with recruiting and retaining healthcare professionals, which can impact the quality and availability of care for patients in these communities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Greece" is not a medical term or concept. Greece is a country located in southeastern Europe, known for its rich history, culture, and contributions to various fields including philosophy, politics, arts, and sciences. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I'd be happy to help.

"Sex distribution" is a term used to describe the number of males and females in a study population or sample. It can be presented as a simple count, a percentage, or a ratio. This information is often used in research to identify any differences in health outcomes, disease prevalence, or response to treatment between males and females. Additionally, understanding sex distribution can help researchers ensure that their studies are representative of the general population and can inform the design of future studies.

Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:

1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.

Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.

If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

The Appalachian Region is a geographic and cultural region in the eastern United States that stretches from southern New York to northern Mississippi. It is defined by the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) as including 420 counties across 13 states: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. The ARC defines the region based on its unique economic and social challenges, as well as its distinct cultural heritage.

The Appalachian Region is characterized by a diverse landscape that includes the Appalachian Mountains, valleys, plateaus, and coastal plains. It has a rich history of coal mining, agriculture, and manufacturing, but has also faced significant economic challenges in recent decades due to declines in these industries. The region has higher poverty rates, lower educational attainment levels, and poorer health outcomes compared to the national average.

The medical definition of the Appalachian Region may refer to the unique health challenges that are prevalent in this area. These can include higher rates of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and respiratory illnesses due to factors such as poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and environmental exposures related to coal mining and other industries. The region also has a higher rate of opioid addiction and overdose deaths compared to the national average. Public health initiatives and interventions in the Appalachian Region often focus on addressing these specific health disparities and improving overall health outcomes for the population.

Urban health is a branch of public health that focuses on the unique health challenges and disparities faced by urban populations. It encompasses the physical, mental, and social well-being of people living in urban areas, which are characterized by high population density, diverse cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds, and unique environmental exposures.

Urban health addresses a range of issues, including infectious diseases, chronic conditions, injuries, violence, and mental health disorders, as well as the social determinants of health such as housing, education, income, and access to healthcare services. It also considers the impact of urbanization on health, including the effects of pollution, noise, crowding, and lack of green spaces.

The goal of urban health is to promote health equity and improve the overall health outcomes of urban populations by addressing these challenges through evidence-based interventions, policies, and programs that are tailored to the unique needs of urban communities.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bolivia" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Plurinational State of Bolivia. If you have any questions related to geography, history, or culture, I would be happy to try and help with those. However, for medical advice or information, it's always best to consult a qualified healthcare professional.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Arkansas" is a proper noun and refers to a state in the United States. It does not have a medical definition. Arkansas is located in the southern region of the U.S. and is known for its diverse geography, which includes mountains, forests, and lowlands. The capital and largest city of Arkansas is Little Rock.

If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I would be happy to try to help answer them.

The term "developing countries" is a socio-economic classification used to describe nations that are in the process of industrialization and modernization. This term is often used interchangeably with "low and middle-income countries" or "Global South." The World Bank defines developing countries as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US $12,695.

In the context of healthcare, developing countries face unique challenges including limited access to quality medical care, lack of resources and infrastructure, high burden of infectious diseases, and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals. These factors contribute to significant disparities in health outcomes between developing and developed nations.

"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices" (HKAP) is a term used in public health to refer to the knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, and behaviors that individuals possess or engage in that are related to health. Here's a brief definition of each component:

1. Health Knowledge: Refers to the factual information and understanding that individuals have about various health-related topics, such as anatomy, physiology, disease processes, and healthy behaviors.
2. Attitudes: Represent the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, or dispositions that people hold towards certain health issues, practices, or services. These attitudes can influence their willingness to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.
3. Practices: Encompass the specific actions or habits that individuals engage in related to their health, such as dietary choices, exercise routines, hygiene practices, and use of healthcare services.

HKAP is a multidimensional concept that helps public health professionals understand and address various factors influencing individual and community health outcomes. By assessing and addressing knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, or unhealthy practices, interventions can be designed to promote positive behavior change and improve overall health status.

Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.

Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.

These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "urbanization" is a term that is more commonly used in the context of sociology and urban planning. It refers to the process through which rural areas become urbanized, or turned into cities, as a result of growth in population and infrastructure development.

However, if you are asking about the health implications of urbanization, then there is a field of study called "urban health" that focuses on how the urban environment impacts the physical and mental health of its inhabitants. Factors such as air pollution, noise pollution, lack of green spaces, inadequate housing, and limited access to healthy food options can all contribute to negative health outcomes in urban areas.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

I must clarify that "Ethiopia" is not a medical term or condition. Ethiopia is a country located in the Horn of Africa, known for its rich history and cultural heritage. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with diverse ethnic groups, languages, and religious practices.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, please feel free to ask! I'm here to help.

Health services accessibility refers to the degree to which individuals and populations are able to obtain needed health services in a timely manner. It includes factors such as physical access (e.g., distance, transportation), affordability (e.g., cost of services, insurance coverage), availability (e.g., supply of providers, hours of operation), and acceptability (e.g., cultural competence, language concordance).

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), accessibility is one of the key components of health system performance, along with responsiveness and fair financing. Improving accessibility to health services is essential for achieving universal health coverage and ensuring that everyone has access to quality healthcare without facing financial hardship. Factors that affect health services accessibility can vary widely between and within countries, and addressing these disparities requires a multifaceted approach that includes policy interventions, infrastructure development, and community engagement.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

"Professional Practice Location" is a term commonly used in the medical field to refer to the specific geographic location where a healthcare professional, such as a doctor or nurse, practices their profession. This can include a hospital, clinic, private practice, or other healthcare facility. The professional practice location is often considered when evaluating a healthcare provider's qualifications and experience, as well as when determining issues such as licensing and reimbursement for medical services. It may also be relevant in the context of malpractice claims, as the standard of care that a provider is expected to meet can vary based on their professional practice location.

Blindness is a condition of complete or near-complete vision loss. It can be caused by various factors such as eye diseases, injuries, or birth defects. Total blindness means that a person cannot see anything at all, while near-complete blindness refers to having only light perception or the ability to perceive the direction of light, but not able to discern shapes or forms. Legal blindness is a term used to define a certain level of visual impairment that qualifies an individual for government assistance and benefits; it usually means best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye, or a visual field no greater than 20 degrees in diameter.

"Cooking" is not a medical term, but it generally refers to the process of preparing and cooking food. In a medical or nutritional context, "cooking" may refer to the application of heat to food in order to make it safe and more palatable to eat, as well as to improve its nutritional value and digestibility.

Cooking can also have an impact on the nutrient content of food. For example, cooking certain vegetables can increase their bioavailability, or the amount of a nutrient that is available for absorption by the body. On the other hand, cooking some foods at high temperatures or for long periods of time can lead to the loss of certain nutrients, such as vitamins C and B.

It's important to note that the way food is cooked can also affect its safety. For example, undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood can harbor harmful bacteria, such as Salmonella and E. coli, which can cause foodborne illness. It's essential to cook these foods thoroughly to reduce the risk of infection.

In summary, while "cooking" is not a medical term, it has important implications for food safety, nutrition, and digestion.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uganda" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in East Africa, known officially as the Republic of Uganda. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Educational status refers to the level or stage of education that a person has reached. It can be used to describe an individual's educational background, achievements, and qualifications. Educational status can be categorized in various ways, including by level (e.g., elementary school, high school, college, graduate school), years of schooling completed, or type of degree earned (e.g., bachelor's, master's, doctoral).

In medical settings, educational status may be used as a demographic variable to describe the characteristics of a patient population or to identify potential disparities in health outcomes based on education level. Research has shown that higher levels of education are often associated with better health outcomes, including lower rates of chronic diseases and improved mental health. Therefore, understanding a patient's educational status can help healthcare providers tailor their care and education strategies to meet the unique needs and challenges of each individual.

Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.

I apologize for any confusion, but "agriculture" is not a term that has a medical definition. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It is an important industry and practice that has been developed over thousands of years and continues to play a critical role in global food production and security.

Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bangladesh" is a country located in South Asia, rather than a medical term or condition. It is bordered by India to the west, north, and east, and by Myanmar (Burma) to the southeast, with the Bay of Bengal to the south. The official name of the country is the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you!

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Interviews" is a broad topic that isn't typically a medical term or subject. However, interviews can certainly be a part of medical settings and procedures, such as job interviews for healthcare positions, patient interviews during medical consultations, or research interviews in clinical studies.

In the context of medical education, an interview might refer to the process by which medical schools evaluate applicants for admission, known as the medical school interview. This is a critical component of the application process and typically involves one-on-one conversations between the applicant and an admissions committee member or a series of multiple mini-interviews (MMIs) with various evaluators.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "Interviews as Topic" in a medical setting, I'd be happy to help further!

I apologize, but "Alberta" is not a medical term. It is the name of a province in Canada, located in western Canada, and is known for its vast prairies, mountains, and coniferous forests. It is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, as well as the Northwest Territories to the north, and the US state of Montana to the south.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malaysia" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Southeast Asia, consisting of thirteen states and three federal territories. If you have any questions about Malaysia's geography, culture, or people, I would be happy to try to help answer those! However, if you have a question related to medicine or healthcare, please provide more details so I can give you an accurate and helpful response.

Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Argentina" is a country in South America and not a medical term or concept. The term "argyria" may be what you're looking for, which is a rare condition resulting from the accumulation of silver compounds in the body, causing the skin to turn blue-gray. However, Argentina and argyria are two distinct terms with different meanings.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "poverty" is not a medical condition or term. It is a social condition defined by the World Bank as "pronounced deprivation in well-being," and measured through indicators such as income, consumption, and access to basic services. Poverty can have significant impacts on health outcomes and healthcare access, but it is not considered a medical diagnosis. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try my best to help answer them!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nigeria" is not a medical term. It is a country located in West Africa, and it is the most populous country in Africa. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "social class" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a sociological concept that refers to the grouping of individuals in a society based on their shared economic and social positions. This can include factors such as income, education, occupation, and wealth.

However, social class can have an impact on health outcomes and access to healthcare. For example, people in lower socioeconomic groups are more likely to experience chronic diseases, mental health disorders, and have limited access to quality healthcare services compared to those in higher socioeconomic groups. This relationship is often referred to as the "social determinants of health."

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tanzania" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in East Africa. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

Health services needs refer to the population's requirement for healthcare services based on their health status, disease prevalence, and clinical guidelines. These needs can be categorized into normative needs (based on expert opinions or clinical guidelines) and expressed needs (based on individuals' perceptions of their own healthcare needs).

On the other hand, health services demand refers to the quantity of healthcare services that consumers are willing and able to pay for, given their preferences, values, and financial resources. Demand is influenced by various factors such as price, income, education level, and cultural beliefs.

