The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.
The capability of the LUNGS to distend under pressure as measured by pulmonary volume change per unit pressure change. While not a complete description of the pressure-volume properties of the lung, it is nevertheless useful in practice as a measure of the comparative stiffness of the lung. (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p562)
Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow.
Measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle.
Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).
The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.
A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.
The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV.
RESPIRATORY MUSCLE contraction during INHALATION. The work is accomplished in three phases: LUNG COMPLIANCE work, that required to expand the LUNGS against its elastic forces; tissue resistance work, that required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and chest wall structures; and AIRWAY RESISTANCE work, that required to overcome airway resistance during the movement of air into the lungs. Work of breathing does not refer to expiration, which is entirely a passive process caused by elastic recoil of the lung and chest cage. (Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th ed, p406)
The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment.
Mechanical devices used to produce or assist pulmonary ventilation.
The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.
Physiological processes and properties of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
The branch of physics which deals with the motions of material bodies, including kinematics, dynamics, and statics. When the laws of mechanics are applied to living structures, as to the locomotor system, it is referred to as BIOMECHANICAL PHENOMENA. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.
The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the RESIDUAL VOLUME and the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is FRC.
The measurement of frequency or oscillation changes.
The posture of an individual lying face down.
The total volume of gas inspired or expired per unit of time, usually measured in liters per minute.
The act of BREATHING in.
The act of BREATHING out.
The upper part of the trunk between the NECK and the ABDOMEN. It contains the chief organs of the circulatory and respiratory systems. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Deliberate introduction of air into the peritoneal cavity.
The outer margins of the thorax containing SKIN, deep FASCIA; THORACIC VERTEBRAE; RIBS; STERNUM; and MUSCLES.
Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.
Techniques for effecting the transition of the respiratory-failure patient from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous ventilation, while meeting the criteria that tidal volume be above a given threshold (greater than 5 ml/kg), respiratory frequency be below a given count (less than 30 breaths/min), and oxygen partial pressure be above a given threshold (PaO2 greater than 50mm Hg). Weaning studies focus on finding methods to monitor and predict the outcome of mechanical ventilator weaning as well as finding ventilatory support techniques which will facilitate successful weaning. Present methods include intermittent mandatory ventilation, intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and mandatory minute volume ventilation.
The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It is the equivalent to each of the following sums: VITAL CAPACITY plus RESIDUAL VOLUME; INSPIRATORY CAPACITY plus FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; TIDAL VOLUME plus INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus functional residual capacity; or tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus residual volume.
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Non-therapeutic positive end-expiratory pressure occurring frequently in patients with severe airway obstruction. It can appear with or without the administration of external positive end-expiratory pressure (POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION). It presents an important load on the inspiratory muscles which are operating at a mechanical disadvantage due to hyperinflation. Auto-PEEP may cause profound hypotension that should be treated by intravascular volume expansion, increasing the time for expiration, and/or changing from assist mode to intermittent mandatory ventilation mode. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1127)
Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.
Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.
The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.
The period following a surgical operation.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.
The behaviors of materials under force.
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The theory that the radiation and absorption of energy take place in definite quantities called quanta (E) which vary in size and are defined by the equation E=hv in which h is Planck's constant and v is the frequency of the radiation.
A twisting deformation of a solid body about an axis. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Expiratory and inspiratory chest computed tomography and pulmonary function tests in cigarette smokers. (1/2868)

This study evaluated small airway dysfunction and emphysematous destruction of lung parenchyma in cigarette smokers, using chest expiratory high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and pulmonary function tests (PFT). The degree of emphysematous destruction was classified by visual scoring (VS) and the average HRCT number at full expiration/full inspiration (E/I ratio) calculated in 63 male smokers and 10 male nonsmokers (group A). The Brinkman smoking index (BI), defined as cigarettes x day(-1) x yrs, was estimated. Sixty-three smokers were divided into three groups by PFT: group B1 (n=7), with normal PFT; group B2 (n=21), with diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DL,CO) > or = 80% predicted, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) < 80% pred and/or residual volume (RV) > 120% pred; and group B3 (n=35), with DL,CO < 80% pred, FEV1 < 80% pred and/or RV > 120% pred. Heavy smokers (BI > or = 600) (n=48) showed a significant increase in emphysema by both VS and E/I. E/I was significantly elevated in both group B2 (mean+/-SD 0.95+/-0.05) and B3 (0.96+/-0.06) compared with group B1 (0.89+/-0.03). VS could not differentiate group B2 (3.9+/-5.0) from B1 (1.1+/-1.6). These findings suggest that the expiration/inspiration ratio reflects hyperinflation and airway obstruction, regardless of the functional characteristics of emphysema, in cigarette smokers.  (+info)

Differences in spontaneous breathing pattern and mechanics in patients with severe COPD recovering from acute exacerbation. (2/2868)

The aims of this study were to assess spontaneous breathing patterns in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) recovering from acute exacerbation and to assess the relationship between different breathing patterns and clinical and functional parameters of respiratory impairment. Thirty-four COPD patients underwent assessment of lung function tests, arterial blood gases, haemodynamics, breathing pattern (respiratory frequency (fR), tidal volume (VT), inspiratory and expiratory time (tI and tE), duty cycle (tI/ttot), VT/tI) and mechanics (oesophageal pressure (Poes), work of breathing (WOB), pressure-time product and index, and dynamic intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi,dyn)). According to the presence (group 1) or absence (group 2) of Poes swings during the expiratory phase (premature inspiration), 20 (59%) patients were included in group 1 and 14 (41%) in group 2. Premature inspirations were observed 4.5+/-6.4 times x min(-1) (range 1-31), i.e. 20+/-21% (3.7-100%) of total fR calculated from VT tracings. In group 1 the coefficient of variation in VT, tE, tI/ttot, PEEPi,dyn, Poes and WOB of the eight consecutive breaths immediately preceding the premature inspiration was greater than that of eight consecutive breaths in group 2. There were no significant differences in the assessed parameters between the two groups in the overall population, whereas patients with chronic hypoxaemia in group 1 showed a more severe impairment in clinical conditions, mechanics and lung function than hypoxaemic patients in group 2. In spontaneously breathing patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease recovering from an acute exacerbation, detectable activity of inspiratory muscles during expiration was found in more than half of the cases. This phenomenon was not associated with any significant differences in anthropometric, demographic, physiological or clinical characteristics.  (+info)

Respiratory muscle involvement in multiple sclerosis. (3/2868)

Respiratory complications are common in the terminal stages of multiple sclerosis and contribute to mortality in these patients. When respiratory motor pathways are involved, respiratory muscle weakness frequently occurs. Although it is well established that weakness of the respiratory muscles produces a restrictive ventilatory defect, the degree of muscle weakness and pulmonary function are poorly related. Respiratory muscle weakness was observed in patients with normal or near normal pulmonary function. Expiratory muscle weakness is more prominent than inspiratory muscle weakness and may impair performance of coughing. Subsequently, in addition to bulbar dysfunction, respiratory muscle weakness may contribute to ineffective coughing, pneumonia, and sometimes even acute ventilatory failure may ensue. Respiratory muscle weakness may also occur early in the course of the disease. Recent studies suggest that the respiratory muscles can be trained for both strength and endurance in multiple sclerosis patients. Whether respiratory muscle training delays the development of respiratory dysfunction and subsequently improves exercise capacity and cough efficacy, prevents pulmonary complications or prolongs survival in the long-term remains to be determined.  (+info)

Stroke volume decline during prolonged exercise is influenced by the increase in heart rate. (4/2868)

This study determined whether the decline in stroke volume (SV) during prolonged exercise is related to an increase in heart rate (HR) and/or an increase in cutaneous blood flow (CBF). Seven active men cycled for 60 min at approximately 57% peak O2 uptake in a neutral environment (i.e., 27 degrees C, <40% relative humidity). They received a placebo control (CON) or a small oral dose (i.e., approximately 7 mg) of the beta1-adrenoceptor blocker atenolol (BB) at the onset of exercise. At 15 min, HR and SV were similar during CON and BB. From 15 to 55 min during CON, a 13% decline in SV was associated with an 11% increase in HR and not with an increase in CBF. CBF increased mainly from 5 to 15 min and remained stable from 20 to 60 min of exercise in both treatments. However, from 15 to 55 min during BB, when the increase in HR was prevented by atenolol, the decline in SV was also prevented, despite a normal CBF response (i.e., similar to CON). Cardiac output was similar in both treatments and stable throughout the exercise bouts. We conclude that during prolonged exercise in a neutral environment the decline in SV is related to the increase in HR and is not affected by CBF.  (+info)

Heart rate during exercise with leg vascular occlusion in spinal cord-injured humans. (5/2868)

Feed-forward and feedback mechanisms are both important for control of the heart rate response to muscular exercise, but their origin and relative importance remain inadequately understood. To evaluate whether humoral mechanisms are of importance, the heart rate response to electrically induced cycling was studied in participants with spinal cord injury (SCI) and compared with that elicited during volitional cycling in able-bodied persons (C). During voluntary exercise at an oxygen uptake of approximately 1 l/min, heart rate increased from 66 +/- 4 to 86 +/- 4 (SE) beats/min in seven C, and during electrically induced exercise at a similar oxygen uptake in SCI it increased from 73 +/- 3 to 110 +/- 8 beats/min. In contrast, blood pressure increased only in C (from 88 +/- 3 to 99 +/- 4 mmHg), confirming that, during exercise, blood pressure control is dominated by peripheral neural feedback mechanisms. With vascular occlusion of the legs, the exercise-induced increase in heart rate was reduced or even eliminated in the electrically stimulated SCI. For C, heart rate tended to be lower than during exercise with free circulation to the legs. Release of the cuff elevated heart rate only in SCI. These data suggest that humoral feedback is of importance for the heart rate response to exercise and especially so when influence from the central nervous system and peripheral neural feedback from the working muscles are impaired or eliminated during electrically induced exercise in individuals with SCI.  (+info)

Breathing responses to small inspiratory threshold loads in humans. (6/2868)

