Respiratory function tests. Medical search

Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.

Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.

The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.

Blood tests used to evaluate the functioning of the thyroid gland.

Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.

The airflow rate measured during the first liter expired after the first 200 ml have been exhausted during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination. Common abbreviations are MEFR, FEF 200-1200, and FEF 0.2-1.2.

Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.

Physiological processes and properties of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Measurement of rate of airflow over the middle half of a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination (from the 25 percent level to the 75 percent level). Common abbreviations are MMFR and FEF 25%-75%.

The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell.

The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.

Tests based on the biochemistry and physiology of the exocrine pancreas and involving analysis of blood, duodenal contents, feces, or urine for products of pancreatic secretion.

The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the RESIDUAL VOLUME and the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is FRC.

Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).

A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.

The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).

A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.

Mechanical devices used to produce or assist pulmonary ventilation.

A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.

The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.

A new model rat with acute bronchiolitis and its application to research on the toxicology of inhaled particulate matter. (1/4931)

The aim of the present study was to establish a useful animal model that simulates humans sensitive to inhaled particulate matter (PM). We have developed a new rat model of acute bronchiolitis (Br) by exposing animals to NiCl2 (Ni) aerosols for five days. Three days following the Ni exposure, the animals developed signs of tachypnea, mucous hypersecretion, and bronchiolar inflammation which seemed to progress quickly during the fourth to fifth day. They recovered from lesions after four weeks in clean air. To assess the sensitivity of the Br rats to inhaled particles, two kinds of PM of respirable size were tested with doses similar to or a little higher to the recommended threshold limit values (TLVs) for the working environment in Japan. Titanium dioxide (TiO2 = Ti) was chosen as an inert and insoluble particles and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5 = V), as a representative soluble and toxic airborne material. The Br rats exposed to either Ti or V were compared the pathological changes in the lungs and the clearance of particles to those in normal control or Br rats kept in clean air. The following significant differences were observed in Br rats: 1. delayed recovery from pre-existing lesions or exacerbated inflammation, 2. reductions in deposition and clearance rate of inhaled particles with the progress of lesions. The present results suggest that Br rats are more susceptible to inhaled particles than control rats. Therefore, concentrations of particulate matter lower than the TLVs for Japan, which have no harmful effects on normal lungs, may not always be safe in the case of pre-existing lung inflammation. (+info)

Cytokines and inflammatory mediators do not indicate acute infection in cystic fibrosis. (2/4931)

Various treatment regimens and difficulties with research design are encountered with cystic fibrosis (CF) because no standard diagnostic criteria exist for defining acute respiratory exacerbations. This study evaluated the role of serial monitoring of concentrations of selected cytokines and inflammatory mediators in serum and sputum as predictors of respiratory exacerbation, as useful outcome measures for CF, and to guide therapy. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), neutrophil elastase-alpha-1-protease inhibitor complex (NE complex), protein, and alpha-1-protease inhibitor (alpha-1-PI) were measured in serum and sputum collected from CF patients during respiratory exacerbations and periods of well-being. Levels of NE complex, protein, and alpha-1-PI in sputum rose during respiratory exacerbations and fell after institution of antibiotic therapy (P = 0.078, 0.001, and 0.002, respectively). Mean (+/- standard error of the mean) levels of IL-8 and TNF-alpha were extremely high in sputum (13,780 +/- 916 and 249.4 +/- 23.5 ng/liter, respectively) but did not change significantly with clinical deterioration of the patient (P > 0.23). IL-8 and TNF-alpha were generally undetectable in serum, and therefore these measures were unhelpful. Drop in forced expiratory volume in 1 s was the only clinical or laboratory parameter that was close to being a determinant of respiratory exacerbation (P = 0.055). This study provides evidence of intense immunological activity occurring continually within the lungs of adult CF patients. Measurement of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in CF sputum is not helpful for identifying acute respiratory exacerbations. (+info)

Effects of acute prolonged exposure to high-altitude hypoxia on exercise-induced breathlessness. (3/4931)

The direct effects of hypoxia on exercise-induced breathlessness are unclear. Increased breathlessness on exercise is known to occur at high altitude, but it is not known whether this is related to the hypoxia per se, or to other ventilatory parameters. To examine the role of high-altitude hypoxia in exercise-induced breathlessness, studies were performed in 10 healthy, normal subjects at sea level and after acute exposure to an altitude of 4450 m. Although the perception of hand weights did not alter between sea level and high altitude, the intensity of exercise-induced breathlessness increased significantly at high altitude. This was associated with a higher minute ventilation and respiratory frequency for any given exercise level, whereas tidal volume was not significantly altered from sea level values. The increased intensity of breathlessness with exercise did not change significantly over the 5 days at high altitude. These results suggest that the increased intensity of exercise-induced breathlessness at high altitude is not related to peripheral mechanisms or the pattern of ventilation, or to the level of hypoxia per se, but to the level of reflexly increased ventilation. (+info)

Effect of thoracotomy and lung resection on exercise capacity in patients with lung cancer. (4/4931)

BACKGROUND: Resection is the treatment of choice for lung cancer, but may cause impaired cardiopulmonary function with an adverse effect on quality of life. Few studies have considered the effects of thoracotomy alone on lung function, and whether the operation itself can impair subsequent exercise capacity. METHODS: Patients being considered for lung resection (n = 106) underwent full static and dynamic pulmonary function testing which was repeated 3-6 months after surgery (n = 53). RESULTS: Thoracotomy alone (n = 13) produced a reduction in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1; mean (SE) 2.10 (0.16) versus 1.87 (0.15) l; p<0.05). Wedge resection (n = 13) produced a non-significant reduction in total lung capacity (TLC) only. Lobectomy (n = 14) reduced forced vital capacity (FVC), TLC, and carbon monoxide transfer factor but exercise capacity was unchanged. Only pneumonectomy (n = 13) reduced exercise capacity by 28% (PVO2 23.9 (1.5) versus 17.2 (1.7) ml/min/kg; difference (95% CI) 6.72 (3.15 to 10.28); p<0.01) and three patients changed from a cardiac limitation to exercise before pneumonectomy to pulmonary limitation afterwards. CONCLUSIONS: Neither thoracotomy alone nor limited lung resection has a significant effect on exercise capacity. Only pneumonectomy is associated with impaired exercise performance, and then perhaps not as much as might be expected. (+info)

Pseudo-steroid resistant asthma. (5/4931)

BACKGROUND: Steroid resistant asthma (SRA) represents a small subgroup of those patients who have asthma and who are difficult to manage. Two patients with apparent SRA are described, and 12 additional cases who were admitted to the same hospital are reviewed. METHODS: The subjects were selected from a tertiary hospital setting by review of all asthma patients admitted over a two year period. Subjects were defined as those who failed to respond to high doses of bronchodilators and oral glucocorticosteroids, as judged by subjective assessment, audible wheeze on examination, and serial peak flow measurements. RESULTS: In 11 of the 14 patients identified there was little to substantiate the diagnosis of severe or steroid resistant asthma apart from symptoms and upper respiratory wheeze. Useful tests to differentiate this group of patients from those with severe asthma appear to be: the inability to perform reproducible forced expiratory manoeuvres, normal airway resistance, and a concentration of histamine causing a 20% fall in the forced expiratory volume (FEV1) being within the range for normal subjects (PC20). Of the 14 subjects, four were health care staff and two reported childhood sexual abuse. CONCLUSION: Such patients are important to identify as they require supportive treatment which should not consist of high doses of glucocorticosteroids and beta2 adrenergic agonists. Diagnoses other than asthma, such as gastro-oesophageal reflux, hyperventilation, vocal cord dysfunction and sleep apnoea, should be sought as these may be a cause of glucocorticosteroid treatment failure and pseudo-SRA, and may respond to alternative treatment. (+info)

Influence of family factors on the incidence of lower respiratory illness during the first year of life. (6/4931)

In a study of a cohort of over 2000 children born between 1963 and 1965, the incidence of bronchitis and pneumonia during their first year of life was found to be associated with several family factors. The most important determinant of respiratory illness in these infants was an attack of bronchitis or pneumonia in a sibling. The age of these siblings, and their number, also contributed to this incidence. Parental respiratory symptoms, including persistent cough and phlegm, and asthma or wheezing, as well as parental smoking habits, had lesser but nevertheless important effects. Parental smoking, however, stands out from all other factors as the one most amenable to change in seeking to prevent bronchitis and pneumonia in infants. (+info)

Urinary cotinine and exposure to parental smoking in a population of children with asthma. (7/4931)

BACKGROUND: Studies of the effects of tobacco smoke often rely on reported exposure to cigarette smoke, a measure that is subject to bias. We describe here the relationship between parental smoking exposure as assessed by urinary cotinine excretion and lung function in children with asthma. METHODS: We studied 90 children 4-14 years of age, who reported a confirmed diagnosis or symptoms of asthma. In each child, we assessed baseline pulmonary function (spirometry) and bronchial responsiveness to carbachol stimulation. Urinary cotinine was measured by HPLC with ultraviolet detection. RESULTS: Urinary cotinine concentrations in the children were significantly correlated (P <0.001) with the number of cigarettes the parents, especially the mothers, smoked. Bronchial responsiveness to carbachol (but not spirometry test results) was correlated (P <0.03) with urinary cotinine in the children. CONCLUSION: Passive smoke exposure increases the bronchial responsiveness to carbachol in asthmatic children. (+info)

Fragile lung in the Marfan syndrome. (8/4931)

Two cases of the Marfan syndrome presented with spontaneous pneumothorax. Both had chest radiographs showing bilateral bullae in the upper lung zones and pulmonary function tests consistent with mild emphysema. There were dereases in forced expiratory flow rates at low lung volumes, carbon monoxide transfer factor, and lung elastic recoil. It is suggested that pneumothorax and bullous emphysema in this syndrome are caused by a weakness in the pulmonary connective tissue framework. (+info)

Respiratory Function Tests (RFTs) are a group of medical tests that measure how well your lungs take in and exhale air, and how well they transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of your blood. They can help diagnose certain lung disorders, measure the severity of lung disease, and monitor response to treatment.