It's important to note that while needs represent a population's requirement for healthcare services, demand reflects the actual utilization of these services. Understanding both health services needs and demand is crucial in planning and delivering effective healthcare services that meet the population's requirements while ensuring efficient resource allocation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Geography is a field of study that deals with the location and distribution of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, as well as how humans interact with and affect those features. It is not a concept that is typically used in a medical context. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Healthcare disparities refer to differences in the quality, accessibility, and outcomes of healthcare that are systematically related to social or economic disadvantage. These disparities may exist between different racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, sexual orientation, geographic, or disability status groups. They can result from a complex interplay of factors including provider bias, patient-provider communication, health system policies, and structural racism, among others. Healthcare disparities often lead to worse health outcomes and reduced quality of life for disadvantaged populations.

Medical mass screening, also known as population screening, is a public health service that aims to identify and detect asymptomatic individuals in a given population who have or are at risk of a specific disease. The goal is to provide early treatment, reduce morbidity and mortality, and prevent the spread of diseases within the community.

A mass screening program typically involves offering a simple, quick, and non-invasive test to a large number of people in a defined population, regardless of their risk factors or symptoms. Those who test positive are then referred for further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical interventions. Examples of mass screening programs include mammography for breast cancer detection, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing for prostate cancer, and fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer.

It is important to note that mass screening programs should be evidence-based, cost-effective, and ethically sound, with clear benefits outweighing potential harms. They should also consider factors such as the prevalence of the disease in the population, the accuracy and reliability of the screening test, and the availability and effectiveness of treatment options.

Epidemiologic methods are systematic approaches used to investigate and understand the distribution, determinants, and outcomes of health-related events or diseases in a population. These methods are applied to study the patterns of disease occurrence and transmission, identify risk factors and causes, and evaluate interventions for prevention and control. The core components of epidemiologic methods include:

1. Descriptive Epidemiology: This involves the systematic collection and analysis of data on the who, what, when, and where of health events to describe their distribution in a population. It includes measures such as incidence, prevalence, mortality, and morbidity rates, as well as geographic and temporal patterns.

2. Analytical Epidemiology: This involves the use of statistical methods to examine associations between potential risk factors and health outcomes. It includes observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) and experimental studies (randomized controlled trials). The goal is to identify causal relationships and quantify the strength of associations.

3. Experimental Epidemiology: This involves the design and implementation of interventions or experiments to test hypotheses about disease prevention and control. It includes randomized controlled trials, community trials, and other experimental study designs.

4. Surveillance and Monitoring: This involves ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data for early detection, tracking, and response to health events or diseases.

5. Ethical Considerations: Epidemiologic studies must adhere to ethical principles such as respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. This includes obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality, and minimizing harm to study participants.

Overall, epidemiologic methods provide a framework for investigating and understanding the complex interplay between host, agent, and environmental factors that contribute to the occurrence of health-related events or diseases in populations.

Obesity is a complex disease characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat to the extent that it negatively impacts health. It's typically defined using Body Mass Index (BMI), a measure calculated from a person's weight and height. A BMI of 30 or higher is indicative of obesity. However, it's important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying obesity in populations, it does not directly measure body fat and may not accurately reflect health status in individuals. Other factors such as waist circumference, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels should also be considered when assessing health risks associated with weight.

Regression analysis is a statistical technique used in medicine, as well as in other fields, to examine the relationship between one or more independent variables (predictors) and a dependent variable (outcome). It allows for the estimation of the average change in the outcome variable associated with a one-unit change in an independent variable, while controlling for the effects of other independent variables. This technique is often used to identify risk factors for diseases or to evaluate the effectiveness of medical interventions. In medical research, regression analysis can be used to adjust for potential confounding variables and to quantify the relationship between exposures and health outcomes. It can also be used in predictive modeling to estimate the probability of a particular outcome based on multiple predictors.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "life style" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the way an individual or group lives, including their habits, behaviors, and preferences in areas such as diet, exercise, recreation, and stress management. Some lifestyle factors can have a significant impact on health outcomes and risk for certain diseases. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical meaning.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

Patient acceptance of health care refers to the willingness and ability of a patient to follow and engage in a recommended treatment plan or healthcare regimen. This involves understanding the proposed medical interventions, considering their potential benefits and risks, and making an informed decision to proceed with the recommended course of action.

The factors that influence patient acceptance can include:

1. Patient's understanding of their condition and treatment options
2. Trust in their healthcare provider
3. Personal beliefs and values related to health and illness
4. Cultural, linguistic, or socioeconomic barriers
5. Emotional responses to the diagnosis or proposed treatment
6. Practical considerations, such as cost, time commitment, or potential side effects

Healthcare providers play a crucial role in facilitating patient acceptance by clearly communicating information, addressing concerns and questions, and providing support throughout the decision-making process. Encouraging shared decision-making and tailoring care plans to individual patient needs and preferences can also enhance patient acceptance of health care.

A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye that affects vision. This clouding can cause vision to become blurry, faded, or dim, making it difficult to see clearly. Cataracts are a common age-related condition, but they can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication use. In most cases, cataracts develop gradually over time and can be treated with surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one.

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

Hypertension is a medical term used to describe abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries, often defined as consistently having systolic blood pressure (the top number in a blood pressure reading) over 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) over 80 mmHg. It is also commonly referred to as high blood pressure.

Hypertension can be classified into two types: primary or essential hypertension, which has no identifiable cause and accounts for about 95% of cases, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by underlying medical conditions such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or use of certain medications.

If left untreated, hypertension can lead to serious health complications such as heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Therefore, it is important for individuals with hypertension to manage their condition through lifestyle modifications (such as healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management) and medication if necessary, under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Primary health care is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as:

"Essential health care that is based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford. It forms an integral part both of the country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process."

Primary health care includes a range of services such as preventive care, health promotion, curative care, rehabilitation, and palliative care. It is typically provided by a team of health professionals including doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, and other community health workers. The goal of primary health care is to provide comprehensive, continuous, and coordinated care to individuals and families in a way that is accessible, affordable, and culturally sensitive.

Community health services refer to a type of healthcare delivery that is organized around the needs of a specific population or community, rather than individual patients. These services are typically focused on preventive care, health promotion, and improving access to care for underserved populations. They can include a wide range of services, such as:

* Primary care, including routine check-ups, immunizations, and screenings
* Dental care
* Mental health and substance abuse treatment
* Public health initiatives, such as disease prevention and health education programs
* Home health care and other supportive services for people with chronic illnesses or disabilities
* Health services for special populations, such as children, the elderly, or those living in rural areas

The goal of community health services is to improve the overall health of a population by addressing the social, economic, and environmental factors that can impact health. This approach recognizes that healthcare is just one factor in determining a person's health outcomes, and that other factors such as housing, education, and income also play important roles. By working to address these underlying determinants of health, community health services aim to improve the health and well-being of entire communities.

"Family characteristics" is a broad term that can refer to various attributes, dynamics, and structures of a family unit. These characteristics can include:

1. Family structure: This refers to the composition of the family, such as whether it is a nuclear family (two parents and their children), single-parent family, extended family, blended family, or same-sex parent family.
2. Family roles: The responsibilities and expectations assigned to each family member, such as caregiver, provider, or decision-maker.
3. Communication patterns: How family members communicate with one another, including frequency, tone, and level of openness.
4. Problem-solving styles: How the family approaches and resolves conflicts and challenges.
5. Cultural and religious practices: The values, traditions, and beliefs that shape the family's identity and worldview.
6. Family functioning: The overall health and effectiveness of the family system, including its ability to adapt to change and support individual members' needs.
7. Attachment styles: The quality and nature of the emotional bonds between family members, which can impact attachment security and relationships throughout life.
8. Parenting style: The approach that parents take in raising their children, such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or uninvolved.
9. Family history: Past experiences and events that have shaped the family's development and dynamics.
10. Genetic factors: Inherited traits and predispositions that can influence family members' health, behavior, and personality.

Understanding family characteristics is essential in fields such as medicine, psychology, social work, and counseling, as these factors can significantly impact individual and family well-being.

Demography is the statistical study of populations, particularly in terms of size, distribution, and characteristics such as age, race, gender, and occupation. In medical contexts, demography is often used to analyze health-related data and trends within specific populations. This can include studying the prevalence of certain diseases or conditions, identifying disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, and evaluating the effectiveness of public health interventions. Demographic data can also be used to inform policy decisions and allocate resources to address population health needs.

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior change to include social and environmental interventions that can positively influence the health of individuals, communities, and populations. Health promotion involves engaging in a wide range of activities, such as advocacy, policy development, community organization, and education that aim to create supportive environments and personal skills that foster good health. It is based on principles of empowerment, participation, and social justice.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Health status disparities refer to differences in the health outcomes that are observed between different populations. These populations can be defined by various sociodemographic factors such as race, ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, disability, income, education level, and geographic location. Health status disparities can manifest as differences in rates of illness, disease prevalence or incidence, morbidity, mortality, access to healthcare services, and quality of care received. These disparities are often the result of systemic inequities and social determinants of health that negatively impact certain populations, leading to worse health outcomes compared to other groups. It is important to note that health status disparities are preventable and can be addressed through targeted public health interventions and policies aimed at reducing health inequities.

Cluster analysis is a statistical method used to group similar objects or data points together based on their characteristics or features. In medical and healthcare research, cluster analysis can be used to identify patterns or relationships within complex datasets, such as patient records or genetic information. This technique can help researchers to classify patients into distinct subgroups based on their symptoms, diagnoses, or other variables, which can inform more personalized treatment plans or public health interventions.

Cluster analysis involves several steps, including:

1. Data preparation: The researcher must first collect and clean the data, ensuring that it is complete and free from errors. This may involve removing outlier values or missing data points.
2. Distance measurement: Next, the researcher must determine how to measure the distance between each pair of data points. Common methods include Euclidean distance (the straight-line distance between two points) or Manhattan distance (the distance between two points along a grid).
3. Clustering algorithm: The researcher then applies a clustering algorithm, which groups similar data points together based on their distances from one another. Common algorithms include hierarchical clustering (which creates a tree-like structure of clusters) or k-means clustering (which assigns each data point to the nearest centroid).
4. Validation: Finally, the researcher must validate the results of the cluster analysis by evaluating the stability and robustness of the clusters. This may involve re-running the analysis with different distance measures or clustering algorithms, or comparing the results to external criteria.

Cluster analysis is a powerful tool for identifying patterns and relationships within complex datasets, but it requires careful consideration of the data preparation, distance measurement, and validation steps to ensure accurate and meaningful results.