To investiage the effect of inspiratory threshold load (ITL) on breathing, all previous work studied loads that were much greater than would be encountered under pathophysiological conditions. We hypothesized that mild ITL from 2.5 to 20 cmH2O is sufficient to modify control and sensation of breathing. The study was performed in healthy subjects. The results demonstrated that with mild ITL 1) inspiratory difficulty sensation could be perceived at an ITL of 2.5 cmH2O; 2) tidal volume increased without change in breathing frequency, resulting in hyperpnea; and 3) although additional time was required for inspiratory pressure to attain the threshold before inspiratory flow was initiated, the total inspiratory muscle contraction time remained constant. This resulted in shortening of the available time for inspiratory flow, so that the tidal volume was maintained or increased by significant increase in mean inspiratory flow. On the basis of computer simulation, we conclude that the mild ITL is sufficient to increase breathing sensation and alter breathing control, presumably aiming at maintaining a certain level of ventilation but minimizing the energy consumption of the inspiratory muscles.  (+info)

Capsaicin-sensitive C-fiber-mediated protective responses in ozone inhalation in rats. (7/2868)

To assess the role of lung sensory C fibers during and after inhalation of 1 part/million ozone for 8 h, we compared breathing pattern responses and epithelial injury-inflammation-repair in rats depleted of C fibers by systemic administration of capsaicin as neonates and in vehicle-treated control animals. Capsaicin-treated rats did not develop ozone-induced rapid, shallow breathing. Capsaicin-treated rats showed more severe necrosis in the nasal cavity and greater inflammation throughout the respiratory tract than did control rats exposed to ozone. Incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (a marker of DNA synthesis associated with proliferation) into terminal bronchiolar epithelial cells was not significantly affected by capsaicin treatment in rats exposed to ozone. However, when normalized to the degree of epithelial necrosis present in each rat studied, there was less 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling in the terminal bronchioles of capsaicin-treated rats. These observations suggest that the ozone-induced release of neuropeptides does not measurably contribute to airway inflammation but may play a role in modulating basal and reparative airway epithelial cell proliferation.  (+info)

Acinar flow irreversibility caused by perturbations in reversible alveolar wall motion. (8/2868)

Mixing associated with "stretch-and-fold" convective flow patterns has recently been demonstrated to play a potentially important role in aerosol transport and deposition deep in the lung (J. P. Butler and A. Tsuda. J. Appl. Physiol. 83: 800-809, 1997), but the origin of this potent mechanism is not well characterized. In this study we hypothesized that even a small degree of asynchrony in otherwise reversible alveolar wall motion is sufficient to cause flow irreversibility and stretch-and-fold convective mixing. We tested this hypothesis using a large-scale acinar model consisting of a T-shaped junction of three short, straight, square ducts. The model was filled with silicone oil, and alveolar wall motion was simulated by pistons in two of the ducts. The pistons were driven to generate a low-Reynolds-number cyclic flow with a small amount of asynchrony in boundary motion adjusted to match the degree of geometric (as distinguished from pressure-volume) hysteresis found in rabbit lungs (H. Miki, J. P. Butler, R. A. Rogers, and J. Lehr. J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 1630-1636, 1993). Tracer dye was introduced into the system, and its motion was monitored. The results showed that even a slight asynchrony in boundary motion leads to flow irreversibility with complicated swirling tracer patterns. Importantly, the kinematic irreversibility resulted in stretching of the tracer with narrowing of the separation between adjacent tracer lines, and when the cycle-by-cycle narrowing of lateral distance reached the slowly growing diffusion distance of the tracer, mixing abruptly took place. This coupling of evolving convective flow patterns with diffusion is the essence of the stretch-and-fold mechanism. We conclude that even a small degree of boundary asynchrony can give rise to stretch-and-fold convective mixing, thereby leading to transport and deposition of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles deep in the lung.  (+info)

Respiratory mechanics refers to the biomechanical properties and processes that involve the movement of air through the respiratory system during breathing. It encompasses the mechanical behavior of the lungs, chest wall, and the muscles of respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Respiratory mechanics includes several key components:

1. **Compliance**: The ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand and recoil during breathing. High compliance means that the structures can easily expand and recoil, while low compliance indicates greater resistance to expansion and recoil.
2. **Resistance**: The opposition to airflow within the respiratory system, primarily due to the friction between the air and the airway walls. Airway resistance is influenced by factors such as airway diameter, length, and the viscosity of the air.
3. **Lung volumes and capacities**: These are the amounts of air present in the lungs during different phases of the breathing cycle. They include tidal volume (the amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing), inspiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume), expiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume), and residual volume (the air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum exhalation).
4. **Work of breathing**: The energy required to overcome the resistance and elastic forces during breathing. This work is primarily performed by the respiratory muscles, which contract to generate negative intrathoracic pressure and expand the chest wall, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
5. **Pressure-volume relationships**: These describe how changes in lung volume are associated with changes in pressure within the respiratory system. Important pressure components include alveolar pressure (the pressure inside the alveoli), pleural pressure (the pressure between the lungs and the chest wall), and transpulmonary pressure (the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures).

Understanding respiratory mechanics is crucial for diagnosing and managing various respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

Lung compliance is a measure of the ease with which the lungs expand and is defined as the change in lung volume for a given change in transpulmonary pressure. It is often expressed in units of liters per centimeter of water (L/cm H2O). A higher compliance indicates that the lungs are more easily distensible, while a lower compliance suggests that the lungs are stiffer and require more force to expand. Lung compliance can be affected by various conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Airway resistance is a measure of the opposition to airflow during breathing, which is caused by the friction between the air and the walls of the respiratory tract. It is an important parameter in respiratory physiology because it can affect the work of breathing and gas exchange.

Airway resistance is usually expressed in units of cm H2O/L/s or Pa·s/m, and it can be measured during spontaneous breathing or during forced expiratory maneuvers, such as those used in pulmonary function testing. Increased airway resistance can result from a variety of conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, and bronchiectasis. Decreased airway resistance can be seen in conditions such as emphysema or after a successful bronchodilator treatment.

Lung volume measurements are clinical tests that determine the amount of air inhaled, exhaled, and present in the lungs at different times during the breathing cycle. These measurements include:

1. Tidal Volume (TV): The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, usually around 500 mL in resting adults.
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration, approximately 3,000 mL in adults.
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The extra air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration, about 1,000-1,200 mL in adults.
4. Residual Volume (RV): The air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation, approximately 1,100-1,500 mL in adults.
5. Total Lung Capacity (TLC): The total amount of air the lungs can hold at full inflation, calculated as TV + IRV + ERV + RV, around 6,000 mL in adults.
6. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration, equal to ERV + RV, about 2,100-2,700 mL in adults.
7. Inspiratory Capacity (IC): The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration, equal to TV + IRV, around 3,500 mL in adults.
8. Vital Capacity (VC): The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration, calculated as IC + ERV, approximately 4,200-5,600 mL in adults.

These measurements help assess lung function and identify various respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

Artificial respiration is an emergency procedure that can be used to provide oxygen to a person who is not breathing or is breathing inadequately. It involves manually forcing air into the lungs, either by compressing the chest or using a device to deliver breaths. The goal of artificial respiration is to maintain adequate oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs until the person can breathe on their own or until advanced medical care arrives. Artificial respiration may be used in conjunction with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in cases of cardiac arrest.

Pulmonary gas exchange is the process by which oxygen (O2) from inhaled air is transferred to the blood, and carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product of metabolism, is removed from the blood and exhaled. This process occurs in the lungs, primarily in the alveoli, where the thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries allow for the rapid diffusion of gases between them. The partial pressure gradient between the alveolar air and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries drives this diffusion process. Oxygen-rich blood is then transported to the body's tissues, while CO2-rich blood returns to the lungs to be exhaled.

Positive-pressure respiration is a type of mechanical ventilation where positive pressure is applied to the airway and lungs, causing them to expand and inflate. This can be used to support or replace spontaneous breathing in patients who are unable to breathe effectively on their own due to conditions such as respiratory failure, neuromuscular disorders, or sedation for surgery.

During positive-pressure ventilation, a mechanical ventilator delivers breaths to the patient through an endotracheal tube or a tracheostomy tube. The ventilator is set to deliver a specific volume or pressure of air with each breath, and the patient's breathing is synchronized with the ventilator to ensure proper delivery of the breaths.

Positive-pressure ventilation can help improve oxygenation and remove carbon dioxide from the lungs, but it can also have potential complications such as barotrauma (injury to lung tissue due to excessive pressure), volutrauma (injury due to overdistention of the lungs), hemodynamic compromise (decreased blood pressure and cardiac output), and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Therefore, careful monitoring and adjustment of ventilator settings are essential to minimize these risks and provide safe and effective respiratory support.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully after a normal tidal exhalation. It is the difference between the functional residual capacity (FRC) and the residual volume (RV). In other words, ERV is the extra volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a normal breath out, when one tries to empty the lungs as much as possible. This volume is an important parameter in pulmonary function tests and helps assess lung health and disease. A decreased ERV may indicate restrictive lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis or neuromuscular disorders affecting respiratory muscles.

Work of breathing (WOB) is a term used in respiratory physiology to describe the amount of energy expended by the respiratory muscles to overcome the elastic and resistive forces in the lungs and chest wall during breathing. It is usually measured in joules per liter (J/L) or in breaths per minute (BPM).

WOB can be increased in various lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and interstitial lung disease, due to increased airway resistance or decreased lung compliance. Increased WOB can lead to respiratory muscle fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance, and reduced quality of life.

WOB can be measured noninvasively using techniques such as esophageal pressure monitoring or transdiaphragmatic pressure measurement, or invasively through the use of indwelling catheters in the pleural space or within the airways. These measurements are often used in research settings to evaluate the effectiveness of various treatments for respiratory disorders.

Air pressure, also known as atmospheric pressure, is the force exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere on a surface. It is measured in units such as pounds per square inch (psi), hectopascals (hPa), or inches of mercury (inHg). The standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined as 101,325 Pa (14.7 psi/1013 hPa/29.92 inHg). Changes in air pressure can be used to predict weather patterns and are an important factor in the study of aerodynamics and respiratory physiology.

Mechanical Ventilators are medical devices that assist with breathing by providing mechanical ventilation to patients who are unable to breathe sufficiently on their own. These machines deliver breaths to the patient through an endotracheal tube or a tracheostomy tube, which is placed in the windpipe (trachea). Mechanical Ventilators can be set to deliver breaths at specific rates and volumes, and they can also be adjusted to provide varying levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to help keep the alveoli open and improve oxygenation.