RFTs include several types of tests, such as:

1. Spirometry: This test measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases.
2. Lung volume testing: This test measures the total amount of air in your lungs. It can help diagnose restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis.
3. Diffusion capacity testing: This test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your bloodstream. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and other lung diseases that affect the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood.
4. Bronchoprovocation testing: This test involves inhaling a substance that can cause your airways to narrow, such as methacholine or histamine. It's often used to diagnose and monitor asthma.
5. Exercise stress testing: This test measures how well your lungs and heart work together during exercise. It's often used to diagnose lung or heart disease.

Overall, Respiratory Function Tests are an important tool for diagnosing and managing a wide range of lung conditions.

Liver function tests (LFTs) are a group of blood tests that are used to assess the functioning and health of the liver. These tests measure the levels of various enzymes, proteins, and waste products that are produced or metabolized by the liver. Some common LFTs include:

1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found primarily in the liver, ALT is released into the bloodstream in response to liver cell damage. Elevated levels of ALT may indicate liver injury or disease.
2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): Another enzyme found in various tissues, including the liver, heart, and muscles. Like ALT, AST is released into the bloodstream following tissue damage. High AST levels can be a sign of liver damage or other medical conditions.
3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): An enzyme found in several organs, including the liver, bile ducts, and bones. Elevated ALP levels may indicate a blockage in the bile ducts, liver disease, or bone disorders.
4. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): An enzyme found mainly in the liver, pancreas, and biliary system. Increased GGT levels can suggest liver disease, alcohol consumption, or the use of certain medications.
5. Bilirubin: A yellowish pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile. High bilirubin levels can indicate liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or certain types of anemia.
6. Albumin: A protein produced by the liver that helps maintain fluid balance in the body and transports various substances in the blood. Low albumin levels may suggest liver damage, malnutrition, or kidney disease.
7. Total protein: A measure of all proteins present in the blood, including albumin and other types of proteins produced by the liver. Decreased total protein levels can indicate liver dysfunction or other medical conditions.

These tests are often ordered together as part of a routine health checkup or when evaluating symptoms related to liver function or disease. The results should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings, medical history, and other diagnostic tests.

Vital capacity (VC) is a term used in pulmonary function tests to describe the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath. It is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. In other words, it's the total amount of air you can forcibly exhale after inhaling as deeply as possible. Vital capacity is an important measurement in assessing lung function and can be reduced in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory disorders.

Medical Definition of Respiration:

Respiration, in physiology, is the process by which an organism takes in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide. It's also known as breathing. This process is essential for most forms of life because it provides the necessary oxygen for cellular respiration, where the cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and releases waste products, primarily carbon dioxide.

In humans and other mammals, respiration is a two-stage process:

1. Breathing (or external respiration): This involves the exchange of gases with the environment. Air enters the lungs through the mouth or nose, then passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, finally reaching the alveoli where the actual gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

2. Cellular respiration (or internal respiration): This is the process by which cells convert glucose and other nutrients into ATP, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen. The carbon dioxide produced during this process then diffuses out of the cells and into the bloodstream to be exhaled during breathing.

In summary, respiration is a vital physiological function that enables organisms to obtain the necessary oxygen for cellular metabolism while eliminating waste products like carbon dioxide.

Respiratory disorders are a group of conditions that affect the respiratory system, including the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. These disorders can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally and may cause symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

There are many different types of respiratory disorders, including:

1. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disease that causes the airways to become narrow and swollen, leading to difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A group of lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that make it hard to breathe.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
4. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
5. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
6. Sleep apnea: A disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep.
7. Interstitial lung disease: A group of disorders that cause scarring of the lung tissue, leading to difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A type of interstitial lung disease that causes scarring of the lung tissue and makes it hard to breathe.
9. Pleural effusion: An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and chest wall.
10. Lung transplantation: A surgical procedure to replace a diseased or failing lung with a healthy one from a donor.

Respiratory disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, exposure to environmental pollutants, smoking, and infections. Treatment for respiratory disorders may include medications, oxygen therapy, breathing exercises, and lifestyle changes. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the disorder.

Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are a group of blood tests that assess the functioning of the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body.

TFTs typically include the following tests:

1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test: This test measures the level of TSH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones. High levels of TSH may indicate an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), while low levels may indicate an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).
2. Thyroxine (T4) test: This test measures the level of T4, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T4 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
3. Triiodothyronine (T3) test: This test measures the level of T3, another hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T3 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
4. Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) test: This test measures the level of TPOAb, an antibody that attacks the thyroid gland and can cause hypothyroidism.
5. Thyroglobulin (Tg) test: This test measures the level of Tg, a protein produced by the thyroid gland. It is used to monitor the treatment of thyroid cancer.

These tests help diagnose and manage various thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) is a medical term used to describe the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second. It is often measured during pulmonary function testing to assess lung function and diagnose conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

FEV is typically expressed as a percentage of the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which is the total volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath in. The ratio of FEV to FVC is used to determine whether there is obstruction in the airways, with a lower ratio indicating more severe obstruction.

There are different types of FEV measurements, including FEV1 (the volume of air exhaled in one second), FEV25-75 (the average volume of air exhaled during the middle 50% of the FVC maneuver), and FEV0.5 (the volume of air exhaled in half a second). These measurements can provide additional information about lung function and help guide treatment decisions.

Maximal Expiratory Flow Rate (MEFR) is a measure of how quickly a person can exhale air from their lungs. It is often used in pulmonary function testing to assess the degree of airflow obstruction in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

The MEFR is typically measured by having the person take a deep breath and then exhale as forcefully and quickly as possible into a device that measures the volume and flow of air. The MEFR is calculated as the maximum flow rate achieved during the exhalation maneuver, usually expressed in liters per second (L/s) or seconds (L/sec).

MEFR can be measured at different lung volumes, such as at functional residual capacity (FRC) or at total lung capacity (TLC), to provide additional information about the severity and location of airflow obstruction. However, MEFR is not as commonly used in clinical practice as other measures of pulmonary function, such as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) or forced vital capacity (FVC).

Spirometry is a common type of pulmonary function test (PFT) that measures how well your lungs work. This is done by measuring how much air you can exhale from your lungs after taking a deep breath, and how quickly you can exhale it. The results are compared to normal values for your age, height, sex, and ethnicity.

Spirometry is used to diagnose and monitor certain lung conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory diseases that cause narrowing of the airways. It can also be used to assess the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions. The test is non-invasive, safe, and easy to perform.

Respiratory physiological phenomena refer to the various mechanical, chemical, and biological processes and functions that occur in the respiratory system during breathing and gas exchange. These phenomena include:

1. Ventilation: The movement of air into and out of the lungs, which is achieved through the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
2. Gas Exchange: The diffusion of oxygen (O2) from the alveoli into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream into the alveoli.
3. Respiratory Mechanics: The physical properties and forces that affect the movement of air in and out of the lungs, such as lung compliance, airway resistance, and chest wall elasticity.
4. Control of Breathing: The regulation of ventilation by the central nervous system through the integration of sensory information from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the respiratory system.
5. Acid-Base Balance: The maintenance of a stable pH level in the blood through the regulation of CO2 elimination and bicarbonate balance by the respiratory and renal systems.
6. Oxygen Transport: The binding of O2 to hemoglobin in the red blood cells and its delivery to the tissues for metabolic processes.
7. Defense Mechanisms: The various protective mechanisms that prevent the entry and colonization of pathogens and foreign particles into the respiratory system, such as mucociliary clearance, cough reflex, and immune responses.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

The Maximal Mid-Expiratory Flow Rate (MMEFR), also known as Maximum Expiratory Flow at 50% of the FVC (FEF50%), is a measure of pulmonary function that reflects the rate of airflow during the middle portion of a forced expiratory maneuver. It is calculated as the maximum flow rate achieved during the expiration of air from the lungs, starting at 50% of the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and ending at the residual volume.

MMEFR is expressed in liters per second (L/s) or seconds (s). A decreased MMEFR may indicate obstruction in the smaller airways, such as bronchitis or asthma, while a normal value suggests that the small airways are functioning properly. However, it's important to note that MMEFR is just one of several measures used to assess pulmonary function and should be interpreted in conjunction with other test results and clinical findings.

Cell respiration is the process by which cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The three main stages of cell respiration are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and the electron transport chain.

During glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and reducing power in the form of NADH.

The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria and involves the breakdown of acetyl-CoA (formed from pyruvate) to produce more ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

Finally, the electron transport chain, also located in the mitochondria, uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. The flow of protons back across the membrane drives the synthesis of ATP, which is used as a source of energy by the cell.

Cell respiration is a crucial process that allows cells to generate the energy they need to perform various functions and maintain homeostasis.