A needs assessment in a medical context is the process of identifying and evaluating the health needs of an individual, population, or community. It is used to determine the resources, services, and interventions required to address specific health issues and improve overall health outcomes. This process often involves collecting and analyzing data on various factors such as demographics, prevalence of diseases, access to healthcare, and social determinants of health. The goal of a needs assessment is to ensure that resources are allocated effectively and efficiently to meet the most pressing health needs and priorities.

Health policy refers to a set of decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a population. It is formulated by governmental and non-governmental organizations with the objective of providing guidance and direction for the management and delivery of healthcare services. Health policies address various aspects of healthcare, including access, financing, quality, and equity. They can be designed to promote health, prevent disease, and provide treatment and rehabilitation services to individuals who are sick or injured. Effective health policies require careful consideration of scientific evidence, ethical principles, and societal values to ensure that they meet the needs of the population while being fiscally responsible.

A wound is a type of injury that occurs when the skin or other tissues are cut, pierced, torn, or otherwise broken. Wounds can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, violence, surgery, or certain medical conditions. There are several different types of wounds, including:

* Incisions: These are cuts that are made deliberately, often during surgery. They are usually straight and clean.
* Lacerations: These are tears in the skin or other tissues. They can be irregular and jagged.
* Abrasions: These occur when the top layer of skin is scraped off. They may look like a bruise or a scab.
* Punctures: These are wounds that are caused by sharp objects, such as needles or knives. They are usually small and deep.
* Avulsions: These occur when tissue is forcibly torn away from the body. They can be very serious and require immediate medical attention.

Injuries refer to any harm or damage to the body, including wounds. Injuries can range from minor scrapes and bruises to more severe injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and head trauma. It is important to seek medical attention for any injury that is causing significant pain, swelling, or bleeding, or if there is a suspected bone fracture or head injury.

In general, wounds and injuries should be cleaned and covered with a sterile bandage to prevent infection. Depending on the severity of the wound or injury, additional medical treatment may be necessary. This may include stitches for deep cuts, immobilization for broken bones, or surgery for more serious injuries. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:

Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2

According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:

* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese

It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ontario" is not a medical term. It is the name of a province in Canada, similar to how "California" is the name of a state in the United States. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health conditions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Health status is a term used to describe the overall condition of an individual's health, including physical, mental, and social well-being. It is often assessed through various measures such as medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and self-reported health assessments. Health status can be used to identify health disparities, track changes in population health over time, and evaluate the effectiveness of healthcare interventions.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) due to absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion and/or insulin action. There are two main types: Type 1 diabetes, which results from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency, and Type 2 diabetes, which is associated with insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or young adulthood, while Type 2 diabetes tends to occur later in life, often in association with obesity and physical inactivity. Both types of diabetes can lead to long-term complications such as damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and cardiovascular system if left untreated or not well controlled.

The diagnosis of diabetes is usually made based on fasting plasma glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance tests, or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Treatment typically involves lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, along with medications to lower blood glucose levels and manage associated conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pilot projects" is not a medical term per se. Instead, it is a general term used in various fields, including healthcare and medicine, to describe a small-scale initiative that is implemented on a temporary basis to evaluate its feasibility, effectiveness, or impact before deciding whether to expand or continue it.

In the context of healthcare, pilot projects might involve testing new treatment protocols, implementing innovative care models, or introducing technology solutions in a limited setting to assess their potential benefits and drawbacks. The results of these projects can help inform decisions about broader implementation and provide valuable insights for improving the quality and efficiency of healthcare services.

I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

Multivariate analysis is a statistical method used to examine the relationship between multiple independent variables and a dependent variable. It allows for the simultaneous examination of the effects of two or more independent variables on an outcome, while controlling for the effects of other variables in the model. This technique can be used to identify patterns, associations, and interactions among multiple variables, and is commonly used in medical research to understand complex health outcomes and disease processes. Examples of multivariate analysis methods include multiple regression, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis.

I'm happy to help, but I need to clarify that "residence characteristics" is not a commonly used medical term. It is more related to the field of public health or epidemiology. However, if you are asking for the characteristics of a residence that could be relevant to medical or health research, they might include:

1. Housing type (single-family home, apartment, mobile home, etc.)
2. Age and condition of the housing unit
3. Presence of environmental hazards (lead paint, asbestos, radon, etc.)
4. Quality of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems
5. Access to clean water and sanitation facilities
6. Safety features (smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, etc.)
7. Presence of pests (rodents, cockroaches, bed bugs, etc.)
8. Neighborhood characteristics (crime rates, access to healthy food options, walkability, etc.)

These factors can all have an impact on the health outcomes of individuals and communities, and are often studied in public health research.

Health services research (HSR) is a multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, and personal behaviors affect access to healthcare, the quality and cost of care, and ultimately, our health and well-being. The goal of HSR is to inform policy and practice, improve system performance, and enhance the health and well-being of individuals and communities. It involves the use of various research methods, including epidemiology, biostatistics, economics, sociology, management science, political science, and psychology, to answer questions about the healthcare system and how it can be improved.

Examples of HSR topics include:

* Evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and technologies
* Studying patient-centered care and patient experiences with the healthcare system
* Examining healthcare workforce issues, such as shortages of primary care providers or the impact of nurse-to-patient ratios on patient outcomes
* Investigating the impact of health insurance design and financing systems on access to care and health disparities
* Analyzing the organization and delivery of healthcare services in different settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities
* Identifying best practices for improving healthcare quality and safety, reducing medical errors, and eliminating wasteful or unnecessary care.

Malaria is not a medical definition itself, but it is a disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Here's a simple definition:

Malaria: A mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, characterized by cycles of fever, chills, and anemia. It can be fatal if not promptly diagnosed and treated. The five Plasmodium species known to cause malaria in humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi.

Data collection in the medical context refers to the systematic gathering of information relevant to a specific research question or clinical situation. This process involves identifying and recording data elements, such as demographic characteristics, medical history, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and imaging studies, from various sources including patient interviews, medical records, and diagnostic tests. The data collected is used to support clinical decision-making, inform research hypotheses, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. It is essential that data collection is performed in a standardized and unbiased manner to ensure the validity and reliability of the results.

The "delivery of health care" refers to the process of providing medical services, treatments, and interventions to individuals in order to maintain, restore, or improve their health. This encompasses a wide range of activities, including:

1. Preventive care: Routine check-ups, screenings, immunizations, and counseling aimed at preventing illnesses or identifying them at an early stage.
2. Diagnostic services: Tests and procedures used to identify and understand medical conditions, such as laboratory tests, imaging studies, and biopsies.
3. Treatment interventions: Medical, surgical, or therapeutic treatments provided to manage acute or chronic health issues, including medications, surgeries, physical therapy, and psychotherapy.
4. Acute care services: Short-term medical interventions focused on addressing immediate health concerns, such as hospitalizations for infections, injuries, or complications from medical conditions.
5. Chronic care management: Long-term care and support provided to individuals with ongoing medical needs, such as those living with chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, or cancer.
6. Rehabilitation services: Programs designed to help patients recover from illnesses, injuries, or surgeries, focusing on restoring physical, cognitive, and emotional function.
7. End-of-life care: Palliative and hospice care provided to individuals facing terminal illnesses, with an emphasis on comfort, dignity, and quality of life.
8. Public health initiatives: Population-level interventions aimed at improving community health, such as disease prevention programs, health education campaigns, and environmental modifications.

The delivery of health care involves a complex network of healthcare professionals, institutions, and systems working together to ensure that patients receive the best possible care. This includes primary care physicians, specialists, nurses, allied health professionals, hospitals, clinics, long-term care facilities, and public health organizations. Effective communication, coordination, and collaboration among these stakeholders are essential for high-quality, patient-centered care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.

HIV infection has three stages:

1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.

It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.

Health education is the process of providing information and strategies to individuals and communities about how to improve their health and prevent disease. It involves teaching and learning activities that aim to empower people to make informed decisions and take responsible actions regarding their health. Health education covers a wide range of topics, including nutrition, physical activity, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, substance abuse prevention, and environmental health. The ultimate goal of health education is to promote healthy behaviors and lifestyles that can lead to improved health outcomes and quality of life.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

The "cause of death" is a medical determination of the disease, injury, or event that directly results in a person's death. This information is typically documented on a death certificate and may be used for public health surveillance, research, and legal purposes. The cause of death is usually determined by a physician based on their clinical judgment and any available medical evidence, such as laboratory test results, autopsy findings, or eyewitness accounts. In some cases, the cause of death may be uncertain or unknown, and the death may be classified as "natural," "accidental," "homicide," or "suicide" based on the available information.

Health behavior can be defined as a series of actions and decisions that individuals take to protect, maintain or promote their health and well-being. These behaviors can include activities such as engaging in regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, getting sufficient sleep, practicing safe sex, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and managing stress.

Health behaviors are influenced by various factors, including knowledge and attitudes towards health, beliefs and values, cultural norms, social support networks, environmental factors, and individual genetic predispositions. Understanding health behaviors is essential for developing effective public health interventions and promoting healthy lifestyles to prevent chronic diseases and improve overall quality of life.

Health care surveys are research tools used to systematically collect information from a population or sample regarding their experiences, perceptions, and knowledge of health services, health outcomes, and various other health-related topics. These surveys typically consist of standardized questionnaires that cover specific aspects of healthcare, such as access to care, quality of care, patient satisfaction, health disparities, and healthcare costs. The data gathered from health care surveys are used to inform policy decisions, improve healthcare delivery, identify best practices, allocate resources, and monitor the health status of populations. Health care surveys can be conducted through various modes, including in-person interviews, telephone interviews, mail-in questionnaires, or online platforms.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Program Evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment of a healthcare program's design, implementation, and outcomes. It is a medical term used to describe the process of determining the relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency of a program in achieving its goals and objectives. Program evaluation involves collecting and analyzing data related to various aspects of the program, such as its reach, impact, cost-effectiveness, and quality. The results of program evaluation can be used to improve the design and implementation of existing programs or to inform the development of new ones. It is a critical tool for ensuring that healthcare programs are meeting the needs of their intended audiences and delivering high-quality care in an efficient and effective manner.

The odds ratio (OR) is a statistical measure used in epidemiology and research to estimate the association between an exposure and an outcome. It represents the odds that an event will occur in one group versus the odds that it will occur in another group, assuming that all other factors are held constant.

In medical research, the odds ratio is often used to quantify the strength of the relationship between a risk factor (exposure) and a disease outcome. An OR of 1 indicates no association between the exposure and the outcome, while an OR greater than 1 suggests that there is a positive association between the two. Conversely, an OR less than 1 implies a negative association.

