A suborder of the order ARTIODACTYLA whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach, including the capacious RUMEN. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males.
Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.
Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.
Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
Artiodactyla is an order of mammals characterized by an even number of digits (two or four) on each foot, hooves as terminal appendages, and a specialized stomach for fermentative digestion, which includes taxonomic families such as Suidae, Cervidae, Bovidae, and Camelidae among others.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing a severe, often fatal enteritis and pneumonia (PESTE-DES-PETITS-RUMINANTS) in sheep and goats.
The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)
A highly fatal contagious disease of goats and sheep caused by PESTE-DES-PETITS-RUMINANTS VIRUS. The disease may be acute or subacute and is characterized by stomatitis, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, and pneumonia.
The family Cervidae of 17 genera and 45 species occurring nearly throughout North America, South America, and Eurasia, on most associated continental islands, and in northern Africa. Wild populations of deer have been established through introduction by people in Cuba, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and other places where the family does not naturally occur. They are slim, long-legged and best characterized by the presence of antlers. Their habitat is forests, swamps, brush country, deserts, and arctic tundra. They are usually good swimmers; some migrate seasonally. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1362)
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
A reovirus infection, chiefly of sheep, characterized by a swollen blue tongue, catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and often by inflammation of sensitive laminae of the feet and coronet.
In ruminants, the stomach is a complex, multi-chambered organ consisting of the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, which functions to soften and breakdown ingested plant material through microbial fermentation and mechanical churning before further digestion in the small intestine.
Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.
A viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by MORBILLIVIRUS. It may be acute, subacute, or chronic with the major lesions characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the entire digestive tract. The disease was declared successfully eradicated worldwide in 2010.
The type species of ORBIVIRUS causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals.
Virus diseases caused by the Lentivirus genus. They are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection.
A genus of the family Bovidae having two species: B. bison and B. bonasus. This concept is differentiated from BUFFALOES, which refers to Bubalus arnee and Syncerus caffer.
The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body.
A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing cattle plague, a disease with high mortality. Sheep, goats, pigs, and other animals of the order Artiodactyla can also be infected.
Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. They include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including LIVESTOCK (specifically CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; etc.), POULTRY; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., PETS; or specifically DOGS; CATS; etc.
A subgenus of LENTIVIRUS comprising viruses that produce multi-organ disease with long incubation periods in sheep and goats.
Nutritional physiology of animals.
A genus of parasitic nematode worms which infest the duodenum and stomach of domestic and wild herbivores, which ingest it with the grasses (POACEAE) they eat. Infestation of man is accidental.
Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.
A species of gram-negative bacteria causing contagious agalactia of SHEEP and GOATS.
A subspecies of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. It is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease (PARATUBERCULOSIS), a chronic GASTROENTERITIS in RUMINANTS.
The third stomach of ruminants, situated on the right side of the abdomen at a higher level than the fourth stomach and between this latter and the second stomach, with both of which it communicates. From its inner surface project large numbers of leaves or folia, each of which possesses roughened surfaces. In the center of each folium is a band of muscle fibers which produces a rasping movement of the leaf when it contracts. One leaf rubs against those on either side of it, and large particles of food material are ground down between the rough surfaces, preparatory to further digestion in the succeeding parts of the alimentary canal. (Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)
A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE containing over 150 viruses, most of which are transmitted by mosquitoes or flies. They are arranged in groups defined by serological criteria, each now named for the original reference species (previously called serogroups). Many species have multiple serotypes or strains.
Any of various ruminant mammals of the order Bovidae. They include numerous species in Africa and the American pronghorn.
A species of gram-negative bacteria in the family ANAPLASMATACEAE, that causes HEARTWATER DISEASE in ruminants.
A family of biting midges, in the order DIPTERA. It includes the genus Culicoides which transmits filarial parasites pathogenic to man and other primates.
A chronic GASTROENTERITIS in RUMINANTS caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS.
An order of nematodes of the subclass SECERNENTEA. Characteristics include an H-shaped excretory system with two subventral glands.
The fourth stomach of ruminating animals. It is also called the "true" stomach. It is an elongated pear-shaped sac lying on the floor of the abdomen, on the right-hand side, and roughly between the seventh and twelfth ribs. It leads to the beginning of the small intestine. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)
Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
Hoofed mammals with four legs, a big-lipped snout, and a humped back belonging to the family Camelidae.
Proteins produced by organs of the mother or the PLACENTA during PREGNANCY. These proteins may be pregnancy-specific (present only during pregnancy) or pregnancy-associated (present during pregnancy or under other conditions such as hormone therapy or certain malignancies.)
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), that can cause chronic pneumonia (maedi), mastitis, arthritis, and encephalomyelitis (visna) in sheep. Maedi is a progressive pneumonia of sheep which is similar to but not the same as jaagsiekte (PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS, OVINE). Visna is a demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis of sheep which is similar to but not the same as SCRAPIE.
A species of sheep, Ovis aries, descended from Near Eastern wild forms, especially mouflon.
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), closely related to VISNA-MAEDI VIRUS and causing acute encephalomyelitis; chronic arthritis; PNEUMONIA; MASTITIS; and GLOMERULONEPHRITIS in goats. It is transmitted mainly in the colostrum and milk.
The white liquid secreted by the mammary glands. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
A mosquito-borne species of the PHLEBOVIRUS genus found in eastern, central, and southern Africa, producing massive hepatitis, abortion, and death in sheep, goats, cattle, and other animals. It also has caused disease in humans.
Infections by nematodes, general or unspecified.
A species of PESTIVIRUS causing a congenital sheep disease characterized by an abnormally hairy birth-coat, tremors, and poor growth.
A superfamily of nematodes. Most are intestinal parasites of ruminants and accidentally in humans. This superfamily includes seven genera: DICTYOCAULUS; HAEMONCHUS; Cooperia, OSTERTAGIA; Nematodirus, TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; and Hyostrongylus.
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
A subfamily of HERPESVIRIDAE characterized by a short replication cycle. The genera include: SIMPLEXVIRUS; VARICELLOVIRUS; MAREK'S DISEASE-LIKE VIRUSES; and ILTOVIRUS.
Domesticated farm animals raised for home use or profit but excluding POULTRY. Typically livestock includes CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; SWINE; GOATS; and others.
The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.
A tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM.
Virus diseases caused by the BUNYAVIRIDAE.
Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally commensal in the flora of CATTLE and SHEEP. But under conditions of physical or PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS, it can cause MASTITIS in sheep and SHIPPING FEVER or ENZOOTIC CALF PNEUMONIA in cattle. Its former name was Pasteurella haemolytica.
'Animal diseases' is a term that refers to any illness or infection that affects the health and well-being of non-human animals, caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxic substances, which can impact individual animals, herds, or entire species, and may have implications for human health through zoonotic transmission.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Short-chain fatty acids of up to six carbon atoms in length. They are the major end products of microbial fermentation in the ruminant digestive tract and have also been implicated in the causation of neurological diseases in humans.
Infections with viruses of the genus MORBILLIVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. Infections mainly cause acute disease in their hosts, although in some cases infection is persistent and leads to degenerative conditions.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The second stomach of ruminants. It lies almost in the midline in the front of the abdomen, in contact with the liver and diaphragm and communicates freely with the RUMEN via the ruminoreticular orifice. The lining of the reticulum is raised into folds forming a honeycomb pattern over the surface. (From Concise Veterinary Dictionary, 1988)
Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.
Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.
An acute infectious disease caused by COXIELLA BURNETII. It is characterized by a sudden onset of FEVER; HEADACHE; malaise; and weakness. In humans, it is commonly contracted by inhalation of infected dusts derived from infected domestic animals (ANIMALS, DOMESTIC).
Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.
A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis of sheep caused by the VISNA-MAEDI VIRUS. It is similar to but not the same as SCRAPIE.
A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary epithelia, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis and lymph node enlargement. Syn: bovine epitheliosis, snotsiekte.
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.
An infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats, affecting primarily the muzzle and lips. It is caused by a poxvirus and may be transmitted to man.
A species of gram-negative bacteria that grows preferentially in the vacuoles of the host cell. It is the etiological agent of Q FEVER.
A genus of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE comprising gram-negative non CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS-like species infecting vertebrates. Chlamydophila do not produce detectable quantities of glycogen. The type species is CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Rapid evolution of a primate sperm protein: relaxation of functional constraint or positive Darwinian selection? (1/548)

Protamines are arginine-rich proteins that replace histones and bind sperm DNA during spermatogenesis in vertebrates. Previous studies have shown that protamine exons evolve faster than does the protamine intron. It has been suggested that this is a result of a relaxation of functional constraint. However, a more likely explanation is that the evolutionary rate of exons has been accelerated by positive Darwinian selection, because introns are generally believed to evolve in a neutral fashion. Therefore, we examined the possibility that positive selection has been acting on the protamine genes of three groups of placental mammals: primates (hominoids and Old World monkeys), rodents (mice, rats, and guinea pigs), and pecoran ruminants (deer and bovids). We found that the nucleotide substitution rate at nonsynonymous sites is significantly higher than the rate at synonymous and intron sites for protamine P1 of hominoids and Old World monkeys. This result suggests that positive selection has been operating on protamine P1 of these species. In contrast, no clear-cut evidence of positive selection was found for protamine P1 of ruminants and rodents or protamine P2 of primates. The agent of positive selection on primate protamine P1 remains unknown, though sperm competition is a possibility. Further investigations on the function and intraspecific polymorphism of this protein are needed in order to identify the selection agent.  (+info)

Partial nuclear localization of a bovine phosphoprotein, BCNT, that includes a region derived from a LINE repetitive sequence in Ruminantia. (2/548)

BCNT, named after Bucentaur, is a protein that contains a 324-amino-acid region derived from part of a long interspersed DNA sequence element (LINE) in Ruminantia. However, the unique portion is completely missing in human and mouse BCNTs. Since no significant information on their function has been obtained by homology search, we at first examined cellular localization and biochemical characteristics of bovine BCNT to get a hint on its function. Subcellular fractionation and immunohistochemical analyses using a normal bovine epithelial cell line and bovine brain revealed that a significant amount of bovine BCNT is localized in the nuclei, while the major portion is present in the cytosol. Furthermore, it was shown that bovine BCNT is a phosphoprotein and that both bovine and human BCNTs are phosphorylated by casein kinase II in vitro. These results show that BCNTs consist of a unique family, probably a substrate of casein kinase II, which may contribute further to the understanding of gene evolution.  (+info)

Evolutionary affinities of the enigmatic saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) in the context of the molecular phylogeny of Bovidae. (3/548)

To elucidate the systematic status of the enigmatic saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), a new bovid genus recently discovered in Vietnam, and to investigate phylogenetic relationships within the family Bovidae, four distinct DNA markers were sequenced. Complete mitochondrial cytochrome b (1143 bp) and 12S rRNA (956 bp) genes and non-coding regions from the nuclear genes for aromatase cytochrome P-450 (199 bp) and lactoferrin (338 bp) have been compared for 25 bovid species and three Cervidae and Antilocapridae outgroups. Independent and/or combined analyses of the four nucleotide matrices through maximum parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods indicated that Bovidae consists of two major lineages, i.e. Bovinac which contains the tribes Bovini, Boselaphini and Tragelaphini, and Antilopinae which encompasses all other bovids. Within Bovinae, the tribe Bovini is divided into buffalo Bovini (Bubalus and Syncerus) and cattle Bovini (Bos and Bison) and Tragelaphini are possibly related to Boselaphini. Pseudoryx is shown to be (i) robustly nested within Bovinae; (ii) strongly associated with Bovini; and (iii) tentatively sharing a sister-group relationship with cattle Bovini. Within Antilopinae, three robust clades are in evidence: (i) Hippotragus and Damaliscus are linked to Ovis; (ii) Aepyceros joins Neotragus; and (iii) Cephalophus clusters with Oreotragus.  (+info)

Genealogy of families of SINEs in cetaceans and artiodactyls: the presence of a huge superfamily of tRNA(Glu)-derived families of SINEs. (4/548)