Respiratory mechanics refers to the biomechanical properties and processes that involve the movement of air through the respiratory system during breathing. It encompasses the mechanical behavior of the lungs, chest wall, and the muscles of respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Respiratory mechanics includes several key components:

1. **Compliance**: The ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand and recoil during breathing. High compliance means that the structures can easily expand and recoil, while low compliance indicates greater resistance to expansion and recoil.
2. **Resistance**: The opposition to airflow within the respiratory system, primarily due to the friction between the air and the airway walls. Airway resistance is influenced by factors such as airway diameter, length, and the viscosity of the air.
3. **Lung volumes and capacities**: These are the amounts of air present in the lungs during different phases of the breathing cycle. They include tidal volume (the amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing), inspiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume), expiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume), and residual volume (the air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum exhalation).
4. **Work of breathing**: The energy required to overcome the resistance and elastic forces during breathing. This work is primarily performed by the respiratory muscles, which contract to generate negative intrathoracic pressure and expand the chest wall, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
5. **Pressure-volume relationships**: These describe how changes in lung volume are associated with changes in pressure within the respiratory system. Important pressure components include alveolar pressure (the pressure inside the alveoli), pleural pressure (the pressure between the lungs and the chest wall), and transpulmonary pressure (the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures).

Understanding respiratory mechanics is crucial for diagnosing and managing various respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

Pancreatic function tests are a group of medical tests that are used to assess the functionality and health of the pancreas. The pancreas is a vital organ located in the abdomen, which has two main functions: an exocrine function, where it releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine to help break down food; and an endocrine function, where it produces hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.

Pancreatic function tests typically involve measuring the levels of digestive enzymes in the blood or stool, or assessing the body's ability to digest and absorb certain nutrients. Some common pancreatic function tests include:

1. Serum amylase and lipase tests: These tests measure the levels of digestive enzymes called amylase and lipase in the blood. Elevated levels of these enzymes may indicate pancreatitis or other conditions affecting the pancreas.
2. Fecal elastase test: This test measures the level of elastase, an enzyme produced by the pancreas, in a stool sample. Low levels of elastase may indicate exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a condition where the pancreas is not producing enough digestive enzymes.
3. Secretin stimulation test: This test involves administering a medication called secretin, which stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes. The levels of these enzymes are then measured in the blood or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).
4. Fat absorption tests: These tests involve measuring the amount of fat that is absorbed from a meal. High levels of fat in the stool may indicate EPI.
5. Glucose tolerance test: This test involves measuring blood sugar levels after consuming a sugary drink. Low levels of insulin or high levels of glucose may indicate diabetes or other endocrine disorders affecting the pancreas.

Overall, pancreatic function tests are important tools for diagnosing and monitoring conditions that affect the pancreas, such as pancreatitis, EPI, and diabetes.

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after normal expiration during quiet breathing. It represents the sum of the residual volume (RV) and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). The FRC is approximately 2.5-3.5 liters in a healthy adult. This volume of air serves to keep the alveoli open and maintain oxygenation during periods of quiet breathing, as well as providing a reservoir for additional ventilation during increased activity or exercise.

Artificial respiration is an emergency procedure that can be used to provide oxygen to a person who is not breathing or is breathing inadequately. It involves manually forcing air into the lungs, either by compressing the chest or using a device to deliver breaths. The goal of artificial respiration is to maintain adequate oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs until the person can breathe on their own or until advanced medical care arrives. Artificial respiration may be used in conjunction with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in cases of cardiac arrest.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult (RDSa or ARDS), also known as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, is a severe form of acute lung injury characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs. This results in increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, pulmonary edema, and hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood). The inflammation can be triggered by various direct or indirect insults to the lung, such as sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, or aspiration.

The hallmark of ARDS is the development of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray, which can resemble pulmonary edema, but without evidence of increased left atrial pressure. The condition can progress rapidly and may require mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to maintain adequate oxygenation and prevent further lung injury.

The management of ARDS is primarily supportive, focusing on protecting the lungs from further injury, optimizing oxygenation, and providing adequate nutrition and treatment for any underlying conditions. The use of low tidal volumes and limiting plateau pressures during mechanical ventilation have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with ARDS.

Inflammation mediators are substances that are released by the body in response to injury or infection, which contribute to the inflammatory response. These mediators include various chemical factors such as cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and histamine, among others. They play a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory process by attracting immune cells to the site of injury or infection, increasing blood flow to the area, and promoting the repair and healing of damaged tissues. However, an overactive or chronic inflammatory response can also contribute to the development of various diseases and conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), Newborn is a common lung disorder in premature infants. It occurs when the lungs lack a substance called surfactant, which helps keep the tiny air sacs in the lungs open. This results in difficulty breathing and oxygenation, causing symptoms such as rapid, shallow breathing, grunting noises, flaring of the nostrils, and retractions (the skin between the ribs pulls in with each breath). RDS is more common in infants born before 34 weeks of gestation and is treated with surfactant replacement therapy, oxygen support, and mechanical ventilation if necessary. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia or even death.

Mechanical Ventilators are medical devices that assist with breathing by providing mechanical ventilation to patients who are unable to breathe sufficiently on their own. These machines deliver breaths to the patient through an endotracheal tube or a tracheostomy tube, which is placed in the windpipe (trachea). Mechanical Ventilators can be set to deliver breaths at specific rates and volumes, and they can also be adjusted to provide varying levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to help keep the alveoli open and improve oxygenation.

Mechanical ventilation is typically used in critical care settings such as intensive care units (ICUs), and it may be employed for a variety of reasons, including respiratory failure, sedation, neuromuscular disorders, or surgery. Prolonged use of mechanical ventilation can lead to complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia, muscle weakness, and decreased cardiac function, so the goal is usually to wean patients off the ventilator as soon as possible.

Positive-pressure respiration is a type of mechanical ventilation where positive pressure is applied to the airway and lungs, causing them to expand and inflate. This can be used to support or replace spontaneous breathing in patients who are unable to breathe effectively on their own due to conditions such as respiratory failure, neuromuscular disorders, or sedation for surgery.

During positive-pressure ventilation, a mechanical ventilator delivers breaths to the patient through an endotracheal tube or a tracheostomy tube. The ventilator is set to deliver a specific volume or pressure of air with each breath, and the patient's breathing is synchronized with the ventilator to ensure proper delivery of the breaths.

Positive-pressure ventilation can help improve oxygenation and remove carbon dioxide from the lungs, but it can also have potential complications such as barotrauma (injury to lung tissue due to excessive pressure), volutrauma (injury due to overdistention of the lungs), hemodynamic compromise (decreased blood pressure and cardiac output), and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Therefore, careful monitoring and adjustment of ventilator settings are essential to minimize these risks and provide safe and effective respiratory support.

A diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. It plays a vital role in the process of breathing as it contracts and flattens to draw air into the lungs (inhalation) and relaxes and returns to its domed shape to expel air out of the lungs (exhalation).

In addition, a diaphragm is also a type of barrier method of birth control. It is a flexible dome-shaped device made of silicone that fits over the cervix inside the vagina. When used correctly and consistently, it prevents sperm from entering the uterus and fertilizing an egg, thereby preventing pregnancy.

Ruppel, G. L. (2009). Manual of Pulmonary Function Testing. ISBN 978-0-323-05212-2 "2017 ERS/ATS standards for single-breath ... carbon monoxide uptake in the lung" (PDF). European Respiratory Journal. Nguyen, Lam-Phuong; Harper, Richart W.; Louie, Samuel ... Commonly, it refers to the test used to determine this parameter. It was introduced in 1909. This test involves measuring the ... 152 pp 2185-2198 (1995). J.E. Cotes 1993, Lung Function, 5th Edition., Blackwell Scientific Publications, London J.E. Cotes, J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusing_capacity_for_carbon_monoxide

Medicine portal Spirometry Respiratory system Lung volumes Cardiopulmonary physiotherapy Pulmonary function tests URL assessed ... "Interpretive strategies for lung function tests". European Respiratory Journal. 26 (5): 948-68. doi:10.1183/09031936.05. ... December 2014). "Testing Spirometers: Are the Standard Curves of the American Thoracic Society Sufficient?". Respiratory Care. ... Cooper, Brendan G (September 2007). "Reference values in lung function testing: All for one and one for all?". Int J Chron ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirometer

2005). "Interpretative strategies for lung function tests". European Respiratory Journal. 26 (5): 948-968. doi:10.1183/ ... and pulmonary function testing are collectively in keeping with the diagnosis of IPF or whether the findings are due to another ... Abnormal pulmonary function test results, with evidence of restriction and impaired gas exchange. Some of these features are ... are sometimes used for staging disease and are commonly based on resting pulmonary function test measurements. However, there ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis

"Interpretative strategies for lung function tests". The European Respiratory Journal. 26 (5): 948-68. doi:10.1183/09031936.05. ... "General considerations for lung function testing". European Respiratory Journal. 26 (1): 153-161. doi:10.1183/09031936.05. ... is the most common of the pulmonary function tests (PFTs). It measures lung function, specifically the amount (volume) and/or ... "Chapter 14.1 Pulmonary Function Testing". ACP Medicine. Decker Intellectual Properties. Retrieved 29 April 2011. Nunn AJ, Gregg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirometry

Pulmonary function test demonstrates a decrease in the forced vital capacity. Due to the chronic nature of this disease, the ... In normal respiratory function, the air flows in through the upper airway, down through the bronchi and into the lung ... PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS A Workshop on Simple Spirometry & Flow Volume Loops. Archived 2010-03-31 at the Wayback Machine Dr. S ... The extrinsic causes result in lung restriction, impaired ventilatory function, and even respiratory failure due to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_lung_disease