Mechanical ventilation is typically used in critical care settings such as intensive care units (ICUs), and it may be employed for a variety of reasons, including respiratory failure, sedation, neuromuscular disorders, or surgery. Prolonged use of mechanical ventilation can lead to complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia, muscle weakness, and decreased cardiac function, so the goal is usually to wean patients off the ventilator as soon as possible.

Tidal volume (Vt) is the amount of air that moves into or out of the lungs during normal, resting breathing. It is the difference between the volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration and the volume at the end of a normal inspiration. In other words, it's the volume of each breath you take when you are not making any effort to breathe more deeply.

The average tidal volume for an adult human is around 500 milliliters (ml) per breath, but this can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, size, and fitness level. During exercise or other activities that require increased oxygen intake, tidal volume may increase to meet the body's demands for more oxygen.

Tidal volume is an important concept in respiratory physiology and clinical medicine, as it can be used to assess lung function and diagnose respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult (RDSa or ARDS), also known as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, is a severe form of acute lung injury characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs. This results in increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, pulmonary edema, and hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood). The inflammation can be triggered by various direct or indirect insults to the lung, such as sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, or aspiration.

The hallmark of ARDS is the development of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray, which can resemble pulmonary edema, but without evidence of increased left atrial pressure. The condition can progress rapidly and may require mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to maintain adequate oxygenation and prevent further lung injury.

The management of ARDS is primarily supportive, focusing on protecting the lungs from further injury, optimizing oxygenation, and providing adequate nutrition and treatment for any underlying conditions. The use of low tidal volumes and limiting plateau pressures during mechanical ventilation have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with ARDS.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

Respiratory muscles are a group of muscles involved in the process of breathing. They include the diaphragm, intercostal muscles (located between the ribs), scalene muscles (located in the neck), and abdominal muscles. These muscles work together to allow the chest cavity to expand or contract, which draws air into or pushes it out of the lungs. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for breathing, contracting to increase the volume of the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs during inhalation. The intercostal muscles help to further expand the ribcage, while the abdominal muscles assist in exhaling by compressing the abdomen and pushing up on the diaphragm.

Respiratory physiological phenomena refer to the various mechanical, chemical, and biological processes and functions that occur in the respiratory system during breathing and gas exchange. These phenomena include:

1. Ventilation: The movement of air into and out of the lungs, which is achieved through the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
2. Gas Exchange: The diffusion of oxygen (O2) from the alveoli into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream into the alveoli.
3. Respiratory Mechanics: The physical properties and forces that affect the movement of air in and out of the lungs, such as lung compliance, airway resistance, and chest wall elasticity.
4. Control of Breathing: The regulation of ventilation by the central nervous system through the integration of sensory information from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the respiratory system.
5. Acid-Base Balance: The maintenance of a stable pH level in the blood through the regulation of CO2 elimination and bicarbonate balance by the respiratory and renal systems.
6. Oxygen Transport: The binding of O2 to hemoglobin in the red blood cells and its delivery to the tissues for metabolic processes.
7. Defense Mechanisms: The various protective mechanisms that prevent the entry and colonization of pathogens and foreign particles into the respiratory system, such as mucociliary clearance, cough reflex, and immune responses.

In the context of medicine, "mechanics" is not typically used as a standalone term with a widely accepted or specific definition. However, in certain areas such as biomechanics or orthopedic mechanics, it generally refers to the application of mechanical principles and laws to biological systems, tissues, or organs. This can include studying the forces, movements, and deformations that occur within these systems, as well as designing medical devices or treatments based on an understanding of these mechanical properties.

Respiratory Function Tests (RFTs) are a group of medical tests that measure how well your lungs take in and exhale air, and how well they transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of your blood. They can help diagnose certain lung disorders, measure the severity of lung disease, and monitor response to treatment.

RFTs include several types of tests, such as:

1. Spirometry: This test measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases.
2. Lung volume testing: This test measures the total amount of air in your lungs. It can help diagnose restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis.
3. Diffusion capacity testing: This test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your bloodstream. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and other lung diseases that affect the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood.
4. Bronchoprovocation testing: This test involves inhaling a substance that can cause your airways to narrow, such as methacholine or histamine. It's often used to diagnose and monitor asthma.
5. Exercise stress testing: This test measures how well your lungs and heart work together during exercise. It's often used to diagnose lung or heart disease.

Overall, Respiratory Function Tests are an important tool for diagnosing and managing a wide range of lung conditions.

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after normal expiration during quiet breathing. It represents the sum of the residual volume (RV) and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). The FRC is approximately 2.5-3.5 liters in a healthy adult. This volume of air serves to keep the alveoli open and maintain oxygenation during periods of quiet breathing, as well as providing a reservoir for additional ventilation during increased activity or exercise.

Oscillometry is a non-invasive method to measure various mechanical properties of the respiratory system, including lung volumes and airway resistance. It involves applying small pressure oscillations to the airways and measuring the resulting flow or volume changes. The technique can be used to assess lung function in patients with obstructive or restrictive lung diseases, as well as in healthy individuals. Oscillometry is often performed during tidal breathing, making it a comfortable method for both children and adults who may have difficulty performing traditional spirometry maneuvers.

The prone position is a body posture in which an individual lies on their stomach, with their face down and chest facing the floor or bed. This position is often used in medical settings for various purposes, such as during certain surgical procedures, respiratory support, or to alleviate pressure ulcers. It's also important to note that the prone position can have implications for patient safety, particularly in critically ill patients, and should be carefully monitored.

Pulmonary ventilation, also known as pulmonary respiration or simply ventilation, is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange. It involves two main phases: inhalation (or inspiration) and exhalation (or expiration). During inhalation, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, causing the chest volume to increase and the pressure inside the chest to decrease, which then draws air into the lungs. Conversely, during exhalation, these muscles relax, causing the chest volume to decrease and the pressure inside the chest to increase, which pushes air out of the lungs. This process ensures that oxygen-rich air from the atmosphere enters the alveoli (air sacs in the lungs), where it can diffuse into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide-rich air from the bloodstream in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli is expelled out of the body.

Inhalation is the act or process of breathing in where air or other gases are drawn into the lungs. It's also known as inspiration. This process involves several muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles between the ribs, working together to expand the chest cavity and decrease the pressure within the thorax, which then causes air to flow into the lungs.

In a medical context, inhalation can also refer to the administration of medications or therapeutic gases through the respiratory tract, typically using an inhaler or nebulizer. This route of administration allows for direct delivery of the medication to the lungs, where it can be quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and exert its effects.

Exhalation is the act of breathing out or exhaling, which is the reverse process of inhalation. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, while the chest muscles also relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size. This decrease in size puts pressure on the lungs, causing them to deflate and expel air.

Exhalation is a passive process that occurs naturally after inhalation, but it can also be actively controlled during activities such as speaking, singing, or playing a wind instrument. In medical terms, exhalation may also be referred to as expiration.

The thorax is the central part of the human body, located between the neck and the abdomen. In medical terms, it refers to the portion of the body that contains the heart, lungs, and associated structures within a protective cage made up of the sternum (breastbone), ribs, and thoracic vertebrae. The thorax is enclosed by muscles and protected by the ribcage, which helps to maintain its structural integrity and protect the vital organs contained within it.

The thorax plays a crucial role in respiration, as it allows for the expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing. This movement is facilitated by the flexible nature of the ribcage, which expands and contracts with each breath, allowing air to enter and exit the lungs. Additionally, the thorax serves as a conduit for major blood vessels, such as the aorta and vena cava, which carry blood to and from the heart and the rest of the body.

Understanding the anatomy and function of the thorax is essential for medical professionals, as many conditions and diseases can affect this region of the body. These may include respiratory disorders such as pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular conditions like heart attacks or aortic aneurysms, and musculoskeletal issues involving the ribs, spine, or surrounding muscles.

Artificial pneumoperitoneum is a medical condition that refers to the presence of air or gas in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the organs within the abdomen. This condition is typically created intentionally during surgical procedures, such as laparoscopy, to provide a working space for the surgeon to perform the operation.

During laparoscopic surgery, a thin tube called a trocar is inserted through a small incision in the abdominal wall, and carbon dioxide gas is pumped into the peritoneal cavity to create a pneumoperitoneum. This allows the surgeon to insert specialized instruments through other small incisions and perform the surgery while visualizing the operative field with a camera.

While artificial pneumoperitoneum is generally safe, there are potential complications that can arise, such as injury to surrounding organs or blood vessels during trocar insertion, subcutaneous emphysema (air trapped under the skin), or gas embolism (gas in the bloodstream). These risks are typically minimized through careful technique and monitoring during the procedure.

The thoracic wall refers to the anatomical structure that surrounds and protects the chest cavity or thorax, which contains the lungs, heart, and other vital organs. It is composed of several components:

1. Skeletal framework: This includes the 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum (breastbone) in the front, and the thoracic vertebrae in the back. The upper seven pairs of ribs are directly attached to the sternum in the front through costal cartilages. The lower five pairs of ribs are not directly connected to the sternum but are joined to the ribs above them.
2. Muscles: The thoracic wall contains several muscles, including the intercostal muscles (located between the ribs), the scalene muscles (at the side and back of the neck), and the serratus anterior muscle (on the sides of the chest). These muscles help in breathing by expanding and contracting the ribcage.
3. Soft tissues: The thoracic wall also contains various soft tissues, such as fascia, nerves, blood vessels, and fat. These structures support the functioning of the thoracic organs and contribute to the overall stability and protection of the chest cavity.

The primary function of the thoracic wall is to protect the vital organs within the chest cavity while allowing for adequate movement during respiration. Additionally, it provides a stable base for the attachment of various muscles involved in upper limb movement and posture.

Blood gas analysis is a medical test that measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the pH level, which indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the blood. This test is often used to evaluate lung function, respiratory disorders, and acid-base balance in the body. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments for conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory illnesses. The analysis is typically performed on a sample of arterial blood, although venous blood may also be used in some cases.