Several novel (sub)families of SINEs were isolated from the genomes of cetaceans and artiodactyls, and their sequences were determined. From comparisons of diagnostic nucleotides among the short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs) in these (sub)families, we were able to draw the following conclusions. (1) After the divergence of the suborder Tylopoda (camels), the CHRS family of SINEs was newly created from tRNA(Glu) in a common ancestor of the lineages of the Suina (pigs and peccaries), Ruminantia (cows and deer), and Cetacea (whales and dolphins). (2) After divergence of the Suina lineage, the CHR-1 SINE and the CHR-2 SINE were generated successively in a common ancestor of ruminants, hippopotamuses, and cetaceans. (3) In the Ruminantia lineage, the Bov-tA SINE was generated by recombination between the CHR-2 SINE and Bov-A. (4) In the Suina lineage, the CHRS-S SINE was generated from the CHRS SINE. (5) In this latter lineage, the PRE-1 family of SINEs was created by insertion of part of the gene for tRNA(Arg) into the 5' region of the CHRS-S family. The distribution of a particular family of SINEs among species of artiodactyls and cetaceans confirmed the most recent conclusion for paraphyly of the order Artiodactyla. The present study also revealed that a newly created tRNA(Glu)-derived family of SINEs was subjected both to recombination with different units and to duplication of an internal sequence within a SINE unit to generate, during evolution, a huge superfamily of tRNA(Glu)-related families of SINEs that are now found in the genomes of artiodactyls and cetaceans.  (+info)

Evolution of oligomeric proteins. The unusual case of a dimeric ribonuclease. (5/548)

The model system made up of a monomeric and a dimeric ribonuclease of the pancreatic-type superfamily has recently attracted the attention of investigators interested in the evolution of oligomeric proteins. In this system, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) is the monomeric prototype, and bovine seminal ribonuclease (BS-RNase) is the dimeric counterpart. However, this evolutionary case is unusual, as BS-RNase is the only dimeric member of the whole large superfamily comprising more than 100 identified members from amphibia, aves, reptilia and mammalia. Furthermore, although the seminal-type RNase gene can be traced back to the divergence of the ruminants, it is expressed only in a single species (Bos taurus). These unusual findings are discussed, as well as previous hypotheses on the evolution of seminal RNase. Furthermore, a new 'minimalist' hypothesis is proposed, in line with basic principles of structural biology and molecular evolution.  (+info)

An unusual form of purifying selection in a sperm protein. (6/548)

Protamines are small, highly basic DNA-binding proteins found in the sperm of animals. Interestingly, the proportion of arginine residues in one type of protamine, protamine P1, is about 50% in mammals. Upon closer examination, it was found that both the total number of amino acids and the positions of arginine residues have changed considerably during the course of mammalian evolution. This evolutionary pattern suggests that protamine P1 is under an unusual form of purifying selection, in which the high proportion of arginine residues is maintained but the positions may vary. In this case, we would expect that the rate of nonsynonymous substitution is not particularly low compared with that of synonymous substitution, despite purifying selection. We would also expect that the selection for a high arginine content results in a high frequency of the nucleotide G in the coding region of this gene, because all six arginine codons contain at least one G. These expectations were confirmed in our study of mammalian protamine genes. Analysis of nonmammalian vertebrate genes also showed essentially the same patterns of evolutionary changes, suggesting that this unusual form of purifying selection has been active since the origin of bony vertebrates. The protamine gene of an insect species shows similar patterns, although its purifying selection is less intense. These observations suggest that arginine-rich selection is a general feature of protamine evolution. The driving force for arginine-rich selection appears to be the DNA-binding function of protamine P1 and an interaction with a protein kinase in the fertilized egg.  (+info)

Identification and characterization of anaerobic gut fungi using molecular methodologies based on ribosomal ITS1 and 185 rRNA. (7/548)

The gut fungi are an unusual group of zoosporic fungi occupying a unique ecological niche, the anaerobic environment of the rumen. They exhibit two basic forms, with nuclear migration throughout the hyphal mass for polycentric species and with concentration of nuclear material in a zoosporangium for monocentric species. Differentiation between isolates of these fungi is difficult using conventional techniques. In this study, DNA-based methodologies were used to examine the relationships within and between two genera of monocentric gut fungi gathered from various geographical locations and host animals. The ribosomal ITS1 sequence from 16 mono- and 4 polycentric isolates was PCR-amplified and sequenced; the sequences obtained were aligned with published sequences and phylogenetic analyses were performed. These analyses clearly differentiate between the two genera and reflect the previously published physiological conclusions that Neocallimastix spp. constitute a more closely related genus than the relatively divergent genus Piromyces. The analyses place two type species N. frontalis and N. hurleyensis together but, contrary to a recent suggestion in the literature, place them apart from the other agreed species N. patriciarum. In situ hybridization and slot-blotting were investigated as potential methods for detection of and differentiation between monocentric gut fungi. DNA slot-blot analysis using ribosomal sequences is able to differentiate between gut fungal genera and thus has considerable potential for use in ecological studies of these organisms.  (+info)

Genome mapping in ruminants and map locations for genes influencing reproduction. (8/548)

Genetic maps provide a critical link between genes and phenotypes and are essential tools in the search for the genetic basis of variation in reproductive traits. Genes coding for hormones, growth factors, receptors, binding proteins, transcription factors and enzymes that influence the development and function of the reproductive axis have been assigned to genetic maps of ruminants and locations can be found in the respective genome databases. In addition, comparative information on gene structure and map location will help define the functions of essential genes. Gene locations from other species can be used because of extensive comparative links among mammalian gene maps. Large-scale projects to sequence genes and the ability to map these genes in parallel in radiation hybrid panels of different species will greatly improve the maps and our ability to translate between them. Cloning the genes responsible for genetic differences in fertility and fecundity in ruminants is likely to provide valuable clues to understanding ovarian function and germ cell development.  (+info)

Ruminants are a category of hooved mammals that are known for their unique digestive system, which involves a process called rumination. This group includes animals such as cattle, deer, sheep, goats, and giraffes, among others. The digestive system of ruminants consists of a specialized stomach with multiple compartments (the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum).

Ruminants primarily consume plant-based diets, which are high in cellulose, a complex carbohydrate that is difficult for many animals to digest. In the rumen, microbes break down the cellulose into simpler compounds, producing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) that serve as a major energy source for ruminants. The animal then regurgitates the partially digested plant material (known as cud), chews it further to mix it with saliva and additional microbes, and swallows it again for further digestion in the rumen. This process of rumination allows ruminants to efficiently extract nutrients from their fibrous diets.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "goats" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a common noun referring to the domesticated animal species Capra aegagrus hircus. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or term, please provide that and I would be happy to help.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Goat diseases" refers to illnesses that affect goats specifically. It does not mean diseases that are caused by goats or related to them in some way. Here are some examples of goat diseases:

1. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects goats, causing arthritis, pneumonia, and sometimes encephalitis.
2. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A bacterial disease that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes of goats.
3. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma bacteria.
4. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
5. Pasteurellosis: A bacterial disease that can cause pneumonia, septicemia, and other infections in goats.
6. Salmonellosis: A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella bacteria, which can cause diarrhea, fever, and septicemia in goats.
7. Soremouth (Orf): A viral disease that causes sores and scabs around the mouth and nose of goats.

These are just a few examples of diseases that can affect goats. If you have any specific questions about goat health or diseases, I would recommend consulting with a veterinarian who specializes in small ruminants.

I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:

1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Artiodactyla is an order of mammals that includes even-toed ungulates, or hooved animals, with an odd number of toes. This group includes animals such as pigs, peccaries, hippos, camels, deer, giraffes, antelopes, and ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats. The primary identifying feature of Artiodactyls is the presence of a pair of weight-bearing toes located in the middle of the foot, with the other toes being either reduced or absent. This arrangement provides stability and adaptability for these animals to thrive in various habitats worldwide.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR) virus is a negative-stranded, enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the causative agent of Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR), also known as sheep and goat plague, which is a highly contagious disease affecting small ruminants such as sheep and goats. The virus is closely related to the rinderpest virus, which was declared eradicated in 2011.

The PPR virus primarily targets the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems of infected animals, causing symptoms such as fever, nasal discharge, coughing, diarrhea, and mouth ulcers. The disease can be severe and often results in high mortality rates, particularly in young animals.

PPR is a significant threat to food security and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in many parts of the world, particularly in Africa and Asia. Vaccination programs have been implemented to control the spread of the virus and reduce its impact on susceptible populations.

The rumen is the largest compartment of the stomach in ruminant animals, such as cows, goats, and sheep. It is a specialized fermentation chamber where microbes break down tough plant material into nutrients that the animal can absorb and use for energy and growth. The rumen contains billions of microorganisms, including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi, which help to break down cellulose and other complex carbohydrates in the plant material through fermentation.

The rumen is characterized by its large size, muscular walls, and the presence of a thick mat of partially digested food and microbes called the rumen mat or cud. The animal regurgitates the rumen contents periodically to chew it again, which helps to break down the plant material further and mix it with saliva, creating a more favorable environment for fermentation.

The rumen plays an essential role in the digestion and nutrition of ruminant animals, allowing them to thrive on a diet of low-quality plant material that would be difficult for other animals to digest.

Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and devastating disease in sheep and goats, caused by the PPR virus, which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Morbillivirus. It is also known as "sheep and goat plague" or "small ruminant morbillivirus."

The disease is characterized by fever, respiratory signs (such as coughing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing), and severe diarrhea, which can lead to rapid weight loss and death in infected animals. The mortality rate in naive populations can reach up to 90%. PPR is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions and excretions, as well as through aerosols.

PPR is endemic in many parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, causing significant economic losses to small ruminant farmers and threatening food security in affected regions. The disease has been targeted for global eradication by 2030, under the joint efforts of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).

I apologize for any confusion, but "deer" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to various species of hooved mammals belonging to the family Cervidae. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

Bluetongue is a viral disease that primarily affects sheep and some species of cattle, goats, and wild ruminants. The disease is named for the bluish discoloration of the tongue that can occur in severe cases. It is transmitted by midges (Culicoides spp.) and occurs mainly in tropical and subtropical regions around the world.

The symptoms of Bluetongue include fever, salivation, difficulty breathing, swelling of the head and neck, and lameness. In severe cases, it can cause death. The disease is not contagious between animals and cannot be spread through contact or ingestion of contaminated feed or water.

There are several different serotypes of Bluetongue virus, and immunity to one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes. Vaccination is available for some serotypes in certain regions, but it may not be effective against all serotypes. Control measures typically focus on reducing exposure to midges through the use of insect repellents, screens, and other barriers.

A ruminant stomach is not a term that is typically used in human medicine, but it is a key feature of the digestive system in animals that are classified as ruminants. Ruminants are hoofed mammals that chew their cud, such as cattle, deer, sheep, and goats.

The ruminant stomach is actually composed of four distinct compartments: the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. These compartments work together to break down plant material through a process of fermentation by microbes.

The rumen is the largest of the compartments and functions as a fermentation vat where plant material is broken down by microbes into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the animal. The reticulum is connected to the rumen and helps sort and move the partially digested food particles.

The omasum is a smaller compartment that absorbs water and some nutrients from the digesta before it passes into the abomasum, which is the final compartment and functions similarly to the human stomach, where digestive enzymes are secreted to further break down the food and absorb nutrients.

Therefore, a ruminant stomach refers to the complex and specialized digestive system found in animals that chew their cud, allowing them to efficiently extract nutrients from plant material.

Animal feed refers to any substance or mixture of substances, whether processed, unprocessed, or partially processed, which is intended to be used as food for animals, including fish, without further processing. It includes ingredients such as grains, hay, straw, oilseed meals, and by-products from the milling, processing, and manufacturing industries. Animal feed can be in the form of pellets, crumbles, mash, or other forms, and is used to provide nutrients such as energy, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals to support the growth, reproduction, and maintenance of animals. It's important to note that animal feed must be safe, nutritious, and properly labeled to ensure the health and well-being of the animals that consume it.