It's important to note that the odds ratio is not the same as the relative risk (RR), which compares the incidence rates of an outcome in two groups. While the OR can approximate the RR when the outcome is rare, they are not interchangeable and can lead to different conclusions about the association between an exposure and an outcome.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

"Population". Shepton Mallet Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 15 November 2009. Shepton Mallet Rural District at ... Shepton Mallet was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was created in 1894, under the Local Government ... "Area". Shepton Mallet Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 15 November 2009. " ...
"Population". Williton Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 15 November 2009. Williton Rural District at Britain ... Williton was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was created in 1894 under the Local Government Act ... The parishes which made up the Rural District included Bicknoller, Brompton Ralph, Carhampton, Clatworthy, Crowcombe, Cutcombe ... "Area". Williton Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 15 November 2009. " ...
"Population". Clutton RD. Britain through Time. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Clutton Rural District at Britain through Time Local ... Clutton was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was created in 1894 under the Local Government Act ... 1894 as a successor to the rural sanitary district. In 1974 it was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972. The parishes ...
"Area". Wells Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 15 November 2009. "Population". Wells Rural District. Britain ... Wells was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was created in 1894 under the Local Government Act 1894 ... Wells Rural District was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 when it became part of Mendip district. " ... taking over the responsibilities of the former Wells Rural Sanitary District. Each parish elected one or more councillors: In ...
"Population". Wellington Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 15 November 2009. Wellington Rural District at Britain ... Wellington was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was created in 1894 under the Local Government Act ... "Area". Wellington Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 15 November 2009. " ...
"Area". Taunton Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 15 November 2009. "Population". Taunton Rural District. Britain ... Taunton was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was created in 1894 under the Local Government Act ... Taunton Rural District at Britain Through Time Local Government Act 1972 51°01′08″N 3°06′00″W / 51.019°N 3.100°W / 51.019; - ... The parishes which were in the rural district included Ash Priors, Bickenhall, Bishop's Hull, Bishops Lydeard, Burrowbridge, ...
"Area". Long Ashton Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 14 November 2009. "Population". Long ashton rural District. ... Long Ashton Rural District at Britain Through Time Local Government Act 1972 51°26′N 2°39′W / 51.43°N 2.65°W / 51.43; -2.65 ... Long Ashton was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was created in 1894 under the Local Government Act ...
"Population". Yeovil Rural District. Britain through Time. Retrieved 15 November 2009. Yeovil Rural District at Britain Through ... Yeovil was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was created in 1894 under the Local Government Act 1894 ... "Area". Yeovil Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 15 November 2009. " ...
"Population". Frome Rural District. Britain through Time. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Frome Rural District at Britain through ... Frome was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. The district was created in 1894 under the Local Government ... "Area". Frome Rural District. Britain through Time. Retrieved 14 November 2009. " ...
"Population". Dulverton Rural District. Britain through Time. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Dulverton Rural District at Britain ... Dulverton was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was created in 1894 under the Local Government Act ... Local Government Act 1972 "Area". Dulverton Rural District. Britain through Time. Retrieved 14 November 2009. " ...
"Population". Wincanton Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 15 November 2009. Wincanton Rural District at Britain ... Wincanton was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was created in 1894 under the Local Government Act ... "Area". Wincanton Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 15 November 2009. " ...
"Population". Langport Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Langport Rural District at Britain ... Langport was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was created in 1894 under the Local Government Act ... "Area". Langport Rural District. Britain Through Time. Retrieved 14 November 2009. " ...
The total area of the rural municipality is 228.59 square kilometres (88.26 sq mi) and the total population of the rural ... At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Naumule Rural Municipality had a population of 20,802. Of these, 92.3% spoke Nepali, 7.3 ... "Naumule Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 5 September 2018. NepalMap Language [1] NepalMap Caste [2] ... Rural municipalities in Karnali Province, Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017, All stub articles, Dailekh ...
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 99.8% of the population in Adanchuli Rural Municipality spoke Nepali as their first ... "Adanchuli Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 4 October 2018. NepalMap Demographics [1] Official website v ... The rural municipality is divided into total 6 wards and the headquarters of the rural municipality is situated at Srinagar. ... Rural municipalities in Karnali Province, Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017, All stub articles, Karnali ...
"Shubha Kalika Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 30 July 2018. Official website v t e (Articles with ... The rural municipality is divided into total 8 wards and the headquarters of this newly formed rural municipality is situated ... and the total population of the rural municipality is 14,080 as of 2011 Nepal census. Bharta, Mugraha and Sukitaya which ... Rural municipalities in Karnali Province, Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017, All stub articles, Karnali ...
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 89.4% of the population in Jagadulla Rural Municipality spoke Nepali, 9.2% Sherpa and 1.1 ... "Jagadulla Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 1 October 2018. NepalMap Demographics [1] Official website v ... The rural municipality is divided into total 6 wards and the headquarters of the rural municipality is situated at Kaigaun. ... Rural municipalities in Karnali Province, Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017, All stub articles, Karnali ...
"Palata Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 30 July 2018. Official website v t e (Articles with short ... The rural municipality is divided into total 9 wards and the headquarters of this newly formed rural municipality is situated ... and the total population of the rural municipality is 15,303 as of 2011 Nepal census. Dholagohe, Khin and Thirpu which ... Rural municipalities in Karnali Province, Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017, All stub articles, Karnali ...
Rural Valley is a borough in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 826 at the 2020 census. Rural ... Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013. "Rural ... The population density was 438.3 inhabitants per square mile (169.2/km2). There were 414 housing units at an average density of ... "Census of Population and Housing". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2013. "U.S. Census website". United States Census ...
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Junichande Rural Municipality had a population of 21,733. Of those, 95.6% spoke Nepali, ... "Junichande Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 31 July 2018. NepalMap Language [1] NepalMap Caste [2] ... The rural municipality is divided into total eleven wards and the headquarters of this newly formed rural municipality is ... and the total population of the rural municipality is 21,733 as of 2011 Nepal census. Majhkot, Garkhakot, Daha and Kortrang ...
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 99.6% of the population in Mudkechula Rural Municipality spoke Nepali and 0.4% Sign ... "Mudkechula Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 2 October 2018. NepalMap Demographics [1] Official website ... The rural municipality is divided into total 9 wards and the headquarters of the rural municipality is situated at Narku. ... Rural municipalities in Karnali Province, Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017, All stub articles, Karnali ...
"Simkot Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 2 October 2018. NepalMap Demographics [1] Official website v t ... At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 80.0% of the population in Simkot Rural Municipality spoke Nepali, 18.7% Tamang, 0.3% ... The rural municipality is divided into total 8 wards and the headquarters of the rural municipality is situated at Simikot. ... Rural municipalities in Karnali Province, Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017, All stub articles, Karnali ...
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Kushe Rural Municipality had a population of 20,621. Of these, 99.0% spoke Nepali, 0.9% ... "Kuse Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 31 July 2018. NepalMap Language [1] NepalMap Caste [2] NepalMap ... The rural municipality is divided into total 9 wards and the headquarters of this newly formed rural municipality is situated ... and the total population of the rural municipality is 20,621 as of 2011 Nepal census. Paink, Dhime, Archhani, Talegaun and some ...
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Barekot Rural Municipality had a population of 18,083. Of these, 99.9% spoke Nepali and ... "Barekot Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 30 July 2018. NepalMap Language [1] NepalMap Caste [2] ... The rural municipality is divided into total 9 wards and the headquarters of this newly formed rural municipality is situated ... and the total population of the rural municipality is 18,083 as of 2011 Nepal census. Ramidanda, Rokayagaun, Nayakwada and ...
"Rural Population". ejalshakti.gov.in. Government of India. Retrieved 2023-08-23. "Census Index Of India". censusindia.gov.in. ... Mavai Kaziyan has a total population of 5,721 peoples, out of which male population is 3,008 while female population is 2,713. ...
"Kempston Rural". City Population. Retrieved 21 September 2023. Bedfordshire Parish Surveys: Kempston, published by Bedfordshire ... Not all of "rural" Kempston is in Kempston Rural: there is one "end" of the old parish - Kempston Hardwick - which is now ... Kempston Rural is a civil parish in the Borough of Bedford in Bedfordshire, England. Kempston Rural was formed in 1896 when the ... There are two tiers of local government covering Kempston Rural at civil parish and unitary authority level: Kempston Rural ...
"PARI series on women's health". People's Archive of Rural India. "Series on Women's Health with PARI". Population Foundation of ... "The Rural in the Urban". People's Archive of Rural India. "Covering the human cost of Covid-19". People's Archive of Rural ... "Women". People's Archive of Rural India. "Adivasis". People's Archive of Rural India. "Musafir". People's Archive of Rural ... "People's Archive of Rural Nova Scotia". "Our Story". People's Archive of Rural Nova Scotia. "Good enough to vote, not enough ...
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 56.7% of the population in She Phoksundo Rural Municipality spoke Sherpa, 23.3% Kham, ... "Shey Phoksundo Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 1 October 2018. NepalMap Demographics [1] Official ... The rural municipality is divided into a total of nine wards. The headquarters of the rural municipality is situated at Saldang ... Rural municipalities in Karnali Province, Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017, All stub articles, Karnali ...
"Kaike Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 2 October 2018. NepalMap Demographics [1] Official website v t e ... At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 42.0% of the population in Kaike Rural Municipality spoke Magar, 37.1% Bote, 16.3% Nepali ... The rural municipality is divided into total 7 wards and the headquarters of the rural municipality is situated at Sahartara. ... Rural municipalities in Karnali Province, Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017, All stub articles, Karnali ...
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 99.5% of the population in Chankheli Rural Municipality spoke Nepali and 0.2% Sign ... "Chankheli Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 2 October 2018. NepalMap Demographics [1] Official website v ... The rural municipality is divided into total 7 wards and the headquarters of the rural municipality is situated at Srimastha. ... Rural municipalities in Karnali Province, Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017, All stub articles, Karnali ...