Medical Definition of Respiration:

Respiration, in physiology, is the process by which an organism takes in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide. It's also known as breathing. This process is essential for most forms of life because it provides the necessary oxygen for cellular respiration, where the cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and releases waste products, primarily carbon dioxide.

In humans and other mammals, respiration is a two-stage process:

1. Breathing (or external respiration): This involves the exchange of gases with the environment. Air enters the lungs through the mouth or nose, then passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, finally reaching the alveoli where the actual gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

2. Cellular respiration (or internal respiration): This is the process by which cells convert glucose and other nutrients into ATP, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen. The carbon dioxide produced during this process then diffuses out of the cells and into the bloodstream to be exhaled during breathing.

In summary, respiration is a vital physiological function that enables organisms to obtain the necessary oxygen for cellular metabolism while eliminating waste products like carbon dioxide.

In medicine, elasticity refers to the ability of a tissue or organ to return to its original shape after being stretched or deformed. This property is due to the presence of elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix of the tissue, which can stretch and recoil like rubber bands.

Elasticity is an important characteristic of many tissues, particularly those that are subjected to repeated stretching or compression, such as blood vessels, lungs, and skin. For example, the elasticity of the lungs allows them to expand and contract during breathing, while the elasticity of blood vessels helps maintain normal blood pressure by allowing them to expand and constrict in response to changes in blood flow.

In addition to its role in normal physiology, elasticity is also an important factor in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions. For example, decreased elasticity in the lungs can be a sign of lung disease, while increased elasticity in the skin can be a sign of aging or certain genetic disorders. Medical professionals may use techniques such as pulmonary function tests or skin biopsies to assess elasticity and help diagnose these conditions.

Ventilator weaning is the process of gradually reducing the amount of support provided by a mechanical ventilator to a patient, with the ultimate goal of completely withdrawing the mechanical assistance and allowing the patient to breathe independently. This process is typically initiated when the patient's underlying medical condition has improved to the point where they are able to sustain their own respiratory efforts.

The weaning process may involve reducing the frequency and duration of ventilator breaths, decreasing the amount of oxygen supplied by the ventilator, or adjusting the settings of the ventilator to encourage the patient to take more frequent and deeper breaths on their own. The rate at which weaning is attempted will depend on the individual patient's condition and overall progress.

Close monitoring of the patient's respiratory status, oxygenation, and work of breathing is essential during the weaning process to ensure that the patient is able to tolerate the decreased level of support and to identify any potential complications that may arise. Effective communication between the healthcare team and the patient is also important to provide education, set expectations, and address any concerns or questions that may arise during the weaning process.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is the maximum volume of air that can be contained within the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It includes all of the following lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. TLC can be measured directly using gas dilution techniques or indirectly by adding residual volume to vital capacity. Factors that affect TLC include age, sex, height, and lung health status.

In medical terms, pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area on an object or body surface. It is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in clinical settings. For example, blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries and is recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (when the heart beats and pushes blood out) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats).

Pressure can also refer to the pressure exerted on a wound or incision to help control bleeding, or the pressure inside the skull or spinal canal. High or low pressure in different body systems can indicate various medical conditions and require appropriate treatment.

Intrinsic Positive-Pressure Respiration (IPPR) is a type of positive-pressure breathing that occurs naturally within the body, without the use of mechanical ventilation or other external devices. It is also known as "auto-PEEP" or "occult PEEP," where PEEP stands for Positive End-Expiratory Pressure.

In normal, spontaneous breathing, the pressure inside the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs becomes slightly negative during inhalation and returns to atmospheric pressure during exhalation. However, certain lung conditions or patient efforts can lead to an increase in resistance to airflow during exhalation, causing positive pressure to persist within the alveoli at the end of expiration. This results in intrinsic PEEP or auto-PEEP.

IPPR can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Air trapping due to obstructive lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma
2. High respiratory rates leading to incomplete exhalation before the next inspiration begins
3. Inadequate expiratory time, often seen in mechanically ventilated patients with high tidal volumes and/or low respiratory rates
4. Dynamic hyperinflation due to increased minute ventilation or high inspiratory flow rates
5. Bronchoconstriction or airway narrowing, which can occur during an asthma attack or in certain other lung conditions

IPPR has several clinical implications, such as reduced venous return and cardiac output, increased work of breathing, and potential for lung injury due to overdistension (volutrauma). Healthcare providers must consider IPPR when managing patients with respiratory distress, especially those on mechanical ventilation, to optimize their care and prevent complications.

Spirometry is a common type of pulmonary function test (PFT) that measures how well your lungs work. This is done by measuring how much air you can exhale from your lungs after taking a deep breath, and how quickly you can exhale it. The results are compared to normal values for your age, height, sex, and ethnicity.

Spirometry is used to diagnose and monitor certain lung conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory diseases that cause narrowing of the airways. It can also be used to assess the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions. The test is non-invasive, safe, and easy to perform.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

Obstructive lung disease is a category of respiratory diseases characterized by airflow limitation that causes difficulty in completely emptying the alveoli (tiny air sacs) of the lungs during exhaling. This results in the trapping of stale air and prevents fresh air from entering the alveoli, leading to various symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and decreased exercise tolerance.

The most common obstructive lung diseases include:

1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A progressive disease that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, often caused by smoking or exposure to harmful pollutants.
2. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and an underlying inflammation. Symptoms can be triggered by various factors such as allergens, irritants, or physical activity.
3. Bronchiectasis: A condition in which the airways become abnormally widened, scarred, and thickened due to chronic inflammation or infection, leading to mucus buildup and impaired clearance.
4. Cystic Fibrosis: An inherited genetic disorder that affects the exocrine glands, resulting in thick and sticky mucus production in various organs, including the lungs. This can lead to chronic lung infections, inflammation, and airway obstruction.
5. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: A genetic condition characterized by low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein, which leads to uncontrolled protease enzyme activity that damages the lung tissue, causing emphysema-like symptoms.

Treatment for obstructive lung diseases typically involves bronchodilators (to relax and widen the airways), corticosteroids (to reduce inflammation), and lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation and pulmonary rehabilitation programs. In severe cases, oxygen therapy or even lung transplantation may be considered.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), Newborn is a common lung disorder in premature infants. It occurs when the lungs lack a substance called surfactant, which helps keep the tiny air sacs in the lungs open. This results in difficulty breathing and oxygenation, causing symptoms such as rapid, shallow breathing, grunting noises, flaring of the nostrils, and retractions (the skin between the ribs pulls in with each breath). RDS is more common in infants born before 34 weeks of gestation and is treated with surfactant replacement therapy, oxygen support, and mechanical ventilation if necessary. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia or even death.

Respiratory insufficiency is a condition characterized by the inability of the respiratory system to maintain adequate gas exchange, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and/or removal of carbon dioxide from the body. This can occur due to various causes, such as lung diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia), neuromuscular disorders (e.g., muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury), or other medical conditions that affect breathing mechanics and/or gas exchange.

Respiratory insufficiency can manifest as hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood) and/or hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide levels in the blood). Symptoms of respiratory insufficiency may include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, fatigue, confusion, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness or even death. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition and may include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, medications, and/or other supportive measures.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) is a medical term used to describe the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second. It is often measured during pulmonary function testing to assess lung function and diagnose conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

FEV is typically expressed as a percentage of the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which is the total volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath in. The ratio of FEV to FVC is used to determine whether there is obstruction in the airways, with a lower ratio indicating more severe obstruction.

There are different types of FEV measurements, including FEV1 (the volume of air exhaled in one second), FEV25-75 (the average volume of air exhaled during the middle 50% of the FVC maneuver), and FEV0.5 (the volume of air exhaled in half a second). These measurements can provide additional information about lung function and help guide treatment decisions.

General anesthesia is a state of controlled unconsciousness, induced by administering various medications, that eliminates awareness, movement, and pain sensation during medical procedures. It involves the use of a combination of intravenous and inhaled drugs to produce a reversible loss of consciousness, allowing patients to undergo surgical or diagnostic interventions safely and comfortably. The depth and duration of anesthesia are carefully monitored and adjusted throughout the procedure by an anesthesiologist or certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) to ensure patient safety and optimize recovery. General anesthesia is typically used for more extensive surgical procedures, such as open-heart surgery, major orthopedic surgeries, and neurosurgery.

Physiological monitoring is the continuous or intermittent observation and measurement of various body functions or parameters in a patient, with the aim of evaluating their health status, identifying any abnormalities or changes, and guiding clinical decision-making and treatment. This may involve the use of specialized medical equipment, such as cardiac monitors, pulse oximeters, blood pressure monitors, and capnographs, among others. The data collected through physiological monitoring can help healthcare professionals assess the effectiveness of treatments, detect complications early, and make timely adjustments to patient care plans.

The postoperative period is the time following a surgical procedure during which the patient's response to the surgery and anesthesia is monitored, and any complications or adverse effects are managed. This period can vary in length depending on the type of surgery and the individual patient's needs, but it typically includes the immediate recovery phase in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) or recovery room, as well as any additional time spent in the hospital for monitoring and management of pain, wound healing, and other aspects of postoperative care.

The goals of postoperative care are to ensure the patient's safety and comfort, promote optimal healing and rehabilitation, and minimize the risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, or other postoperative issues. The specific interventions and treatments provided during this period will depend on a variety of factors, including the type and extent of surgery performed, the patient's overall health and medical history, and any individualized care plans developed in consultation with the patient and their healthcare team.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas that is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a normal byproduct of cellular respiration in humans, animals, and plants, and is also produced through the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

In medical terms, carbon dioxide is often used as a respiratory stimulant and to maintain the pH balance of blood. It is also used during certain medical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, to insufflate (inflate) the abdominal cavity and create a working space for the surgeon.

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the body can lead to respiratory acidosis, a condition characterized by an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in pH. This can occur in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other lung diseases that impair breathing and gas exchange. Symptoms of respiratory acidosis may include shortness of breath, confusion, headache, and in severe cases, coma or death.

Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that constitutes about 21% of the earth's atmosphere. It is a crucial element for human and most living organisms as it is vital for respiration. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is used to convert nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled.

