Oxytocin
Oxytocics
Vasotocin
Vasopressins
Milk Ejection
Neurophysins
Pituitary Gland, Posterior
Dinoprost
Labor, Obstetric
Ornipressin
Uterus
Pregnancy
Progesterone
Lactation
Labor, Induced
Estrus
Corpus Luteum
Hypothalamus
Luteolysis
Pregnancy, Animal
Pair Bond
Sheep
Tocolytic Agents
Hormone Antagonists
Lypressin
Endometrium
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Prostaglandins F
Labor Stage, Third
Oxytocin and vasopressin receptors in human and uterine myomas during menstrual cycle and early pregnancy. (1/458)
The purpose of this study was to determine the specificity and concentration of oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) binding sites in non-pregnant (NP) human and rhesus monkey endometrium, myometrium and fibromyomas, and to determine the cellular localization of OT receptor (OTR). Besides [3H]AVP, [125I]LVA, a specific VP1 receptor subtype antagonist, was used to determine vasopressin receptor (VPR) concentrations. Samples were obtained from 42 pre-menopausal and three pregnant women (5, 13 and 35 weeks gestation), and several NP and pregnant monkeys. Specificity of binding was assessed in competition experiments with unlabelled agonists and antagonists of known pharmacological potency. Cellular localization of OTR was determined by immunohistochemistry. In NP human uterine tissues, [3H]AVP was bound with higher affinity and greater binding capacity than [3H]OT, whereas in pregnant women and in NP and pregnant rhesus monkeys, uterine OT binding capacity was greater. OT and AVP binding sites discriminated very poorly between OT and AVP; [125I]LVA binding sites were more selective than [3H]AVP. Their ligand specificity and binding kinetics indicated the presence of two distinct populations of binding sites for OT and AVP in primate uterus. Endometrium of NP women and monkeys had low OTR and VPR concentrations. Myometrial and endometrial OTR and VPR were down-regulated in midcycle and in early human pregnancy, they were up-regulated in the secretory phase and second half of pregnancy. Immunoreactive OTR in NP uterus was localized in patches of myometrial muscle cells and small numbers of endometrial epithelial cells. (+info)Bovine endometrial epithelial cells as a model system to study oxytocin receptor regulation. (2/458)
Endometrial epithelial cell cultures were established from bovine uterine tissue collected during the oestrous cycle from commercially slaughtered animals. These cells were shown to express moderately high levels of oxytocin receptors (OTR) (up to 30000 per cell) after about one week in culture. These receptors have been characterized at the molecular, pharmacological and functional level and shown to be identical to those expressed in the bovine endometrium in vivo. Preliminary experiments to investigate the regulation of the OTR and its gene using this system, have shown that expression is to a large degree constitutive, the receptors being spontaneously upregulated during culture. Sex steroids at concentrations close to or above the serum limits observed in vivo appeared to have no effect, although the cells were shown to express mRNA for the specific steroid receptors throughout culture. Only the blastocyst product, interferon-tau, showed a significant effect, downregulating both OTR and their gene transcripts in the cultured endometrial epithelial cells. Although more extensive studies are necessary, these results support the view that the OTR gene is controlled in part at least by a combination of constitutive and inhibitory elements. (+info)Regulation of the human oxytocin receptor in the uterus: a molecular approach. (3/458)
The oxytocin-oxytocin receptor (OTR) system plays important roles in the human uterus, and the effectiveness of oxytocin is greatly influenced by the pattern of receptor expression in vivo. To investigate OTR expression at the molecular level, we have established a bioassay system for the specific transcripts using Xenopus laevis oocytes, cloned the OTR cDNA, raised anti-OTR antibodies, and characterized OTR genomic clones and systems to study the transcriptional regulation of the gene. Using these molecular tools, we have examined OTR expression in the endometrium and myometrium of non-pregnant and pregnant women. OTR expression appears mainly to be regulated at the transcription level. Analysis of the 5' flanking region of this gene indicates constitutionally active promoter activity when transfected into cultured HeLa and SKN cells. We are currently developing these techniques to analyse OTR regulation in the uterus. (+info)Desensitization of oxytocin receptors in human myometrium. (4/458)
In the present study, we investigated the possible mechanisms by which oxytocin might regulate oxytocin receptor (OTR) density. Exposure of cultured myometrial cells to oxytocin for a prolonged period caused desensitization: the steady-state level of oxytocin binding was 210 x 10(3) binding sites/cell, but this was time-dependently reduced to 20.1 x 10(3) sites/cell by exposing the cells to oxytocin for up to 20 h. In contrast, Western blotting data showed that the total amount of OTR protein was not affected by oxytocin treatment for up to 24 h. Flow cytometry experiments demonstrated that OTRs were not internalized during this treatment. However, RNase protection assays and Northern analysis showed that in cultured myometrial cells OTR mRNA was reduced by oxytocin treatment to reach a new low steady-state concentration. Analysis of this mRNA in myometrial biopsies from 17 patients undergoing emergency Caesarean section showed how it decreased with advancing labour. Samples obtained after 12 h of labour contained approximately 50 times less OTR mRNA than samples obtained from patients in labour for less than 12 h. We speculate that this decrease in OTR mRNA represents in-vivo OTR desensitization. (+info)Expression of the oxytocin receptor in relation to steroid receptors in the uterus of a primate model, the marmoset monkey. (5/458)
The dynamics of the receptors for oestrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and oxytocin (OTR) in the marmoset uterus have been analysed throughout the entire cycle and early pregnancy. Uteri obtained during the early, mid/late and late proliferative phase, and the early, mid and late secretory phase and early pregnancy were examined by immunohistochemistry (OTR, ER, PR) and autoradiography (OTR). A massive upregulation of the ER in the cell nuclei of glandular epithelium and stromal cells during the mid proliferative phase was succeeded by a declining staining intensity and positively stained cell number in the secretory phase. PR immunoreactivity increased in the late proliferative phase and early secretory phase, mainly within the cell nuclei, and then declined in both intensity and cell number towards the mid to late secretory phase. Myometrium showed a similar staining pattern for the steroid receptors. OTR were expressed weakly in stroma throughout the entire cycle, increasing slightly in the secretory phase. Glandular epithelium showed positive staining only during the periovulatory period. Myometrial OTR expression was weak during the proliferative phase, increased towards the secretory phase, and was maximal in the late secretory phase. Myometrial tissue adjacent to endometrium was most strongly stained. A cyclic shift evidently occurred in the pattern of steroid receptors, perhaps reflecting the steroid environment or the luteinizing hormone increase associated with ovulation. (+info)AVP inhibits LPS- and IL-1beta-stimulated NO and cGMP via V1 receptor in cultured rat mesangial cells. (6/458)
The present study examined how arginine vasopressin (AVP) affects nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells (GMC). GMC were incubated with test agents and nitrite, and intracellular cGMP content, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA, and iNOS protein were analyzed by the Griess method, enzyme immunoassay, and Northern and Western blotting, respectively. AVP inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced nitrite production in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with concomitant changes in cGMP content, iNOS mRNA, and iNOS protein. This inhibition by AVP was reversed by V1- but not by oxytocin-receptor antagonist. Inhibition by AVP was also reproduced on LPS and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors reversed AVP inhibition, whereas PKC activator inhibited nitrite production. Although dexamethasone and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC), inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappaB, inhibited nitrite production, further inhibition by AVP was not observed. AVP did not show further inhibition of nitrite production with actinomycin D, an inhibitor of transcription, or cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. In conclusion, AVP inhibits LPS- and IL-1beta-induced NO production through a V1 receptor. The inhibitory action of AVP involves both the activation of PKC and the transcription of iNOS mRNA in cultured rat GMC. (+info)Separate receptors mediate oxytocin and vasopressin stimulation of cAMP in rat inner medullary collecting duct cells. (7/458)