Rinderpest is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects cattle and buffalo, although it can also infect other species such as sheep, goats, and deer. The virus responsible for rinderpest is a member of the Morbillivirus genus, which includes measles in humans and canine distemper in dogs.

The term "Rinderpest" comes from the German word "Rind," meaning cattle, and "Pest," meaning plague or pestilence. Historically, rinderpest has had devastating effects on livestock populations, causing significant economic losses and threatening food security in many parts of the world.

The disease is characterized by fever, oral lesions, diarrhea, and rapid weight loss, often leading to death within a week of infection. Transmission typically occurs through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions, such as nasal discharge, saliva, or feces. The virus can also be spread via contaminated feed, water, and fomites (inanimate objects).

In 2011, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations declared rinderpest eradicated, making it the first viral disease to be eliminated through human efforts. This achievement was largely due to extensive vaccination campaigns, improved surveillance, and strict quarantine measures. However, maintaining vigilance against potential re-emergence remains crucial, as the virus still exists in some laboratory collections.

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an infectious agent that causes Bluetongue disease, a non-contagious viral disease affecting sheep and other ruminants. It is a member of the Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family. The virus is transmitted by biting midges of the Culicoides species and can infect various animals such as sheep, cattle, goats, and wild ruminants.

The virus has a double-stranded RNA genome and consists of ten segments that encode seven structural and four non-structural proteins. The clinical signs of Bluetongue disease in sheep include fever, salivation, swelling of the head and neck, nasal discharge, and respiratory distress, which can be severe or fatal. In contrast, cattle usually show milder symptoms or are asymptomatic, although they can serve as reservoirs for the virus.

Bluetongue virus is an important veterinary pathogen that has a significant economic impact on the global sheep industry. The disease is prevalent in many parts of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, but has also spread to temperate areas due to climate change and the movement of infected animals. Prevention and control measures include vaccination, insect control, and restricting the movement of infected animals.

Lentivirus infections refer to the infectious disease caused by lentiviruses, a genus of retroviruses. These viruses are characterized by their ability to cause persistent and long-term infections, often leading to chronic diseases. They primarily target cells of the immune system, such as T-cells and macrophages, and can cause significant immunosuppression.

Lentiviruses have a slow replication cycle and can remain dormant in the host for extended periods. This makes them particularly effective at evading the host's immune response and can result in progressive damage to infected tissues over time.

One of the most well-known lentiviruses is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T-cells, leading to a weakened immune system and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections.

Other examples of lentiviruses include simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). While these viruses primarily infect non-human animals, they are closely related to HIV and serve as important models for studying lentivirus infections and developing potential therapies.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Bison" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to large, hoofed mammals that are part of the Bovidae family, which also includes cattle, buffalo, and antelope. The two most commonly known species of bison are the American bison (Bison bison) and the European bison, or wisent (Bison bonasus). These animals are native to North America and Europe, respectively, and have distinctive features such as a large head, humped back, and shaggy coat. They once roamed in great herds but were hunted to near extinction in the late 19th century. Conservation efforts have helped bring their populations back from the brink, although they still face threats from habitat loss and disease.

Digestion is the complex process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and cell repair. This process involves both mechanical and chemical actions that occur in the digestive system, which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs such as the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

The different stages of digestion are:

1. Ingestion: This is the first step in digestion, where food is taken into the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion: This involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces through chewing, churning, and mixing with digestive enzymes.
3. Chemical digestion: This involves breaking down food molecules into simpler forms using various enzymes and chemicals produced by the digestive system.
4. Absorption: Once the food is broken down into simple molecules, they are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream and transported to different parts of the body.
5. Elimination: The undigested material that remains after absorption is moved through the large intestine and eliminated from the body as feces.

The process of digestion is essential for maintaining good health, as it provides the necessary nutrients and energy required for various bodily functions.

Rinderpest virus (RPV) is a species in the genus Morbillivirus and family Paramyxoviridae. It is an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes the highly contagious and often fatal disease called rinderpest in cattle, buffalo, and other even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), including sheep, goats, and members of the deer family.

Historically, rinderpest has had devastating effects on livestock populations and has significantly impacted agricultural economies worldwide. The virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions and excretions. It mainly affects the respiratory and digestive systems of the host, causing symptoms such as fever, mouth sores, diarrhea, and severe weight loss.

Rinderpest was declared eradicated by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) in 2011, following a global effort to vaccinate animals and control the spread of the virus. It is one of only two viral diseases (the other being smallpox) that have been successfully eradicated through human intervention.

Domestic animals, also known as domestic animals or pets, are species that have been tamed and kept by humans for various purposes. These purposes can include companionship, work, protection, or food production. Some common examples of domestic animals include dogs, cats, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and chickens.

Domestic animals are distinguished from wild animals in that they are dependent on humans for their survival and are able to live in close proximity to people. They have often been selectively bred over generations to possess certain traits or characteristics that make them more suitable for their intended uses. For example, dogs may be bred for their size, strength, agility, or temperament, while cats may be bred for their coat patterns or behaviors.

It is important to note that the term "domestic animal" does not necessarily mean that an animal is tame or safe to handle. Some domestic animals, such as certain breeds of dogs, can be aggressive or dangerous if not properly trained and managed. It is always important to approach and handle any animal, domestic or wild, with caution and respect.

Lentiviruses, ovine-caprine, refer to a subgroup of lentiviruses that primarily infect sheep and goats. These viruses are part of the Retroviridae family and cause slowly progressive diseases characterized by immunodeficiency and neurological disorders. The most well-known members of this group include:

1. Ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV/Maedi Visna virus, MVV): This lentivirus primarily affects sheep, causing chronic interstitial pneumonia and progressive wasting. It can also lead to neurological symptoms such as tremors, ataxia, and paralysis in advanced stages.

2. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV): This lentivirus primarily infects goats, causing chronic arthritis, pneumonia, and mastitis in adult animals. It can also lead to neurological symptoms such as encephalitis, particularly in young kids.

Both OPPV and CAEV are transmitted horizontally through close contact with infected animals, usually via the respiratory route, and vertically from infected ewes or does to their offspring in utero or through colostrum and milk consumption. These viruses have a worldwide distribution and can cause significant economic losses in sheep and goat farming industries due to decreased productivity, increased mortality, and restrictions on trade and movement of infected animals.

"Animal nutritional physiological phenomena" is not a standardized medical or scientific term. However, it seems to refer to the processes and functions related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Here's a breakdown of the possible components:

1. Animal: This term refers to non-human living organisms that are multicellular, heterotrophic, and have a distinct nervous system.
2. Nutritional: This term pertains to the nourishment and energy requirements of an animal, including the ingestion, digestion, absorption, transportation, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients.
3. Physiological: This term refers to the functions and processes that occur within a living organism, including the interactions between different organs and systems.
4. Phenomena: This term generally means an observable fact or event.

Therefore, "animal nutritional physiological phenomena" could refer to the observable events and processes related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Examples of such phenomena include digestion, absorption, metabolism, energy production, growth, reproduction, and waste elimination.

Haemonchus is a genus of parasitic roundworms, also known as nematodes, that are commonly found in the abomasum (the true stomach) of ruminant animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, and deer. The species Haemonchus contortus, also known as the barber pole worm, is the most widespread and pathogenic member of this genus.

Haemonchus worms have a complex life cycle that involves both larval and adult stages. The adults are blood-sucking parasites that can cause significant harm to their hosts by consuming large quantities of blood, leading to anemia, weight loss, and potentially death in severe cases. These worms are particularly problematic in warm, humid climates where they can multiply rapidly and cause significant production losses in livestock operations.

Preventative measures such as strategic grazing management, regular fecal egg counts, and anthelmintic treatments are commonly used to control Haemonchus infections in livestock. However, the development of anthelmintic resistance has become a significant concern in recent years, making it increasingly difficult to manage these parasites effectively.

Wild animals are those species of animals that are not domesticated or tamed by humans and live in their natural habitats without regular human intervention. They can include a wide variety of species, ranging from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, to insects and other invertebrates.

Wild animals are adapted to survive in specific environments and have behaviors, physical traits, and social structures that enable them to find food, shelter, and mates. They can be found in various habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and mountains. Some wild animals may come into contact with human populations, particularly in urban areas where their natural habitats have been destroyed or fragmented.

It is important to note that the term "wild" does not necessarily mean that an animal is aggressive or dangerous. While some wild animals can be potentially harmful to humans if provoked or threatened, many are generally peaceful and prefer to avoid contact with people. However, it is essential to respect their natural behaviors and habitats and maintain a safe distance from them to prevent any potential conflicts or harm to either party.

"Mycoplasma agalactiae" is a species of bacteria that belongs to the genus Mycoplasma. It is a small, wall-less organism that can cause contagious diseases in animals, particularly in ruminants such as goats and sheep. The infection caused by this bacterium is known as contagious agalactia, which is characterized by symptoms like mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland), arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis (inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva of the eye), and sometimes pneumonia. It's worth noting that "Mycoplasma agalactiae" is not known to infect humans.

Medical Definition:

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis) is a type of mycobacteria that causes a chronic infectious disease known as paratuberculosis or Johne's disease in domestic and wild animals, particularly ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, and deer. The infection primarily affects the intestines, leading to chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and decreased milk production in affected animals.

M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a slow-growing mycobacteria, which makes it difficult to culture and identify. It is resistant to many common disinfectants and can survive in the environment for long periods, facilitating its transmission between animals through contaminated feces, water, food, or milk.

Human infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is rare, but it has been implicated as a possible cause of Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel condition in humans. However, the evidence for this association is still controversial and requires further research.

The omasum is the third compartment of the ruminant stomach, located between the rumen and the abomasum. It is also known as the manyplies because of its structure, which consists of numerous folds or leaves that are arranged in a circular pattern. The main function of the omasum is to absorb water, electrolytes, and volatile fatty acids from the digesta that passes through it, helping to concentrate the solids and prepare them for further digestion in the abomasum.

Orthobunyavirus is a genus of viruses in the family Peribunyaviridae, order Bunyavirales. These are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses. The genome consists of three segments: large (L), medium (M), and small (S). The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the M segment encodes two glycoproteins (Gn and Gc) and a nonstructural protein (NSm), and the S segment encodes the nucleocapsid protein (N) and a nonstructural protein (NSs).

Orthobunyaviruses are primarily transmitted by arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and midges, and can cause disease in humans and animals. The diseases caused by orthobunyaviruses range from mild febrile illness to severe hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. Some of the notable orthobunyaviruses include California encephalitis virus, La Crosse encephalitis virus, Oropouche virus, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "antelopes" is a common name that refers to a group of hoofed mammals in the family Bovidae. They are not a medical term or concept. Antelopes are known for their speed and agility, and they are found primarily in Africa, with a few species in Asia.

If you have any questions related to biology, veterinary medicine, or any other scientific field, I would be happy to help answer them to the best of my ability!

'Ehrlichia ruminantium' is a gram-negative, intracellular bacterium that belongs to the family Anaplasmataceae. It is the etiological agent of heartwater, a tick-borne disease that affects mainly ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats. The bacteria infect endothelial cells in various organs, including the brain and heart, causing vasculitis, edema, and hemorrhage, which can lead to severe clinical signs and death in infected animals.

The bacterium is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks, mainly from the genus Amblyomma. The disease is endemic in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. Heartwater is a major constraint to livestock production in affected areas, causing significant economic losses to farmers and pastoralists.

Prevention and control measures for heartwater include the use of acaricides to control tick infestations, vaccination of susceptible animals, and quarantine measures to prevent the introduction of infected animals into disease-free areas.

Ceratopogonidae is a family of small flies, also known as biting midges or no-see-ums. They are characterized by their slender segmented bodies, feathery antennae, and wings with extensive venation. Some species in this family are known to be vectors of various diseases, such as human and animal forms of filariasis, blue tongue virus in sheep, and several viral diseases in horses. The larvae of these flies are aquatic or semi-aquatic and can be found in a variety of habitats including wet soil, decaying vegetation, and freshwater bodies.

Paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). It primarily affects ruminants, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, although other animal species, including humans, can also be infected. The disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestines, leading to diarrhea, weight loss, and decreased milk production in affected animals.

Infection typically occurs through ingestion of contaminated feed or water, and the incubation period can range from several months to years. The bacteria are resistant to environmental degradation and can survive in soil, water, and feces for long periods, making control and eradication challenging.

While paratuberculosis is not considered a significant zoonotic disease, there is ongoing research into the potential link between MAP infection and Crohn's disease in humans, although this association remains controversial and unproven.

Strongylida is an order of parasitic roundworms, also known as nematodes. These parasites are primarily found in the gastrointestinal tracts of various hosts, including mammals, birds, and reptiles. Strongylida species have a complex life cycle that involves both free-living and parasitic stages. They are known for their strong epidemiological significance, as they can cause significant disease burden and production losses in livestock industries worldwide.

Some well-known Strongylida genera include:

* Strongyloides (threadworms)
* Ancylostoma (hookworms)
* Necator (hookworms)
* Ostertagia (brown stomach worms)
* Haemonchus (barber's pole worms)

These parasites can cause a range of clinical signs, depending on the species and intensity of infection. Common symptoms include diarrhea, anemia, weight loss, and decreased productivity in affected animals. In humans, Strongyloides species can cause strongyloidiasis, which may present as cutaneous larva migrans or intestinal infection, with potential dissemination to various organs in severe cases.

The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach chamber in ruminant animals, such as cows, sheep, and goats. It is often referred to as the "true" stomach because its structure and function are most similar to the stomachs of non-ruminant animals, including humans.

In the abomasum, gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes are secreted, which help to break down proteins and fats in the ingested feed. The abomasum also serves as a site for nutrient absorption and further mechanical breakdown of food particles before they enter the small intestine.

The term "abomasum" is derived from Latin, where "ab-" means "away from," and "omassum" refers to the "stomach." This name reflects its location away from the other three stomach chambers in ruminants.

The digestive system is a complex network of organs and glands that work together to break down food into nutrients, which are then absorbed and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and cell repair. The physiological phenomena associated with the digestive system include:

1. Ingestion: This is the process of taking in food through the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion: This involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces through processes such as chewing, churning, and segmentation.
3. Chemical digestion: This involves the chemical breakdown of food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body. This is achieved through the action of enzymes produced by the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
4. Motility: This refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract, which is achieved through a series of coordinated muscle contractions called peristalsis.
5. Secretion: This involves the production and release of various digestive juices and enzymes by glands such as the salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas, and liver.
6. Absorption: This is the process of absorbing nutrients from the digested food into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
7. Defecation: This is the final process of eliminating undigested food and waste products from the body through the rectum and anus.

Overall, the coordinated functioning of these physiological phenomena ensures the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, maintaining the health and well-being of the individual.

A "camel" is a large, even-toed ungulate that belongs to the genus Camelus in the family Camelidae. There are two species of camels: the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), also known as the Arabian camel, which has one hump, and the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), which has two humps.

Camels are well adapted to life in arid environments and are native to the Middle East and Central Asia. They have long legs, large, flat feet that help them walk on sand, and a thick coat of hair that helps protect them from the sun and cold temperatures. Camels are also known for their ability to store fat in their humps, which they can convert into water and energy when food and water are scarce.

Camels have been domesticated for thousands of years and have played an important role in human history as transportation, pack animals, and sources of meat, milk, and wool. They are also used in traditional medicine and religious ceremonies in some cultures.

"Pregnancy proteins" is not a standard medical term, but it may refer to specific proteins that are produced or have increased levels during pregnancy. Two common pregnancy-related proteins are:

1. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): A hormone produced by the placenta shortly after fertilization. It is often detected in urine or blood tests to confirm pregnancy. Its primary function is to maintain the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and estrogen during early pregnancy until the placenta takes over these functions.

2. Pregnancy-Specific beta-1 Glycoprotein (SP1): A protein produced by the placental trophoblasts during pregnancy. Its function is not well understood, but it may play a role in implantation, placentation, and protection against the mother's immune system. SP1 levels increase throughout pregnancy and are used as a marker for fetal growth and well-being.

These proteins have clinical significance in monitoring pregnancy progression, detecting potential complications, and diagnosing certain pregnancy-related conditions.

Visna-maedi virus (VMV) is an retrovirus that belongs to the genus Lentivirus, which is part of the family Retroviridae. This virus is the causative agent of a slowly progressive, fatal disease in sheep known as maedi-visna. The term "visna" refers to a inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and "maedi" refers to a progressive interstitial pneumonia.

The Visna-Maedi virus is closely related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, as well as to other lentiviruses that affect animals such as caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV).

Visna-maedi virus primarily targets the immune system cells, specifically monocytes/macrophages, leading to a weakened immune response in infected animals. This makes them more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus is transmitted through the respiratory route and infection can occur through inhalation of infectious aerosols or by ingestion of contaminated milk or colostrum from infected ewes.

There is no effective treatment or vaccine available for Visna-maedi virus infection, and control measures are focused on identifying and isolating infected animals to prevent the spread of the disease within sheep flocks.

A domestic sheep (Ovis aries) is not a medical term, but it is an animal species that humans keep and breed for a variety of purposes, including meat, wool, and milk production. While the term "sheep" may appear in medical contexts, such as in discussions of zoonotic diseases (diseases transmissible between animals and humans), the specific definition you are looking for is not medical in nature. Domestic sheep are social herbivores that prefer to eat short grasses and can be found in various parts of the world. They have been domesticated for thousands of years, making them one of the earliest animals to be domesticated by humans.

I apologize, but there is no medical definition for "Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine." The term "Caprine" refers to something related to or derived from goats. Arthritis-Encephalitis Viruses (AEV) are a group of viruses that can affect various animal species and cause joint inflammation (arthritis) and brain inflammation (encephalitis). However, I couldn't find any specific virus named "Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine" in the medical literature.

There are several viruses that can affect goats and cause arthritis and encephalitis, such as CAEV (Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus) or PPRV (Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus). If you have any specific concerns about a particular virus affecting goats, please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate and helpful response.

Medically, "milk" is not defined. However, it is important to note that human babies are fed with breast milk, which is the secretion from the mammary glands of humans. It is rich in nutrients like proteins, fats, carbohydrates (lactose), vitamins and minerals that are essential for growth and development.

Other mammals also produce milk to feed their young. These include cows, goats, and sheep, among others. Their milk is often consumed by humans as a source of nutrition, especially in dairy products. However, the composition of these milks can vary significantly from human breast milk.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus, a type of virus that is transmitted through the bite of infected arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks. It belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Phlebovirus. The virus was first identified in 1930 during an investigation into a large epidemic of cattle deaths near Lake Naivasha in the Rift Valley of Kenya.

RVFV primarily affects animals, particularly sheep, goats, and cattle, causing severe illness and death in newborn animals and abortions in pregnant females. The virus can also infect humans, usually through contact with infected animal tissues or fluids, or through the bite of an infected mosquito. In humans, RVFV typically causes a self-limiting febrile illness, but in some cases, it can lead to more severe complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and retinitis (inflammation of the retina), which can result in permanent vision loss.

RVFV is endemic to parts of Africa, particularly in the Rift Valley region, but it has also been found in other parts of the continent, as well as in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The virus can be transmitted through the movement of infected animals or contaminated animal products, as well as through the spread of infected mosquitoes by wind or travel.

Prevention measures for RVFV include vaccination of livestock, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling animals or their tissues, and avoidance of mosquito bites in areas where the virus is known to be present. There is currently no approved vaccine for humans, but several candidates are in development. Treatment for RVFV infection typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Nematode infections, also known as roundworm infections, are caused by various species of nematodes or roundworms. These parasitic worms can infect humans and animals, leading to a range of health problems depending on the specific type of nematode and the location of the infection within the body.

Common forms of nematode infections include:

1. Ascariasis: Caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, this infection occurs when people ingest the parasite's eggs through contaminated food or water. The larvae hatch in the small intestine, mature into adult worms, and can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, the worms may obstruct the intestines or migrate to other organs, leading to potentially life-threatening complications.
2. Hookworm infections: These are caused by Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. The larvae penetrate the skin, usually through bare feet, and migrate to the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and protein loss.
3. Trichuriasis: Also known as whipworm infection, this is caused by Trichuris trichiura. The larvae hatch in the small intestine, mature into adult worms, and reside in the large intestine, causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal prolapse in severe cases.
4. Strongyloidiasis: Caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, this infection occurs when the larvae penetrate the skin, usually through contaminated soil, and migrate to the lungs and then the small intestine. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and skin rashes. In immunocompromised individuals, strongyloidiasis can lead to disseminated disease, which is potentially fatal.
5. Toxocariasis: This infection is caused by the roundworms Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, found in dogs and cats, respectively. Humans become infected through ingestion of contaminated soil or undercooked meat. Symptoms include fever, cough, abdominal pain, and vision loss in severe cases.
6. Enterobiasis: Also known as pinworm infection, this is caused by Enterobius vermicularis. The larvae hatch in the small intestine, mature into adult worms, and reside in the large intestine, causing perianal itching and restlessness, especially at night.

Preventive measures include:

1. Proper hand hygiene: Wash hands with soap and water after using the toilet, changing diapers, handling pets or their feces, and before preparing or eating food.
2. Personal hygiene: Keep fingernails short and clean, avoid biting nails, and wear shoes in public areas, especially where soil may be contaminated with human or animal feces.
3. Food safety: Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, cook meat properly, and avoid consuming raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or fish.
4. Environmental cleanliness: Regularly clean surfaces that come into contact with food, such as countertops, cutting boards, and utensils. Dispose of trash properly and maintain a clean living environment.
5. Pet care: Keep pets healthy and regularly deworm them as recommended by a veterinarian. Pick up pet feces promptly to prevent contamination of the environment.
6. Public health measures: Implement public health interventions, such as regular waste disposal, sewage treatment, and vector control, to reduce the transmission of parasitic infections.

Border Disease Virus (BDV) is a member of the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. It is a viral pathogen that primarily affects sheep and goats, causing a disease known as Border Disease in these animals. The virus is named after the geographical location where it was first identified, the border region between England and Scotland.

BDV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that can cause a range of clinical signs in infected sheep and goats, including abortion, stillbirths, congenital defects, and poor growth rates in newborn lambs or kids. The virus is transmitted horizontally through direct contact with infected animals, their bodily fluids, or contaminated objects. Vertical transmission from ewes to their offspring can also occur, resulting in the birth of persistently infected (PI) lambs that serve as a significant source of infection within flocks.

Infection with BDV can lead to economic losses for farmers due to reduced productivity and increased mortality rates. There is no specific treatment for Border Disease, but vaccination programs can help control the spread of the virus in sheep and goat populations.

Trichostrongyloidea is a superfamily of nematode (roundworm) parasites that includes several medically and veterinarily important genera. These parasites primarily infect the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts, which can include humans, ruminants, equids, and other animals.

The life cycle of Trichostrongyloidea species typically involves eggs being passed in the feces of an infected host, hatching into larvae in the environment, and then infecting a new host through ingestion or skin penetration. The parasites then mature into adults in the host's gastrointestinal tract, where they feed on blood or tissue and cause various symptoms depending on the species and the severity of the infection.

Some common genera of Trichostrongyloidea include:
- Trichostrongylus (barber pole worm)
- Necator (human hookworms)
- Ancylostoma (hookworms that infect both humans and animals)
- Haemonchus (barber pole worm)
- Ostertagia (brown stomach worm)

Symptoms of Trichostrongyloidea infections can include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, weight loss, and protein deficiency. Treatment typically involves administration of anthelmintic drugs to kill the parasites. Prevention measures include good sanitation and hygiene practices, as well as regular deworming of animals in veterinary settings.