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Sarkegad Rural Municipality had a population of 9,868. Of these, 99.7% spoke Nepali, 0.1 ... "Sarkegad Rural Municipality in Nepal". CITY POPULATION. Retrieved 2 October 2018. NepalMap Language [1] NepalMap Caste [2] ... The rural municipality is divided into total 8 wards and the headquarters of the rural municipality is situated at Saya. ... Rural municipalities in Karnali Province, Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017, All stub articles, Karnali ...
Use the Rural Health Grants Eligibility Analyzer. How do you define rural? The United States Census Bureau (Census) and the ... We use these definitions and Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes to create our own definition. ... People who live in areas that we define as rural are eligible to benefit from our programs. ... Office of Management and Budget (OMB) define rural areas. ... Rural or Not Rural. Metro area (urban core of 50,000 or more ...
Rural Population Density Linked to Chinese Entrepreneurial Development Share Twitter LinkedIn Email ... There is also a positive effect of lagged network size, and the interaction of network size with birth county population ... 2023, SI Economics of Social Security, Panel Discussion, Long-Term Dynamics of the Employment-to-Population Ratio ... The estimated effect of population density, after again controlling for county-level attributes, is negative and marginally ...
... the share of rural population in Myanmar remained nearly unchanged at around 68.23 percent. ... Basic Statistic Share of rural population in Malaysia 2008-2022. * Basic Statistic Urban and rural population of the UK from ... Premium Statistic Urban and rural population of Germany 1960-2022. * Premium Statistic Size of the urban and rural populations ... Basic Statistic Share of rural population Bhutan 2013-2022. * Basic Statistic Share of rural population in Indonesia 2013-2022 ...
Cardiovascular Drug Use for Secondary Prevention Among Patients With CHD or Stroke, Urban vs Rural Populations Across All ... PURE: CV Drugs Underused in Poor Nations, Rural Populations - Medscape - Aug 28, 2011. ... Gaps between affluent and underdeveloped nations and between city and rural populations are apparent in many ways, and among ... "For every group of countries classified by economic development, rates of drug use were consistently lower in rural than in ...
How to get customers in the door of small town and rural retail stores. Rural Tourism Trend: electric vehicle chargers can ... Filed Under: economic development, rural, workforce, youth Tagged With: boomerang, brain drain, career day, guest post, in ... Solving the rural Brain Drain at Career Day. By Small Biz Survival ... We partner with campaigns and organizations that we think best benefit rural small businesses. ...
People who live in rural areas are more likely to own their own homes, live in their state of birth & have served in the ... Researchers also compared rural residents in 704 completely rural counties-those whose entire populations lived in rural areas- ... Household Income and Poverty for the Rural Population. *A Glance at the Age Structure and Labor Force Participation of Rural ... Current Population Survey (CPS) Economic Census International Programs Metro and Micro Areas Population Estimates Population ...
A community survey was conducted to examine the risk factors associated with ESS in a rural population in 154 households ... To measure the prevalence and determinants of daytime sleepiness measured using the ESS in a rural community population.METHODS ... The population included 140 men (49.5%) and 143 women (50.5%) with an age range of 18 to 97 years (mean [± SD] 52.0±14.9 years ... High levels of sleepiness in this population were common. Obesity was an important risk factor for high ESS score. ...
Mobile Family Planning Services Reach Low-Income, Rural Populations In India. Mar 16, 2015 ...
DEFINITION: Total population living in rural areas. Future estimates are from the UN Population Division. Figures expressed per ...
Rural population is primarily distributed on the plains and coasts. ... Rural population is primarily distributed on the plains and coasts. Year: 2008 ... Demography of the Caucausus ecoregion, rural and urban population. The Caucasus ecoregion, which includes the countries of ...
Rural Wealth Creation. The Population and Place Analytics Panel focuses on sustainable wealth creation in rural America, moving ... Grant-Funded Research: Rural Wealth and Inequality Rural Wealth, Inequality, and Community Economic Resilience: Engaging Rural ... RUPRI provides rural public policy analysis and recommendations that are grounded in evidence. The RUPRI Population and Place ... RUPRI, led by the Rural Health Panel and the Population and Place Analytics Panel, has released comments on Recommendations ...
People , Urban and rural , Urban population per thousand people: Countries Compared *Home ... People , Urban and rural , Urban population per thousand people: Countries Compared Map ... Interesting observations about People , Urban and rural , Urban population per thousand people. ... DEFINITION: Total population living in urban areas by country. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year. ...
A new report from the research firm Forward Analytics finds population losses in two-thirds of the states rural counties. ... Wisconsins rural areas are losing population, and its a trend thats likely to worsen over the next decade. ... "We know that hits rural communities very hard.". Rural areas across the country have seen declining populations for decades, ... Forward Analytics plans two follow-up reports in its series on rural challenges. One will dig into the causes of population ...
Chinas youthful population is shrinking and the elderly population is growing, which could push the median age in China to 50 ... Population. Is demography destiny? Historically, larger populations meant more soldiers and thus more capability to conquer ... Global: WDR, Population. The World Bank in April 2023 released a report outlining steps to "maximize the development impacts of ... Africas population is projected to increase from 1.4 billion in 2022 to 2.5 billion in 2050 due to high fertility in many of ...
... of rural population) - Central America & the Caribbean. Definition: Access to electricity, rural is the percentage of rural ... Description: The map below shows how Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) varies by country in Central America ...
As Rural Towns Lose Population, They Can Learn To Shrink Smart KCUR , By Frank Morris ... Population loss like Sheffields is happening in small towns across the U.S. "The big picture for all rural communities that ... But Sheffield is still a small, remote, rural town, and for all its blessings, it is nonetheless losing population. According ... even as their populations drain away. He says there are some standouts - such as Sac City, Iowa, whose population is estimated ...
Rural Commune, Poland) with population statistics, charts, map and location. ... Rural Commune in Lublin Voivodeship. Contents: Population. The population development of Hańsk as well as related information ... Population. Census. 2002-05-20. Population. Census. 2011-03-31. Population. Census. 2021-03-31. ...
Ghanas search for effective and sustainable connectivity solutions for its rural populations gathered momentum on Monday, in ... to accelerate rural access, and that Ghanaian rural communities should not simply be perceived as beneficiaries of various ... Furthermore, overall access and usage gaps are more pronounced in rural areas where the unavailability of power in deprived ... "was still concentrated in the major economic centres of the country whereas the rural areas lack access to a reliable ...
It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population. Aggregation of urban and rural population may ... Rural population refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. ... not add up to total population because of different country coverages. ... It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population. Aggregation of urban and rural population may ...
Urban population 36-45 Urban land area in square miles (1 expressed decimal) 36-55 Inside urbanized area - population 55-65 ... Character Item Description 1-2 FIPS State Code 3-5 FIPS County Code 6-15 April 1, 1990 Population Count 16-25 Land area in ...
Rural Commune, Poland) with population statistics, charts, map and location. ... Rural Commune in Kuyavia-Pomerania Voivodeship. Contents: Population. The population development of Rypin (gm.w.) as well as ... Population. Census. 2002-05-20. Population. Census. 2011-03-31. Population. Census. 2021-03-31. ...
Rural Commune, Poland) with population statistics, charts, map and location. ... Rural Commune in Podlachia Voivodeship. Contents: Population. The population development of Turośń Kościelna as well as related ... Population. Census. 2002-05-20. Population. Census. 2011-03-31. Population. Census. 2021-03-31. ...
Distance to pediatric gastroenterology providers is associated with decreased diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis in rural ... to pediatric gastroenterology providers is associated with decreased diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis in rural populations ...
Explaining Outmigration Intentions of Rural Population. Explaining-Outmigration-Intentions. This study uses data from a recent ... Illinois Institute for Rural Affairs. Western Illinois University. 518 Stipes Hall • 1 University Circle. Macomb, IL 61455 ... determinants of outmigration intentions of rural residents. Results of empirical analysis show that the odds of a person. in ...
RubiconMD hits the road this fall with expanded solutions for rural populations, seniors, and access-challenged patients. ... Access Gaps to Specialty Care in Rural America will share the impact that the RubiconMD platform delivers for rural populations ... This event attracts rural providers from Colorado, Kansas, and surrounding states. Next is the National PACE Association ... Katie McGarry, Director of Clinical Operations at RubiconMD will be presenting at the Mid to West Rural Health Summit in ...
Governments and community activists are working to reimagine rural life in places like Kansas, but the drop-off continues. ... Its a never-ending argument about the states loss of rural population. While some hip, rural enclaves like Humboldt create ... KEN JOHNSON: So many rural counties, especially rural farm counties, of which there are a number in Kansas, typically are more ... But in rural areas, its a much different story. And like many other farm communities throughout the country, theres been a ...
Population by sex and urban/rural residence. Search glossaries. Source: Demographic Statistics Database , United Nations ... 1 - Based on the results of the 2014 Population Census.. 2 - Data refer to resident population which includes resident ... foreign-born and foreign population. The available Population and Housing Censuses datasets reported to UNSD for the censuses ... The Demographic Yearbook disseminates statistics on population size and composition, births, deaths, marriage and divorce, as ...
The specific subgroup of persons who were systemically not contacted or refusers constitutes a challenge for population-based ... We investigated the dynamics of longitudinal participation patterns in a high HIV prevalence surveillance setting in rural ... at the population level, these rates also decreased over calendar time, independently of multiple recruitment opportunities. ... Population-based HIV surveillance is crucial to inform understanding of the HIV pandemic and evaluate HIV interventions, but ...
German Right-Wing Party AfD Finds More Support in Rural Areas with Aging Populations. ... The unemployment rate in the electoral districts and the share of foreigners in the population affect the AfDs popularity to a ... Generally, the AfD performs better in rural areas with negative demographic trends-a phenomenon that occurs more frequently in ... This allows for the conclusion that perspective is lacking among those living in rural areas with negative demographic ...
Population Policy Brief Series: Rural Survivors & Economic Security. Home/IWPR/Population Policy Brief Series: Rural Survivors ... This Population Policy Series Brief focuses on rural survivors and how the characteristics of rural life have an effect on a ... Population Policy Brief Series: Rural Survivors & Economic Security. .fusion-button.button-1 {border-radius:4px;}. DOWNLOAD ... "rural" differ based on a combination of population density and distance to urban centers. This brief will generally focus on ...
  • A new half-million-dollar grant will provide a valuable boost to a new program designed to deliver better medical care to the elderly and disabled populations in rural areas of New Hampshire and Vermont. (franklinpierce.edu)
  • In addition to increasing opportunities for students to engage with preceptors and patients in rural and underserved communities, this project will address health disparities experienced by patients with disabilities through improving the knowledge, skills and attitudes of physician assistant students and their preceptors in providing accessible care for patient with disabilities," says Southwick. (franklinpierce.edu)
  • To help the United States prevent the spread of COVID-19, CDC is working with state, territorial, local, and tribal partners, as well as community-serving organizations, to ensure public health actions address health disparities for all populations. (cdc.gov)
  • Explore what CDC and its partners are doing to address health disparities among populations at higher risk for COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