The two neurohypophysial hormones arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin have actions in the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) where both peptides induce an increase in cAMP accumulation. The present study has employed a novel IMCD cell line to determine whether these two hormones induce cAMP accumulation via common or separate receptors, and to characterize the potential receptors responsible. Equal volumes of vehicle (150 mM NaCl) or hormone/antagonist solutions were added to aliquots of 10(4) IMCD cells in the presence of 10(-3) M 3-isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) and incubated at 37 degrees C for 4 min. cAMP levels were determined by radioimmunoassay and protein concentration by Bradford assay. Both AVP and oxytocin elicited dose-dependent increases in cAMP generation, though oxytocin was less potent than AVP (EC50 = 1.6 x 10(-8) M vs. 7.4 x 10(-10) M). AVP at 10(-8) M and oxytocin at 10(-8) M, concentrations sufficient to elicit near-maximal cAMP accumulation, resulted in cAMP levels of 73.4 +/- 1.7 and 69.0 +/- 3.3 pmol (mg protein)-1 (4 min)-1, respectively (n = 10), compared with the vehicle-treated basal value of 37.7 +/- 2.2 pmol (mg protein)-1 (4 min)-1 (P < 0.001, n = 10). Combined AVP (10(-8) M) and oxytocin 10(-6) M) resulted in cAMP accumulation of 63.8 +/- 3.1 pmol (mg protein)-1 (4 min)-1 (n = 10), which was not significantly different from the effect of oxytocin alone, but slightly less than that for AVP alone (P < 0.05). A submaximal concentration of AVP (10(-10) M) induced cAMP accumulation of 48.6 +/- 2.5 pmol (mg protein)-1 (4 min)-1 (P < 0.01 compared with basal level of 34.9 +/- 2.4 pmol (mg protein)-1 (4 min)-1, n = 10), which was blocked in the presence of a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist (10(-7) M OPC-31260) but not by the oxytocin receptor antagonist (10(-6) M [Pen1,pMePhe2, Thr4,Orn8]oxytocin) (36.3 +/- 6.1 and 45.1 +/- 1.3 pmol (mg protein)-1 (4 min)-1 respectively, P < 0.05, n = 10). A submaximal concentration of oxytocin (10(-7) M) induced a cAMP accumulation of 45.8 +/- 1.8 pmol (mg protein)-1 (4 min)-1 (n = 10), which was reduced by addition of 10(-6) M oxytocin antagonist (36.3 +/- 2.1 pmol (mg protein)-1 (4 min)-1, P < 0.05, n = 10), whereas co-incubation with 10(-6) M of the V2 receptor antagonist had no effect (43.2 +/- 1.3 pmol (mg protein)-1 (4 min)-1, n = 10). These results indicate that AVP and oxytocin induce cAMP accumulation from a common ATP pool in IMCD cells, and that separate vasopressin V2 and oxytocin receptor systems are involved, perhaps coupled to a common adenylate cyclase system. (+info)Effect of labor induction on the expression of oxytocin receptor, cytochrome P450 aromatase, and estradiol receptor in the reproductive tract of the late-pregnant ewe. (8/458)
In this study, we investigated the timing of changes in aromatase, estradiol receptor, and oxytocin receptor expression in ovine uterine and placental tissues before parturition. Labor was induced by betamethasone injection into the fetus on Days 130-132 of pregnancy. Tissue samples were collected at injection and then every 14 h until labor (56 h) from four ewes at each time point. Samples were analyzed for aromatase, estradiol receptor, and oxytocin receptor expression by in situ hybridization; for oxytocin binding to its receptor using a specific antagonist; and for estradiol receptor quantitation by immunocytochemistry. Aromatase mRNA expression increased by 14 h postinjection (p < 0.02) in the fetal villi and remained high until labor. Expression of estradiol and oxytocin receptor mRNAs was unchanged in myometrium but increased in the endometrial luminal epithelium by 28 h (p < 0.05) and remained high until labor. Estradiol receptor protein concentration increased modestly at labor while oxytocin receptor binding in the luminal epithelium changed in parallel to the mRNA concentration. IN CONCLUSION: 1) induction of aromatase may facilitate the expression of endometrial estradiol and oxytocin receptors in the placentome, 2) changes in endometrial rather than myometrial oxytocin receptor may be important in inducing parturition, and 3) the transcription of estradiol receptor and oxytocin receptor in the uterine epithelium are positively correlated during parturition. (+info)Oxytocin is a hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including social bonding, childbirth, and breastfeeding. During childbirth, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions to facilitate labor and delivery. After giving birth, oxytocin continues to be released in large amounts during breastfeeding, promoting milk letdown and contributing to the development of the maternal-infant bond.
In social contexts, oxytocin has been referred to as the "love hormone" or "cuddle hormone," as it is involved in social bonding, trust, and attachment. It can be released during physical touch, such as hugging or cuddling, and may contribute to feelings of warmth and closeness between individuals.
In addition to its roles in childbirth, breastfeeding, and social bonding, oxytocin has been implicated in other physiological functions, including regulating blood pressure, reducing anxiety, and modulating pain perception.
Oxytocics are a class of medications that stimulate the contraction of uterine smooth muscle. They are primarily used in obstetrics to induce or augment labor, and to control bleeding after childbirth. Oxytocin is the most commonly used oxytocic and is naturally produced by the posterior pituitary gland. Synthetic forms of oxytocin, such as Pitocin, are often used in medical settings to induce labor or reduce postpartum bleeding. Other medications with oxytocic properties include ergometrine and methylergometrine. It's important to note that the use of oxytocics should be monitored carefully as overuse can lead to excessive uterine contractions, which may compromise fetal oxygenation and increase the risk of uterine rupture.
Vasotocin is not generally recognized as a medical term or a well-established physiological concept in human medicine. However, it is a term used in comparative endocrinology and animal physiology to refer to a nonapeptide hormone that is functionally and structurally similar to arginine vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in mammals.
Vasotocin is found in various non-mammalian vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, and reptiles, where it plays roles in regulating water balance, blood pressure, social behaviors, and reproduction. In these animals, vasotocin is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland before being released into the circulation to exert its effects on target organs.
Therefore, while not a medical definition per se, vasotocin can be defined as a neuropeptide hormone that regulates various physiological functions in non-mammalian vertebrates, with structural and functional similarities to mammalian arginine vasopressin.
Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body. It is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. When the body is dehydrated or experiencing low blood pressure, vasopressin is released into the bloodstream, where it causes the kidneys to decrease the amount of urine they produce and helps to constrict blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure. This helps to maintain adequate fluid volume in the body and ensure that vital organs receive an adequate supply of oxygen-rich blood. In addition to its role in water balance and blood pressure regulation, vasopressin also plays a role in social behaviors such as pair bonding and trust.
Medical definition: "Milk ejection," also known as the "let-down reflex," is the release of milk from the alveoli (milk-producing sacs) of the breast during breastfeeding or pumping. It occurs when the hormone oxytocin is released into the bloodstream, causing the smooth muscles surrounding the alveoli to contract and push out the milk. This reflex is an essential part of lactation and helps ensure that the baby receives enough milk during feeding. The milk ejection can be triggered by various stimuli such as suckling, thinking about or hearing the baby, or physical touch.
The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a collection of neurons located in the hypothalamus, near the optic chiasm, in the brain. It plays a crucial role in regulating osmoregulation and fluid balance within the body through the production and release of vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Vasopressin is released into the bloodstream and acts on the kidneys to promote water reabsorption, thereby helping to maintain normal blood pressure and osmolarity. The supraoptic nucleus receives input from osmoreceptors in the circumventricular organs of the brain, which detect changes in the concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid. When the osmolarity increases, such as during dehydration, the supraoptic nucleus is activated to release vasopressin and help restore normal fluid balance.