... and lung function tests, to identify the severity of lung disease. Adjustments for race are commonly used in several medical ... oncology and respiratory medicine. Examples include the eGFR to assess kidney function, the STONE score for the prediction of ... and lung function tests, to identify the severity of lung disease. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a measure ... Health Disparities and pulmonary function testing". In Gerald, Lynn B.; Berry, Cristine E. (eds.). Health Disparities in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_adjustment

2010) Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5e. ISBN 978-1-4160-4710-0. Ruppel, G. L. (2008) Manual of Pulmonary Function Testing. ... It is part of a comprehensive series of pulmonary function tests to determine the overall ability of the lung to transport gas ... Koopman M, Zanen P, Kruitwagen CL, van der Ent CK, Arets HG (2011). "Reference values for paediatric pulmonary function testing ... The single-breath diffusing capacity test is the most common way to determine D L {\displaystyle D_{L}} . The test is performed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusing_capacity

Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy. 51 (4): 99-101. PMC 4631137. PMID 26566381. "Pulmonary Function Tests". UCSD. ... Hutchinson, John (January 1846). "On the Capacity of the Lungs, and on the Respiratory Functions, with a View of Establishing a ... Hedenström, H; Malmberg, P; Agarwal, K (November 1985). "Reference values for lung function tests in females. Regression ... Ventilatory Capacity Tests in Adults". Acta Medica Scandinavica. 173 (2): 193-198. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1963.tb16521.x. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_capacity

Noninvasive assessment of respiratory function in children. ERS 2010 (Respiratory system imaging, Medical tests). ... Further analysis uses spectral analysis techniques to monitor trends and changes in respiratory function and alterations in ... and processed to form a 3D model and can be interrogated to assess lung function. The system has been tested on over 70 adults ... A Zero-Contact Non-Invasive Method for Pulmonary Function Testing Richard Iles, Rich Wareham, Jonathan Cameron, Juliet Usher- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_light_plethysmography

The respiratory therapist typically decides which method is best for each patient. Pulmonary Function Testing Respiratory ... v t e (Respiratory therapy, Pulmonology, All stub articles, Respiratory system stubs). ... Hyperinflation therapy (HIT) is a very common therapy performed on patients who have some sort of respiratory distress. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_therapy

ISBN 978-1-4160-4710-0. Morris A, Kanner R, Crapo R, Gardner R (1984). Clinical Pulmonary Function Testing. A manual of uniform ... A decreased respiratory drive can also be the result of metabolic alkalosis, a state of decreased carbon dioxide in the blood ... Muscle weakness, which may limit the ability of the diaphragm, the primary muscle for drawing new air into lungs, to function. ... As well as these respiratory causes, cardiovascular causes such as shunts may also result in hypoxemia. Hypoxemia is caused by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxemia

Chest X-ray, CT scan of the chest, Pulmonary function tests. Ryu, JH; Myers, JL; Swensen, SJ (2003-12-01). "Bronchiolar ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Respiratory diseases, All stub articles, ... term used to describe complications due to inhaled mineral dust causing fibrosis and narrowing of primarily the respiratory ... disorders". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 168 (11): 1277-92. doi:10.1164/rccm.200301-053SO. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_dust_airway_disease

Kenéz, J (Nov 1975). "A.F. Cournand, pioneer in respiratory function testing". Orvosi Hetilap. 116 (46): 2725-7. PMID 1105289. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Frédéric_Cournand

Tests are done both inpatient and outpatient and in specialty clinics such as asthma clinics and sleep centers. Respiratory ... A pulmonary function technician assists a Registered Pulmonary Function Technician with performing function tests on patients. ... is a medical technician who is at least a Certified Respiratory Therapist and at most a Registered Respiratory Therapist that ... therapy "Certified Pulmonary Function Technologist (CPFT)". National Board of Respiratory Care. v t e (Articles needing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_pulmonary_function_technician

And bronchoconstriction in response to the ingestion was confirmed in the three patients evaluated by pulmonary function tests ... skin patch tests, blood tests, challenge tests, and challenge/elimination tests as conducted for determining the allergen ... tested the effects of alcoholic beverage consumption on the respiratory symptoms of 11 asthmatic subjects who gave a history of ... Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions, also termed alcohol-induced asthma and alcohol-induced respiratory symptoms, are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-induced_respiratory_reactions

... scanning can be useful to detect fluid such as pleural effusion Pulmonary function test Ventilation-perfusion scan Respiratory ... Respiratory diseases may be investigated by performing one or more of the following tests: Biopsy of the lung or pleura Blood ... Obstructive lung diseases are often identified because of symptoms and diagnosed with pulmonary function tests such as ... The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology. A physician who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_disease

Many of the pulmonary function tests still used are based on this work. Comroe investigated topics including reflex control of ... Under his direction, it focused on the field of respiratory physiology. Between 1946 and 1957, Comroe continued to study ... Comroe, Julius H. (1955). The Lung : clinical physiology and pulmonary function tests (1st ed.). Chicago: Year Book Publishers ... From 1957 to 1973 he continued his research into cardiac and pulmonary function. At the same time, he developed a highly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_H._Comroe_Jr.

... performance deficits on tests of cognitive function. At higher exposures there may be kidney effects, respiratory failure and ... Such deficiency might impact neuronal functions as well as behaviour disorders and learning disabilities for children. Other ... and neonatal neurologic function" (PDF). J. Pediatr. 136 (5): 599-605. doi:10.1067/mpd.2000.102774. PMID 10802490. S2CID ... including registration of chemicals that meet health and safety tests. Until recently, several mercury compounds were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_regulation_in_the_United_States

They also reported respiratory complaints like sore throats, coughing and breathing difficulty. However, tests on lung function ... In the long term, they showed irregularities in their liver function using tests that monitor enzyme levels. However, these ... people can be more susceptible to HCCPD exposure because of their already compromised organ function. Because respiratory ... It was however tested on animals and is postulated to have effects on brain and adrenal glands. In the brain, HCCPD or a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

In late pregnancy liver function decreases significantly, which can be easily monitored by blood tests. Early clinical ... Pulmonary haemorrhage, pleural effusions, atelectasis, and intrapulmonary shunts also contribute to respiratory difficulty. ... Initial laboratory analysis Prothrombin time/INR Complete blood count Chemistries Liver function test: AST, ALT, alkaline ... It may vary from subtle deficit in higher brain function (e.g. mood, concentration in grade I) to deep coma (grade IV). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_liver_failure

Significant respiratory impairment can be demonstrated in these people by pulmonary function testing. In certain people - such ... Side effects Temporary paresis (impairment of the function) of the thoracic diaphragm occurs in virtually all people who have ... This nerve supplies motor function to the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles and one of its branches supplies ... which can result in respiratory failure. Because of the close proximity of the lung to the brachial plexus at the level of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexus_block

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are recommended every 2-3 years, or yearly in those with respiratory involvement. Although the ... Genetic testing can involve single-gene testing or genomic testing. Auxiliary testing can include the following: CAT scan Serum ... Musculoskeletal function can be assessed by a physical therapist or orthopedist. Regardless of extent of disease, cardiac and ... respiratory complications should be monitored for. EKG, holter, and echo are recommended yearly, and additional tests can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emery–Dreifuss_muscular_dystrophy

No adverse effects on cardiovascular or respiratory function were seen in clinical trials. No rebound anxiety or withdrawal ... In laboratory tests, 0.9% of patients treated with alpidem showed alterations. ... and psychomotor function at therapeutic doses. However, some impairment of vigilance and psychomotor function has been reported ... It has much less to no impact on cognition, memory, and psychomotor function relative to benzodiazepines. Similarly, no rebound ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpidem

Blood tests are also done to analyze the amount of catecholamines present in the body. Catecholamine tests are done to identify ... "They have been found in 44 plant families, but no essential metabolic function has been established for them. They are ... Increased catecholamines may also cause an increased respiratory rate (tachypnoea) in patients. Catecholamine is secreted into ... "Plasma Free Metanephrines , Lab Tests Online". labtestsonline.org. Retrieved 2019-12-24. "Urine Metanephrines , Lab Tests ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholamine

Pirfenidone also reduced the decline in distances on the 6-minute walk test, but had no effect on respiratory symptoms. The ... Diagnosis may be based on symptoms, medical imaging, lung biopsy, and lung function tests. No cure exists and only limited ... "Tests and diagnosis". Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved ... However, loss of pulmonary function is commonly ascribed to old age, heart disease or to more common lung diseases.[citation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis

Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Respiratory physiology, Pulmonary function testing, ... "Reference Values for Lung Function tests in Females." Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 21, pp. 551-557, 1985. A. Zapletal, T. ... American Review of Respiratory Disease, Volume 123, pp.659-664, 1981. P.H. Quanjer. "Lung Volumes and Forced Ventilatory Flows ... In order to measure RV precisely, one would need to perform a test such as nitrogen washout, helium dilution or body ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_residual_capacity

... as it is only when patients breathe room air that abnormalities in respiratory function can be detected reliably with its use. ... "Accuracy of Smartphone Pulse Oximeters in Patients Visiting an Outpatient Pulmonary Function Lab for a 6-Minute Walk Test". ... Medical tests, Medical testing equipment, Cardiology, Medical monitoring, Japanese inventions, American inventions). ... single value that describes the patient's respiratory statusPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Respiratory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetry

Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Medical tests, Pulmonary function testing, Respiratory ... Nitrogen washout (or Fowler's method) is a test for measuring anatomic dead space in the lung during a respiratory cycle, as ... Both tests use similar tools, both can estimate functional residual capacity and the degree of nonuniformity of gas ... The following describes a single-breath nitrogen test: A subject takes a breath of 100% oxygen and exhales through a one-way ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_washout

Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and five significant abnormalities were observed. Homozygous mutant males had ... Model organisms have been used in the study of PPP5C function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Ppp5ctm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi ... decreased body weight, body length and respiratory quotient. Both sexes had increased T cell numbers and a range of skeletal ... van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism". Genome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP5C

Long-term use can also lead to abnormal liver function tests; specifically, prolonged morphine use can increase ALT and AST ... Morphine produces a dose-dependent depressive effect on the respiratory system, which can lead to profound respiratory ... Overdose can result in severe respiratory depression or collapse and death. The ethanol component can also induce adverse ... are the first-line treatment to reverse respiratory depression caused by an overdose of opium tincture. Gastric lavage may be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudanum

Tests of mechanical function. In: Macklem PT, Mead J, eds. Handbook of Physiology. The Respiratory System. Mechanics of ... Interpretative strategies for lung function tests Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from European Respiratory ... In: Clinical Tests of Respiratory Function. 2nd edn. London, Chapman&Hall, 1996; pp. 194-202 ... Pulmonary function level is also associated with morbidity, and the patients with lower function have more respiratory ...