Medically, supplemental oxygen therapy may be provided to patients with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, or other medical conditions that impair the body's ability to extract sufficient oxygen from the air. Oxygen can be administered through various devices, including nasal cannulas, face masks, and ventilators.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by the persistent obstruction of airflow in and out of the lungs. This obstruction is usually caused by two primary conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to excessive mucus production and coughing. Emphysema is a condition where the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs are damaged, resulting in decreased gas exchange and shortness of breath.

The main symptoms of COPD include progressive shortness of breath, chronic cough, chest tightness, wheezing, and excessive mucus production. The disease is often associated with exposure to harmful particles or gases, such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or occupational dusts and chemicals. While there is no cure for COPD, treatments can help alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments may include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, combination inhalers, pulmonary rehabilitation, and, in severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "mechanical processes" is not a specific medical term. However, in a broader scientific context, mechanical processes refer to actions or events that involve forces and the movement or conversion of energy. This could include physical movements or manipulations of the body or bodily systems, such as surgical procedures, or the functioning of mechanical medical devices like pacemakers. If you have a more specific context in mind, I'd be happy to help further!

Mechanical stress, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to any type of force that is applied to body tissues or organs, which can cause deformation or displacement of those structures. Mechanical stress can be either external, such as forces exerted on the body during physical activity or trauma, or internal, such as the pressure changes that occur within blood vessels or other hollow organs.

Mechanical stress can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the type, duration, and magnitude of the force applied. For example, prolonged exposure to mechanical stress can lead to tissue damage, inflammation, and chronic pain. Additionally, abnormal or excessive mechanical stress can contribute to the development of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and herniated discs.

In order to mitigate the negative effects of mechanical stress, the body has a number of adaptive responses that help to distribute forces more evenly across tissues and maintain structural integrity. These responses include changes in muscle tone, joint positioning, and connective tissue stiffness, as well as the remodeling of bone and other tissues over time. However, when these adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed or impaired, mechanical stress can become a significant factor in the development of various pathological conditions.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Quantum Theory" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. Quantum theory, also known as quantum mechanics, is a branch of physics that deals with phenomena on a very small scale, such as molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles like electrons and photons (which are particles of light).

Quantum theory introduces the concept of wave-particle duality, where particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. It also includes principles like superposition, which suggests that a physical system—such as an electron in an atom—can exist in multiple states or places at the same time until it is measured.

While quantum mechanics has had profound implications for our understanding of the physical world, its concepts are not directly applicable to medical definitions or human health. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to help with those instead!

Mechanical torsion in a medical context refers to the twisting or rotational deformation of a body or structure due to an applied torque or force. This can occur in various biological structures, such as blood vessels, intestines, or muscles, leading to impaired function, pain, or even tissue necrosis if severe or prolonged.