Nitrogen is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is an element that is crucial to medicine and human life.

In a medical context, nitrogen is often mentioned in relation to gas analysis, respiratory therapy, or medical gases. Nitrogen (N) is a colorless, odorless, and nonreactive gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is an essential element for various biological processes, such as the growth and maintenance of organisms, because it is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds.

In some medical applications, nitrogen is used to displace oxygen in a mixture to create a controlled environment with reduced oxygen levels (hypoxic conditions) for therapeutic purposes, such as in certain types of hyperbaric chambers. Additionally, nitrogen gas is sometimes used in cryotherapy, where extremely low temperatures are applied to tissues to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.

However, it's important to note that breathing pure nitrogen can be dangerous, as it can lead to unconsciousness and even death due to lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) within minutes.

'Alphaherpesvirinae' is a subfamily of viruses within the family Herpesviridae. These viruses are characterized by their ability to establish latency in neurons and undergo rapid replication. The subfamily includes several human pathogens, such as:

1. Human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1, or HSV-1): also known as herpes simplex virus type 1, it primarily causes oral herpes (cold sores) but can also cause genital herpes.
2. Human herpesvirus 2 (HHV-2, or HSV-2): also known as herpes simplex virus type 2, it mainly causes genital herpes, although it can also cause oral herpes.
3. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV, or HHV-3): responsible for causing both chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster) infections.

After the initial infection, these viruses can remain dormant in the nervous system and reactivate later, leading to recurrent symptoms.

I apologize for any confusion, but "livestock" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is an agricultural term that refers to animals that are kept or raised on a farm or ranch for commercial purposes, such as the production of food, fiber, or labor. Examples of livestock include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, and horses. I hope this clarifies any confusion. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I would be happy to help.

Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and raising animals for agricultural purposes, such as for the production of meat, milk, eggs, or fiber. It involves providing proper care for the animals, including feeding, housing, health care, and breeding management. The goal of animal husbandry is to maintain healthy and productive animals while also being mindful of environmental sustainability and animal welfare.

Heartwater disease is not a human condition, but rather a tick-borne illness that affects ruminants, particularly cattle, sheep, and goats. It's primarily found in sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean. Here is a veterinary medical definition:

Heartwater disease, also known as Cowdria disease, is a rickettsial infection caused by the intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia ruminantium. The disease is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks, primarily of the genus Amblyomma.

The name "heartwater" refers to the accumulation of fluid in the lungs and around the heart that can occur as a result of the infection. Initial symptoms may include fever, depression, loss of appetite, and swelling of the legs and brisket. As the disease progresses, it can lead to neurological signs such as aimless wandering, muscle twitching, and difficulty swallowing. If left untreated, heartwater disease is often fatal.

Prevention strategies include tick control measures, such as the use of acaricides (chemicals that kill ticks), and vaccination.

Bunyaviridae is a family of viruses that includes several genera capable of causing human disease. These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks, or through contact with infected rodents or their excreta.

Some of the diseases caused by Bunyaviridae infections include:

1. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): This is a severe, sometimes fatal, respiratory disease caused by hantaviruses. It is transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodents or their urine and droppings.
2. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF): This is a serious and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the CCHF virus. It is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, but can also be spread through contact with the blood or tissue of infected animals.
3. Rift Valley Fever (RVF): This is a viral disease that primarily affects animals, but can also infect humans. It is transmitted to humans through contact with the blood or tissue of infected animals, or through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
4. La Crosse Encephalitis: This is a viral disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. It primarily affects children and can cause inflammation of the brain (encephalitis).
5. Toscana Virus Infection: This is a viral disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected sandflies. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and meningitis.

Prevention measures include avoiding contact with rodents and their excreta, using insect repellent and wearing protective clothing to prevent mosquito and tick bites, and seeking prompt medical attention if symptoms of a Bunyaviridae infection develop.

The biuret test is a medical/biochemical test used to detect the presence of peptide bonds, which are found in proteins. The test involves mixing a sample with a solution containing copper(II) sulfate and an alkaline substance, such as sodium hydroxide. If proteins are present in the sample, the copper ions will form a complex with the peptide bonds, resulting in a purple or violet color in the solution. The intensity of the color can be used to estimate the amount of protein present in the sample.

Biuret is actually a compound that is not related to proteins, but it was named after the same chemist as the biuret test. Biuret is a chemical compound with the formula CONHCONH2. It is formed by the reaction of two molecules of urea (CO(NH2)2) under heat. The biuret test does not detect biuret itself, but rather the peptide bonds found in proteins.

"Mannheimia haemolytica" is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found as part of the normal flora in the upper respiratory tract of cattle and other ruminants. However, under certain conditions such as stress, viral infection, or sudden changes in temperature or humidity, the bacteria can multiply rapidly and cause a severe respiratory disease known as shipping fever or pneumonic pasteurellosis.

The bacterium is named "haemolytica" because it produces a toxin that causes hemolysis, or the breakdown of red blood cells, resulting in the characteristic clear zones around colonies grown on blood agar plates. The bacteria can also cause other symptoms such as fever, coughing, difficulty breathing, and depression.

"Mannheimia haemolytica" is a significant pathogen in the cattle industry, causing substantial economic losses due to mortality, reduced growth rates, and decreased milk production. Prevention and control measures include good management practices, vaccination, and prompt treatment of infected animals with antibiotics.

Animal diseases are health conditions that primarily affect animals, including but not limited to, livestock, poultry, wildlife, and pets. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, genetic disorders, and environmental conditions. Some animal diseases can also pose a risk to human health, either directly or indirectly, through the consumption of contaminated food or water, contact with infected animals, or the spread of vectors like ticks and mosquitoes. Examples of animal diseases include rabies, avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and heartworm disease. It is important to monitor, control, and prevent the spread of animal diseases to protect animal health, food security, and public health.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are a type of fatty acid that have a low molecular weight and are known for their ability to evaporate at room temperature. They are produced in the body during the breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins in the absence of oxygen, such as in the digestive tract by certain bacteria.

The most common volatile fatty acids include acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. These compounds have various roles in the body, including providing energy to cells in the intestines, modulating immune function, and regulating the growth of certain bacteria. They are also used as precursors for the synthesis of other molecules, such as cholesterol and bile acids.

In addition to their role in the body, volatile fatty acids are also important in the food industry, where they are used as flavorings and preservatives. They are produced naturally during fermentation and aging processes, and are responsible for the distinctive flavors of foods such as yogurt, cheese, and wine.

Morbillivirus infections refer to a group of viral illnesses caused by members of the Morbillivirus genus, which is part of the Paramyxoviridae family. The most well-known morbillivirus infection is measles, a highly contagious disease that primarily affects humans. Other examples of morbillivirus infections include:

1. Canine distemper: A viral illness that affects dogs and other animals such as raccoons, ferrets, and skunks. It can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms.
2. Phocine distemper: A viral disease primarily affecting seals, particularly the harbor seal population in Europe. It can lead to severe respiratory and neurological issues.
3. Rinderpest: A highly contagious and fatal disease that affects cattle, buffalo, and other even-toed ungulates (hoofed mammals). This disease has been eradicated globally through vaccination programs.
4. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR): Also known as sheep and goat plague, this morbillivirus infection affects small ruminants such as sheep and goats. It can cause severe respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive symptoms.
5. Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) infections: These affect various species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises, causing respiratory, neurological, and immunological issues.

Morbillivirus infections are typically spread through direct contact with infected individuals or their bodily fluids. Vaccination programs have been successful in controlling and eradicating some of these diseases, such as rinderpest and measles.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

In anatomical terms, the reticulum is the second chamber in the ruminant stomach, located between the rumen and the omasum. It is responsible for the continued breakdown of cellulose through microbial fermentation.

However, I believe you may be referring to a term used in pathology or histology. In these contexts, "reticulum" refers to a network of fine fibers, often composed of collagen, that surround cells or organize tissue. It is an important component of the extracellular matrix and provides structural support.

For example, within the liver, the reticulin fibers are part of the hepatic sinusoids' walls and help maintain the liver's architecture. In some disease processes like cirrhosis, these reticulin fibers can become abnormally thickened and contribute to the distortion of the liver's normal structure.

Please let me know if you were looking for information in a different context, and I would be happy to help further!

Helminthiasis, in general, refers to the infection or infestation of humans and animals by helminths, which are parasitic worms. When referring to "Animal Helminthiasis," it specifically pertains to the condition where animals, including domestic pets and livestock, are infected by various helminth species. These parasitic worms can reside in different organs of the animal's body, leading to a wide range of clinical signs depending on the worm species and the location of the infestation.

Animal Helminthiasis can be caused by different types of helminths:

1. Nematodes (roundworms): These include species like Ascaris suum in pigs, Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina in cats, and Toxocara canis in dogs. They can cause gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss.
2. Cestodes (tapeworms): Examples include Taenia saginata in cattle, Echinococcus granulosus in sheep and goats, and Dipylidium caninum in dogs and cats. Tapeworm infestations may lead to gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea or constipation and may also cause vitamin deficiencies due to the worm's ability to absorb nutrients from the host animal's digestive system.
3. Trematodes (flukes): These include liver flukes such as Fasciola hepatica in sheep, goats, and cattle, and schistosomes that can affect various animals, including birds and mammals. Liver fluke infestations may cause liver damage, leading to symptoms like weight loss, decreased appetite, and jaundice. Schistosome infestations can lead to issues in multiple organs depending on the species involved.

Preventing and controlling Helminthiasis in animals is crucial for maintaining animal health and welfare, as well as ensuring food safety for humans who consume products from these animals. Regular deworming programs, good hygiene practices, proper pasture management, and monitoring for clinical signs are essential components of a comprehensive parasite control strategy.

Haemonchiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the nematode (roundworm) Haemonchus contortus, also known as the barber pole worm. This parasite primarily infects the abomasum (the fourth stomach compartment) of ruminant animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle, where it feeds on their blood.

The infection can lead to significant blood loss, anemia, weight loss, and even death in severe cases. Haemonchiasis is transmitted through the ingestion of infective larvae present on pastures. In humans, although rare, haemonchiasis can occur but is not clinically significant due to differences in the human abomasum structure compared to ruminants.

Plant poisoning is a form of poisoning that occurs when someone ingests, inhales, or comes into contact with any part of a plant that contains toxic substances. These toxins can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type and amount of plant consumed or exposed to, as well as the individual's age, health status, and sensitivity to the toxin.

Symptoms of plant poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, skin rashes, seizures, or in severe cases, even death. Some common plants that can cause poisoning include poison ivy, poison oak, foxglove, oleander, and hemlock, among many others.

If you suspect plant poisoning, it is important to seek medical attention immediately and bring a sample of the plant or information about its identity if possible. This will help healthcare providers diagnose and treat the poisoning more effectively.

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. It is characterized by acute or chronic flu-like symptoms, pneumonia, and hepatitis. The bacteria are primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated dust or aerosols from infected animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Q fever can also be transmitted through consumption of unpasteurized milk or direct contact with infected animals. It is often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic in animals but can cause severe disease in humans.

The acute form of Q fever typically presents with sudden onset of high fever, severe headache, fatigue, muscle pain, and cough. Some patients may also develop pneumonia or hepatitis. The chronic form of the disease is less common but more serious, often affecting people with compromised immune systems. Chronic Q fever can lead to endocarditis, an infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Diagnosis of Q fever typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, serological testing, and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays. Treatment usually involves antibiotics such as doxycycline or fluoroquinolones for several weeks to months, depending on the severity and duration of the illness. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with infected animals, wearing protective clothing and masks when handling animal products, and pasteurizing milk before consumption.

Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts carbohydrates into alcohol or organic acids using enzymes. In the absence of oxygen, certain bacteria, yeasts, and fungi convert sugars into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and various end products, such as alcohol, lactic acid, or acetic acid. This process is commonly used in food production, such as in making bread, wine, and beer, as well as in industrial applications for the production of biofuels and chemicals.