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/26/5/948?ijkey=6ba4c4dd8dd512c0bf58bcf89d80071945c7907b&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

European Respiratory Society (ERS) series of documents on standardising lung function testing and these are answered below. ... Standardisation of lung function testing: the authors replies to readers comments. M.R. Miller, J. Hankinson, V. Brusasco, F. ... Standardisation of lung function testing: the authors replies to readers comments. M.R. Miller, J. Hankinson, V. Brusasco, F. ... Standardisation of lung function testing: the authors replies to readers comments. M.R. Miller, J. Hankinson, V. Brusasco, F. ...

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/36/6/1496?ijkey=d3494ffac5f3f8e7a6380638a6bbae1d58505cae&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Respiratory function testing in infants and other non-cooperative sunjects. Pediatric Respiratory Medicine. editor / L.M. ... Respiratory function testing in infants and other non-cooperative sunjects. / Sly, Peter; Lanteri, C.J.; Hayden, M.J. et al. ... title = "Respiratory function testing in infants and other non-cooperative sunjects",. author = "Peter Sly and C.J. Lanteri and ... Sly P, Lanteri CJ, Hayden MJ, Morgan W. Respiratory function testing in infants and other non-cooperative sunjects. In Taussig ...

https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/respiratory-function-testing-in-infants-and-other-non-cooperative

Tests of Respiratory Muscle Function - Explore from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional Version. ... abnormal respiratory mechanics, or an inadequate effort. Progressive reduction of tidal volumes during the test is consistent ... The sniff test is sometimes used in suspected cases of diaphragmatic paralysis or paresis. During continuous fluoroscopic ... The maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) is another measure of the neuromuscular and respiratory systems. The MVV is the total ...

https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-jp/professional/pulmonary-disorders/tests-of-pulmonary-function-pft/tests-of-respiratory-muscle-function

Your Name) has sent you a message from European Respiratory Society Message Body (Your Name) thought you would like to see the ... Special tests have been developed recently to detect bronchiolar disease (multi-breath nitrogen washout with slope analysis). ... European Respiratory Society. 442 Glossop Road. Sheffield S10 2PX. United Kingdom. Tel: +44 114 2672860. Email: journals@ersnet ... This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. ...

https://breathe.ersjournals.com/content/6/2/102

Lung Function Tests (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish * Respiratory Pathogens Panel (National Library of Medicine) ... Pulmonary function tests (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Rapid shallow breathing (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in ... Tests for Lung Disease (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute) Also in Spanish ... Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Test (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish ...

https://medlineplus.gov/breathingproblems.html

Treatment is supportive of respiratory function.. Laboratory Tests. Routine laboratory studies include chest radiography and ... What tests can be done if a person has been exposed to sulfur dioxide? Specific tests for the presence of sulfur dioxide in ... Treatment consists of support of respiratory and cardiovascular functions.. Hot Zone. Rescuers should be trained and ... Follow-up evaluation of respiratory function should be arranged for severely exposed patients. Patients who have skin or ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/MMG/MMGDetails.aspx?mmgid=249&toxid=46

Abnormal liver function tests *Diarrhea (non-bloody or bloody) *Multiple ulcerations and hemorrhages of gastric and small- ... Inhalation typically leads to respiratory distress, fever, and cough followed by the development of pulmonary edema, ... hypotension, respiratory failure, and possibly death within 36 to 72 hours. The amount and route of the exposure to ricin or ...

https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/ricin/toxidrome.asp

Respiratory alkalosis is a disturbance in acid and base balance due to alveolar hyperventilation. Alveolar hyperventilation ... Liver function test * Cultures of blood, sputum, urine, and other sites * Thyroid testing ... Respiratory alkalosis can be acute or chronic. In acute respiratory alkalosis, the PaCO2 level is below the lower limit of ... The expected change in pH with respiratory alkalosis can be estimated with the following equations:. * Acute respiratory ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301680-overview

... liver function test; BMI, body mass index; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; BMT, bone marrow transplant; ARDS, acute respiratory ... Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (A.E. Kajon); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/8/10-1760-t1.htm

Pulmonary Function testing measures the lungs to help diagnose and decide the treatment of certain lung disorders. Book an ... FreshAir Respiratory Care Inc. works alongside highly trained specialists in providing comprehensive Pulmonary Function testing ... Fast, Easily Accessible Testing. We provide fast and friendly Pulmonary Function Testing. Enjoy shorter wait times. ... We offer pulmonary function testing through collaborative partnerships, sleep studies, as well as a variety of home oxygen and ...

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Pulmonary Function Testing Part Two. In accordance with new AARC rules, the Recorded Live Credit Courses are only available on ...

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Respiratory Distress Syndrome / immunology* * Respiratory Distress Syndrome / therapy* * Respiratory Function Tests Substances ... Objective: To test the hypothesis that mechanical ventilation induces a pulmonary and systemic cytokine response that can be ... Patients: Forty-four patients (mean [SD] age, 50 [18] years) with acute respiratory distress syndrome were enrolled, 7 of whom ... Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10404912/?dopt=Abstract

Respiratory Function Tests * Respiratory Insufficiency / mortality* * Respiratory Insufficiency / physiopathology * Respiratory ... Methods: We investigated seventy-two consecutive ALS patients who underwent pulmonary function test. Forty-four presented a FVC ... Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease, which rapidly leads to chronic respiratory ... Twenty-eight patients presented a FVC , 75% and showed, at polysomnography analysis, nocturnal respiratory insufficiency, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19284546/?dopt=Abstract

Correlation with pulmonary function tests. Eur J Intern Med 2005;16:105-12. ... Development and validity testing of an IPF-specific version of the St Georges Respiratory Questionnaire ... Development and validity testing of an IPF-specific version of the St Georges Respiratory Questionnaire ... testing agreement between original and revised versions and testing construct validity of the revised SGRQ; and (4) rewording ...

https://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/10/921?ijkey=464e55cea58f37b05a69a12fd47dfda695ddf837&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Respiratory Effects. May decrease pulmonary function tests. Dose-dependent reductions in FEV1 observed as early as 3 months ... Perform spirometric evaluation of respiratory function during siponimod therapy if clinically indicated. ... Test patients for antibodies to varicella zoster virus (VZV); VZV vaccination is recommended in antibody-negative patients. ... Mobitz type II second-degree or third-degree AV block or sick sinus syndrome unless patient has a functioning pacemaker. ...

https://www.drugs.com/monograph/siponimod.html

Respiratory-function-tests; Respiratory-hypersensitivity; Respiratory-infections; Respiratory-irritants; Respiratory-system- ... Lung-function; Lung-irritants; Medical-monitoring; Occupational-respiratory-disease; Police-officers; Pulmonary-disorders; ... Although the majority had a normal decline in lung function, lack of bronchodilator response at examination 1 and weight gain ... and respiratory symptoms and exposure onset were obtained at both examinations (about 3 years apart). RESULTS: At the second ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=emergency+response&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=74&RecNo=733&View=f&

Pulmonary function laboratory, including cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing, mannitol challenge testing and routine PFTs ... You are here Clinical Medicine , Undergraduate , Specialities , Respiratory Welcome to Respiratory Medicine. Welcome to ... Consultant Respiratory Physician + 353 1 410 2339. Professor Joseph Keane. Professor in Respiratory Medicine. St Jamess ... The respiratory department is involved in the training of specialist registrars in respiratory medicine and general internal ...