Additionally, the supraoptic nucleus also contains oxytocin-producing neurons, which play a role in social bonding, maternal behavior, and childbirth. Oxytocin is released into the bloodstream and acts on various tissues, including the uterus and mammary glands, to promote contraction and milk ejection.
Neurophysins are small protein molecules that are derived from the larger precursor protein, pro-neurophysin. They are synthesized in the hypothalamus of the brain and are stored in and released from neurosecretory granules, along with neurohypophysial hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin.
Neurophysins serve as carrier proteins for these hormones, helping to stabilize them and facilitate their transport and release into the bloodstream. There are two main types of neurophysins, neurophysin I and neurophysin II, which are associated with oxytocin and vasopressin, respectively.
Neurophysins have been studied for their potential role in various physiological processes, including water balance, social behavior, and reproductive functions. However, their precise mechanisms of action and functional significance are still not fully understood.
The posterior pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis, is the posterior portion of the pituitary gland. It is primarily composed of nerve fibers that originate from the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. These nerve fibers release two important hormones: oxytocin and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH).
Oxytocin plays a role in social bonding, sexual reproduction, and childbirth. During childbirth, it stimulates uterine contractions to help facilitate delivery, and after birth, it helps to trigger the release of milk from the mother's breasts during breastfeeding.
Vasopressin, on the other hand, helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of water that is excreted by the kidneys. It does this by increasing the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidney, which leads to a more concentrated urine and helps prevent dehydration.
Overall, the posterior pituitary gland plays a critical role in maintaining fluid balance, social bonding, and reproduction.
A uterine contraction is a rhythmic, involuntary muscle tightening that occurs in the uterus. These contractions are primarily caused by the activation of smooth muscle cells within the uterine wall, known as myometrial cells. They play a crucial role in various reproductive processes, including menstruation, implantation of a fertilized egg, and childbirth (labor).
During labor, strong and frequent uterine contractions help to dilate the cervix and efface (thin) the lower part of the uterus. As the contractions become more intense and regular, they assist in moving the baby down through the birth canal, ultimately resulting in delivery. Uterine contractions are regulated by a complex interplay of hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, ensuring proper coordination and timing throughout the reproductive process.
The myometrium is the middle and thickest layer of the uterine wall, composed mainly of smooth muscle cells. It is responsible for the strong contractions during labor and can also contribute to bleeding during menstruation or childbirth. The myometrium is able to stretch and expand to accommodate a growing fetus and then contract during labor to help push the baby out. It also plays a role in maintaining the structure and shape of the uterus, and in protecting the internal organs within the pelvic cavity.
Dinoprost is a synthetic form of prostaglandin F2α, which is a naturally occurring hormone-like substance in the body. It is used in veterinary medicine as a uterotonic agent to induce labor and abortion in various animals such as cows and pigs. In human medicine, it may be used off-label for similar purposes, but its use must be under the close supervision of a healthcare provider due to potential side effects and risks.
It is important to note that Dinoprost is not approved by the FDA for use in humans, and its availability may vary depending on the country or region. Always consult with a licensed healthcare professional before using any medication, including Dinoprost.
'Labor, Obstetric' refers to the physiological process that occurs during childbirth, leading to the expulsion of the fetus from the uterus. It is divided into three stages:
1. The first stage begins with the onset of regular contractions and cervical dilation and effacement (thinning and shortening) until full dilation is reached (approximately 10 cm). This stage can last from hours to days, particularly in nulliparous women (those who have not given birth before).
2. The second stage starts with complete cervical dilation and ends with the delivery of the baby. During this stage, the mother experiences strong contractions that help push the fetus down the birth canal. This stage typically lasts from 20 minutes to two hours but can take longer in some cases.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta (afterbirth) and membranes, which usually occurs within 15-30 minutes after the baby's birth. However, it can sometimes take up to an hour for the placenta to be expelled completely.
Obstetric labor is a complex process that requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby.
Ornipressin is not a commonly used medication in modern clinical practice, and it's possible that you may be referring to desmopressin, which is an analog of the natural hormone vasopressin. Here is the definition for desmopressin:
Desmopressin: A synthetic analog of the natural hormone arginine vasopressin, used as a nasal spray, injection, or tablet to treat diabetes insipidus (a condition in which the kidneys can't regulate the body's water balance) and von Willebrand disease (a genetic disorder that affects blood clotting). It works by decreasing the amount of urine produced by the kidneys, increasing the concentration of certain substances in the urine, and helping the blood to clot. Desmopressin is also used off-label for the treatment of nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) in children.
The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.
The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
The Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus (PVN) is a nucleus in the hypothalamus, which is a part of the brain that regulates various autonomic functions and homeostatic processes. The PVN plays a crucial role in the regulation of neuroendocrine and autonomic responses to stress, as well as the control of fluid and electrolyte balance, cardiovascular function, and energy balance.
The PVN is composed of several subdivisions, including the magnocellular and parvocellular divisions. The magnocellular neurons produce and release two neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone), into the circulation via the posterior pituitary gland. These neuropeptides play important roles in social behavior, reproduction, and fluid balance.
The parvocellular neurons, on the other hand, project to various brain regions and the pituitary gland, where they release neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is responsible for the stress response. The PVN also contains neurons that produce corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a key neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of the HPA axis and the stress response.
Overall, the Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus is an essential component of the brain's regulatory systems that help maintain homeostasis and respond to stressors. Dysfunction of the PVN has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including hypertension, obesity, and mood disorders.
Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is primarily produced in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy. It plays an essential role in preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. Progesterone works to thicken the lining of the uterus, creating a nurturing environment for the developing embryo.
During the menstrual cycle, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, a temporary structure formed in the ovary after an egg has been released from a follicle during ovulation. If pregnancy does not occur, the levels of progesterone will decrease, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and menstruation.
In addition to its reproductive functions, progesterone also has various other effects on the body, such as helping to regulate the immune system, supporting bone health, and potentially influencing mood and cognition. Progesterone can be administered medically in the form of oral pills, intramuscular injections, or vaginal suppositories for various purposes, including hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and managing certain gynecological conditions.
Lactation is the process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals, including humans, for the nourishment of their young. This physiological function is initiated during pregnancy and continues until it is deliberately stopped or weaned off. The primary purpose of lactation is to provide essential nutrients, antibodies, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immune system of newborns and infants.
The process of lactation involves several hormonal and physiological changes in a woman's body. During pregnancy, the hormones estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth and development of the mammary glands. After childbirth, the levels of these hormones drop significantly, allowing another hormone called prolactin to take over. Prolactin is responsible for triggering the production of milk in the alveoli, which are tiny sacs within the breast tissue.
Another hormone, oxytocin, plays a crucial role in the release or "let-down" of milk from the alveoli to the nipple during lactation. This reflex is initiated by suckling or thinking about the baby, which sends signals to the brain to release oxytocin. The released oxytocin then binds to receptors in the mammary glands, causing the smooth muscles around the alveoli to contract and push out the milk through the ducts and into the nipple.
Lactation is a complex and highly regulated process that ensures the optimal growth and development of newborns and infants. It provides not only essential nutrients but also various bioactive components, such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and growth factors, which protect the infant from infections and support their immune system.
In summary, lactation is the physiological process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young. It involves hormonal changes, including the actions of prolactin, oxytocin, estrogen, and progesterone, to regulate the production, storage, and release of milk.