I. Definition:

An abortion in a veterinary context refers to the intentional or unintentional termination of pregnancy in a non-human animal before the fetus is capable of surviving outside of the uterus. This can occur spontaneously (known as a miscarriage) or be induced through medical intervention (induced abortion).

II. Common Causes:

Spontaneous abortions may result from genetic defects, hormonal imbalances, infections, exposure to toxins, trauma, or other maternal health issues. Induced abortions are typically performed for population control, humane reasons (such as preventing the birth of a severely deformed or non-viable fetus), or when the pregnancy poses a risk to the mother's health.

III. Methods:

Veterinarians may use various methods to induce abortion depending on the species, stage of gestation, and reason for the procedure. These can include administering drugs that stimulate uterine contractions (such as prostaglandins), physically removing the fetus through surgery (dilation and curettage or hysterectomy), or using techniques specific to certain animal species (e.g., intrauterine infusion of hypertonic saline in equids).

IV. Ethical Considerations:

The ethics surrounding veterinary abortions are complex and multifaceted, often involving considerations related to animal welfare, conservation, population management, and human-animal relationships. Veterinarians must weigh these factors carefully when deciding whether to perform an abortion and which method to use. In some cases, legal regulations may also influence the decision-making process.

V. Conclusion:

Abortion in veterinary medicine is a medical intervention that can be used to address various clinical scenarios, ranging from unintentional pregnancy loss to deliberate termination of pregnancy for humane or population control reasons. Ethical considerations play a significant role in the decision-making process surrounding veterinary abortions, and veterinarians must carefully evaluate each situation on a case-by-case basis.

Poaceae is not a medical term but a taxonomic category, specifically the family name for grasses. In a broader sense, you might be asking for a medical context where knowledge of this plant family could be relevant. For instance, certain members of the Poaceae family can cause allergies or negative reactions in some people.

In a medical definition, Poaceae would be defined as:

The family of monocotyledonous plants that includes grasses, bamboo, and sedges. These plants are characterized by narrow leaves with parallel veins, jointed stems (called "nodes" and "internodes"), and flowers arranged in spikelets. Some members of this family are important food sources for humans and animals, such as rice, wheat, corn, barley, oats, and sorghum. Other members can cause negative reactions, like skin irritation or allergies, due to their silica-based defense structures called phytoliths.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Visna is not a term that is commonly used in modern medical terminology. However, it is a disease that affects sheep and goats, caused by the Visna Maedi virus, which is a type of retrovirus. The name "Visna" means "wasting" in Icelandic, reflecting one of the symptoms of the disease.

In animals, Visna is a slowly progressive, degenerative disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to neurological symptoms such as weakness, tremors, and paralysis. It can also cause pneumonia and mastitis (inflammation of the mammary glands). The virus is transmitted through bodily fluids such as milk, saliva, and semen, and there is no cure for the disease once an animal becomes infected.

It's worth noting that Visna is not a human disease, although there are other retroviruses that can cause similar neurological symptoms in humans, such as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "malignant catarrh" is not a widely recognized or currently used medical diagnosis. The term "catarrh" was historically used to describe inflammation of the mucous membranes, particularly in the nose and throat, which can cause excessive mucus production. However, the term "malignant" is typically used to describe conditions that are cancerous or have the potential to become cancerous.

The combination of these two terms, "malignant catarrh," was sometimes used in historical medical literature to refer to severe and persistent respiratory tract infections or inflammation, which could potentially lead to more serious complications. However, this term is not commonly used in modern medicine due to its lack of specificity and the existence of more precise diagnostic terminology.

Therefore, it would be difficult to provide a medical definition for "malignant catarrh" that is both accurate and relevant to current medical practice. If you have any concerns about respiratory symptoms or other health issues, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional who can provide a more personalized evaluation and diagnosis based on your specific situation.

Mastitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the breast tissue, usually caused by an infection. It typically occurs in breastfeeding women, when bacteria from the baby's mouth enter the milk ducts through a cracked or damaged nipple, leading to infection and inflammation. However, mastitis can also occur in non-breastfeeding women, often as a result of blocked milk ducts or milk remaining in the breast after weaning.

Symptoms of mastitis may include breast pain, tenderness, swelling, warmth, redness, and fever. In some cases, pus or blood may be present in the breast milk. If left untreated, mastitis can lead to more severe complications such as abscess formation. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, pain relief medication, and continued breastfeeding or pumping to prevent further blockage of the milk ducts.

Contagious ecthyma is a skin infection caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus. It is also known as "contagious pustular dermatosis" or "infectious ecthyma." The infection typically affects exposed areas of the body, such as the hands and feet, and causes lesions that progress from papules to pustules, then to shallow ulcers with a necrotic base.

The infection is spread through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects. It is more common in people with weakened immune systems, poor hygiene, or who live in crowded conditions. Contagious ecthyma can be treated with antibiotics, either topical or systemic, and good wound care to prevent secondary infections. If left untreated, the infection can lead to complications such as cellulitis, lymphangitis, or bacteremia.

Coxiella burnetii is a gram-negative, intracellular bacterium that causes Q fever, a zoonotic disease with various clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic seroconversion to acute and chronic forms. The bacterium is highly infectious and can be transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated aerosols or direct contact with infected animals or their products. C. burnetii has a unique ability to survive and replicate within host cells, particularly within phagocytic vacuoles, by inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion and altering the intracellular environment to promote its survival.

The bacterium exhibits a biphasic developmental cycle, consisting of small cell variants (SCVs) and large cell variants (LCVs). SCVs are metabolically inactive and highly resistant to environmental stressors, including heat, desiccation, and disinfectants. LCVs, on the other hand, are metabolically active and undergo replication within host cells. C. burnetii can form persistent infections, which may contribute to chronic Q fever and its associated complications, such as endocarditis and vascular infection.

Q fever is a worldwide distributed disease, with a higher incidence in rural areas where livestock farming is prevalent. The primary reservoirs for C. burnetii are domestic animals, including cattle, sheep, and goats, although wild animals and arthropods can also serve as potential hosts. Effective antibiotic treatment options for Q fever include doxycycline and fluoroquinolones, while vaccination with the phase I whole-cell vaccine is available in some countries to prevent infection in high-risk populations.

"Chlamydophila" is a genus of bacteria that includes several species that can cause human diseases. The most well-known species in this genus is "Chlamydophila trachomatis," which is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide and can also cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Other species in the genus include "Chlamydophila pneumoniae," which can cause respiratory infections, and "Chlamydophila psittaci," which can cause psittacosis, a type of pneumonia that is often associated with exposure to birds.