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Thus, the time points to perform a lung function test after respiratory physiotherapy are still unclear. ... Reference values for lung function tests in men: regression equations with smoking variables. Ups J Med Sci 1986;91(3):299-310. ... Physiotherapy was performed in a sitting position at the same time of day for 2 d, and the lung function test was performed in ... Time Point to Perform Lung Function Tests Evaluating the Effects of an Airway Clearance Therapy Session in Cystic Fibrosis. ...

https://rc.rcjournal.com/content/59/10/1537?ijkey=70be207732d105814b2515972ee92d024876ec61&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Respiratory Function Tests, Respiratory Tract Infections/complications, Risk Factors, Spirometry, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/ ... Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Tract Infections/complications; Risk Factors; Spirometry; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/ ... Respiratory Medicine and Allergy. keywords. Adolescent, Child, Cohort Studies, Female, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Low ... Respiratory Medicine. volume. 139. pages. 7 pages. publisher. Elsevier. external identifiers. *scopus:85046730969 ...

https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/22fb5fc3-2578-4aef-a98c-99112a3ce89c

Respiratory function tests; Respiratory system disorders; Pulmonary function tests; Pulmonary function; Heart; Author Keywords ... RESULTS: We found a significant tendency towards worse results (e.g. higher blood pressure or lower spirometric function) among ... Increasing morbidity was associated with higher age, lower spirometric function, lower predicted VO(2) max, increasing ... firefighters; fitness for duty; morbidity; body mass index; pulmonary function; cardiac/coronary risk predictors ...

http://www2.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=20030047&PageNo=1&RecNo=1&View=f&

Categories: Respiratory Function Tests Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Respiratory+Function+Tests&parentid=8240&catid=22491

Respiratory assessment questionnaire. *Blood pressure screening. *Lung function testing (spirometry). NIOSH directly provides ... Mobile Hearing Tests. Miners are at increased risk for noise-induced hearing loss from the use of high-powered motorized ... Categories 50th Anniversary Blog Series, Hearing Loss, Mining, Respiratory Health. One comment on "Taking it to the Streets… ... Additionally, annual hearing tests are required under the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Mine Safety ...

https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2021/04/08/mobile-screening/

Conclusion: The addition of an inspiratory load has a significant effect on the breathing pattern and respiratory muscle ... The measurements were repeated using two different interfaces (nasal and oral). Chest wall volumes and respiratory muscle ... The measurements were repeated using two different interfaces (nasal and oral). Chest wall volumes and respiratory muscle ... Results: During the application of inspiratory load, significant changes were observed in the respiratory rate (p , 0.04), ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.00993/full

https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/agent/ricin/toxidrome.asp

Providence Seaside Respiratory Therapy provides treatments that make breathing easier for patients. We offer inpatient and ... Our respiratory therapy team provides testing and support to create your individualized care plan. ... Our respiratory therapy team works to understand your breathing condition and find the right treatment for you. ... At Providence Seaside Respiratory Therapy, we provide compassionate care to help you breathe easier. ...

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Pulmonary Function Tests. Symptom improvement with asthma therapy is suggestive, but not diagnostic, of asthma. Symptoms alone ... 19] It was also significantly associated with low respiratory function parameters (FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and MEF 25/75) and increased ... which affects skin testing but not in vitro testing), or if skin testing is relatively contraindicated. However, skin testing ... Laboratory Tests. Skin tests. Skin testing is one of the most useful ways of determining specific allergen sensitivity. Such ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/137501-198450/how-can-patients-with-asthma-avoid-cockroaches

The sources of variation in lung function testing and technical aspects of spirometry, lung volume measurements and D L,CO measurement have been considered in other documents published in this series of Task Force reports 1 - 4 and in the American Thoracic Society (ATS) interpretative strategies document 5 . (ersjournals.com)
Spirometry is a test that evaluates how well your lungs work by measuring how much air you can inhale and exhale, and how quickly you exhale. (cdc.gov)
METHODS: Prebronchodilator and postbronchodilator spirometry, demographics, occupational history, smoking status, and respiratory symptoms and exposure onset were obtained at both examinations (about 3 years apart). (cdc.gov)
There are standard recommendations from the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the American Thoracic Society (ATS) 2 about lung function tests and how spirometry should be performed. (rcjournal.com)
OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and to measure spirometry in a sample of employees of Birmingham International Airport, United Kingdom, to examine whether occupational exposure to aircraft fuel or jet stream exhaust might be associated with respiratory symptoms or abnormalities of lung function. (bmj.com)
2 After an appropriate history has been obtained and a physical examination performed, the recommended diagnostic testing methods include spirometry (preferred), serial peak flow measurements and provocational challenges. (cmaj.ca)
In a spirometry test, while you are sitting, you breathe into a mouthpiece that is connected to an instrument called a spirometer. (ucsfhealth.org)
Pre and post spirometry tests were used to measure the success of each intervention. (wikibooks.org)
Spirometry tests are the most accurate way of assessing asthma severity and consider multiple variables to assess overall lung function. (wikibooks.org)
They are a practical way of monitoring asthma severity but are considered to be less accurate than a spirometry test. (wikibooks.org)
Lung function was measured by spirometry. (who.int)
C. Special clinical procedures and tests A specially trained health technician carried out the following on examined persons in the designated age ranges: (1) Spirometry trials of examined persons ages 6-24 years, were digitized and recorded on magnetic tape. (cdc.gov)

Lung function parameters are used as end points in most clinical and therapeutic trials in cystic fibrosis (CF) and to evaluate the effects of airway clearance techniques. (rcjournal.com)
Studies evaluating airway clearance in cystic fibrosis commonly use changes in lung function parameters (eg, FEV 1 ) as clinical end points. (rcjournal.com)
The inpatient population consists primarily of patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic respiratory failure on mechanical ventilation and patients with neuromuscular diseases hospitalized for an acute respiratory process. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Our Respiratory Therapists participate in all phases of the patient's care using protocols and education to ensure they have the best possible care and understand their disease processes such as COPD, Cystic Fibrosis, and Asthma. (uclahealth.org)
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease of exocrine gland function that involves multiple organ systems but chiefly results in chronic respiratory infections, pancreatic enzyme insufficiency, and associated complications in untreated patients. (medscape.com)

Respiratory alkalosis may impair vitamin D metabolism, which may lead to vitamin D deficiency and cause symptoms such as fibromyalgia. (medscape.com)
Pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in a population of airport workers. (bmj.com)
Upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms were common and 51% had one or more positive skin tests. (bmj.com)
Between group comparisons of respiratory symptoms were restricted to male members of the medium and high exposure groups. (bmj.com)
CONCLUSIONS: These findings support an association in male airport workers, between high occupational exposures to aviation fuel or jet stream exhaust and excess upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms, in keeping with a respiratory irritant. (bmj.com)
Follow the general format of the Endocrine Case Studies from last week: introduce the patient and their symptoms, the test that were conducted and the results of those tests, questions that lead to a diagnosis and treatment, the rationale for the treatment, and a short- and long-term prognosis. (wofford.edu)
The presence of certain key symptoms may suggest the presence of asthma, but can also result from airway inflammation alone, from chronic rather than reversible airflow limitation, or from other respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions. (cmaj.ca)
Moreover, asthma symptoms correlate poorly with abnormalities of lung function 9 and airway inflammation, 10 , 11 and thus in isolation may suggest a less severe form of the disease than is actually present. (cmaj.ca)
Asthma is an inflammatory disease 13 associated with symptoms resulting from abnormalities of airway function, in particular wide, short-term variations in airflow resistance in the intrapulmonary airways. (cmaj.ca)
The chronic inflammation of asthma is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent symptoms, yet lung function may nevertheless remain normal. (cmaj.ca)
[2] Previous studies have shown that swimming can improve lung function and reduce symptoms in asthma sufferers. (wikibooks.org)
[3] The purpose of this study was to determine if swimming could be more beneficial for lung function and asthma symptoms than football or basketball. (wikibooks.org)
[ 1 , 2 ] Respiratory symptoms widely vary from respiratory failure and infantile death to latent phenotype without respiratory symptoms. (medscape.com)
Consecutive adult patients aged 18 and above with chronic respiratory symptoms (lasting more than 8 weeks) and no evidence of active tuberculosis were recruited. (who.int)
Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high burden of abnormal lung function in patients attending clinics due to chronic respiratory symptoms. (who.int)

This section is written to provide guidance in interpreting pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to medical directors of hospital-based laboratories that perform PFTs, and physicians who are responsible for interpreting the results of PFTs most commonly ordered for clinical purposes. (ersjournals.com)
To elucidate the purpose of pulmonary function tests (PFTs). (ersjournals.com)
The aim of this study is to highlight the role of Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) in the diagnosis and follow up of CTD patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, follow up PFTs should be interpreted in the light of the risk factor for respiratory disease related to each disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently, Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) in clinical practice appear to be confined to the follow up of autoimmune patients in which an established lung involvement is known. (biomedcentral.com)
From these, distal airspace radii (rAiDA) were calculated, along with a second index: zero seconds recovery R0.The AiDA method was benchmarked against magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with hyperpolarized gas, with 23 healthy individuals and compared to computed tomography (CT) variables and standard pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in a population-based cohort with 695 subjects. (lu.se)

Chest wall volumes and respiratory muscle activity were assessed with optoelectronic plethysmography and surface electromyography, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
The team is led by 12 Consultant Chest Physicians, with each overseeing general respiratory care of patients and specialising in a different area of respiratory medicine. (sath.nhs.uk)
Dr. Princy Ghera , along with Dr. Esra Caylan who recently joined the team, conduct specialized clinics on neuromuscular and chest wall related respiratory diseases. (utsouthwestern.edu)

Inhalation typically leads to respiratory distress, fever, and cough followed by the development of pulmonary edema, hypotension, respiratory failure, and possibly death within 36 to 72 hours. (cdc.gov)
Forty-four patients (mean [SD] age, 50 [18] years) with acute respiratory distress syndrome were enrolled, 7 of whom were withdrawn due to adverse events. (nih.gov)
A restrictive respiratory pattern can be present in IIMs and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus due to the inflammatory involvement of respiratory muscles, the presence of fatigue or diaphragm distress. (biomedcentral.com)
Children with JS often present in the neonatal period with respiratory distress and recurrent infections, although it has been found in patients with the disease who survive long-term that respiratory problems tend to decrease with age. (medscape.com)
Mechanical ventilation is urgently required in the most severe cases, in which respiratory distress develops immediately after birth. (medscape.com)