Induced labor refers to the initiation of labor before it begins spontaneously, which is usually achieved through medical intervention. This process is initiated when there is a medically indicated reason to deliver the baby, such as maternal or fetal compromise, prolonged pregnancy, or reduced fetal movement. The most common methods used to induce labor include membrane stripping, prostaglandin administration, and oxytocin infusion. It's important to note that induced labor carries certain risks, including a higher chance of uterine hyperstimulation, infection, and the need for assisted vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Therefore, it should only be performed under the close supervision of a healthcare provider in a clinical setting.
Estrus is a term used in veterinary medicine to describe the physiological and behavioral state of female mammals that are ready to mate and conceive. It refers to the period of time when the female's reproductive system is most receptive to fertilization.
During estrus, the female's ovaries release one or more mature eggs (ovulation) into the fallopian tubes, where they can be fertilized by sperm from a male. This phase of the estrous cycle is often accompanied by changes in behavior and physical appearance, such as increased vocalization, restlessness, and swelling of the genital area.
The duration and frequency of estrus vary widely among different species of mammals. In some animals, such as dogs and cats, estrus occurs regularly at intervals of several weeks or months, while in others, such as cows and mares, it may only occur once or twice a year.
It's important to note that the term "estrus" is not used to describe human reproductive physiology. In humans, the equivalent phase of the menstrual cycle is called ovulation.
The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure that forms in the ovary after an oocyte (egg) has been released from a follicle during ovulation. It's formed by the remaining cells of the ruptured follicle, which transform into large, hormone-secreting cells.
The primary function of the corpus luteum is to produce progesterone and, to a lesser extent, estrogen during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy. Progesterone plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum will typically degenerate and stop producing hormones after approximately 10-14 days, leading to menstruation.
However, if pregnancy occurs, the developing embryo starts to produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which signals the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone and estrogen until the placenta takes over hormonal production, usually around the end of the first trimester.
The hypothalamus is a small, vital region of the brain that lies just below the thalamus and forms part of the limbic system. It plays a crucial role in many important functions including:
1. Regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
2. Production and regulation of hormones through its connection with the pituitary gland (the hypophysis). It controls the release of various hormones by producing releasing and inhibiting factors that regulate the anterior pituitary's function.
3. Emotional responses, behavior, and memory formation through its connections with the limbic system structures like the amygdala and hippocampus.
4. Autonomic nervous system regulation, which controls involuntary physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
5. Regulation of the immune system by interacting with the autonomic nervous system.
Damage to the hypothalamus can lead to various disorders like diabetes insipidus, growth hormone deficiency, altered temperature regulation, sleep disturbances, and emotional or behavioral changes.
Luteolysis is the physiological process that leads to the breakdown and regression of the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure in the ovary that forms after ovulation. The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which supports pregnancy in mammals. If pregnancy does not occur, luteolysis takes place approximately 10-14 days after ovulation in humans and is characterized by the degeneration of the corpus luteum, decreased production of progesterone, and the initiation of the menstrual cycle or the onset of a new reproductive cycle.
The primary event that triggers luteolysis is the release of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) from the uterus, which reaches the corpus luteum through the systemic circulation and causes vasoconstriction, reduced blood flow, and structural damage to the corpus luteum. This results in a decline in progesterone levels, which ultimately leads to menstruation or the onset of a new reproductive cycle.
In summary, luteolysis is a crucial process in the female reproductive system that regulates hormonal balance and prepares the body for a new reproductive cycle when pregnancy does not occur.
Maternal behavior refers to the nurturing and protective behaviors exhibited by a female animal towards its offspring. In humans, this term is often used to describe the natural instincts and actions of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, and early child-rearing. It encompasses a broad range of activities such as feeding, grooming, protecting, and teaching the young.
In the context of medical and psychological research, maternal behavior is often studied to understand the factors that influence its development, expression, and outcomes for both the mother and offspring. Factors that can affect maternal behavior include hormonal changes during pregnancy and childbirth, as well as social, cultural, and environmental influences.
Abnormal or atypical maternal behavior may indicate underlying mental health issues, such as postpartum depression or anxiety, and can have negative consequences for both the mother and the child's development and well-being. Therefore, it is important to monitor and support healthy maternal behaviors in new mothers to promote positive outcomes for both parties.
"Animal pregnancy" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, in biological terms, animal pregnancy refers to the condition where a fertilized egg (or eggs) implants and develops inside the reproductive tract of a female animal, leading to the birth of offspring (live young).
The specific details of animal pregnancy can vary widely between different species, with some animals exhibiting phenomena such as placental development, gestation periods, and hormonal changes that are similar to human pregnancy, while others may have very different reproductive strategies.
It's worth noting that the study of animal pregnancy and reproduction is an important area of biological research, as it can provide insights into fundamental mechanisms of embryonic development, genetics, and evolution.
A pair bond, in the context of human and animal behavior, refers to a long-term emotional and social attachment between two individuals, usually characterized by a strong affection, shared activities, and often sexual interaction. In humans, this concept is often discussed in the context of romantic relationships and marriage. From a medical or scientific perspective, pair bonding involves neurological and hormonal processes that help to create and maintain the attachment, such as the release of oxytocin and vasopressin during physical touch and sexual activity. The strength and duration of pair bonds can vary widely between different species and individuals.
Social behavior, in the context of medicine and psychology, refers to the ways in which individuals interact and engage with others within their social environment. It involves various actions, communications, and responses that are influenced by cultural norms, personal values, emotional states, and cognitive processes. These behaviors can include but are not limited to communication, cooperation, competition, empathy, altruism, aggression, and conformity.
Abnormalities in social behavior may indicate underlying mental health conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or personality disorders. Therefore, understanding and analyzing social behavior is an essential aspect of diagnosing and treating various psychological and psychiatric conditions.
I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Tocolytic agents are a type of medication used in obstetrics to suppress premature labor. They work by relaxing the smooth muscle of the uterus, thereby reducing contractions and delaying delivery. Commonly used tocolytic agents include beta-adrenergic agonists (such as terbutaline), calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine), and prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors (such as indomethacin). It's important to note that the use of tocolytic agents is typically reserved for specific clinical situations, and their benefits must be weighed against potential risks to both the mother and fetus.
Hormone antagonists are substances or drugs that block the action of hormones by binding to their receptors without activating them, thereby preventing the hormones from exerting their effects. They can be classified into two types: receptor antagonists and enzyme inhibitors. Receptor antagonists bind directly to hormone receptors and prevent the hormone from binding, while enzyme inhibitors block the production or breakdown of hormones by inhibiting specific enzymes involved in their metabolism. Hormone antagonists are used in the treatment of various medical conditions, such as cancer, hormonal disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
Lypressin is a synthetic analogue of a natural hormone called vasopressin, which is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. The primary function of vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is to regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of urine produced by the kidneys.
Lypressin has similar physiological effects to vasopressin and is used in medical treatments for conditions related to the regulation of water balance, such as diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and the production of large amounts of dilute urine due to a deficiency in vasopressin or an impaired response to it.
In summary, Lypressin is a synthetic form of vasopressin, a hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling urine production in the kidneys. It is used as a therapeutic agent for treating diabetes insipidus and related conditions.
The endometrium is the innermost layer of the uterus, which lines the uterine cavity and has a critical role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. It is composed of glands and blood vessels that undergo cyclic changes under the influence of hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone. During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium thickens in preparation for a potential pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, it will break down and be shed, resulting in menstruation. In contrast, if implantation takes place, the endometrium provides essential nutrients to support the developing embryo and placenta throughout pregnancy.
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significant obstetrical complication defined as the loss of more than 500 milliliters of blood within the first 24 hours after childbirth, whether it occurs vaginally or through cesarean section. It can also be defined as a blood loss of more than 1000 mL in relation to the amount of blood lost during the procedure and the patient's baseline hematocrit level.