For example, in the case of the gastrointestinal tract, torsion can cause a segment of the bowel to twist around its own axis, cutting off blood flow and causing ischemia or necrosis. This is a surgical emergency that requires prompt intervention to prevent further complications. Similarly, in the eye, torsion can refer to the rotation of the eyeball within the orbit, which can cause double vision or other visual disturbances.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Ratnovsky, Anat (2008). "Mechanics of respiratory muscles". Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 163 (1-3): 82-89. doi: ... "Signs of Respiratory Distress in Children". University of Rochester Medical Center. Retrieved 11 May 2015. Netter FH. Atlas of ... Use of these while at rest is often interpreted as a sign of respiratory distress. There is no definitive list of accessory ... The diaphragm is also involved in non-respiratory functions, helping to expel vomit, faeces, and urine from the body by ...
Poggi R, Brandolese R, Bernasconi M, Manzin E, Rossi A (October 1989). "Doxofylline and respiratory mechanics. Short-term ... Doxophylline is used to treat chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. In animal and human studies, it has shown ... is a phosphodiesterase inhibiting bronchodilator used in the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD ... "Treatment plan comparison in acute and chronic respiratory tract diseases: an observational study of doxophylline vs. ...
He studied posture and respiratory mechanics. Austin was a Major in the Royal Army Medical Corps. In 1911, he was a Specialist ... He argued against the use of drugs and vaccines and instead promoted diet, fasting, respiratory exercises and osteopathic ...
Hess, Dean (October 21, 2014). "Respiratory Mechanics in Mechanically Ventilated Patients" (PDF). Respiratory Care. 59 (11): ... David W. Chang (1999). Respiratory care calculations. Cengage Learning. pp. 251-. ISBN 978-0-7668-0517-0. Retrieved 30 March ...
Leith, DE (1 September 1989). "Adaptations to deep breath-hold diving: respiratory and circulatory mechanics". Undersea ... The sperm whale respiratory system has adapted to cope with drastic pressure changes when diving. The flexible ribcage allows ... Lung volume is relatively low compared to terrestrial mammals because of the inability of the respiratory tract to hold gas ... Seals, whales and porpoises have slower respiratory rates and larger tidal volume to total lung capacity ratio than land ...
2018). "The respiratory mechanics of the yacare caiman (Caiman yacare Daudine) " [sic]. Journal of Experimental Biology 2018: ...
Pediatric pulmonologists treat diseases of the airways, lungs, respiratory mechanics and aerodigestive system. Physician ... is a medical specialty that deals with diseases involving the respiratory tract. It is also known as respirology, respiratory ... Surgery of the respiratory tract is generally performed by specialists in cardiothoracic surgery (or thoracic surgery), though ... American Association for Respiratory Care American College of Chest Physicians American Lung Association American Thoracic ...
New views on a fundamental concept of respiratory mechanics]. Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Experimentelle Medizin (in German). ... Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) is caused by lack of surfactant, commonly seen in premature babies born before 28- ... At the end of that decade it was discovered that the lack of surfactant caused infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS). ... Humans and animals born with a congenital absence of the saposin family SP-B experience intractable respiratory failure whereas ...
... does the overlap of ventilatory stimuli alter the respiratory mechanics of healthy schoolchildren?". Revista Paulista de ... Incentive spirometer is indicated for patients who have had any surgery that might jeopardize respiratory function, ... These toys and activities reinforce proper breathing mechanics by stimulating deep inhalation and prolonged exhalation.[ ... Recent or current respiratory tract infection Hemoptysis of unknown origin Pneumothorax Emphysema, due to increased barotrauma ...
Pilots and mechanics are employees of Air Methods Corp. When the transport is beyond the range of the helicopter, or when ... If advanced knowledge of the patients condition is known before takeoff, the crew may also include a respiratory therapist, ... The Flight For Life organization comprises many teams, made up of Nurses, Paramedics, EMT-Bs, Respiratory therapists, Pilots, ... and Mechanics. Traditionally the helicopter is staffed by a flight crew composed of an experienced pilot, critical care nurse, ...
At the time, the respiratory muscles and the mechanics of breathing were called a "no man's land between anatomy and physiology ... 1962 The Respiratory Muscles and the Mechanics of Breathing. E.J. Moran Campbell, Department of Medicine, Middlesex Hospital, ... While working with terminally ill patients Stough realized the potential of his work for people with no respiratory faults. In ... which was the largest hospital for patients with respiratory diseases on the East Coast at the time. There he met Dr. Robert ...
Pride, N. B. (2005). "Ageing and changes in lung mechanics". The European Respiratory Journal. 26 (4): 563-565. doi:10.1183/ ... American Review of Respiratory Disease, Volume 123, pp.659-664, 1981. P.H. Quanjer. "Lung Volumes and Forced Ventilatory Flows ... A lowered or elevated FRC is often an indication of some form of respiratory disease. In restrictive diseases, the decreased ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Respiratory physiology, Pulmonary function testing, ...
However, there is no evidence that tongue attachment can alter upper respiratory tract mechanics after sternothyrohyoid ... Beard, Warren L.; Holcombe, Susan J.; Hinchcliff, Kenneth W. (2001). "Effect of a tongue-tie on upper airway mechanics during ... A benefit is proven only in animals suffering from respiratory obstructions, such as dorsal displacement of the soft palate ( ... "Effect of a tongue-tie on upper airway mechanics in horses during exercise". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 62 (5): ...
2020). A review of the anatomy of the respiratory systems and mechanics of breathing in living and fossil archosaurs, ... Michael Naylor Hudgins; Emma R. Schachner; Linda A. Hinnov (2020). "The evolution of respiratory systems in Theropoda and ... Robert J. Brocklehurst; Emma R. Schachner; Jonathan R. Codd; William I. Sellers (2020). "Respiratory evolution in archosaurs". ... between atmospheric O2 and CO2 levels during the Late Triassic and the evolution of skeletal pneumaticity and respiratory ...
... focusing in the relationship between respiratory mechanics and the neural mechanisms of respiratory sensation, currently a ...
Bourouiba, Lydia (2021-01-05). "The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 53 (1): 473-508 ... Respiratory droplet transmission is the usual route for respiratory infections. Transmission can occur when respiratory ... consisting of saliva or mucus and other matter derived from respiratory tract surfaces. Respiratory droplets are produced ... Respiratory droplets can be produced in many ways. They can be produced naturally as a result of breathing, talking, sneezing, ...
... respiratory mechanics MeSH G09.772.770.755.700.080 - bronchoconstriction MeSH G09.772.770.755.700.275 - exhalation MeSH G09.772 ... respiratory dead space MeSH G09.772.765.765 - respiratory sounds MeSH G09.772.765.850 - total lung capacity MeSH G09.772. ... 700.390 - inhalation MeSH G09.772.770.755.760 - respiratory transport MeSH G09.772.770.755.760.602 - pulmonary gas exchange ...
... methods for non-invasive determination of passive respiratory mechanics during assisted ventilation, and Odds Ratio Product of ... He was the Head of Respiratory Medicine at the University of Manitoba 1988-1997 and Director of the sleep laboratory at the ... This was followed by a PhD in respiratory physiology at McGill University. Younes subsequently held academic appointments as a ... Theory". American Review of Respiratory Disease. 145 (1): 114-20. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/145.1.114. PMID 1731573. Younes, M.; ...
... in gel electrophoresis Respiratory mechanics, the branch of human physiology focusing upon the bio-mechanics of respiration ...
Cardiovascular fluid mechanics research Respiratory fluid mechanics research The guiding task for biomedical fluid mechanics ... SAFL is a leader in cardiovascular fluid mechanics research using a simulation-based research approach. Novel computational ... Its primary research is in "Engineering, Environmental, Biological, and Geophysical Fluid Mechanics". It is affiliated with the ... between fluid mechanics and biology has led to growth in recent years of research aimed at understanding the fluid mechanics of ...
... on EIT-guided mechanical ventilation and outcome could demonstrate significant benefits in regard to respiratory mechanics, gas ... Further factors affecting conductivity include temperature and other physiological factors, e.g. the respiratory cycle between ... units and are already used as aides in decision-making processes related to the treatment of patients with acute respiratory ...
Macklem, Peter T..(1998)American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. The Mechanics of Breathing. Am. J. Respir. ...
"Persistent Improvement of Gas Exchange and Lung Mechanics by Aerosolized Perfluorocarbon". American Journal of Respiratory and ... The influence of PLV on oxygenation, carbon dioxide removal and lung mechanics has been investigated in several animal studies ... The first medical use of liquid breathing was treatment of premature babies and adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome ... In surfactant-depleted piglets, persistent improvement of gas exchange and lung mechanics was demonstrated with Aerosol-PFC. ...
Measuring respiratory muscle strength is a long established, method of assessing the mechanics of breathing. Respiratory muscle ... Measurement of respiratory muscle function is important in the diagnosis of respiratory muscle disease, or respiratory muscle ... A respiratory pressure meter measures the maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures that a patient can generate at either ... Respiratory muscle assessment. Eur Respir Mono 2005, 31, 51 - 57. T. Troosters, R Gosselink, M Decramer Page 352 in: Irwin, ...
Some of these have been associated with varying degrees of eye, nose, throat, and respiratory tract irritation. Over time, ... A drywall mechanic is a skilled trade similar to wood carpenters, except they build everything out of light gauge steel studs ( ... A drywall mechanic can work for a construction firm, or work privately. Health hazards include the dangers of toxic poisoning ... Drywall mechanics erect various exterior and interior stud wall partitions. They also install metal door frames, window frames ...
... study of mechanics of gases Pneumonology - study of diseases involving the respiratory tract Podiatry - study and treatment of ... Quantum mechanics - a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and ... Fluid mechanics - study of fluids behaviour at rest and in motion. Fluid statics - study of fluids behaviour at rest. ... Celestial mechanics - study of motion of objects in outer space. Cell biology - study of the different structures and functions ...
... positive-pressure ventilation directly alters lung mechanics during ARDS. When these techniques are used the result is higher ... This leads to the impaired oxygenation, which is the central problem of ARDS, as well as to respiratory acidosis. Respiratory ... The pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome involves fluid accumulation in the lungs not explained by heart ... Elevated inspired oxygen concentration often becomes necessary at this stage, and may facilitate a 'respiratory burst' in ...
He was an early explorer of the concept of respiratory muscle fatigue and shone a light on its role in respiratory disease. In ... This formed the basis for his lifelong interest in the mechanics of breathing. In 1963, he became a fellow of the Royal College ... Peter T. Macklem, 1931-2011: a tribute from the European Respiratory Society". European Respiratory Journal. 37 (4): 735-37. ... In 1967, Maklem became director of the Respiratory division at the RVH. In 1972, he became a professor of Medicine at McGill ...
"Popular Mechanics". January 1984. p. 163 Von Humboldt, Alexander (1799). Ueber die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittel, ... "OSHA Bulletin: General Respiratory Protection Guidance for Employers and Workers". Occupational Safety and Health ... These masks were distributed during World War II Mother and baby with gas masks, 1941 According to Popular Mechanics, "The ... Wetherell, Anthony; Mathers, George (2007), "Respiratory Protection", in Marrs, Timothy; Maynard, Robert; Sidell, Frederick ( ...
Advocates for this technique claim that it can improve breathing mechanics, including diaphragmatic function. They use the term ... Its advocates claim that it improves postural adaptations, the function of the respiratory system and asymmetrical patterns. ... The diaphragm's mechanical action and respiratory advantage depends on its relationship and anatomical arrangement with the rib ... The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 11 (31). Portal: Medicine (CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, Rehabilitation ...
... J Surg Res. 1974 May;16(5):523-6. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(74) ...
Lung mechanics, exhaled NO (NOe), and TNF-alpha in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were assessed in eight closed and ... Effects of mechanical ventilation at low lung volume on respiratory mechanics and nitric oxide exhalation in normal rabbits J ... Lung mechanics, exhaled NO (NOe), and TNF-alpha in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were assessed in eight closed and ... In contrast, in 16 additional closed- and open-chest rabbits, there were no changes of lung mechanics or NOe after prolonged MV ...
Changes in respiratory mechanics with age. / Lanteri, C.J.; Sly, P.D. In: Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 74, 1993, p. 369- ... Lanteri, C.J. ; Sly, P.D. / Changes in respiratory mechanics with age. In: Journal of Applied Physiology. 1993 ; Vol. 74. pp. ... Lanteri, C. J., & Sly, P. D. (1993). Changes in respiratory mechanics with age. Journal of Applied Physiology, 74, 369-378. ... Lanteri, CJ & Sly, PD 1993, Changes in respiratory mechanics with age, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 74, pp. 369-378. ...
Patel, A., Taylor, S., & Bersten, A. (2012). Comparison of automated and static pulse respiratory mechanics during supported ... Objective: To compare respiratory mechanics estimated by the pulse technique in spontaneously breathing patients during ... Patel, A, Taylor, S & Bersten, A 2012, Comparison of automated and static pulse respiratory mechanics during supported ... Comparison of automated and static pulse respiratory mechanics during supported ventilation. Alpesh Patel, Susan Taylor, Andrew ...
The respiratory mechanics data for subjects with COVID-19 in Boston also support the low compliance ventilation strategy, which ... Clinical Characteristics, Respiratory Mechanics, and Outcomes in Critically Ill Individuals With COVID-19 Infection in an ... Clinical Characteristics, Respiratory Mechanics, and Outcomes in Critically Ill Individuals With COVID-19 Infection in an ... Clinical Characteristics, Respiratory Mechanics, and Outcomes in Critically Ill Individuals With COVID-19 Infection in an ...