  • Gibraltar rural population for 2022 was 0 , a NAN% decline from 2021. (macrotrends.net)
  • This study uses data from a recent Ipsos survey, Understanding Society: Wave 1 April 2021 2 , to explore the determinants of outmigration intentions of rural residents. (iira.org)
  • We combine long-term decade population data for the historical counties (1860-2020) with detailed annual population observations for municipalities (1968-2021). (lu.se)
  • Incidence by each of the five levels of urbanicity was calculated by 1) summing cases from counties of the same level of urbanicity (numerator) and 2) summing county-level 2021 CDC WONDER population for persons aged 15-64 years** from counties with the same level of urbanicity (denominator). (cdc.gov)
  • People who live in areas that we define as rural are eligible to benefit from our programs. (hrsa.gov)
  • The United States Census Bureau (Census) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) define rural areas. (hrsa.gov)
  • The Census overcounts the number of people in rural areas, while the OMB undercounts them. (hrsa.gov)
  • The OMB includes some rural areas in metropolitan counties. (hrsa.gov)
  • How can I find a complete list of rural areas? (hrsa.gov)
  • Download our Data Files for lists of rural areas by county, census tract, and ZIP code. (hrsa.gov)
  • We updated the list of areas eligible for rural health funding. (hrsa.gov)
  • National statistical offices may have their own definition of people living in rural areas. (statista.com)
  • DEC. 8, 2016 - People who live in rural areas are more likely to own their own homes, live in their state of birth and have served in the military than their urban counterparts, according to the latest data from the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey . (census.gov)
  • Rural areas cover 97 percent of the nation's land area but contain 19.3 percent of the population (about 60 million people)," Census Bureau Director John H. Thompson said. (census.gov)
  • There were about 47 million adults 18 years and older living in rural areas. (census.gov)
  • Most adults in both rural and urban areas owned their own homes but the percentage was higher in rural areas (81.1 percent compared with 59.8 percent). (census.gov)
  • Adults in rural areas were also more likely to live in single-family homes (78.3 percent compared with 64.6 percent) and live in their state of birth (65.4 percent compared with 48.3 percent). (census.gov)
  • Veterans comprised 10.4 percent of the population of adults in rural areas compared with 7.8 percent of adults in urban areas. (census.gov)
  • Adults in rural areas had a median age of 51, making them older compared with adults in urban areas with a median age of 45. (census.gov)
  • Rural communities had fewer adults born in other countries compared with those in urban areas (4.0 percent compared with 19.0 percent). (census.gov)
  • About 13.4 million children under the age of 18 lived in the rural areas of the nation. (census.gov)
  • Children in rural areas had lower rates of poverty (18.9 percent compared with 22.3 percent) but more of them were uninsured (7.3 percent compared with 6.3 percent). (census.gov)
  • A higher percentage of own children in rural areas lived in married-couple households (76.3 percent compared with 67.4 percent). (census.gov)
  • Compared with households in urban areas, rural households had lower median household income ($52,386 compared with $54,296), lower median home values ($151,300 compared with $190,900), and lower monthly housing costs for households paying a mortgage ($1,271 compared with $1,561). (census.gov)
  • Total population living in rural areas. (nationmaster.com)
  • The challenges of poverty can be exacerbated by the lack of access to social services in rural areas. (rupri.org)
  • As such, poverty is an important element present in each of RUPRI's focus areas, but takes special consideration by the Population and Place Analytics Panel. (rupri.org)
  • Total population living in urban areas by country. (nationmaster.com)
  • Rural areas across the country have seen declining populations for decades, but until relatively recently Wisconsin bucked that trend. (wpr.org)
  • He contrasted that with areas such as mining-dependent West Virginia, where shifts in a single economic sector can wipe out rural employment. (wpr.org)
  • Rural population refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. (macrotrends.net)
  • Furthermore, overall access and usage gaps are more pronounced in rural areas where the unavailability of power in deprived communities is a key barrier to providing connectivity. (screenafrica.com)
  • Politicians have long promised one policy or another could help stop the population loss that has affected so many of the country's rural areas. (wglt.org)
  • But in rural areas, it's a much different story. (wglt.org)
  • Rural areas mostly rely on births rather than incoming migration to grow. (wglt.org)
  • It's invested hundreds of millions of dollars in housing for rural areas in recent years. (wglt.org)
  • Generally, the AfD performs better in rural areas with negative demographic trends-a phenomenon that occurs more frequently in eastern German districts than in western districts. (diw.de)
  • This allows for the conclusion that perspective is lacking among those living in rural areas with negative demographic developments. (diw.de)
  • This brief will generally focus on non-metropolitan counties which have population clusters up to 49,999 people and Frontier and Remote (FAR) areas defined below. (iwpr.org)
  • Rural communities in and of themselves are diverse, yet they share similar levels of geographic isolation, absent or deficient resources, and depressed economic opportunity when compared to more populous areas. (iwpr.org)
  • School-To-Work Opportunities (See 20 USCS § 6251)], the term rural community with low population density means "a county, block number area in a nonmetropolitan county, or consortium of counties or of such block number areas, that has a population density of 20 or fewer individuals per square mile. (uslegal.com)
  • We are committed to helping those residents in rural areas of New Hampshire and Vermont gain better access to medical care, and I applaud the directors of this program in their successful work to secure support for this important initiative. (franklinpierce.edu)
  • Grants to support states and communities to implement suicide prevention and intervention programs for adults, with an emphasis on older adults, adults in rural areas, and American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults. (ruralhealthinfo.org)
  • For the past 40 or 50 years, it's been normal for rural counties adjacent to metro areas to grow more quickly than counties located farther from cities, said Kenneth M. Johnson, chief demographer at the Carsey School of Public Policy at the University of New Hampshire. (dailyyonder.com)
  • The first shows the population change in nonmetropolitan counties that are adjacent to, and not adjacent to, metro areas. (dailyyonder.com)
  • The trend was reversed after the Great Recession (right chart) until this year, when counties adjacent to metro areas grew faster than rural counties that are not adjacent to metro areas. (dailyyonder.com)
  • The town doesn't have enough new homes for people to move into, and construction prices run higher in rural areas than in cities and suburbs. (hppr.org)
  • The National Risk Factor Survey does not reflect what happens in rural areas. (scielo.org.pe)
  • The Argentine Republic has natural waters with As contents exceeding 0.05 mg/L, as established by the Argentine Food Code (CAA), with an exposed population of approximately 1 million inhabitants living in rural areas 4 . (scielo.org.pe)
  • Rural areas are not homogenous in terms of fatal MVC crash characteristics. (nih.gov)
  • However some communities are experiencing the reverse trend, with worsening conditions among highly urban populations and improvements in more affluent and socioeconomically favourable rural areas, especially in the UK 5 . (rrh.org.au)
  • Funding for programs that are designed to strengthen communities and solve local problems, including those found in rural and underserved areas. (ruralhealthinfo.org)
  • Seed grants designed for enhancing the ability of land grant institutions to positively influence the quality of life in rural areas in the north central region. (ruralhealthinfo.org)
  • Our findings reflect rural-urban inequities in the access to IBD care that require the attention of health care providers and decision-makers to promote health care innovation and equitable management of patients with IBD living in rural areas. (ecco-ibd.eu)
  • Among cisgender men and cisgender women, incidence in rural areas was 4% and 11% of incidence in large central urban areas, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • The overall incidence of mpox in the United States was 13.5 per 100,000 persons aged 15-64 years and peaked in August in both urban and rural areas. (cdc.gov)
  • Among cisgender men, incidence in rural areas was approximately 4% that in large central urban areas (risk ratio [RR] = 0.04). (cdc.gov)
  • Among cisgender women, incidence in rural areas was approximately 11% that in large central urban areas (RR = 0.11). (cdc.gov)
  • RRs between Black and White persons were highest in rural areas. (cdc.gov)
  • however, surveillance and prevention efforts should include all genders, persons of color, and persons residing in both urban and rural areas who are at increased risk for mpox. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2010, 17% of the U.S. population lived in rural (nonmetropolitan) areas. (cdc.gov)
  • Many rural areas are medically underserved due to physician (especially specialist) shortages. (cdc.gov)
  • CNMs often provide care to underserved populations in rural areas or inner-city settings. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Guest post by Jimi Coplen Executive Director, Development Corporation of Haskell, Texas In rural America, we know the "Brain Drain" is a real issue. (smallbizsurvival.com)
  • The Population and Place Analytics Panel focuses on sustainable wealth creation in rural America, moving beyond traditional measures of success in rural economies, such as GDP or personal income. (rupri.org)
  • The 700 million projected increase in the working-age population over the next two decades in sub-Saharan Africa exceeds the projected total working age population of North America and Europe in 2050 of 680 million. (ucdavis.edu)
  • The map below shows how Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) varies by country in Central America & the Caribbean. (indexmundi.com)
  • Kimberly Zarecor and her colleague at Iowa State, Dave Peters, want to bring that kind of thinking to rural America. (wypr.org)
  • Her CME session, Bridging Access Gaps to Specialty Care in Rural America will share the impact that the RubiconMD platform delivers for rural populations, creating access despite geographic distances and clinician shortages. (businesswire.com)
  • The Great Recession continues to reverberate in rural America and is the most likely cause of the slight decline in population from 2015 to 2016. (dailyyonder.com)
  • Another finding that may indicate rural America could head back into positive population change soon is that rural counties that are closer to cities actually grew slightly from 2015-2016. (dailyyonder.com)
  • To me, that's the biggest news about rural America" coming from the new population estimates, Johnson said. (dailyyonder.com)
  • Rural women in Latin America : experiences from Ecuador, Peru and Chile / produced by Isis International Women's Information and Communication Service. (who.int)
  • The question this year is whether 2016 marks a turning point in rural population decline. (dailyyonder.com)
  • The map shows the change in population at the county level from 2015 to 2016, according to Census estimates. (dailyyonder.com)
  • First, click on counties in the embedded map to see how their population changed from 2015 to 2016. (dailyyonder.com)
  • We completed a population-based retrospective study using SK administrative health databases (hospital discharge abstracts, medication claims, and physician billings) between the 1999 to 2016 fiscal years. (ecco-ibd.eu)
  • Those who believe that demography is destiny urge the US to strengthen alliances with countries whose youthful populations are increasing, including India, Indonesia and the Philippines. (ucdavis.edu)
  • After the 2010 Census, the non-metro counties contained 46.2 million people, about 15% of the population and covered 72% of the land area of the country. (hrsa.gov)
  • Is it possible to identify rural tracts in metro counties? (hrsa.gov)
  • We can identify rural census tracts in metro counties. (hrsa.gov)
  • We consider tracts inside metro counties with the codes 4-10 as rural. (hrsa.gov)
  • Beginning with Fiscal Year 2022 Rural Health Grants, we consider all outlying metro counties without a UA to be rural. (hrsa.gov)
  • For more detail on the addition of outlying metro counties, read the Federal Register Notice, Revised Geographic Eligibility for Federal Office of Rural Health Policy Grants . (hrsa.gov)
  • Starting in FY 2022, we'll consider all outlying metro counties without a UA to be rural. (hrsa.gov)
  • Chinese State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC) firm registration data reveal that two-thirds of new entrepreneurs originated from rural counties. (nber.org)
  • Firm revenue, total factor productivity, and export revenue all grow more quickly for firms based in counties with higher population density. (nber.org)
  • For the three-fourths of all counties with populations too small to produce single-year statistics (2,323 counties), it is the only available dataset. (census.gov)