Postpartum hemorrhage is classified into two types: primary (early) PPH, which occurs within the first 24 hours after delivery, and secondary (late) PPH, which happens between 24 hours and 12 weeks postpartum. The most common causes of PPH are uterine atony, trauma to the genital tract, retained placental tissue, and coagulopathy.
Uterine atony is the inability of the uterus to contract effectively after delivery, leading to excessive bleeding. Trauma to the genital tract can occur during childbirth, causing lacerations or tears that may result in bleeding. Retained placental tissue refers to the remnants of the placenta left inside the uterus, which can cause infection and heavy bleeding. Coagulopathy is a condition where the blood has difficulty clotting, leading to uncontrolled bleeding.
Symptoms of PPH include excessive vaginal bleeding, low blood pressure, increased heart rate, decreased urine output, and signs of shock such as confusion, rapid breathing, and pale skin. Treatment for PPH includes uterotonics, manual removal of retained placental tissue, repair of genital tract lacerations, blood transfusions, and surgery if necessary.
Preventing PPH involves proper antenatal care, monitoring high-risk pregnancies, active management of the third stage of labor, and prompt recognition and treatment of any bleeding complications during or after delivery.
Prostaglandin F (PGF) is a type of prostaglandin, which is a group of lipid compounds that are synthesized in the body from fatty acids and have diverse hormone-like effects. Prostaglandin F is a naturally occurring compound that is produced in various tissues throughout the body, including the uterus, lungs, and kidneys.
There are two major types of prostaglandin F: PGF1α and PGF2α. These compounds play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including:
* Uterine contraction: Prostaglandin F helps to stimulate uterine contractions during labor and childbirth. It is also involved in the shedding of the uterine lining during menstruation.
* Bronchodilation: In the lungs, prostaglandin F can help to relax bronchial smooth muscle and promote bronchodilation.
* Renal function: Prostaglandin F helps to regulate blood flow and fluid balance in the kidneys.
Prostaglandin F is also used as a medication to induce labor, treat postpartum hemorrhage, and manage some types of glaucoma. It is available in various forms, including injections, tablets, and eye drops.
The third stage of labor is the period between the delivery of the baby and the expulsion of the placenta. It is also known as the afterbirth stage. This stage is typically completed within 5-30 minutes, but can take up to an hour. During this stage, the uterus continues to contract, causing the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall. Once separated, the placenta is expelled from the body with the help of contractions and a strong push from the mother. It is important for medical professionals to monitor this stage closely to ensure that the entire placenta is expelled and to manage any potential complications, such as heavy bleeding.
Uterine inertia is a medical condition that occurs during childbirth, specifically during the second stage of labor. It is defined as the failure of the uterus to contract efficiently and effectively during this stage, leading to prolonged or arrested labor. This can result in complications for both the mother and the baby, such as fetal distress, postpartum hemorrhage, and infection. Uterine inertia can be caused by various factors, including exhaustion of the uterus, drugs that interfere with muscle contractions, or abnormalities in the uterus itself. Treatment typically involves administering oxytocin to stimulate stronger contractions, assisted delivery methods such as forceps or vacuum extraction, or in some cases, cesarean section.
Oxytocin receptor
Oxytocin receptor agonist
Vasopressin receptor 1B
Vasopressin receptor 1A
Vasopressin receptor 2
Oxytocin
Hormone receptor
Amygdalofugal pathway
Vole
Species-typical behavior
Functional Ensemble of Temperament
Tocolytic
Retosiban
Atosiban
Oxytocin (medication)
Merotocin
Membrane glucocorticoid receptor
Empathy
Biological half-life
Epigenetics of autism
Face perception
Vasopressin receptor
Bruce effect
Neohormone
Neurochemistry
Social disorder
Cortisol
Empathy gap
Opioidergic
Joël Bockaert
oxytocin receptor - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Oxytocin receptor - Wikipedia
Dysregulation of the oxytocin receptor gene in Williams syndrome - PubMed
Polymorphism of the Oxytocin Receptor Gene Modulates Behavioral and Attitudinal Trust among Men but Not Women
Raphe serotonin neuron-specific oxytocin receptor knockout reduces aggression without affecting anxiety-like behavior in male...
OT receptor | Vasopressin and oxytocin receptors | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
Predicting Amygdala Reactivity and Antisocial Behavior in Men
PAR-13-087: National Cooperative Drug Discovery/Development Groups (NCDDG) for the Treatment of Mental Disorders, Drug or...
PAR-13-086: National Cooperative Drug Discovery/Development Groups (NCDDG) for the Treatment of Mental Disorders, Drug or...
Cligosiban, A Novel Brain-Penetrant, Selective Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist, Inhibits Ejaculatory Physiology in Rodents. | J...
Multi- and Transgenerational Outcomes of an Exposure to a Mixture of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) on Puberty and...
Oxytocin Affects Facial Recognition | National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Melanocortin 3 Receptor Signaling in Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Increases the Motivation for Food Reward |...
Oxytocin Receptor Expression in Pregnancy - ParticipAid
Oxytocin Receptors
Preterm Birth in Twins | IntechOpen
Publication Detail
Biology underlying pair bonding and parenting may not be dictated by oxytocin receptors, study shows - DrugMarket
Neural Basis of Ventromedial Hypothalamic Oxytocin-Driven Decrease in Appetite
Oxytocin Receptor - 山东思科捷生物技术有限公司
Common oxytocin receptor gene variant interacts with rejection sensitivity to influence cortisol reactivity during negative...
Biomarkers Search
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development - NICHD
Genetic determinants of arterial hypertension: A case of oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism | Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
Recalled Parental Bonding Interacts with Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Modulating Anxiety and Avoidance in Adult...
A genetic profile of oxytocin receptor improves moral acceptability of outcome-maximizing harm in male insurance brokers
Minutes of the 152th Meeting of the NATIONAL ADVISORY COUNCIL ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM | National Institute on Alcohol...