In acute respiratory alkalosis, the PaCO 2 level is below the lower limit of normal and the serum pH is alkalemic. (medscape.com)
It may also be useful in children with an acute respiratory illness or following surgery, especially when ventilation is required on an intensive care unit. (gosh.nhs.uk)

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program (CWHSP) studies the causes and effects of respiratory diseases related to coal mine dust exposure and provides vital health information to coal miners through health screenings and surveillance. (cdc.gov)
The department of respiratory medicine was established in 1983, initially for as a nodal center for Tuberculosis and its management, has evolved over the time to manage wide range of respiratory diseases spanning from asthma, COPD, Pneumonias, ILDs, Pleural based diseases and sleep disorders. (manipal.edu)
Three different categories of respiratory diseases were evaluated, namely obstructive, restrictive, and mixed conditions. (unisalento.it)
We have reviewed the literature to provide an overview of the respiratory complications of the commonest rheumatological diseases to occur in children (juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, juvenile dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease, granulomatosis with polyangitis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis). (bmj.com)
Muscular weakness can also cause abnormal test results, even if the lungs are normal, that is similar to the diseases that cause smaller lungs. (ucsfhealth.org)
In western health systems, tertiary care developed for diseases common to those regions, using tests and treatments that were affordable to them. (epw.in)
Introduction: Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are diseases of the airways and lung parenchyma. (who.int)
Although they are leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, chronic respiratory diseases have received relatively little public attention. (who.int)
This study aimed to characterize the common chronic respiratory diseases, along with their lung function and possible determinants in symptomatic patients attending clinics at Bishoftu General Hospital, Ethiopia. (who.int)
Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are diseases of such as age above 50years, being a smoker, being the respiratory airways and lung parenchyma. (who.int)

We have a special interest in caring for patients with severe asthma, respiratory allergy and pulmonary vasculitis. (tcd.ie)
Our team of doctors, clinical nurse specialists and pulmonary physiologists treats a large cohort of patients with the main asthma phenotypes such as allergic asthma, eosinophilic asthma and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. (tcd.ie)
RESULTS: Few factors were consistently associated with altered lung function growth, although low birth weight, asthma heredity (paternal), secondhand smoke in infancy, and season of birth had a significant impact (p-value ≤0.01). (lu.se)
Risk factors for asthma include a family history of allergic disease, the presence of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), viral respiratory illnesses , exposure to aeroallergens , cigarette smoke, obesity , and lower socioeconomic status. (medscape.com)
Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in Canada, affecting about 2.2 million adults and 0.8 million children. (cmaj.ca)
Thus, a conclusive diagnosis of asthma is based on tests designed to detect rapid changes in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) or peak expiratory flow. (cmaj.ca)
Although this review focuses particularly on diagnosis, these tests can also be used to assess asthma control and as an aid in optimizing chronic therapy. (cmaj.ca)
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) requests assistance in preventing asthma, other respiratory disease, and death from diisocyanate exposure. (cdc.gov)
Your assistance will help prevent asthma and other respiratory disease in the 280,000 U.S. workers potentially exposed to diisocyanates. (cdc.gov)
Increasing age, exertional breathlessness, prior diagnosis of asthma, BMI, and clinically diagnosed COPD and asthma were independently associated with obstructed lung function. (who.int)

These values can be used as reference values in respiratory clinics in Sudan. (who.int)
Consultant-led outreach respiratory clinics are provided at Newtown, Telford, Bridgnorth and Whitchurch. (sath.nhs.uk)

Rationale The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) is often applied to assess health-related quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). (bmj.com)
Data were obtained through a questionnaire, pulmonary function testing and taking anthropometric measurements. (who.int)
METHODS: Cross sectional survey by questionnaire and on site measurement of lung function, skin prick tests, and exhaled carbon monoxide concentrations. (bmj.com)

Predictors associated with having persistently low lung function were gestational age, secondhand smoke (at 2 and 8 years of age), and factors related to lower respiratory tract infections in infancy. (lu.se)
Details of the patient's history aid in differentiating a common cold from conditions that require targeted therapy, such as group A streptococcal pharyngitis , bacterial sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infections. (medscape.com)

Respiratory alkalosis is the most common acid-base abnormality observed in patients who are critically ill. (medscape.com)
If the PaCO2 is corrected rapidly in patients with chronic respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis may develop due to the renal compensatory drop in serum bicarbonate. (medscape.com)
75% and nocturnal respiratory insufficiency, treated with NPPV, compared to a well-matched population of ALS patients, who refused or was intolerant to NPPV. (nih.gov)
We investigated seventy-two consecutive ALS patients who underwent pulmonary function test. (nih.gov)
The St George's Respiratory Questionanire (SGRQ) was originally designed and validated for use in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 9 and has been in existence for nearly two decades. (bmj.com)
We care for many of our patients within Tallaght University Hospital, but also manage a 25 bed specialist Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit at Peamount Healthcare in Newcastle Co. Dublin. (tcd.ie)
Specific bacterial or viral testing is also warranted in other selected situations, such as when patients are immunocompromised, during certain outbreaks, or to provide specific therapy to contacts. (medscape.com)
In contrast, airway disease usually has little effect on respiratory function and is rarely the cause of death in these patients. (ersjournals.com)
This service typically has 20-30 patients, and we help advise respiratory management to patients throughout the hospital, including the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, the Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, as well as to the general and other specialty services. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Our clinic is the only clinic in North Texas able to perform nasal nitric oxide testing as a screening tool for the identification of patients with PCD. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Physiotherapy is important for patients requiring mechanical ventilation for preventing or resolving respiratory complications. (gosh.nhs.uk)
Pulmonary function testing in these patients can be used to refine the differential diagnosis and establish disease severity, but also has a role in ongoing monitoring for respiratory complications. (bmj.com)
The priority in managing patients with JS is supporting respiratory function. (medscape.com)
Clinical trials help healthcare providers learn while giving patients the most updated testing, treatment, and procedures. (chkd.org)

Underpinning all of our activity is an excellent Cardio-Respiratory department. (sath.nhs.uk)
Cardio-respiratory physiotherapy aims to help clear lung secretions, prevent or improve areas of lung collapse and reduce the effort of breathing. (gosh.nhs.uk)
The cardio-respiratory team has close links with the Institute of Child Health and University College London, which runs an MSc in Advanced Cardio-respiratory Physiotherapy and undertakes research in the area. (gosh.nhs.uk)
Much of this research is undertaken at Great Ormond Street Hospital, keeping us at the forefront of advancing evidence in cardio-respiratory physiotherapy. (gosh.nhs.uk)
What conditions are commonly seen by the cardio-respiratory physiotherapy team? (gosh.nhs.uk)

Thus, the time points to perform a lung function test after respiratory physiotherapy are still unclear. (rcjournal.com)
In addition, before the operation, the nursing staff will instruct the patient in the knowledge of active respiratory physiotherapy techniques. (cun.es)

The role of respiratory viral infections are emerging in COPD exacerbations. (spandidos-publications.com)
Respiratory viral infections occurring during COPD exacerbations are more likely to lead to hospitalization as a result of viral infections leading to a greater airway inflammation and therefore, more severe exacerbations. (spandidos-publications.com)
Human adenovirus, a DNA virus, is associated with respiratory infections and smoking-induced lung function impairment ( 2 , 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
RSV, which is an enveloped RNA virus, is one of the most important and frequent viruses for respiratory tract infections in infants and young children ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Indirectly RA-associated respiratory damage (generally with ILD or respiratory tract infections) can be caused by the drugs used for treatment [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Less severe cases gradually progress to respiratory failure as a result of multiple recurrent pulmonary infections. (medscape.com)

A final step in the lung function report is to answer the clinical question that prompted the test. (ersjournals.com)
The physiological diagnosis may or may not support the provisional clinical diagnosis as given on the Pulmonary Function Request Form. (ersjournals.com)
Department is actively involved in clinical research activities, academics, training and education of Undergraduates and post graduates since 2011 imparting the skills and knowledge in the field of respiratory and sleep medicine. (manipal.edu)
Clear, full-color coverage simplifies the concepts of respiratory care while emphasizing clinical application. (aacn.org)

In chronic respiratory alkalosis, the PaCO 2 level is below the lower limit of normal, but the pH level is relatively normal or near normal due to compensatory mechanisms. (medscape.com)
However, few studies have evaluated the compensatory mechanisms employed by the respiratory system when breathing is done against electronically controlled variable flow resistive loads. (frontiersin.org)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease, which rapidly leads to chronic respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. (nih.gov)

Our team of consultants, specialist respiratory nurses, specialist respiratory physiotherapists and Pulmonary Technologists work hard to enable those with respiratory disease lead as normal a life as possible. (tcd.ie)
Specialist Respiratory Nurses provide an excellent, integrated sleep clinic working with the community team. (sath.nhs.uk)

There were no significant differences in lung function tests between exposure groups. (bmj.com)
Occupational exposure standards for isocyanates are based on respiratory irritation and sensitization and carcinogenesis. (cdc.gov)

Latent infection with adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (spandidos-publications.com)

Once quality has been assured, the next steps involve a series of comparisons 6 that include comparisons of test results with reference values based on healthy subjects 5 , comparisons with known disease or abnormal physiological patterns ( i.e. obstruction and restriction), and comparisons with self, a rather formal term for evaluating change in an individual patient. (ersjournals.com)
A significant difference between the predicted and measured MVV may indicate insufficient neuromuscular reserve, abnormal respiratory mechanics, or an inadequate effort. (msdmanuals.com)