Clinical trial for Respiratory Mechanics Assessment During Assisted Mechanical Ventilation. ... Respiratory Mechanics Assessment During Assisted Mechanical Ventilation - ICEBERG Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Clinical ... Impact of Current Volume Under High-rate Nasal Oxygen Therapy During Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure de Novo N/A. ... Adherence to Low Tidal Volume in the Transition to Spontaneous Ventilation in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure ...
... which manifests as changes in respiratory mechanics. Therefore, measurement of respiratory mechanics allows a clinician to ... Clinical review: Respiratory mechanics in spontaneous and assisted ventilation Pulmonary disease changes the physiology of the ... Respiratory failure from severe asthma is a potentially reversible, life-threatening condition. Poor outcome in this setting is ... As in the adult with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the use of lung-protective ventilation has ...
Non-invasive measure of respiratory mechanics and conventional respiratory parameters in conscious large animals by high ... Respiratory mechanics measurements were performed by applying a short (i.e. 16 s) single high frequency (19 Hz) waveform at the ... Novel Measurements of Respiratory System Mechanics Demonstrate Important Features of Donor-Recipient Lung Volume Matching That ... Novel Measurements of Respiratory System Mechanics Demonstrate Important Features of Donor-Recipient Lung Volume Matching That ...
Respiratory System Pulmonary Breathing: Anatomy, Mechanics of Breathing, Defenses Against Infection and Respiratory Disorders. ... The number of respiratory cycles per minute is the respiratory rate, and it is one of the four main vital signs of life. ... In humans, the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy of the respiratory system that participates in the process of ... Lower respiratory tract. The anatomy of a typical mammalian respiratory system, below the structures, usually listed among the ...
Effects of Different Models and Different Respiratory Manoeuvres in Respiratory Mechanics Estimation. ...
Prevention of Methacholine-induced Changes in Respiratory Mechanics. Methacholine-induced changes in respiratory mechanics in ... Prevention of Methacholine-induced Changes in Respiratory Mechanics in Piglets: A Comparison of Sevoflurane and Halothane Walid ... Measurement of Respiratory Mechanics. The measurement equipment, consisting of a pressure port and transducer (Endevco 8510B-2 ... Respiratory mechanics were calculated from measurements of airway opening pressure, V, and volume (V) recorded during ...
The effects of airway pressure release ventilation on respiratory mechanics in extrapulmonary lung injury. Read more... ... The effects of airway pressure release ventilation on respiratory mechanics in extrapulmonary lung injury.. Posted on April 3, ... The effects of airway pressure release ventilation on respiratory mechanics in extrapulmonary lung injury. ...
Lung mechanics in the adult respiratory distress syndrome: Recent conceptual advances and implications for management. Clinics ... Lung mechanics in the adult respiratory distress syndrome: Recent conceptual advances and implications for management. / Marini ... T1 - Lung mechanics in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. T2 - Recent conceptual advances and implications for management ... Lung mechanics in the adult respiratory distress syndrome: Recent conceptual advances and implications for management. ...
Ratnovsky, Anat (2008). "Mechanics of respiratory muscles". Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 163 (1-3): 82-89. doi: ... "Signs of Respiratory Distress in Children". University of Rochester Medical Center. Retrieved 11 May 2015. Netter FH. Atlas of ... Use of these while at rest is often interpreted as a sign of respiratory distress. There is no definitive list of accessory ... The diaphragm is also involved in non-respiratory functions, helping to expel vomit, faeces, and urine from the body by ...
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Mechanical Ventilation. Lung Imaging. Respiratory Mechanics. Sepsis. Septic Shock. ... Cereda M, Xin Y, Rizi RR: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - Can Data from the Sick Guide Care for the Healthy? Am J Respir ...
The aim of this study was to visualise improved swallowing mechanics resulting from respiratory-swallow phase training using ... N2 - The aim of this study was to visualise improved swallowing mechanics resulting from respiratory-swallow phase training ... AB - The aim of this study was to visualise improved swallowing mechanics resulting from respiratory-swallow phase training ... abstract = "The aim of this study was to visualise improved swallowing mechanics resulting from respiratory-swallow phase ...
CONCLUSIONS: The diffuse injury that characterizes acute respiratory distress syndrome is often considered a process that ... Propagation prevention: a complementary mechanism for "lung protective" ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome ... Respiratory Distress Syndrome, /etiology/*physiopathology * Respiratory Mechanics Additional Document Info volume * 36 ...
Gertler R. Respiratory Mechanics. Anesthesiol Clin. 2021 Sep. 39 (3):415-440. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text]. ... Low respiratory rate, low respiratory drive, and apnea testing - Allow for low flow in the circuit so that any noise in the ... Effects of inspiratory flow waveforms on lung mechanics, gas exchange, and respiratory metabolism in COPD patients during ... Mechanical ventilation can have a negative impact on the patients respiratory drive, as shown by Kondili et al. [18] Thus, ...
Pleural effusion complicates monitoring of respiratory mechanics 2011 * Can we prevent the spread of focal lung inflammation? ... Propagation prevention: a complementary mechanism for "lung protective" ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome 2008 ... Paradoxical positioning: does "head up" always improve mechanics and lung protection? 2022 ... Ventilatory management of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a consensus of two 2004 ...
Gappa M, Colin AA, Goetz I, Stocks J. Standards for infant respiratory function testing: Passive respiratory mechanics: The ... Passive respiratory mechanics: The occlusion techniques. Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 141-148. ... 1: U. Frey, J. Stocks, A. Coates, P.D. Sly, J. Bates, on behalf of the ERS/ATS Task Force on Standards for Infant Respiratory ... Your Name) has sent you a message from European Respiratory Society Message Body (Your Name) thought you would like to see the ...
Model-based Analysis of Ventilation Inhomogeneity in Respiratory Mechanics (Articles) Christoph Schranz, Kévin Meffray, ...
2013). Mathematical modeling of respiratory system mechanics in the newborn lamb. Acta Biotheoretica 61 (1), 91-107. (Article ... 2019). A new ovine model of spine and chest wall deformity at birth with alteration of respiratory system mechanics and lung ... Pediatric Respiratory Medicine Division, University of Miami. Miami, États-Unis dAmérique * (2016). Non-invasive respiratory ... 2021). Respiratory activity of the cricopharyngeus muscle in the neonatal period. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 290 ...
Exploring respiratory mechanics by forced oscillations: principles and pitfalls R Peslin. European Respiratory Journal 4 (2) ... Clinical applications and modelling of forced oscillation mechanics of the respiratory system JA Van Noord, KP Van de Woestijne ... Contribution of in vitro culture methods for respiratory epithelial cells to the study of the physiology of the respiratory ... Methacholine responsiveness, respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in aluminum potroom workers J Kongerud, V Soyseth ...
Effects on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange. Intensive Care Med. 2006 Apr;32(4):524-31. View abstract ... Tidal Volume Lowering by Instrumental Dead Space Reduction in Brain-Injured ARDS Patients: Effects on Respiratory Mechanics, ... Humidification and respiratory support devices. Working alongside the continuum of care.. Fisher & Paykel Healthcares world- ... Learn about heated respiratory humidification. Improved ventilation. Lung-protective ventilation (LPV) refers to mechanical ...
Evaluation of an algorithm to choose between competing models of respiratory mechanics ... Estimation of a respiratory signal from a single-lead ECG using the 4th order central moments ... Automated respiratory therapy system based on the ARDSNet protocol with systemic perfusion control ... US-tracked steered FUS in a respiratory ex vivo ovine liver phantom ...
Conclusion: The addition of an inspiratory load has a significant effect on the breathing pattern and respiratory muscle ... The measurements were repeated using two different interfaces (nasal and oral). Chest wall volumes and respiratory muscle ... The measurements were repeated using two different interfaces (nasal and oral). Chest wall volumes and respiratory muscle ... Results: During the application of inspiratory load, significant changes were observed in the respiratory rate (p , 0.04), ...
Fluid mechanics based classification of the respiratory efficiency of several nasal cavities ... of the respiratory efficiency of several nasal cavities. Comput. Biol. Med. 43(11), ... 2. Exemplary visualization of particle dynamics in the upper human respiratory. tract. The calculations employed the simulation ... Exemplary visualization of particle dynamics in the upper human respiratory tract. The calculations employed the simulation ...
Exploring the Respiratory System This guide delves into the structure and function of the respiratory system, highlighting ... Respiratory Mechanics. The process of breathing involves:. *Chest expansion and diaphragm movement creating a vacuum. ... Exploring the Respiratory System. This guide delves into the structure and function of the respiratory system, highlighting ... So now we are going to have a look at the respiratory system. We will start at the very, very top and work our way down into ...
  • Lung mechanics, exhaled NO (NOe), and TNF-alpha in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were assessed in eight closed and eight open chest, normal anesthetized rabbits undergoing prolonged (3-4 h) mechanical ventilation (MV) at low volume with physiological tidal volumes (10 ml/kg). (nih.gov)
  • These results indicate that mechanical injury of peripheral airways due to their cyclic opening and closing during ventilation at low volume results in changes in lung mechanics and reduction in NOe and that these alterations are not mediated by a proinflammatory process, since this is expressed by TNF-alpha levels. (nih.gov)
  • Objective: To compare respiratory mechanics estimated by the pulse technique in spontaneously breathing patients during proportional assist ventilation (PAV) with loadadjustable gain factor (PAV+) mode with those measured using the flow-interruption technique during controlled ventilation. (edu.au)
  • To verify the association between respiratory system mechanical properties (ΔP, ΔPL,dyn, Pmus, Pplat and CRS and CL,dyn) assessed during assisted modes of ventilation (as average over the first three days since enrollment) and ICU mortality. (inclinicaltrials.com)
  • Mechanical ventilation is indispensable for the survival of patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As in the adult with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the use of lung-protective ventilation has improved outcomes for neonatal lung diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As some drugs may not cause changes in core battery parameters such as tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR) or minute ventilation (MV), including measurements of respiratory mechanics in safety pharmacology studies represents an opportunity for design refinement. (thorasys.com)
  • The effects of airway pressure release ventilation on respiratory mechanics in extrapulmonary lung injury. (tcavnetwork.org)
  • Invasive ventilation, including conventional mechanical ventilation and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, refers to respiratory support delivered directly to a patient's lower airways via an endotracheal (ET) or tracheostomy tube. (fphcare.com)
  • We tested the hypothesis that the lung-protective ventilation strategy including a low tidal volume, an appropriate level of PEEP and periodic recruitment maneuvers could improve intraoperative oxygenation function, pulmonary mechanics, and early postoperative atelectasis. (springer.com)
  • This study assessed lung models for the influence of respiratory mechanics and inspiratory effort on breathing pattern and simulator-ventilator cycling synchronization in non-invasive ventilation. (medscimonit.com)
  • This MOOC is also aimed at paramedical personnel involved in the care of critically ill patients (nurses, anesthesia nurses, physiotherapists, respiratory therapists…), as well as professionals working in the artificial ventilation industry. (fun-mooc.fr)
  • The tracheal cannula is used in a tracheotomy for general ventilation or respiratory mechanics studies. (harvardapparatus.com)
  • Both airflow and lung volume changes in spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation are determined by applying the fundamental mechanical laws to the relationships between the pressures inside the respiratory system (at the airway opening, alveolar, pleural, and muscular) and R aw, C L, and C CW. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • These relationships also are the basis of the different methods available to measure respiratory mechanics during spontaneous and artificial ventilation. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Whereas a simple mechanical model (R aw, C L, and C CW) describes the basic understanding of ventilation mechanics, more complex concepts (nonlinearity, inhomogeneous ventilation, or viscoelasticity) should be employed to better describe and measure ventilation mechanics in patients.Thieme. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • The IPL preparation requires both the perfusion of the vascular system as well as the ventilation of the respiratory tract. (harvardapparatus.com)
  • He then lost consciousness and was subjected to mechanic ventilation. (cdc.gov)
  • This article reviews assisted ventilation of the newborn, highlighting the concepts of pulmonary mechanics, gas exchange, respiration control, and lung injury that can be used to enhance conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) so as to improve survival and reduce adverse effects. (medscape.com)
  • The primary objective of assisted ventilation is to support breathing until the patient's respiratory efforts are sufficient. (medscape.com)