RFA-HD-12-105: The Role of Human-Animal Interaction in Child Health and Development (R03)
OXTR20
- The oxytocin receptor, also known as OXTR, is a protein which functions as receptor for the hormone and neurotransmitter oxytocin. (wikipedia.org)
- In humans, the oxytocin receptor is encoded by the OXTR gene which has been localized to human chromosome 3p25. (wikipedia.org)
- The OXTR protein belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor family, specifically Gq, and acts as a receptor for oxytocin. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies on OXTR methylation-which downregulates oxytocin mechanisms-suggest this process is associated with increased gray matter density in the amygdala, implicating OXTR regulation in stress and parasympathetic regulation. (wikipedia.org)
- The receptors for oxytocin (OXTR) have genetic differences with varied effects on individual behavior. (wikipedia.org)
- Research studies surveying behavioral associations with SNPs in the Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTR) have found links to emotional regulation, behaviors, personality traits, and socially-related diagnoses (1). (salimetrics.com)
- 2008). Association between the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene and autism: relationship to Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and cognition. (salimetrics.com)
- 2014). Common polymorphism in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is associated with human social recognition skills. (salimetrics.com)
- 2011). Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is related to psychological resources. (salimetrics.com)
- The oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) has been studied in autism because of the role of oxytocin (OT) in social cognition. (rti.org)
- Previous researchers pointed to the association between genetic vulnerability on Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTR) and environmental factors (e.g., social relationships) to comprehend social behavior. (fbk.eu)
- One of the genes implicated in autism is the oxytocin receptor (OXTR). (cam.ac.uk)
- Further bioinformatic analysis, coupled with in vitro luciferase assays, determined that miR-451a and miR-21-5p can target the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene. (biu.ac.il)
- Several lines of evidence indicate that oxytocin, signaling through its receptor (OXTR), is important in a wide range of social behaviors. (biomedcentral.com)
- In attempts to determine whether genetic variations in the oxytocin signaling system contribute to ASD susceptibility, seven recent reports indicated association of common genetic polymorphisms in the OXTR gene with ASD. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, the current findings of association in a large independent cohort are consistent with previous results, and the biological plausibility of participation of the oxytocin signaling system in modulating social disruptions characteristic of ASD, suggest that functional polymorphisms of OXTR may contribute to ASD risk in a subset of families. (biomedcentral.com)
- The gene encoding the oxytocin receptor, OXTR , is a strong functional ASD candidate gene based on its known role in modulating social behavior (Ebstein et al. (biomedcentral.com)
- Pharmacological and genetic manipulations have demonstrated a causal role for oxytocin (OXT) and its receptor (OXTR) in the regulation of species-typical social behavior. (biomedcentral.com)
- DNA methylation and single nucleotide variants in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) genes are associated with anxiety/depression in older women. (ulaval.ca)
- Positive association of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) with autism in the Chinese Han population. (bvsalud.org)
Human oxytocin receptor3
- The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular changes associated with the transition of the human oxytocin receptor from its inactive to its active states. (aspetjournals.org)
- GSK 557296 is a potent, selective and orally bioavailable oxytocin receptor antagonist, with a pKi of 9.9 for human oxytocin receptor. (csnpharm.cn)
- The study, titled Crystal structure of the human oxytocin receptor , was also co-authored by Yann Waltenspühl, Jendrik Schöppe, Janosch Ehrenmann, and Lutz Kummer. (mentaldaily.com)
Antagonist15
- Oxytocin also stimulated calcium efflux which was blocked by the selective oxytocin antagonist KB-5-21. (aspetjournals.org)
- Calcium transients were induced by oxytocin and the oxytocin selective analog AM-2-40 and blocked by the oxytocin-selective antagonist KB-5-21. (aspetjournals.org)
- However, the poor correlation between antagonism at the LLC-PK1 receptors and the rat uterus oxytocin receptors suggests marked differences in antagonist recognition. (aspetjournals.org)
- SHR1653 is a highly potent oxytocin receptor antagonist with excellent blood-brain barrier penetration. (csnpharm.cn)
- PF-3274167 is a high-affinity nonpeptide oxytocin receptor (OTR) antagonist, with Ki of 9.5 nM. (csnpharm.cn)
- OT antagonist 3 is an oxytocin (OT) antagonist extracted from patent WO2007017752A1. (csnpharm.cn)
- OT antagonist 1 (Compound 4) is a potent, selective Oxytocin antagonist with a Ki of 50 nM. (csnpharm.cn)
- L-368,899 HCl is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable, non-peptide oxytocin receptor antagonist, with IC50s of 8.9 nM and 26 nM for rat uterus and human uterus oxytocin receptor, respectively, used as a tocolytic agent. (csnpharm.cn)
- Herein we investigated whether blockade of the oxytocin receptor with the blood-brain barrier penetrant oxytocin receptor antagonist L-368,899 is detrimental for the acquisition and/or retrieval of lithium chloride (LiCl)-dependent CTA to a saccharin solution in mice. (waikato.ac.nz)
- The aim of this study was therefore to examine whether oxytocin, or the receptor antagonist atosiban, influence the gastric emptying. (biomedcentral.com)
- Inhibition of the binding of endogenous oxytocin by the receptor antagonist delayed the GER by 37 % compared to saline (p = 0.037). (biomedcentral.com)
- Oxytocin and/or vasopressin seem to be regulators of gastric emptying during physiological conditions, since the receptor antagonist atosiban delayed the GER. (biomedcentral.com)
- The aim of this study was to further examine the effect of oxytocin on gastric emptying in healthy individuals, by examining the gastric emptying rate (GER) during continuous infusion of either oxytocin or the oxytocin receptor antagonist atosiban. (biomedcentral.com)
- The subjects were randomly examined at three different occasions given either infusion of saline, oxytocin or an oxytocin receptor antagonist. (biomedcentral.com)
- Tractocile ® (atosiban) (Ferring, Malmö, Sweden) is an antagonist to the oxytocin receptor. (biomedcentral.com)
Autism2
- Oxytocin, a hormone secreted in the pituitary gland of the brain, is associated with several psychological conditions including autism. (mentaldaily.com)
- In a new study, published in the peer-reviewed journal Science Advances , researchers at the University of Zurich detailed how targeting the oxytocin receptor may lead to the development of new drug candidates for the treatment of autism and other conditions. (mentaldaily.com)
Polymorphism2
- This review summarizes findings on the associations between OXT and AVP receptor polymorphism, social behavior, and psychiatric diseases. (frontiersin.org)
- Association of toll-like receptors polymorphism and intrauterine transmission of cytomegalovirus. (cdc.gov)
Neurons2
- Our previous studies indicate dynamic changes in CRFR1 levels and coupling of CRFR1 with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and oxytocin (OT) neurons in postpartum mice. (niagads.org)
- The presence of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors in neurons of the brain probably reflects an additional role as a neurotransmitter. (bvsalud.org)
Effects of oxytocin4
- We examined the effects of oxytocin on renal tubular epithelial LLC-PK1 cells. (aspetjournals.org)
- misoprostol increases effects of oxytocin by pharmacodynamic synergism. (medscape.com)
- My work now is focused on the developmental effects of oxytocin. (medscape.com)
- Today at the Endocrine Society Annual Meeting , I talked about the epigenetic effects of oxytocin. (medscape.com)
Evidence for oxytocin1
- Oxytocin induces a transient increase in cytosolic free [Ca2+] in renal tubular epithelial cells: evidence for oxytocin receptors on LLC-PK1 cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Genetic3
- Although a large body of research, ranging from rodents to humans, has reported on the effects of OXT and AVP administration on affiliative and trust behaviors, and has highlighted the genetic contributions of OXT and AVP receptor polymorphisms to both social behaviors and to diseases related to social deficits, the consequences of peptide administration on psychiatric symptoms, and the impact of receptor polymorphisms on receptor function, are still unclear. (frontiersin.org)
- 2009). Oxytocin receptor genetic variation relates to empathy and stress reactivity in humans. (salimetrics.com)
- Specifically, we examined how genetic polymorphisms related to neurotransmitters such as serotonin, oxytocin, and dopamine are associated with cultural differences. (psychologicalscience.org)
Genes4
- In addition, we discuss reports on the interactions of OXT and AVP receptor genes and genes involved in other pathways (such as those of dopamine, serotonin, and reelin), as well as research that has shed some light on the impact of gene polymorphisms on the volume, connectivity, and activation of specific neural structures, differential receptor expression, and plasma levels of the OXT and AVP peptides. (frontiersin.org)