It's worth noting that the taxonomy of these bacteria has been subject to some debate and revision in recent years. Some experts have proposed reclassifying the genus "Chlamydophila" as a subgroup within the genus "Chlamydia," which would make the species "Chlamydophila trachomatis" become "Chlamydia trachomatis," and so on. However, this proposal has not been universally accepted, and both classifications continue to be used in the scientific literature.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ruminare, which means "to chew over again". The roughly 200 species of ruminants ... pseudo-ruminants, or modified ruminants. Richard F. Kay, M. Susana Bargo, Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High- ... also includes more basal extinct ruminant ancestors that are more closely related to living ruminants than to other members of ... of the nitrogen that the ruminant ingests. To reclaim these nutrients, the ruminant then digests the bacteria in the abomasum. ...
They play an important role in the digestive system of ruminants. The digestive tract of ruminants contains four major parts: ... Some of the microbes in the ruminant digestive system are: Fibrobacter (Bacteroides) succinogenes is a gram negative, ...
... is the fourth album by American folk-rock band Fruit Bats, released on August 4, 2009. "Primitive Man" was ... " "The Ruminant Band" "Tegucigalpa" "Beautiful Morning Light" "The Hobo Girl" "Being on Our Own" "My Unusual Friend" "Singing ...
Blondel, Cécile (1997). "Les ruminants de Pech Desseet de Pech du Fraysse (Quercy; MP28); évolution des ruminants de ... a primitive ruminant family with numerous characteristics distinct from other ruminants such as sharp cutting premolars and ... It is known as the first ruminant to have appeared in Europe, although it was also not the first to appear in the western ... The first true ruminants to appear in western Europe, the Gelocidae and Lophiomerycidae, were immigrant taxa that dispersed ...
Hornless ruminants. pp. 463-476 in C.M. Janis, K.M. Scott, and L.L. Jacobs (eds.) Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North ... Leptomeryx is an extinct genus of ruminant of the family Leptomerycidae, endemic to North America during the Eocene through ... It was a small deer-like ruminant with somewhat slender body. Sites and species recovered: Titus Canyon, Inyo County, ...
Hornless ruminants. pp. 463-476 in C.M. Janis, K.M. Scott, and L.L. Jacobs (eds.) Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North ...
Rencontres Recherches Ruminants. 11. Miyazaki, Shigeru; Ishizaki, Ikumi; Ishizaka, Masumi; Kanbara, Tadashi; Ishiguro-Takeda, ... "Evaluation of perennial ryegrass straw as a forage source for ruminants". Journal of Animal Science. 82 (7): 2175-84. doi: ...
Ruminants (Ruminants), 8. Cétacés (Cetaceans). Oiseaux (Birds): 1. Oiseaux de proie (Birds of prey), 2. Passereaux (Passerines ...
Sumberg, J.E., "Small ruminant feed production in a farming systems context" Proceedings of the Workshop on Small Ruminant ... Goats are ruminants. They have a four-chambered stomach consisting of the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum. ... The digestive physiology of a very young kid (like the young of other ruminants) is essentially the same as that of a ... As with other mammal ruminants, they are even-toed ungulates. The females have an udder consisting of two teats, in contrast to ...
3. Crania of ruminants". Palæontologia Indica. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. 10. 1 (3): 88-181. OCLC 20842760. ...
Virus Infections of Ruminants. 3rd edn. Sweden: Elsevier Science, pp. 311-316 Bosch, A., Rosa M. Pintó, and Abad, Xavier. June ...
Protein nutrition in ruminants. Academic Press Inc.(London) Ltd. Copenhagen University, University of Reading. Rowett Research ...
This feature can be found in ruminants such as cattle and sheep. In cattle, the tongue is used to grasp food and pinch it off ... The dental pad or browsing pad is a feature of ruminant dental anatomy that results from a lack of upper incisors and helps ... v t e Rouge, Melissa (2001). "Dental Anatomy of Ruminants". Colorado State University. Retrieved 5 May 2010. "Toothless cud ...
Thus, it seems that the previous assumption of a close relationship between Tylopoda and ruminants is simply because all other ... More recent studies suggest that tylopods are not as closely related to ruminants as traditionally believed, expressed in ... Chapter 1, General Biology and Evolution, addresses the fact that camelids (including llamas and camels) are not ruminants, ... Tylopods are not ruminants. Tylopoda was named by Illiger (1811) and considered monophyletic by Matthew (1908). It was treated ...
Their life cycle is indirect, requiring a definitive host such as ruminants, an intermediate host such as snail, and a free- ... It includes flukes which are mostly parasitising livestock ruminants, as well as some wild mammals. They are responsible for ... Horak IG (1971). "Paramphistomiasis of domestic ruminants". Advances in Parasitology Volume 9. pp. 33-72. doi:10.1016/s0065- ... Arru E, Deiana S, Muzzetto P (1970). "Intestinal paramphistomiasis in ruminants. Experimental infection of sheep with ...
It is a tiny fluke mostly parasitising livestock ruminants, as well as some wild mammals. Uniquely, unlike most parasites, the ... The life cycle is indirect, involving a ruminant as definitive host, snail as intermediate host, and an interval of external ... Horak IG (1971). "Paramphistomiasis of domestic ruminants". Advances in Parasitology Volume 9. pp. 33-72. doi:10.1016/s0065- ... Arru E, Deiana S, Muzzetto P (1970). "Intestinal paramphistomiasis in ruminants. Experimental infection of sheep with ...
Brennan, Ozy (2019-01-01). "Complexity of wild ruminants". Animal Sentience. 4 (25). doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1492. ISSN 2377- ...
... s are not ruminants, pseudo-ruminants, or modified ruminants. They do have a complex three-compartment stomach that allows ... Ruminants (cows, sheep, goats) have four compartments, whereas llamas have only three stomach compartments: the rumen, omasum, ... Fowler, Murray E. (1 October 2016). "Camelids are not ruminants". Verterian Key (Veterinary Medicine Insight Engine). Chapter ... ruminants), and the Whippomorpha (hippos and cetaceans, which belong to Artiodactyla from a cladistic, if not traditional, ...
It can be found in camels, ruminants, and some toothed whales; modern baleen whales were remarkable in that they have baleen ... Rouge, Melissa (2001). "Dental Anatomy of Ruminants". Colorado State University. Retrieved 5 May 2010. "Toothless cud chewers, ...
In ruminant animals, particularly vulnerable to magnesium availability in pasture grasses, the condition is known as 'grass ... Grunes, D. L.; Stout, P. R.; Brownwell, J.R. (1970). Grass tetany of ruminants. Advances in Agronomy. Vol. 22. pp. 332-374. doi ...
Although camels are thought to be ruminants they are not true ruminants. Enteric fermentation occurs when methane (CH4) is ... Ruminant animals are those that have a rumen. A rumen is a multichambered stomach found almost exclusively among some ... In Australia ruminant animals account for over half of their green house gas contribution from methane. However, in Australia ... So, decreasing the production of enteric CH4 from ruminants without altering animal production is desirable both as a strategy ...
Mulcahy G, Dalton JP (1998). "Vaccines in control of liver fluke infections in ruminants: current status and prospects". Irish ... Ballweber, L. (2018). Fasciola hepatica in ruminants. Merck vet manual (1.2) "NADIS Animal Health Skills - Liver Fluke Control ... but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial ... "Fascioliasis risk factors and space-time clusters in domestic ruminants in Bangladesh". Parasit Vectors. 10 (1): 228. doi: ...
This process is similar to that of ruminants, to which camels are not zoologically related. The camels' digestive system is ... Fowler, Murray E. (2008). "Camelids Are Not Ruminants". Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: 375-385. doi:10.1016/B978-141604047- ... likely to have developed independently of ruminants, which is evidenced by the fact that the forestomachs are equipped with ...
... herbivores which can digest cellulose nearly as well as ruminants are called hindgut fermenters, while ruminants ... "Monogastrics Vs Ruminants" (PDF). "Animal Structure & Function". Archived from the original on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2011-11-19 ... A monogastric organism is comparable to ruminant organisms (which has a four-chambered complex stomach), such as cattle, goats ... However, their ability to extract energy from cellulose digestion is less efficient than in ruminants. Herbivores digest ...
Corn stover Crop residue Lardy, Greg; Anderson, Vern; Dahlen, Carl (October 2015). "Alternative Feeds for Ruminants". North ...
Ruminants serve as natural hosts. There are seven species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: warts ( ... Ruminants serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are contact. Van Doorslaer, K; Chen, Z; Bernard, HU; Chan, PKS; ...
infecting wild and domestic ruminants". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (10): 6302-5. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6302-6305.2004. PMC ...
Frick 1937 Owen 2006 Galusha and Blick 1971 Frick, C. (1937). "Horned ruminants of North America". Bulletin of the American ...
nov., isolated from European ruminants". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 52 (Pt 2): 383-90. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-2-383. PMID ... Bartonella bovis is a pathogenic bacteria first isolated from European ruminants. It is small, fastidious, aerobic, oxidase- ...
Therefore, only some of anthelminthics that are efficient in domestic ruminants have been tested in wild ruminants infected ... When domestic ruminants and deer share the same grazing areas, the presence of disease due to F. magna should be kept in mind. ... In contrast, F. magna occurs rarely in domestic ruminants in Europe. The list of all natural definitive hosts of F. magna is ... However, the infection is not patent, and domestic ruminants do not contribute to the propagation of the parasite in the ...
The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ruminare, which means "to chew over again". The roughly 200 species of ruminants ... pseudo-ruminants, or modified ruminants. Richard F. Kay, M. Susana Bargo, Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High- ... also includes more basal extinct ruminant ancestors that are more closely related to living ruminants than to other members of ... of the nitrogen that the ruminant ingests. To reclaim these nutrients, the ruminant then digests the bacteria in the abomasum. ...
Results suggest that, when browsing and grazing ruminants are classified ecologically based on a range of feeding style ... Previous investigations have suggested ruminant feeding styles can be discriminated via snout shape, with grazing and browsing ... The shape variance exhibited by both browsing and grazing ruminants corresponds strongly to body mass, providing further ... approach to compare the two-dimensional profiles of the premaxilla in ventral aspect for a large sample of modern ruminant ...
North Carolina Small Ruminant Improvement Program Fall Field Day. Join us for the North Carolina Small Ruminant Improvement ... NC State Small Ruminant Educational Unit Production Sale. The NC State Small Ruminant Educational Unit Production Sale is ... Extension Specialist, Small Ruminants Animal [email protected] (919) 515-7726phone ... Small Ruminant Educational Unit Summer Pasture Walk. Register today for the SREU Summer Pasture Walk. Learn about multi-species ...
BURK A. DEHORITY and AGNES A. ODENYO "Influence of Diet on the Rumen Protozoal Fauna of Indigenous African Wild Ruminants," The ... All three ruminant feeding types were sampled: browsers or concentrate selectors (giraffe and Guenthers dik-dik); intermediate ... A study was carried out to determine if the protozoal fauna of indigenous African wild ruminants was different from that found ... Two genera of protozoa previously found in only a few African ruminants, Epiplastron and Opisthotrichum, were observed in ...
We provide routine and emergency care for sheep and goats. Routine care includes vaccinations, deworming (including fecal parasite tests) and management advice ...
Johnes Disease is a bacterial infection that spreads stealthily throughout herds of ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats ... Johnes Disease & Ruminants. November 29, 2022. /in FEATURED. Contagious, chronic, and often fatal, Johnes Disease is a ... bacterial infection that spreads stealthily throughout herds of ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Animals can be ...
The goal of the project, funded by The Finnish Ministry of Agriculture, is to investigate causes and risk factors of on-farm mortality of dairy cows.
Tube Feeding Neonatal Small Ruminants. Tube Feeding Neonatal Small Ruminants. Author: Dr. Susan Kerr, WSU-Klickitat County ...
Principles of genetic selection and nutritional management for improving small ruminant enterprise productivity and ... 3 for our first Piedmont Small Ruminant meeting of 2021.. The meeting will take place at the Iredell County Center at 444 ... Opportunities exist to expand small ruminant production to meet this market demand. Join us to learn more about optimizing ... This free event will cover tools and management principles needed to improve productivity and profitability of small ruminant ...
Small ruminants are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal parasites. Parasites thrive when weather is moist and mild. Experts ... Barbers pole worm is the most prevalent parasite infestation in small ruminants. Sheep and goats ingest the grass-dwelling ... FAMACHA scoring identifies anemia in small ruminants, the main symptom of barbers pole worm infestation. Dr. Faffa Malan ... FAMACHA scoring to identify parasite risk in small ruminants. By Ivory Harlow - ...
... equally useful as a quick revision aid on ruminants. ... A quick introduction to how ruminants break down the plant ... What is a ruminant?. The word ruminant is derived from the Latin word ruminare, to chew again. Ruminants are animals with ... The rumen is the first chamber of the ruminants stomach.. What does the rumen do?. When a ruminant is feeding, it does so in a ... The omasum is the third part of a ruminants stomach.. What happens in the omasum?. When the cuds have been broken down by ...
This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged ...
Climate Policy For Ruminant Agriculture In Ireland blog series. How to cite this blog (APA): Convery, F. (2023, February 16). ... Within ruminant farming, the mean size of specialist dairy farms is about twice that specialist beef and sheep farms (Table 7) ... Greenhouse Gas emissions by farm system in Ireland show that ruminant farming in 2019 accounted for 95% of the total, with ... How to cite this blog (APA): Convery, F. (2023, February 16). Climate Performace by Irish Ruminant Farming: Common Agricultural ...
The first section of this book explores the principles of nitrogen metabolism in ruminants, indicates relatively simple ways in ... The first section of this book explores the principles of nitrogen metabolism in ruminants, indicates relatively simple ways in ...
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and Rinderpest (RP) are highly contagious viral diseases of domestic and wild ruminants ... Final Activity Report Summary - RNA CUREPPR (RNA interference as a potential control of peste des petits ruminants). ...
Peste des Petits Ruminants Rome-based United Nations Agencies Ambassadors call for more funding to lead the Peste des Petits ... Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Eradication Programme II & III: Overview of the plan of action ... Reported first in 1942 in Côte dIvoire, PPR is a highly contagious disease infecting wild and domestic small ruminants. Once ... It is estimated that PPR causes significant economic losses to the small ruminant industry globally, with annual losses at ...
... effective ruminant feed for all ruminants at the right time. ... Ruminant The Right Portfolio. Open side menu Explore More Close ... Ruminant Needs. We provide you with solutions and services that allow you to use the most suitable feed, minerals and premixes ... For young ruminants, we have solutions to wean early and thus better prepare females for early calving. Parameters like ADG, ... From hand-fed beef to pasture cattle to feedlots, our ruminant feed is safe and effective. Our marketing network allows us to ...
Cows are ruminants. They have especially adapted digestive systems that allow them to only eat plants. ... Ruminant digestion. Ruminants are mammals with specialised digestive systems that use fermentation processes to gain nutrients ... Ruminant mouth. A grazing cow will use her tongue to wrap around grass and pull it into her mouth. Saliva helps lubricate the ... Cows are ruminants. They have especially adapted digestive systems that allow them to only eat plants. ...
36 Pages in Charles Darwins Library associated with "fauna - ruminant" *Contributions to the natural history of the United ...
