Harmful effects of non-experimental exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation in VERTEBRATES.
Experimentally produced harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing RADIATION in CHORDATA animals.
Drugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. They are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy but have been considered for other, e.g. military, purposes.
The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv).
A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.
The relationship between the dose of administered radiation and the response of the organism or tissue to the radiation.
Radiation protection, also known as radiation safety, is the science and practice of protecting people and the environment from harmful ionizing radiation exposure while allowing for the safe medical, industrial, and research uses of such radiation.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION or particle radiation (high energy ELEMENTARY PARTICLES) capable of directly or indirectly producing IONS in its passage through matter. The wavelengths of ionizing electromagnetic radiation are equal to or smaller than those of short (far) ultraviolet radiation and include gamma and X-rays.
The ability of some cells or tissues to survive lethal doses of IONIZING RADIATION. Tolerance depends on the species, cell type, and physical and chemical variables, including RADIATION-PROTECTIVE AGENTS and RADIATION-SENSITIZING AGENTS.
Uncontrolled release of radioactive material from its containment. This either threatens to, or does, cause exposure to a radioactive hazard. Such an incident may occur accidentally or deliberately.
The use of IONIZING RADIATION to treat malignant NEOPLASMS and some benign conditions.
Events that overwhelm the resources of local HOSPITALS and health care providers. They are likely to impose a sustained demand for HEALTH SERVICES rather than the short, intense peak customary with smaller scale disasters.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
Irradiation of the whole body with ionizing or non-ionizing radiation. It is applicable to humans or animals but not to microorganisms.
Extracts prepared from placental tissue; they may contain specific but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities.
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
A health care system's ability to rapidly mobilize to meet an increased demand, to rapidly expand beyond normal services levels to meet the increased demand in the event of large-scale DISASTERS or public health emergencies.
Penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from atomic nuclei during NUCLEAR DECAY. The range of wavelengths of emitted radiation is between 0.1 - 100 pm which overlaps the shorter, more energetic hard X-RAYS wavelengths. The distinction between gamma rays and X-rays is based on their radiation source.
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
The measurement of radiation by photography, as in x-ray film and film badge, by Geiger-Mueller tube, and by SCINTILLATION COUNTING.
Emission or propagation of acoustic waves (SOUND), ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY waves (such as LIGHT; RADIO WAVES; GAMMA RAYS; or X-RAYS), or a stream of subatomic particles (such as ELECTRONS; NEUTRONS; PROTONS; or ALPHA PARTICLES).
Production of an image when x-rays strike a fluorescent screen.
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.
Penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted when the inner orbital electrons of an atom are excited and release radiant energy. X-ray wavelengths range from 1 pm to 10 nm. Hard X-rays are the higher energy, shorter wavelength X-rays. Soft x-rays or Grenz rays are less energetic and longer in wavelength. The short wavelength end of the X-ray spectrum overlaps the GAMMA RAYS wavelength range. The distinction between gamma rays and X-rays is based on their radiation source.
The total amount of radiation absorbed by tissues as a result of radiotherapy.
The observation, either continuously or at intervals, of the levels of radiation in a given area, generally for the purpose of assuring that they have not exceeded prescribed amounts or, in case of radiation already present in the area, assuring that the levels have returned to those meeting acceptable safety standards.
The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.
A subspecialty of medical oncology and radiology concerned with the radiotherapy of cancer.
Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.
The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
Damage to any compartment of the lung caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents which characteristically elicit inflammatory reaction. These inflammatory reactions can either be acute and dominated by NEUTROPHILS, or chronic and dominated by LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES.
General or unspecified injuries involving the leg.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
High-energy radiation or particles from extraterrestrial space that strike the earth, its atmosphere, or spacecraft and may create secondary radiation as a result of collisions with the atmosphere or spacecraft.
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).
Tumors, cancer or other neoplasms produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)
General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck.
Radiation from sources other than the source of interest. It is due to cosmic rays and natural radioactivity in the environment.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.
Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.
General or unspecified injuries involving the arm.
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.
General or unspecified injuries to the chest area.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
Injuries involving the vertebral column.
The effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation upon living organisms, organs and tissues, and their constituents, and upon physiologic processes. It includes the effect of irradiation on food, drugs, and chemicals.
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Classification system for assessing impact injury severity developed and published by the American Association for Automotive Medicine. It is the system of choice for coding single injuries and is the foundation for methods assessing multiple injuries or for assessing cumulative effects of more than one injury. These include Maximum AIS (MAIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Probability of Death Score (PODS).
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
Drugs used to potentiate the effectiveness of radiation therapy in destroying unwanted cells.
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.
General or unspecified injuries to the heart.
Injuries of tissue other than bone. The concept is usually general and does not customarily refer to internal organs or viscera. It is meaningful with reference to regions or organs where soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin) should be differentiated from bones or bone tissue, as "soft tissue injuries of the hand".
Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART.) Reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm.
General or unspecified injuries to the posterior part of the trunk. It includes injuries to the muscles of the back.
Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injury. (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p417)
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.
Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.
A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; DEMENTIA; and other disorders.
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.
Damages to the CAROTID ARTERIES caused either by blunt force or penetrating trauma, such as CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; THORACIC INJURIES; and NECK INJURIES. Damaged carotid arteries can lead to CAROTID ARTERY THROMBOSIS; CAROTID-CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULA; pseudoaneurysm formation; and INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY DISSECTION. (From Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997, 18:251; J Trauma 1994, 37:473)
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.
Unstable isotopes of cobalt that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Co atoms with atomic weights of 54-64, except 59, are radioactive cobalt isotopes.
Study of the scientific principles, mechanisms, and effects of the interaction of ionizing radiation with living matter. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Injuries to blood vessels caused by laceration, contusion, puncture, or crush and other types of injuries. Symptoms vary by site and mode of injuries and may include bleeding, bruising, swelling, pain, and numbness. It does not include injuries secondary to pathologic function or diseases such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS.
Injuries caused by impact with a blunt object where there is no penetration of the skin.
Radiotherapy where there is improved dose homogeneity within the tumor and reduced dosage to uninvolved structures. The precise shaping of dose distribution is achieved via the use of computer-controlled multileaf collimators.
A method for ordering genetic loci along CHROMOSOMES. The method involves fusing irradiated donor cells with host cells from another species. Following cell fusion, fragments of DNA from the irradiated cells become integrated into the chromosomes of the host cells. Molecular probing of DNA obtained from the fused cells is used to determine if two or more genetic loci are located within the same fragment of donor cell DNA.
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.
Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES; RAILROADS nor snowmobiles.
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.
Systems for assessing, classifying, and coding injuries. These systems are used in medical records, surveillance systems, and state and national registries to aid in the collection and reporting of trauma.
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.
Unforeseen occurrences, especially injuries in the course of work-related activities.
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.
Administration of the total dose of radiation (RADIATION DOSAGE) in parts, at timed intervals.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.
A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues.
CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY that combines several intensity-modulated beams to provide improved dose homogeneity and highly conformal dose distributions.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Rate of energy dissipation along the path of charged particles. In radiobiology and health physics, exposure is measured in kiloelectron volts per micrometer of tissue (keV/micrometer T).
Computer-assisted mathematical calculations of beam angles, intensities of radiation, and duration of irradiation in radiotherapy.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Radiotherapy given to augment some other form of treatment such as surgery or chemotherapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.
A subdiscipline of genetics that studies RADIATION EFFECTS on the components and processes of biological inheritance.
Penetrating stab wounds caused by needles. They are of special concern to health care workers since such injuries put them at risk for developing infectious disease.
Hyperextension injury to the neck, often the result of being struck from behind by a fast-moving vehicle, in an automobile accident. (From Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Warfare involving the use of NUCLEAR WEAPONS.
Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.
The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal.