  • Two-thirds of Wisconsin's rural counties lost population between 2010 and 2018, according to a new report. (wpr.org)
  • The report from the research firm Forward Analytics looked at population and economic data from the roughly 2,000 counties across the nation not considered part of a metropolitan area. (wpr.org)
  • Wisconsin counties where population declined lost an average of 2.2 percent of their residents in the eight-year period. (wpr.org)
  • The state's rural counties actually grew in the 1990s, and in fact outpaced Wisconsin's cities, according to the report. (wpr.org)
  • One will dig into the causes of population declines, and one will look at rural counties around the nation that have successfully bucked these trends. (wpr.org)
  • KEN JOHNSON: So many rural counties, especially rural farm counties, of which there are a number in Kansas, typically are more likely to lose young adults than anyone else. (wglt.org)
  • But in other ways, rural counties appear to be headed back to "normal" population gains. (dailyyonder.com)
  • This is the fifth consecutive year nonmetropolitan counties have lost population. (dailyyonder.com)
  • Hmmmm, that doesn't look so great for rural counties to be losing population again this year. (dailyyonder.com)
  • It's] still losing people, but it's increasingly because of what's going on in the remote rural counties. (dailyyonder.com)
  • Nonadjacent counties performed better (in this case, losing less population) than adjacent counties. (dailyyonder.com)
  • But the rates flipped this year, with adjacent counties adding population while nonadjacent counties continued to lose population. (dailyyonder.com)
  • Historically, rural counties that are closer to cities (blue line) grow at a faster rate than more remote counties (red line). (dailyyonder.com)
  • If it's reemerging, that could mean the larger population trend of modest growth from rural counties will return as well," Johnson said. (dailyyonder.com)
  • This publication deals with the effects of population decline on rural Iowa counties. (iowa.gov)
  • Results: The expanded model predicted significant population movements from the New York City borough of Manhattan and counties within 20 km of Manhattan to counties within a 150-mi radius of the assumed IND detonation. (columbia.edu)
  • Urbanicity was assessed using the 2013 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Counties ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Urbanicity of county of residence was defined using the NCHS six-level classification scheme: four levels for metropolitan (urban) counties (large central, large fringe, medium, and small) and two levels for nonmetropolitan (rural) counties (micropolitan and noncore) ¶ ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Large area Metro census tracts of at least 400 sq. miles in area with population density of 35 or less per sq. mile with RUCA codes 2-3. (hrsa.gov)
  • Were such waves of entry into entrepreneurship stimulated by preindustrial rural development, as measured by agricultural productivity or county population density? (nber.org)
  • The figure shows that entrepreneurial propensity - the number of registered firms in any given year in any given county divided by the number of potential entrepreneurs obtained from the population census - is positively associated with the county's 1982 population density throughout the 1994-2009 period. (nber.org)
  • The researchers also investigate whether the subsequent transition into exporting was positively associated with county population density. (nber.org)
  • The estimated effect of population density, after again controlling for county-level attributes, is negative and marginally significant. (nber.org)
  • There is also a positive effect of lagged network size, and the interaction of network size with birth county population density, on firm revenues and productivity in both domestic production and exporting. (nber.org)
  • While only 17% of Americans live in rural communities, the threats to economic security and safety are distinct from suburban and urban communities and require different responses from government, service providers and the criminal justice system.6 Definitions of "rural" differ based on a combination of population density and distance to urban centers. (iwpr.org)
  • While it is known that motor vehicle crash (MVC) fatality rates are inversely related to population density, there has been no description of which crash variables are related to population density. (nih.gov)
  • The purpose of this study was to describe crash characteristics of fatal MVCs and to determine which crash characteristics are related to population density. (nih.gov)
  • They represent four different population density regions over a 5-year period in a four-state midwest region. (nih.gov)
  • Occupant fatality rates per 100,000 persons were inversely related to population density. (nih.gov)
  • The variables related to lower population density were more light and heavy truck types, more frequent alcohol use and higher levels of intoxication, more frequent crashes that are noncollisions on less heavily traveled roads, more frequent crashes on gravel surface types, more frequent occupant ejection, and delayed medical care. (nih.gov)
  • By analyzing fatal MVC crash characteristics in regions with different population densities, many crash variables were found to be related to population density. (nih.gov)
  • funestus populations in southern Tanzania , (2) quantify impacts of density dependence on the dynamics, and (3) assess seasonal fluctuations in An. (bvsalud.org)
  • Kansas launched the Office of Rural Prosperity in 2019 to help revitalize rural parts of the state. (hppr.org)
  • So Kansas launched a state agency called the Office of Rural Prosperity to try to make a difference. (wglt.org)
  • In 2022, the share of rural population in Myanmar remained nearly unchanged at around 68.23 percent. (statista.com)
  • Dr. Katie McGarry, Director of Clinical Operations at RubiconMD will be presenting at the Mid to West Rural Health Summit in Colorado Springs on October 7, 2022. (businesswire.com)
  • U.S. Census figures show Kansas had a population of 2.93 million people in 2020, and it still hasn't reached 3 million. (wglt.org)
  • In 2014, when he was the governor of Kansas, Sam Brownback made the bold prediction that the state would soon reach a new population milestone - Kansas would surpass a population of 3 million by 2020. (hppr.org)
  • OSA is frequently underdiagnosed, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) can be a useful tool in alerting physicians to a potential problem involving OSA.OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence and determinants of daytime sleepiness measured using the ESS in a rural community population.METHODS: A community survey was conducted to examine the risk factors associated with ESS in a rural population in 154 households comprising 283 adults. (hindawi.com)
  • These combined methods will allow us to assess how the use and combination of various livelihood strategies impacts the poverty status and material hardship of the rural poor, and draw important policy lessons regarding how the U.S. social safety net impacts the ability of the rural poor to respond to economic adversity. (rupri.org)
  • Multivariable regression analysis revealed that obesity was significantly associated with an abnormal or high sleepiness score on the ESS (OR 3.40 [95% CI 1.31 to 8.80).CONCLUSION: High levels of sleepiness in this population were common. (hindawi.com)
  • As you see population decline, you see declines in the number of jobs and declines in the number of businesses," said Forward Analytics director Dale Knapp. (wpr.org)
  • Forces pushing rural decline are much bigger than state incentives and small-town organizing. (hppr.org)
  • Despite the decline of its prevalence, caries continues to affect a significant portion of world population and treatment of the decay is still a challenge for researchers. (bvsalud.org)
  • We aimed to determine the prevalence epidemiology and impact of dyspepsia in a rural Malaysian community. (nih.gov)
  • There was a much a higher prevalence of gout in the isolated populations compared with the mainland sample (3.3% in Vis, 2.2% in Korcula and 1.7% in Split, after age standardization). (rrh.org.au)
  • We determined the prevalence of underweight, overweight/obesity and associated factors among adults in peri-urban and rural Uganda. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity and associated factors in a population-based sample of adults in peri-urban and rural Uganda. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions, factors that contribute to the prevalence , and the association with the oral- health related quality of life (OHRQoL) of adolescents in the population . (bvsalud.org)
  • China's youthful population is shrinking and the elderly population is growing, which could push the median age in China to 50 by 2050, up from 25 in 1990. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Projections in demographic shifts by the U. S. Census Bureau reveal a significant increase in elderly populations in the years ahead. (franklinpierce.edu)
  • National level analysis will be based on data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to compare the livelihood strategies and outcomes of the rural poor in Indiana to the U.S. as a whole. (rupri.org)
  • Isolated and remote populations that maintain a sufficient level of genetic isolation may suffer not only from consequences of geographic and social isolation, but their population genetic structure may also further contribute to poorer health status and outcomes. (rrh.org.au)
  • Many published studies have established the worse health status and outcomes of rural and remote populations 1 , due to socioeconomic inequalities and poorer living conditions, inadequate water supply, difficulties in healthcare access and opportunities, lack of systematic health policies or insufficient education of rural populations 2-4 . (rrh.org.au)
  • A major interest of the program is improving rural health outcomes and eliminating health disparities. (ruralhealthinfo.org)
  • Background: The objective of the study was to model urban evacuation into surrounding communities after the detonation of an improvised nuclear device (IND) to assist rural and suburban planners in understanding and effectively planning to address the effects of population surges. (columbia.edu)
  • Conclusions: The results suggest that suburban and rural communities could be overwhelmed by evacuees from their center city following an IND detonation. (columbia.edu)
  • (Updated August 28, 2011) (Paris, France) - Gaps between affluent and underdeveloped nations and between city and rural populations are apparent in many ways, and among the most devastating may be in the penetration of proven medical therapy for secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, suggests a survey of 628 communities in 17 high-, middle-, and low-income countries [1]. (medscape.com)
  • The Rural Poverty Research Conference challenges scholars to generate new knowledge designed to improve economic opportunities and enhance the well-being of low-income citizens living in rural communities. (rupri.org)
  • The conference seeks to review lessons about the causes and consequences of rural poverty and to develop a wide-ranging, rigorous research agenda that will improve economic opportunity and well-being across rural and low-income communities. (rupri.org)
  • The goal of this project is to increase the prosperity of the rural poor and rural communities by identifying the impact of community-level assets on household-level livelihood strategies in the face poverty and economic uncertainty. (rupri.org)
  • We believe that the well-being of rural communities and resilience of rural households requires a comprehensive understanding of the factors associated with both poverty and livelihood strategies. (rupri.org)
  • Additionally, efficacious and comprehensive poverty-reduction policy necessitates a better, more nuanced understanding of how rural households are already coping with poverty and what community assets are most effective at supporting them. (rupri.org)
  • One of the main objectives of the apparatus is to determine indicators of poverty phenomenon from the perspective of income and spending and circumstances relating to population in educational, social, residential fields and environment. (yementimes.com)
  • Population growth and poverty in rural South Asia / edited by Gerry Rodgers. (who.int)
  • It is a disease of rural populations and of poverty. (medscape.com)
  • This report describes urban-rural differences in mpox incidence (cases per 100,000 population) among persons aged 15-64 years, by gender and race and ethnicity. (cdc.gov)
  • The incidence rate for the state was 20 drownings per 100,000 population per year, almost 10 times higher than the overall U.S. rate of 2.11 per 100,000 per year. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, socioeconomic conditions may increase the susceptibility of the population to environmental toxicants 5 . (scielo.org.pe)
  • Conclusions: Adolescent risk behavior in rural populations, and especially farm populations, is common and associated with a variety of negative indicators of adolescent health and well-being. (cdc.gov)
  • For survivors of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence and stalking, the combination of rural isolation and economic insecurity significantly diminishes their ability to escape or recover from abuse. (iwpr.org)