... shows categorically that methane from Britains ruminants is not causing global warming - instead ruminants provide a viable ... Ruminant agriculture can help us deliver net zero emissions. 15 Oct 2019 , ffinlo Costain ...
... but little work has been performed in small ruminants. More research is necessary to understand the host-SRLV interaction. ... Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are members of the Retrovirus family comprising the closely related Visna/Maedi Virus (VMV) ... Evolution of Specific Antibodies and Proviral DNA in Milk of Small Ruminants Infected by Small Ruminant Lentivirus ... This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Ruminant Lentiviruses). Download keyboard_arrow_down Download PDF Download PDF ...
... small ruminant, small ruminant diseases, sustainable development, vaccination, vaccines ... Tag: small ruminant. Why combination vaccines are better for small-scale livestock producers. Posted on 2023-11-20. 2023-11-20 ... The prevalence of diseases such as Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in livestock ... For example, the CCPP/PPR/SGP combination vaccine for small ruminant diseases in affected regions ensures maximum disease ...
Ex-ante impact of peste des petits ruminants control on micro and macro socioeconomic indicators in Senegal: A system dynamics ... Adapting climate-smart breeding practices for small ruminants in pastoral communities of Kenya. *Ojango, Julie M.K. ... Peste des petits ruminants (PPR): developing a pan African strategy for disease control. ... to identify and test components of new institutional models for delivering effective PPR control services to small ruminant ...
US-3164518-A chemical patent summary.
Buy Methods in Gut Microbial Ecology for Ruminants (9781402037900): NHBS - Edited By: Harinder PS Makkar and Christopher S ... Metagenomic analysis of the microbiomes in ruminants and other herbivores Mark Morrison, Sarah E. Adams, Karen E. Nelson and ... Until recently, knowledge of ruminant gut microbiology was primarily obtained using classical culture based techniques, which ... for conventional and modern molecular techniques that are currently in use for studying the gut microbial ecology of ruminants ...
Small Ruminant Production: Are CIDRs Reusable?. July 5 2022. July 1, 2022. ... Ohio 4-H Youth Development - Small Ruminant (Sheep/Goat). Sheep Equipment and Housing Plans Blueprints - Colorado State ... Brady Campbell, Assistant Professor, OSU State Small Ruminant Extension Specialist. Tim Barnes, OSU Extension Educator ANR, ... Traditionally, synchronization of estrus in small ruminants involved insertion of CIDRs for prolonged periods (12 to14 days). ...
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  • Contagious, chronic, and often fatal, Johnes Disease is a bacterial infection that spreads stealthily throughout herds of ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats. (ahi.org)
  • Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are members of the Retrovirus family comprising the closely related Visna/Maedi Virus (VMV) and the Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus (CAEV), which infect sheep and goats. (mdpi.com)
  • 2020). Similarly, the implementation of this practice has been extensively investigated in sheep and goats and therefore poses the question: can CIDRs be reused in small ruminant production? (osu.edu)
  • Management and nutrition of small ruminants (sheep and goats). (irta.cat)
  • But these small ruminants have grown in popularity in recent years, especially dairy goats. (msucares.com)
  • A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroepidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in unvaccinated sheep and goats in selected districts in Northwest Ethiopia. (ilri.org)
  • Probios Bovine One Gel for Ruminants provides a source of beneficial bacteria for cows, calves, sheep, and goats. (valleyvet.com)
  • Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes one of the most contagious and highly infectious respiratory diseases in sheep and goats known as peste des petits ruminants (PPR). (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Ruminants (suborder Ruminantia) are hoofed herbivorous grazing or browsing mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, their anatomy and method of digestion differs significantly from that of a four-chambered ruminant. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast to monogastrics, ruminants have a digestion system whereby micro-organisms in the rumen produce enzymes to break down the phytate phosphorus of plant material. (feedphosphates.org)
  • Modeling ruminant digestion and metabolism / R. L. Baldwin. (who.int)
  • New science , by a global team of IPCC researchers based at Oxford University, shows categorically that methane from Britain's ruminants is not causing global warming - instead ruminants provide a viable pathway to net zero emissions from UK agriculture by 2030. (bva.co.uk)
  • Ruminants (mainly cows) emit around 20% of all methane gasses globally, so reducing emissions in ruminant herds will play a vital role in meeting global climate ambitions. (dsm.com)
  • Enteric fermentation is part of the normal digestive process in ruminants, with methane emissions primarily resulting from animals belching or exhaling. (fil-idf.org)
  • The Foundation for Food & Agriculture Research (FFAR) and the Dairy Research Institute (DRI) jointly developed the Greener Cattle Initiative as a pre-competitive consortium to support collaborative research on enteric methane mitigation from ruminants [1]. (fil-idf.org)
  • Greenhouse Gas emissions by farm system in Ireland show that ruminant farming in 2019 accounted for 95% of the total, with Dairy (43%) and Cattle (39%) dominating (Table 1). (ucd.ie)
  • Experimental farms of dairy and beef cattle and small ruminants. (irta.cat)
  • 100 small ruminants were sampled in medical conditions ( 2,3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Join us for the North Carolina Small Ruminant Improvement Program Fall Field Day on October 6 in Alexander County. (ncsu.edu)
  • The NC State Small Ruminant Educational Unit Production Sale is coming up on August 29. (ncsu.edu)
  • Join us from 6:30-8 p.m. on Aug. 3 for our first Piedmont Small Ruminant meeting of 2021. (salisburypost.com)
  • This free event will cover tools and management principles needed to improve productivity and profitability of small ruminant operations. (salisburypost.com)
  • Recent investments in North Carolina meat processors have resulted in increased slaughter capacity and demand for small ruminants. (salisburypost.com)
  • Opportunities exist to expand small ruminant production to meet this market demand. (salisburypost.com)
  • Small ruminants are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal parasites. (farmanddairy.com)
  • Barber's pole worm is the most prevalent parasite infestation in small ruminants. (farmanddairy.com)
  • FAMACHA scoring identifies anemia in small ruminants, the main symptom of barber's pole worm infestation. (farmanddairy.com)
  • Reported first in 1942 in Côte d'Ivoire, PPR is a highly contagious disease infecting wild and domestic small ruminants. (fao.org)
  • It is estimated that PPR causes significant economic losses to the small ruminant industry globally, with annual losses at around $2 billion. (fao.org)
  • The disease leads to reduced productivity, lower reproduction rates, and higher mortality rates, which in turn affects the livelihoods of small-scale farmers and herders who rely on small ruminants for their income. (fao.org)
  • Additionally, women are disproportionately affected by PPR outbreaks as they often bear the responsibility of caring for small ruminants which are an important source of livelihood for millions of small-scale farmers and pastoralists, particularly in low-income countries. (fao.org)
  • The project will go beyond technology development to identify and test components of new institutional models for delivering effective PPR control services to small ruminant producers in two locations in Eastern Africa. (ilri.org)
  • For example, the CCPP/PPR/SGP combination vaccine for small ruminant diseases in affected regions ensures maximum disease coverage using a single vaccine and through distribution networks operating effective cold chains. (galvmed.org)
  • Small Ruminant Production: Are CIDRs Reusable? (osu.edu)
  • Traditionally, synchronization of estrus in small ruminants involved insertion of CIDRs for prolonged periods (12 to14 days). (osu.edu)
  • Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the most severe diseases of small ruminants, causing the loss of millions of dollars annually. (ilri.org)
  • All small ruminant laparoscopic OPU's (Ovum Pick-Up) are performed by the small ruminant team based out of our Chillicothe, Missouri location. (transova.com)
  • Bezoar A small stony concretion that may form in the stomachs of certain animals, especially ruminants. (wisc.edu)
  • Reports of outbreaks of PPR in captive and wild small ruminants have extended the known spectrum of susceptible species to include antelopes. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Irrespective of the possibility of wild small ruminants as the reservoir of PPRV, concerns about the role of susceptible species of antelopes need to be addressed, due to the fact that the disease can pose a serious threat to the survival of endangered species of wild ruminants on the one hand and could act as a constraint to the global eradication of PPR on the other hand. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • In Thailand, brucellosis re-emerged in humans in 2003 and is considered a public health risk to goat farm ers as the disease is endemic in small ruminants. (cdc.gov)
  • Using data from this surveillance system, we describe the seroprevalence of brucellosis from 2013 to 2015 in small ruminants and the spatial distribution of the disease throughout Thailand. (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, this study found that brucellosis seroprevalence in small ruminants is decreasing throughout Thailand. (cdc.gov)
  • Small Ruminant Research, 38, 37-43. (bvsalud.org)
  • Small ruminant farmers need to be trained in safer milking practices and feta cheese making procedures. (who.int)
  • Ruminants require specific nutrition to meet their needs due to their specific digestive system. (adm.com)
  • From rearing to fattening or milk production, you can meet the nutritional needs of your cattle in all types of feeding environments, with ruminant nutrition solutions from ADM. (adm.com)
  • IRTA's Ruminants Production Programme works with the aim of improving profitability and competitiveness of farms and companies in the sector of production and processing, nutrition, feed manufacturing, producer associations, additives and byproducts producers and pharmaceutical companies. (irta.cat)
  • Recent developments in ruminant nutrition / editors, W. Haresign, D. J. A. Cole. (who.int)
  • When a ruminant is feeding, it does so in a series of quick bites, giving the food no more than a cursory chew between its molar teeth, mixing it with large quantities of saliva (several hundred litres per day in domestic cattle) and then swallowing it into the first of the chambers, the rumen. (open.edu)
  • From hand-fed beef to pasture cattle to feedlots, our ruminant feed is safe and effective. (adm.com)
  • In this issue, top experts in the field review trace mineral function, requirements, and content of common feeds, as well as specific diet challenges for ruminants and cattle. (elsevier.ca)
  • The prevalence of diseases such as Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in livestock is rife across the African continent, causing significant economic losses for farmers and harm to animal health and welfare. (galvmed.org)
  • The word 'ruminant' is derived from the Latin word ruminare , to chew again. (open.edu)
  • The microbes use some of these nutrients for their own metabolism, and in doing so generate fatty acids, which the ruminant can absorb into its blood through the wall of the rumen and can use in its own metabolism. (open.edu)
  • The first section of this book explores the principles of nitrogen metabolism in ruminants, indicates relatively simple ways in which deficiencies of nitrogen can be diagnosed, and explores practical ways to overcome such deficiencies. (aciar.gov.au)
  • Hormonal regulation of ruminant metabolism. (irta.cat)
  • Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and Rinderpest (RP) are highly contagious viral diseases of domestic and wild ruminants inducing high morbidity and mortality. (europa.eu)
  • Two ruminant acute phase proteins (APPs), haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), were evaluated as serum biomarkers (BMs) for sheep scab-a highly contagious ectoparasitic disease caused by the mite Psoroptes ovis, which is a major welfare and production threat worldwide. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Hofmann and Stewart divided ruminants into three major categories based on their feed type and feeding habits: concentrate selectors, intermediate types, and grass/roughage eaters, with the assumption that feeding habits in ruminants cause morphological differences in their digestive systems, including salivary glands, rumen size, and rumen papillae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Samples of rumen contents were collected in 1997 and 2001 from various indigenous African wild ruminants in Kenya. (bioone.org)
  • BURK A. DEHORITY and AGNES A. ODENYO "Influence of Diet on the Rumen Protozoal Fauna of Indigenous African Wild Ruminants," The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50(3), 220-223, (1 May 2003). (bioone.org)
  • Until recently, knowledge of ruminant gut microbiology was primarily obtained using classical culture based techniques, which probably only account for 10 to 20% of the rumen microbial population. (nhbs.com)
  • Influence of rumen protein degradability and supplementation frequency on performance and nitrogen use in ruminants consuming low-quality forage: Cow performance and efficiency of nitrogen use in wethers. (oregonstate.edu)
  • A study was carried out to determine if the protozoal fauna of indigenous African wild ruminants was different from that found in their domestic counterparts and if the animal's diet influenced the number and types of protozoa. (bioone.org)
  • Ruminants are mammals with specialised digestive systems that use fermentation processes to gain nutrients from plant material. (sciencelearn.org.nz)
  • Also, some mammals are pseudoruminants, which have a three-compartment stomach instead of four like ruminants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, a member of the Nairovirus genus, is transmitted by ticks and causes serious disease in human beings but is not pathogenic for ruminants, its amplifying host. (who.int)
  • Comparison of the requirements of ruminants with the levels of phosphorus provided by normal pasture and plant feed material shows that, in a similar fashion to monogastrics, phosphorus supplementation is necessary on a regular basis to satisfy the needs of the animal. (feedphosphates.org)
  • Evaluation of green forage intake and digestibility in ruminants using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS): Developing a global calibration. (wallonie.be)
  • Ruminants are animals with four-part stomachs, which allows them to chew food more than once. (open.edu)
  • Pseudoruminants, like traditional ruminants, are foregut fermentors and most ruminate or chew cud. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, Woodall found that there is little correlation between the fiber content of a ruminant's diet and morphological characteristics, meaning that the categorical divisions of ruminants by Hofmann and Stewart warrant further research. (wikipedia.org)
  • A species of anaerobic bacteria, in the family Lachnospiraceae, found in RUMINANTS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of isomers of linoleic acid, which are synthesized in the cud of ruminant animals by fermentative bacteria. (medscape.com)
  • The roughly 200 species of ruminants include both domestic and wild species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two genera of protozoa previously found in only a few African ruminants, Epiplastron and Opisthotrichum , were observed in several additional animal species and represent new host records. (bioone.org)
  • A difference was noted in the protozoal species composition of the indigenous wild ruminants from that previously observed in African domestic ruminants. (bioone.org)
  • This is crucial because domestic and wild ruminants mingle together at several points, allowing inter-species transmission of PPRV. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • In this review, knowledge gained through research or surveillance on the sustainability of PPRV in wild ruminants is discussed. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Is the Subject Area "Ruminants" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • En vous déconnectant d'EU Login, vous vous déconnecterez de tous les autres services utilisant votre compte EU Login. (europa.eu)
  • Partner with us as we use our global approach to ruminant management during every stage of life. (adm.com)