  • Ventilation may be required during immediate care of the infant who is depressed or apneic or during prolonged periods of respiratory failure treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Relations between ventilator-controlled variables (shaded circles) and pulmonary mechanics (unshaded circles) that determine minute ventilation during pressure-limited time-cycled ventilation. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, the signs and symptoms associated with respiratory discomfort in this population are very severe, compromising the respiratory function and the alveolar ventilation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pulmonary disease changes the physiology of the lungs, which manifests as changes in respiratory mechanics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2023) Canada Research Chair in Neonatal Respiratory Physiology - Tier 1. (usherbrooke.ca)
  • Describe pediatric respiratory anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of pediatric respiratory illnesses. (ceufast.com)
  • Understanding the pathophysiology of common pediatric respiratory infections requires an appreciation for the normal anatomy and physiology of the pediatric respiratory system. (ceufast.com)
  • To fully benefit from this MOOC, it is preferable to have a basic knowledge of respiratory physiology. (fun-mooc.fr)
  • The IPL series of modular Isolated Lung Perfusion Systems represents a full line of in-depth respiratory mechanics and pulmonary physiology systems tailored for specific species from mouse to pig. (harvardapparatus.com)
  • In humans, the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy of the respiratory system that participates in the process of respiration. (scopeheal.com)
  • When children breathe, air enters the body through the upper respiratory tract and the nose and travels down the lower respiratory tract from the larynx and the trachea to the lungs through the main-stem bronchi to the right lung and the left lung. (ceufast.com)
  • Both protocols utilized a dermal sensitization compound for sensitization, either via the respiratory tract or by phase with two administrations on days 0 and 7 followed by four dermal contact, followed by a single or repeated challenges for inhalation challenges with 38 mg MDI/m3 in intervals of elicitation (Boverhof et al. (cdc.gov)
  • In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the lung comprises areas of aeration and areas of alveolar collapse, the latter producing intrapulmonary shunt and hypoxemia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the earliest description of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), impaired lung compliance has been a key diagnostic feature. (umn.edu)
  • In terrestrial animals, the respiratory surface is internalized as the lining of the lungs. (scopeheal.com)
  • We used methods previously developed to partition respiratory mechanics into components representing the airways and lung parenchyma (RL) [9] to investigate the site of action of sevoflurane and halothane in the lungs. (silverchair.com)
  • The upper respiratory system provides a patent path for air to enter and exit the lungs through the nose and mouth while also filtering, warming, and humidifying the air. (ceufast.com)
  • To ventilate the lungs, the respiratory muscles provide the pressure required to overcome the viscoelastic mechanical load of the respiratory system. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • The present study was designed to determine, in a piglet model, whether sevoflurane or halothane would protect against methacholine-induced changes in respiratory mechanics. (silverchair.com)
  • A fundamental task of the respiratory system is to operate as a mechanical gas pump ensuring that fresh air gets in close contact with the blood circulating through the lung capillaries to achieve O2 and CO2 exchange. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • From a mechanical viewpoint, the most relevant respiratory system properties are the resistance of the airways (R aw), and the compliance of the lung tissue (C L) and chest wall (C CW). (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • This pressure is called intrinsic PEEP or autoPEEP to differentiate it from externally applied (therapeutic) PEEP, which is created by adjusting the mechanical ventilator or by placing a tight-fitting mask that applies positive pressure throughout the respiratory cycle. (msdmanuals.com)
  • [ 3 ] The respiratory centers in the brainstem track mechanical constraints (low lung volumes, resistance to airflow) and gas-exchange abnormalities (oxygen, pH, and carbon dioxide changes) during sleep. (medscape.com)
  • It is important for interpreting volume-dependent pulmonary mechanics such as airway resistance or forced expiratory flows, and for defining normal lung growth. (ersjournals.com)
  • Our objectives were to test the hypothesis that LPV could improve intraoperative oxygenation function, pulmonary mechanics and early postoperative atelectasis in laparoscopic surgeries. (springer.com)
  • The primary endpoints were the changes in the ratio of PaO 2 to FiO 2 (P/F). The secondary endpoints were the differences between the two groups in PaO 2 , alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (A-aO 2 ), intraoperative pulmonary mechanics and the incidence of atelectasis detected on chest x-ray on the first postoperative day. (springer.com)
  • Dashed lines represent relations that cannot be calculated precisely without considering other variable such as pulmonary mechanics. (medscape.com)
  • Because heated humidifiers are independent of a patient's respiratory function, they minimize heat and water loss compared with passive methods that rely on patient-expired heat and humidity for inspired gas conditioning. (fphcare.com)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of different inspiratory loads and different interfaces on the breathing pattern and activity of the respiratory muscles. (frontiersin.org)
  • The addition of an inspiratory load has a significant effect on the breathing pattern and respiratory muscle electrical activity, and the effects are greater when the nasal interface is applied. (frontiersin.org)
  • Understanding the upper respiratory system, including the nasopharynx and oropharynx, and challenges such as obstructions from foreign objects, swelling, or anaphylaxis. (profaw.co.uk)
  • A ventilator is required for invasive respiratory support to enable - or support - lung function and gas exchange. (fphcare.com)
  • Archivos de Bronconeumologia is a scientific journal that preferentially publishes prospective original research articles whose content is based upon results dealing with several aspects of respiratory diseases such as epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinics, surgery, and basic investigation. (archbronconeumol.org)
  • Respirateur liquidien en support pour les extrêmes prématurés sous placenta artificial. (usherbrooke.ca)
  • By allowing patients with the acute respiratory distress sy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Marini, JJ 1990, ' Lung mechanics in the adult respiratory distress syndrome: Recent conceptual advances and implications for management ', Clinics in Chest Medicine , vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 673-690. (umn.edu)
  • Use of these while at rest is often interpreted as a sign of respiratory distress. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - Can Data from the Sick Guide Care for the Healthy? (upenn.edu)
  • CONCLUSIONS: The diffuse injury that characterizes acute respiratory distress syndrome is often considered a process that begins synchronously throughout the lung, mediated by inhaled or blood-borne noxious agents. (healthpartners.com)
  • Pulmonary venoarterial shunts and alveolar hypoventilation result in V/Q mismatch, which is probably the most important mechanism of gas exchange impairment in infants with respiratory failure due to various causes, including respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). (medscape.com)
  • Respiratory distress in premature newborns (NBs) relates to deficiency of gas exchange due to pulmonary immaturity, decrease and/or surfactant insufficiency, constituting one of the causes of neonatal mortality. (bvsalud.org)
  • The present study aimed to test a novel non-invasive methodology to concomitantly measure respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and conventional respiratory parameters (Vt, RR, MV) in conscious Beagle dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. (thorasys.com)
  • Explain infection prevention methods for common pediatric respiratory illnesses. (ceufast.com)
  • It can cause hypoxemia, acid-basic disorders and, respiratory insufficiency(1). (bvsalud.org)
  • Precision-Cut Lung Slices (PCLS) help researchers understand pathophysiological mechanisms associated with various respiratory diseases. (scireq.com)
  • Healthcare providers must have the knowledge and skills to accurately assess and differentiate between various respiratory illnesses to provide timely intervention and treatment. (ceufast.com)
  • Tran, TTA, Martin Harris, B & Pearson, WG 2018, ' Improvements resulting from respiratory-swallow phase training visualized in patient-specific computational analysis of swallowing mechanics ', Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging and Visualization , vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 532-538. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The heating and humidifying of respiratory gases is crucial and mandated in clinical guidelines for invasively ventilated patients. (fphcare.com)
  • Describe clinical care and interventions for pediatric respiratory illnesses. (ceufast.com)
  • Incidence of respiratory symptoms and chronic disease in a non-smoking population as a function of long-term cumulative exposure to ambient air pollutants (Adventist health study of smog follow-up study). (cdc.gov)
  • 1993. Long-term ambient concentrations of total suspended particulates, ozone, and sulfur dioxide and respiratory symptoms in a nonsmoking population. (cdc.gov)
  • Differentiate between the signs and symptoms of common pediatric respiratory illnesses. (ceufast.com)
  • A review published online in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (AJRCCM) describes one such physiologic contributor: a low respiratory arousal threshold (RAT). (medscape.com)
  • High Flow Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Invasive (NIV)in Both Hypoxemic and Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure. (inclinicaltrials.com)
  • Respiratory failure from severe asthma is a potentially reversible, life-threatening condition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite this, the respiratory resistance devices available in the market only use mouthpieces (oral airway). (frontiersin.org)
  • The elasticity of these muscles is crucial to the health of the respiratory system and to maximize its functional capabilities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Along with the diaphragm, the intercostal muscles are one of the most important groups of respiratory muscles. (wikipedia.org)
  • The involvement of these muscles seems to depend on the degree of respiratory effort. (wikipedia.org)
  • The respiratory system is a biological system that consists of specific organs and structures used to exchange gases in animals and plants. (scopeheal.com)
  • However, few studies have evaluated the compensatory mechanisms employed by the respiratory system when breathing is done against electronically controlled variable flow resistive loads. (frontiersin.org)
  • This guide delves into the structure and function of the respiratory system, highlighting common problems and effective airway management techniques, crucial for maintaining respiratory health. (profaw.co.uk)
  • For more in-depth knowledge about respiratory system health and airway management, consider consulting a healthcare professional or attending a specialized course. (profaw.co.uk)
  • The respiratory system is split into two tracts at a basic level, the upper and the lower. (ceufast.com)
  • The lower respiratory system serves to provide gas exchange. (ceufast.com)
  • The primary role of the respiratory system is to exchange gases. (ceufast.com)
  • Identify methods of definitive diagnosis for common pediatric respiratory illnesses. (ceufast.com)
  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) is still threatening the human life and society throughout the world. (techscience.com)
  • The diaphragm is also involved in non-respiratory functions, helping to expel vomit, faeces, and urine from the body by increasing intra-abdominal pressure, and preventing acid reflux by exerting pressure on the esophagus as it passes through the esophageal hiatus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Respiratory mechanics measurements were performed by applying a short (i.e. 16 s) single high frequency (19 Hz) waveform at the subject's airway opening via a face mask. (thorasys.com)
  • Airwave Oscillometry appears to be a promising non-invasive methodology to enable respiratory mechanics measurements in conscious large animals, a valuable refinement in respiratory safety pharmacology. (thorasys.com)
  • Their most significant adverse effect is respiratory depression and subsequent hypoxemia. (medscape.com)
  • In December 2019, Wuhan Province in China reported an alarming number of cases presenting with respiratory illness that was caused by a novel coronavirus subsequently named SARS-CoV-2. (rcjournal.com)
  • Lower Airway Protection in the Preterm Infant on Nasal Respiratory Support. (usherbrooke.ca)
  • It is known that the respiratory NDs are commonly a priority because they directly affect the tissue oxygenation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Isolated Perfused Lung (IPL) method for ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is an invaluable method for characterizing thenon-respiratory capabilities of pulmonary tissues such as pulmonary metabolic activity as well as the activities of variouscomponents (pulmonary alveolar macrophage, alveolar tissue, endothelial tissue, etc.) in response to inhaled/airborneparticulates or therapies (drug testing, toxicology testing, etc. (harvardapparatus.com)
  • The number of respiratory cycles per minute is the respiratory rate, and it is one of the four main vital signs of life. (scopeheal.com)
  • Demonstrate skills in aseptic handwashing techniques, acquiring blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rates and appropriate body mechanics. (sinclair.edu)
  • Opioid effects were determined by pupillometry, respiratory rate, and Visual Analog Scale scores. (duke.edu)
  • The data indicate that the type of delivery seems to influence abdominal mobility and respiratory rate. (bvsalud.org)
  • Demonstrate effective skills in physical assessment including auscultation, tactile fremitus and obtaining respiratory vitals. (sinclair.edu)
  • However, there is insufficient information about its effects on respiratory mechanics, particularly in the presence of constrictor stimuli. (silverchair.com)
  • [4,5] Although sevoflurane has been reported to attenuate bronchoconstriction associated with anaphylaxis in a canine model, [6] there is insufficient information about its effects on lung mechanics in the presence of constrictor agonists. (silverchair.com)
  • Acute respiratory effects of smoke exposure in wildland firefighters. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians must provide patients and caregivers with comprehensive and clear education regarding treating and preventing the respiratory illness. (ceufast.com)
  • Non-invasive measure of respiratory mechanics and conventional respiratory parameters in conscious large animals by high frequency Airwave Oscillometry. (thorasys.com)