  • Remote and isolated populations maintain their isolation in many ways, including geographical barriers, cultural practices, language, tribal or national identity, or religion 6 . (rrh.org.au)
  • Historically, larger populations meant more soldiers and thus more capability to conquer smaller neighbors. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Access demographic, economic and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau. (census.gov)
  • The size of the rural population fell again last year, according to Census Bureau estimates. (dailyyonder.com)
  • American demographic exceptionalism arises from higher-than-average fertility and immigration, putting the US population of 335 million in 2023 on track to surpass 380 million by 2040. (ucdavis.edu)
  • It may allow your geographic area to apply for, or receive services from, our rural health grants. (hrsa.gov)
  • Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis based on the generalized estimating equations approach to account for clustering within households was used to predict the relationship between a binary ESS score outcome (normal or abnormal) and a set of explanatory variables.RESULTS: The population included 140 men (49.5%) and 143 women (50.5%) with an age range of 18 to 97 years (mean [± SD] 52.0±14.9 years). (hindawi.com)
  • It's a never-ending argument about the state's loss of rural population. (wglt.org)
  • SAM BROWNBACK: In fact, by the end of this decade, for the first time in our history, Kansas' population will surpass 3 million people. (wglt.org)
  • The paucity of data on adulthood overweight and obesity, disaggregated by socio-demographic characteristics and in rural settings in SSA calls for research. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clinical and demographic features of human illness have shifted over time as the disease has moved from crowded cities to the rural West. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to ambient air problem for poor, inner-city, ethnic minority lead and passive and active smoking, the children, with a particular emphasis on lead population in Lebanon may be exposed to paint and dust [ 3 ]. (who.int)
  • During the early 1900s, outbreaks erupted in crowded coastal cities, and minority populations were disproportionately affected. (cdc.gov)
  • Effective preventive drugs for coronary heart disease and stroke are underused globally, with striking variation between countries at different stages of economic development," write the authors, led by Dr Salim Yusuf (McMaster University, Hamilton, ON), based on their findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. (medscape.com)
  • The epidemiology and impact of dyspepsia in rural Asia remains uncertain. (nih.gov)
  • The desire for a deeper understanding of quality of place and quality of life dynamics led to the development of the Comprehensive Rural Wealth Framework , which considers community and environmental factors in addition to traditional economic measures to create a more holistic view of wealth and well-being. (rupri.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to assess the exposure of the rural population from Cluj County, Romania, to rabies risk factors. (rrh.org.au)
  • Data regarding the exposure of the rural population from Cluj County to rabies risk factors were collected from the Vaccination Center registry at the Infectious Diseases Teaching Hospital in Cluj-Napoca. (rrh.org.au)
  • Am I eligible for rural health funding? (hrsa.gov)
  • By understanding which characteristics about fatal MVCs are related to population densities, different interventions could be targeted to different rural populations. (nih.gov)
  • It is often assumed that the population dynamics of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus, its role in malaria transmission and the way it responds to interventions are similar to the more elaborately characterized Anopheles gambiae . (bvsalud.org)
  • They consider "rural" to include all people, housing, and territory that are not within an urban area. (hrsa.gov)
  • After the 2010 Census, they classified 19.3% of the population (59.5 million people) and 97% of the land area as rural. (hrsa.gov)
  • Based on 2010 Census data, 19.7% of the population (60.8 million people) and 86% of the land area of the country are considered rural. (hrsa.gov)
  • Its slight uptick in population in recent years driven by efforts to make this Allen County town of just under 2,000 people buzz a little with chic restaurants and shops bucks trends that define rural Kansas. (hppr.org)
  • There is a need to assess whether the populations at risk are being reached effectively. (cdc.gov)
  • This can be done by direct sampling (such as telephone interviews) of the target populations to assess awareness of the campaign. (cdc.gov)
  • For every group of countries classified by economic development, rates of drug use were consistently lower in rural than in urban settings. (medscape.com)
  • Rural communities in the United States are facing unprecedented challenges in the face of a historic economic downturn, global economic pressures, and an ongoing economic restructuring of the national economy. (rupri.org)
  • Population growth and economic growth are closely linked, and a loss of population can create a downward spiral. (wpr.org)
  • The factory provides an economic anchor for Sheffield, population 1,125. (wypr.org)
  • These characteristics make the prospect of achieving economic security difficult for all rural residents. (iwpr.org)
  • This paper documents regional population changes in Sweden since 1860 and investigates how these changes link to regional economic development (regional GDP). (lu.se)
  • The impact of population change on rural community life : the economic system 1962. (iowa.gov)
  • A comparative case study, including community surveys, interviews, and focus groups, of three rural Indiana communities will enable an improved understanding of how both community- and household-level characteristics influence the adoption and efficacy of various household-level livelihood strategies. (rupri.org)
  • This project is aligned with the AFRI goals to promote economically and socially sustainable, resilient rural communities. (rupri.org)
  • We know that hits rural communities very hard. (wpr.org)
  • If there's a silver lining in the report's data, it's that Wisconsin's rural communities have shrunk at a slower rate than the national median - a loss of 1 percent in Wisconsin, compared to a national median loss of 2 percent. (wpr.org)
  • Population loss like Sheffield's is happening in small towns across the U.S. "The big picture for all rural communities that don't have a connection to a growing metro area is that they are going to get smaller over time," says Kimberly Zarecor, associate professor of architecture at Iowa State University. (wypr.org)
  • Franklin Pierce University has received a $536,640 grant from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to help fund the university's new Master of Physician Assistant Studies Program-a program established in November of 2009 with the explicit goal of serving the rural and underserved communities of Vermont and central and northern New Hampshire. (franklinpierce.edu)
  • Through student-volunteer initiatives, community engagement, rural elementary education programs and other projects, Franklin Pierce University enjoys a deep tradition of serving rural communities in New England," said Dr. James Birge, President of Franklin Pierce. (franklinpierce.edu)
  • The project's primary goal is to increase opportunities for students to participate in clinical experiences in rural and underserved communities. (franklinpierce.edu)
  • Grants for projects designed to address and prevent sexual assault, domestic violence, dating violence, and stalking in rural communities. (ruralhealthinfo.org)
  • Although a few farmers were found to already be using a mobile SMS service to seek recommendations from the Ministry of Agriculture on the best agriculture practices and produce marketing, there is a need to establish whether mobile technologies can enhance farmers' training and support in the rural communities. (ed.gov)
  • Grants for organizations that assist rural and tribal communities with water and/or wastewater operations through technical assistance and training. (ruralhealthinfo.org)
  • Funding to support the recruitment, training, and development of public health leaders able to provide service in response to the public health needs of urban and rural communities. (ruralhealthinfo.org)
  • We use these definitions and Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes to create our own definition. (hrsa.gov)
  • As industrialization picked up speed, this benefited regions all around the country in terms of production, at the same time as regional population patterns started to diverge. (lu.se)
  • After a slowdown in the regional GDP convergence processes during the low-growth period of the 1980s, 'double divergence,' in both population and regional GDP per capita, has characterized Swedish growth patterns since the 1990s. (lu.se)
  • The change could signal a return to population patterns that are more consistent with historical trends. (dailyyonder.com)
  • Purpose: To determine whether patterns of adolescent risk behavior in rural populations, and especially farm populations, are associated with negative indicators of adolescent health and well-being, beyond an established association between risk-taking and injury. (cdc.gov)
  • A door-to-door survey was conducted in a representative rural population in Malaysia. (nih.gov)
  • Access to electricity, rural is the percentage of rural population with access to electricity. (indexmundi.com)
  • The Sunyani event, the first of a nationwide series of consultations in Ghana, was organised as part of the Commonwealth African Rural Connectivity Initiative (COMARCI), a CTO programme promoting improved rural access to voice and data connectivity in African Commonwealth countries. (screenafrica.com)
  • RubiconMD hits the road this fall with expanded solutions for rural populations, seniors, and access-challenged patients. (businesswire.com)
  • This Population Policy Series Brief focuses on rural survivors and how the characteristics of rural life have an effect on a survivor's ability to be economically secure and access safety. (iwpr.org)
  • Rural dwellers face barriers to access specialised health care, which is located in larger urban centres. (ecco-ibd.eu)
  • We did not observe significant rural-urban differences in the access to colonoscopies, biologic and immune modulator therapies, and surgeries for IBD. (ecco-ibd.eu)
  • We identified rural-urban disparities in IBD health care access, specifically, lower outpatient gastroenterology visits, higher 5-ASA claims, and a higher risk of hospitalizations for individuals living in rural locations at IBD diagnosis. (ecco-ibd.eu)
  • By combining five years of survey responses, the American Community Survey provides unequaled insight into the state of every community, whether large or small, urban or rural. (census.gov)
  • It's behind the rarest of trends: a rural Kansas county experiencing slight - 0.5% - population growth in recent years after seeing a marked dropoff the decade before. (hppr.org)
  • While some hip, rural enclaves like Humboldt create ways to survive and even thrive, the vast majority of rural Kansas hasn't yet figured out how to keep pace. (wglt.org)
  • Humboldt is considered a small hip community in southeastern Kansas that has bucked the trend of population loss. (hppr.org)
  • From 2000 through 2010, the number of adults aged 85 and over in the United States rose 31%, from 4.2 million to 5.5 million, and in 2010, this age group represented almost 14% of the population aged 65 and over. (cdc.gov)
  • Rural population is calculated as the difference between the total population and urban population. (statista.com)
  • Aggregation of urban and rural population may not add up to total population because of different country coverages. (macrotrends.net)
  • Rural parts of the state continue to see significant declines. (hppr.org)
  • One outlier went against the trend: Menominee County, where the Menominee Indian Reservation is located, saw a population increase of just over 10 percent. (wpr.org)
  • There are few signs that (the rural depopulation) trend will slow or reverse," the report says, "and Wisconsin's experience could worsen over the next decade. (wpr.org)
  • Population surveys confirm this trend. (medscape.com)
  • i) Biomedical Studies, ii) Community and Population Health-Environmental Health, or, iii) Community and Population Health-Aboriginal and Rural Health. (studyincanada.com)
  • Graduation from either of the Community and Population Health Majors enables students to embark on careers or graduate programs related to health care management, administration, information systems or public health. (studyincanada.com)
  • This protocol should then be communicated effectively to the newly identified populations so that follow-up expectations from the community can be met. (cdc.gov)
  • The population development of HaÅ„sk as well as related information and services (Wikipedia, Google, images). (citypopulation.de)
  • Is the Subject Area "Population dynamics" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • Using Bayesian state-space models to understand the population dynamics of the dominant malaria vector, Anopheles funestus in rural Tanzania. (bvsalud.org)
  • The objectives of this work were to develop a model which will (1) reconstruct the population dynamics , survival , and fecundity of wild An. (bvsalud.org)
  • Through quantifying the population dynamics of An. (bvsalud.org)
  • The model accurately reconstructed the seasonal population dynamics of An. (bvsalud.org)