The Professorial Respiratory Centre is a member of the Tallaght Vasculitis & Allergy Group (TVAG). (tcd.ie)

Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) measurements may aid in evaluating respiratory muscle weakness. (msdmanuals.com)

Workers exposed to diisocyanates may develop serious or fatal respiratory disease. (cdc.gov)

P artnership with a full-service state-of-the-art pulmonary function laboratory. (freshairresp.ca)

ABSTRACT To determine normal values of respiratory function for Sudanese, a randomized stratified cross- sectional study was performed on 2250 healthy Sudanese aged 7-86 years in 2002-05. (who.int)

In addition, it improves upper airway mucociliary function, which augments the elimination of secretions. (frontiersin.org)
Despite this, the respiratory resistance devices available in the market only use mouthpieces (oral airway). (frontiersin.org)

To test the hypothesis that mechanical ventilation induces a pulmonary and systemic cytokine response that can be minimized by limiting recruitment or derecruitment and overdistention. (nih.gov)

Specific recommendations for selecting reference values to be used in any lung function laboratory have also been discussed 3 . (ersjournals.com)
Many drugs and physiologic conditions affect the binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions and Drug-Laboratory Test Interactions). (nih.gov)

The maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) is another measure of the neuromuscular and respiratory systems. (msdmanuals.com)
Progressive reduction of tidal volumes during the test is consistent with neuromuscular abnormalities but also occurs with gas trapping as a result of disorders that cause airflow limitation. (msdmanuals.com)

Respiratory Therapists work in all areas of patient care, from the Neonatal ICU, Pediatric ICU, to our Adult ICU's, including adult and pediatric areas of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neuro-Trauma Services, heart, lung and liver transplant, cardiac care, and one of the most advanced medical intensive care services in the west. (uclahealth.org)
Respiratory Therapists provide therapeutic and diagnostic procedures such as advanced Interventional Bronchoscopy procedures, Pulmonary Function Testing and Blood Gas Analysis. (uclahealth.org)
Respiratory Therapists (RT) assigned to work in 6ICU at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center assess and treat patient's pulmonary status and disorders. (uclahealth.org)

This condition is also known as Jeune syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by typical skeletal dysplasias, such as a narrow thorax and micromelia, with respiratory and renal manifestations. (medscape.com)

In the for normal lung function measures taken from south Sudanese people case of respiratory parameters, predic- for adults and children of both sexes. (who.int)
The aim of the research work is to investigate the operability of the entire 23 pulmonary function parameters, which are stipulated by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), to design a medical decision support system capable of classifying the pulmonary function tests into normal, obstructive, restrictive, or mixed cases. (unisalento.it)
The 23 respiratory parameters specified by the ATS and the ERS guidelines, obtained from the Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) device, were employed as input features to a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network. (unisalento.it)
The method was also evaluated as a tool to detect lung changes in an occupational group exposed to high loads of air pollution (with 28 welders and 17 controls), and AiDA indices were evaluated as parameters that can explain observed discrepancies between modeled and measured respiratory tract particle deposition in a group of 17 healthy participants. (lu.se)

Because patient selection and dosage of siponimod are based on cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2C9 genotype, pharmacogenetic testing is recommended prior to initiation of siponimod therapy. (drugs.com)
Perform spirometric evaluation of respiratory function during siponimod therapy if clinically indicated. (drugs.com)
At Providence Seaside Respiratory Therapy, we provide compassionate care to help you breathe easier. (providence.org)
Our respiratory therapy team works to understand your breathing condition and find the right treatment for you. (providence.org)
Our respiratory therapy team provides testing and support to create your individualized care plan. (providence.org)
Tests of nasopharyngeal specimens for specific pathogens are helpful when targeted therapy depends on the results (eg, group A streptococcal infection, gonococcus, pertussis). (medscape.com)

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care, 6th Ed. (aacn.org)
Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care, 6th Edition provides a solid foundation in the assessment and treatment of respiratory disorders in children. (aacn.org)
Two independent examiners analyzed the titles, abstracts and full texts, considering the following study inclusion criteria: studies of pulmonary function in up to 5-year-old children diagnosed with BPD in the neonatal period. (bvsalud.org)

The ence population provide a baseline for current study will provide the only ethnic background was established evaluating the pulmonary function of a large-scale data for eastern and central on a regional basis as specific tribes are subject, based usually on the person's Africa. (who.int)

Many cardiac and pulmonary disorders can manifest with respiratory alkalosis as an early or intermediate finding. (medscape.com)

The Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine Division offers both inpatient and outpatient consultation for a wide variety of respiratory and sleep disorders in children. (utsouthwestern.edu)

Master the principles and skills of respiratory care for neonates, infants, and children. (aacn.org)

Exercise testing focuses more on assessment and prognosis than on diagnosis. (ersjournals.com)

Pulmonary function testing may reveal severe restrictive lung disease. (medscape.com)
Classification of lung function revealed 23 (15%) normal, 29 (19%) obstructive, 36(23.5%) restrictive and 61(39.9%) mixed obstructive/ restrictive patterns. (who.int)

This test involves measuring the partial pressure difference between inspired and expired carbon monoxide. (wikipedia.org)

Pediatric Respiratory Medicine (Vol. n/a, pp. 199-204). (edu.au)
Welcome to Respiratory Medicine, which is centred in our two teaching hospitals: St James's Hospital and Tallaght University Hospital. (tcd.ie)
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. (uantwerpen.be)
Sometimes, you will be asked to inhale a different gas or a medicine to see how it changes your test results. (ucsfhealth.org)
You may have to breathe in medicine before or during the test. (ucsfhealth.org)
Dr. Des Cox, co-author of the study, graduated from medicine in 2011 and currently works as the Head of Respiratory Department at Our Lady's Children Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. (wikibooks.org)

RESULTS: We found a significant tendency towards worse results (e.g. higher blood pressure or lower spirometric function) among the three FAIL groups compared with the FIT group. (cdc.gov)
Increasing morbidity was associated with higher age, lower spirometric function, lower predicted VO(2) max, increasing cholesterol, greater BMI, and higher predicted 10 year CHD risk. (cdc.gov)

Probably due to autoimmune mechanisms, RA can be directly associated with respiratory system damage not only with ILD, but also with bronchiectasis, pleural effusion, rheumatoid parenchymal nodules and, rarely, vascular disease. (biomedcentral.com)

Occasionally, electromyographic interrogation of the diaphragm and phrenic nerve is done, but carrying out and interpreting the results of this test require considerable expertise, and the diagnostic accuracy of the test is uncertain. (msdmanuals.com)
Our 24-bed sleep lab (divided between Dallas and Plano locations) performs over 4,000 outpatient sleep studies per year and inpatient sleep studies as needed, including diagnostic sleep studies, PAP titration studies, multiple sleep latency tests and maintenance of wakefulness tests. (utsouthwestern.edu)

Welcome to Respiratory Services at Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust. (sath.nhs.uk)
Both the Royal Shrewsbury Hospital and the Princess Royal Hospital provide similar respiratory facilities. (sath.nhs.uk)

Anatomy1

Diseases1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes9

A new model rat with acute bronchiolitis and its application to research on the toxicology of inhaled particulate matter. (1/4931)

Cytokines and inflammatory mediators do not indicate acute infection in cystic fibrosis. (2/4931)

Effects of acute prolonged exposure to high-altitude hypoxia on exercise-induced breathlessness. (3/4931)

Effect of thoracotomy and lung resection on exercise capacity in patients with lung cancer. (4/4931)

Pseudo-steroid resistant asthma. (5/4931)

Influence of family factors on the incidence of lower respiratory illness during the first year of life. (6/4931)

Urinary cotinine and exposure to parental smoking in a population of children with asthma. (7/4931)

Fragile lung in the Marfan syndrome. (8/4931)

No images available that match "respiratory function tests"

Respiratory Function Tests

Liver Function Tests

Vital Capacity

Respiration

Respiration Disorders

Thyroid Function Tests

Forced Expiratory Volume

Maximal Expiratory Flow Rate

Spirometry

Respiratory Physiological Phenomena

Lung

Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate

Cell Respiration

Respiratory Mechanics

Pancreatic Function Tests

Functional Residual Capacity

Respiration, Artificial

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult

Inflammation Mediators

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn

Ventilators, Mechanical

Positive-Pressure Respiration

Diaphragm

A new model rat with acute bronchiolitis and its application to research on the toxicology of inhaled particulate matter. (1/4931)

Cytokines and inflammatory mediators do not indicate acute infection in cystic fibrosis. (2/4931)

Effects of acute prolonged exposure to high-altitude hypoxia on exercise-induced breathlessness. (3/4931)

Effect of thoracotomy and lung resection on exercise capacity in patients with lung cancer. (4/4931)

Pseudo-steroid resistant asthma. (5/4931)

Influence of family factors on the incidence of lower respiratory illness during the first year of life. (6/4931)

Urinary cotinine and exposure to parental smoking in a population of children with asthma. (7/4931)

Fragile lung in the Marfan syndrome. (8/4931)

Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide

Spirometer

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Spirometry

Restrictive lung disease

Race adjustment

Diffusing capacity

Vital capacity

Structured light plethysmography

Hyperinflation therapy

Hypoxemia

Mineral dust airway disease

André Frédéric Cournand

Certified pulmonary function technician

Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions

Respiratory disease

Julius H. Comroe Jr.

Mercury regulation in the United States

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

Acute liver failure

Brachial plexus block

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy

Alpidem

Catecholamine

Pulmonary fibrosis

Functional residual capacity

Pulse oximetry

Nitrogen washout

PPP5C

Laudanum

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