- We mapped all estrogen receptor and RNA polymerase II binding sites on a genome-wide scale, identifying the authentic cis binding sites and target genes, in breast cancer cells. (nature.com)
- Ovine interferon tau suppresses transcription of the estrogen receptor and oxytocin receptor genes in the ovine endometrium. (tamu.edu)
- Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and we postulate that oxytocin may increase neuroplasticity, synaptic connections, and alter ASD genes' expression. (intechopen.com)
High affinity2
- Oxytocin acetate is a mammalian neurohypophysial hormone and its actions are mediated by specific, high-affinity oxytocin receptors and ligand of oxytocin receptor. (csnpharm.cn)
- Cell surface proteins that bind oxytocin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. (bvsalud.org)
Neurotransmitter1
- One of these chemicals is the neurotransmitter oxytocin. (amnh.org)
Selective4
- Several selective ligands for the oxytocin receptor have recently been developed, but close similarity between the oxytocin and related vasopressin receptors make it difficult to achieve high selectivity with peptide derivatives. (wikipedia.org)
- Lysine vasopressin, the selective V2 agonist dDAVP, and the V1-selective agonist SK&F 105349 were at least 10- to 100-fold less potent than oxytocin and exhibited only partial agonist activity. (aspetjournals.org)
- Interim treatment for hypogonadism in such patients, while hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function recovers, has included judicious use of testosterone replacement therapy, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and selective estrogen receptor modulators (eg, clomiphene). (medscape.com)
- Recently new agents have shown promising effects in symptom improvement and fibroid regression, like aromatase inhibitors, mifepristone, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and selective progesterone receptor modulators. (hindawi.com)
Protein-coupled3
- Here, we report that the recently sequenced genome from the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum contains a gene coding for an oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptide, identical to the locust peptide, which we named inotocin (for insect oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptide) and a gene coding for an inotocin G protein-coupled. (lu.se)
- Finally, comparative analysis of the free- and agonist-bound forms of the wild-type oxytocin receptor and α 1B adrenergic receptor suggests that the highly conserved polar amino acids and the seven helices play similar mechanistic roles in the different G protein-coupled receptors. (aspetjournals.org)
- The vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R) belongs to the Class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (drugbank.com)
Behaviors5
- Oxytocin (OXT) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) are two phylogenetically conserved neuropeptides that have been implicated in a wide range of social behaviors. (frontiersin.org)
- One critical factor at the intersection between innate behaviors and experience-dependent learning is oxytocin , a neurohormone important for maternal physiology and neuroplasticity . (bvsalud.org)
- Oxytocin acts throughout the body and brain to promote prosocial and maternal behaviors and modulates synaptic transmission to affect neural circuit dynamics. (bvsalud.org)
- Oxytocin (OT) is a crucial regulator of reproductive behaviors, including parturition in mammals. (frontiersin.org)
- Presentation] Oxytocin receptor and the diversity in social behaviors. (nii.ac.jp)
Behavior9
- Because of their distinct roles in social behavior, cognition, and reproduction, the receptors of the oxytocin and vasopressin family represent attractive drug targets," according to the findings. (mentaldaily.com)
- Oxytocin is a primary neuropeptide which coordinates affiliative behavior. (fbk.eu)
- Sex-Specific Differences in Oxytocin Receptor Expression and Function for Parental Behavior. (bvsalud.org)
- Recently we developed specific antibodies to mouse oxytocin receptors , found that oxytocin receptors are left lateralized in female auditory cortex , and examined how oxytocin enables maternal behavior by sensitizing the cortex to infant distress sounds . (bvsalud.org)
- however, oxytocin enhanced parental behavior onset in females but not males . (bvsalud.org)
- This suggests that left lateralization of oxytocin receptor expression in females provides a mechanism for accelerating maternal behavior onset, although male mice can also effectively co- parent after experience with infants . (bvsalud.org)
- 1994 ). In humans, there have been a number of recent studies demonstrating enhanced functions relevant to social behavior following oxytocin application in healthy adults (Heinrichs et al. (biomedcentral.com)
- Oxytocin had already been called the "hormone of mother love" by people studying maternal behavior in animals and humans. (medscape.com)
- [ 4 ] We are discovering that long-lasting changes in the oxytocin receptor gene are induced by the birth process itself, by maternal behavior, and by being exposed to exogenous oxytocin. (medscape.com)
Abstract1
- abstract = "WAY-267,464 (1) and twelve conformationally rigid analogues (3a-f-4a-f) were synthesised, characterised and evaluated in cellular assays with the aim of systematically exploring interactions with the oxytocin receptor (OTR). (edu.au)
Polymorphisms1
- Association of 5-HT2A receptor gene polymorphisms with gastrointestinal disorders in Egyptian children with autistic disorder. (cdc.gov)
Estrogen receptor12
- The vasopressin (VP) magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in the supraoptic and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei are regulated by estrogen and exhibit robust expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-β. (jneurosci.org)
- Since the cloning of estrogen receptor (ER)-β, many studies have demonstrated ER-β expression in MNCs (Shughrue et al. (jneurosci.org)
- The estrogen receptor is the master transcriptional regulator of breast cancer phenotype and the archetype of a molecular therapeutic target. (nature.com)
- Figure 1: Summary of estrogen receptor and RNA PolII binding sites and correlation with nucleotide and gene number. (nature.com)
- Figure 2: Estrogen-mediated transcript changes and correlation with estrogen receptor binding. (nature.com)
- Figure 3: Estrogen receptor and RNA PolII binding relative to specific gene targets. (nature.com)
- Figure 4: Identification of enriched motifs within the estrogen receptor binding sites and validation of transcription factor binding. (nature.com)
- Figure 5: Involvement of cooperating transcription factors at estrogen receptor binding sites. (nature.com)
- Figure 7: Assessment of estrogen receptor binding properties in different cell systems. (nature.com)
- In the version of this article initially published online, the estrogen receptor and RNA PolII binding data were aligned incorrectly in the top panel of Figure 3, which represents estrogen receptor binding at the ESR1 gene region. (nature.com)
- Estrogen receptor-alpha directs ordered, cyclical, and combinatorial recruitment of cofactors on a natural target promoter. (nature.com)
- IFNtau acts as an antiestrogen on the endometrium to suppress increases in estrogen receptor (ER) and oxytocin receptor (OTR) gene expression which prevents pulsatile production of prostaglandin F2alpha and regression of the corpus luteum or luteolysis. (tamu.edu)
Dopamine1
- MDMA exerts its effects through 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 1A , 5-HT 1B , 5-HT 2A , dopamine and alpha-2 receptors. (cambridge.org)
Mechanism2
- In their findings, researchers uncovered an interaction between magnesium and cholesterol, two substances correlated with the oxytocin receptor, which enhances our understanding of the receptor mechanism. (mentaldaily.com)
- Investigation of mechanism of desmopressin binding in vasopressin V2 receptor versus vasopressin V1a and oxytocin receptors: molecular dynamics simulation of the agonist-bound state in the membrane-aqueous system. (drugbank.com)
Neuropeptide3
- The inotocin/receptor couple can also be found in the recently sequenced genome from the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis but not in any other holometabolous insect with a completely sequenced genome (12 Drosophila species, the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae, the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, the silk worm Bombyx mori, and the honey bee Apis mellifera), suggesting that this neuropeptide system is confined to basal holometabolous insects. (lu.se)
- Mapping neuropeptide receptors in these nontraditional species questions existing assumptions and informs proposed evolutionary explanations about the biological bases of monogamy. (brainresearchlab.com)
- Furthermore, we discuss novel pharmacologic approaches, including the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ketamine and neuropeptide Y (NPY), as exciting new prospects for not only the treatment of PTSD but as new targets to enhance resilience. (cdc.gov)
Peptide5
- More than 20 years ago, an oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptide, CLITNCPRGamide, was isolated from the locust, Locusta migratoria [Proux JP, et al. (lu.se)
- Furthermore, we identified an oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptide and receptor in the recently sequenced genome from the water flea Daphnia pulex (Crustacea). (lu.se)
- Using peptide analogs, a poor correlation was found between antagonism of oxytocin-induced calcium transients of LLC-PK1 cells and pig kidney V2 and rat liver V1 receptor affinity. (aspetjournals.org)
- Three-dimensional activated models of the receptors were constructed using the multiple sequence alignment and the complex of activated rhodopsin with Gt(alpha) C-terminal peptide of transducin MII-Gt(alpha) (338-350) prototype (Slusarz, R. (drugbank.com)
- Oxytocin (OT) is a highly conserved nonapeptide that was the first peptide hormone with determined molecular structure ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Ligand1
- To our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular cloning of an oxytocin/vasopressin-like receptor and its ligand from arthropods. (lu.se)
BDNF1
- Branchi I, Curley JP, D'Andrea I, Cirulli F, Champagne FA & Alleva E, 2013, Early interactions with mother and peers independently build adult social skills and shape BDNF and oxytocin receptor brain levels , Psychoneuroendocrinology 38: 522-532. (curleylab.org)
Differences1
- Satiation scores areas in healthy subjects after receiving atosiban or oxytocin did not show any significant differences. (biomedcentral.com)
Androgen receptor4
- Moreover, because testosterone (T) can be aromatized into estrogen in the hypothalamus ( Lephart, 1996 ) and because the androgen receptor is not expressed in MNCs, it is conceivable that effects of T could also be mediated through ER-β. (jneurosci.org)
- Recently we showed that 24 h after copulation to satiety, there is a reduction in androgen receptor density (ARd) in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), but not in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). (karger.com)
- Lee HJ, Chang C: Recent advances in androgen receptor action. (karger.com)
- Prins GS, Birch L, Greene GL: Androgen receptor localization in different cell types of the adult rat prostate. (karger.com)
Hormone7
- I learned that Oxytocin is a good hormone that is produced when Conscience meets Desire. (320ro.com)
- Oxytocin is a hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus gland in the Brain and released into the bloodstream. (320ro.com)
- Oxytocin is known as the "love hormone" because it plays a role in social bonding, sexual reproduction, and childbirth. (320ro.com)
- In this age of technology coupled with greed and unethical human activity, even a good hormone such as Oxytocin can have a bad side and it shouldn't be hard for most people to figure out how Oxytocin can be used unethically. (320ro.com)
- Oxytocin is a mammalian neurohypophysial hormone which stimulates uterine contraction and lactation. (csnpharm.cn)
- Vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), primarily acts on the V 2 receptors of the distal tubules of the kidney to reabsorb water, which increases total body water and urine osmolality and decreases urine volume. (medscape.com)
- We are trying to understand what causes oxytocin, a hormone that can have benefits to the human body, to be released and its consequences, both as a natural hormone and as a hormone given exogenously. (medscape.com)
GPCR1
- This GPCR is strongly activated by low concentrations of inotocin (EC 50 , 5 × 10 -9 M), demonstrating that it is the inotocin receptor. (lu.se)
Signaling2
- Mechanistically, MBH Socs3-deficient mice display increased hindbrain sensitivity to endogenous, meal-related satiety signals, mediated by oxytocin signaling. (jneurosci.org)
- Thus, oxytocin signaling likely mediates the effect of hypothalamic leptin on satiety circuits of the caudal brainstem. (jneurosci.org)
Antagonism1
- Oxytocin receptor antagonism blunts responsiveness of CNA to peripherally injected LiCl. (waikato.ac.nz)
Gene expression1
- Emerging and exciting areas of research and novel methodological approaches, including genome-wide gene expression studies, immune, endocannabinoid, oxytocin, and glutamatergic systems, are explored to help delineate innovative mechanisms that may contribute to resilience. (cdc.gov)
Retosiban1
- Understanding the exact three-dimensional interaction of retosiban and the oxytocin receptor at the atomic level serves as the blueprint for developing new therapeutics that regulate the receptor's functioning," said Andreas Plückthun, the study's lead author. (mentaldaily.com)
Methylation1
- Dr Connelly has developed a lot of tools for measuring oxytocin and methylation. (medscape.com)
Predicts1
- Oxytocin receptor gene variation predicts subjective responses to MDMA. (uchicago.edu)
Uterine2
- The oxytocin-oxytocin receptor system plays an important role as an inducer of uterine contractions during parturition and of milk ejection. (wikipedia.org)
- The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of magnetic resonance-guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) in patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids (myomata) after application of oxytocin. (hindawi.com)
Suppresses1
- In addition, atosiban suppresses oxytocin-mediated release of PGE and PGF from the decidua. (csnpharm.cn)
Behavioral1
- INTRODUCTION: Corticotropin-releasing factor and its primary receptor (CRFR1) are critical regulators of behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses. (niagads.org)
Doses1
- A little oxytocin seems to be good, but large doses can disrupt the process-especially the development of the baby. (medscape.com)
Hypothalamus2
- Systemic vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) are chiefly produced by magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus. (jneurosci.org)
- The hypothalamus produces 2 hormones, vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OXT), that are secreted from the nerve axons into the capillary beds that supply the posterior pituitary, where they are stored in cells and ultimately released into the circulation. (medscape.com)
Agonist-bound2
- The structural features of the constitutively active and inactive receptor mutants were compared with those of the wild type in its free and agonist-bound states. (aspetjournals.org)
- The internal water molecules involved in an intricate network of the hydrogen bonds inside the receptor cavity have been identified and their role in the stabilization of the agonist-bound state proposed. (drugbank.com)
Mice1
- In this study we compare oxytocin receptor expression and function in male and female mice . (bvsalud.org)
Adult3
- Quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) showed that in adult Tribolium, the receptor is mainly expressed in the head and much less in the hindgut and Malpighian tubules, suggesting that the inotocin/receptor couple does not play a role in water homeostasis. (lu.se)
- Surprisingly, qPCR also showed that the receptor is 30x more expressed in the first larval stages than in adult animals. (lu.se)
- Receptor expression is higher in adult female left auditory cortex than in right auditory cortex or males . (bvsalud.org)
Inhibitor1
- Atosiban is an inhibitor of the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin. (csnpharm.cn)
Brain1
- [ 2 , 3 ] It is used to induce labor and to facilitate other processes, but without taking into account the fact that oxytocin reaches the brain. (medscape.com)
MRNA2
- Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the decrease in ER-β mRNA was translated into depletion of receptor protein content in hyper-osmotic animals. (jneurosci.org)
- Further, mRNA for oxytocin and its receptor have been found throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. (biomedcentral.com)
Similarity1
- OT and AVP may bind to each other receptors due to strong similarity of their chemical structures ( 22 ). (frontiersin.org)
Role5
- A new study reports the oxytocin receptor plays a special role in the ability to remember faces. (neurosciencenews.com)
- Because of the eminent role of receptors for mediating the biological effects of steroid hormones, changes in receptor expression could alter responsiveness of the target cells and determine the physiological circumstances in which gonadal steroids become important regulators of cell function. (jneurosci.org)
- The effects observed throughout the GI tract suggest that oxytocin plays a critical role in GI motility. (biomedcentral.com)
- Oxytocin plays a key role in the bonding process in voles--but what about in humans? (amnh.org)
- Animal experiments and imaging studies demonstrate the central role of oxytocin in maternal love and bonding. (intechopen.com)
Selectivity1
- 1400-fold selectivity over the related vasopressin receptors. (csnpharm.cn)
Humans1
- Both monogamous and non-monogamous species exist within Eulemur, a genus of strepsirrhine primate, offering a rare opportunity to broaden a comparative perspective on oxytocin and vasopressin neurocircuitry with increased evolutionary relevance to humans. (brainresearchlab.com)
Empathy1
- It also produces oxytocin release, which improves bonding and raises levels of empathy. (cambridge.org)
Density3
- In the current study, we simulated pregnancy in a hamster model to investigate changes in oxytocin receptor density in the efferents of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). (brynmawr.edu)
- For the four regions of interest, we predicted a decrease in oxytocin receptors density for the estrogen-withdrawn hamsters within the postpartum period. (brynmawr.edu)
- Analysis of receptor synthesis and degradation by the density-shift technique. (karger.com)
Atosiban1
- Atosiban inhibits the oxytocin-mediated release of inositol trisphosphate from the myometrial cell membrane. (csnpharm.cn)
Mammalian1
- Contemporary theory that emphasizes the roles of oxytocin and vasopressin in mammalian sociality has been shaped by seminal vole research that revealed interspecific variation in neuroendocrine circuitry by mating system. (brainresearchlab.com)