Radiation induced endothelial cell retraction in vitro: correlation with acute pulmonary edema. (1/741)

We determined the effects of low dose radiation (<200 cGy) on the cell-cell integrity of confluent monolayers of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMEC). We observed dose- and time-dependent reversible radiation induced injuries to PMEC monolayers characterized by retraction (loss of cell-cell contact) mediated by cytoskeletal F-actin reorganization. Radiation induced reorganization of F-actin microfilament stress fibers was observed > or =30 minutes post irradiation and correlated positively with loss of cell-cell integrity. Cells of irradiated monolayers recovered to form contact inhibited monolayers > or =24 hours post irradiation; concomitantly, the depolymerized microfilaments organized to their pre-irradiated state as microfilament stress fibers arrayed parallel to the boundaries of adjacent contact-inhibited cells. Previous studies by other investigators have measured slight but significant increases in mouse lung wet weight >1 day post thoracic or whole body radiation (> or =500 cGy). Little or no data is available concerning time intervals <1 day post irradiation, possibly because of the presumption that edema is mediated, at least in part, by endothelial cell death or irreversible loss of barrier permeability functions which may only arise 1 day post irradiation. However, our in vitro data suggest that loss of endothelial barrier function may occur rapidly and at low dose levels (< or =200 cGy). Therefore, we determined radiation effects on lung wet weight and observed significant increases in wet weight (standardized per dry weight or per mouse weight) in < or =5 hours post thoracic exposure to 50 200 cGy x-radiation. We suggest that a single fraction of radiation even at low dose levels used in radiotherapy, may induce pulmonary edema by a reversible loss of endothelial cell-cell integrity and permeability barrier function.  (+info)

Protective effects of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroneopterin against X-ray radiation injury in mice. (2/741)

The protective effects of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroneopterin (NH4) against radiation injury in mice were studied. (C57BL/6xA/J)F1 (B6A) mice received a single whole-body irradiation dose of 200, 400, 700 or 800 cGy of X-rays. NH4 (30 mg/kg body weight) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was injected intraperitoneally into irradiated mice 10 min before and after the irradiation and again after 6 h. All mice which received the 800 cGy radiation+PBS died between 8 and 11 days after the treatment. In contrast, those which also received NH4 demonstrated a significantly prolonged survival time and 40% lived more than 5 months. Total numbers of thymocytes and spleen cells on day 5 post-irradiation were dramatically reduced in line with the radiation dose. The survival was significantly enhanced by NH4 in treated mice. The proliferation of spleen cells in mice stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was also greater in NH4 treated mice. The immune response of survivors 5 months after 800 cGy+NH4 treatments, against Con A, LPS, allogenic mouse, and sheep red blood cells had essentially recovered to the levels of normal mice. These results indicate that NH4 had an important role in modifying radiation injury.  (+info)

Increased susceptibility to constant light in nr and pcd mice with inherited retinal degenerations. (3/741)

PURPOSE: To determine whether the degenerating photoreceptors in nervous (nr/nr) and Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd/pcd) mutant mice are more susceptible to the damaging effects of constant light than those in age-matched normal mice. METHODS: Beginning at two ages for each mutant, albino nr/nr and pcd/pcd mice were placed into constant fluorescent light at an illuminance of 115 foot-candles to 130 foot-candles for a period of 1 week. Age-matched (usually littermate) normal (+/-) mice were exposed at the same time. The degree of photoreceptor cell loss was quantified histologically by obtaining a mean outer nuclear layer thickness for each animal. The light-exposed mice were compared with age-matched mutant and normal mice that were maintained in cyclic light. RESULTS: The homozygous mutants at each age showed a significantly greater loss of photoreceptor cells caused by constant light exposure than did the normal +/- mice in the same period of light exposure. The nr/nr and pcd/pcd mutants lost two to three times the number of photoreceptor cells than did the +/- mice during the constant light exposure. CONCLUSIONS: It has long been thought that excessive light may be harmful to patients with inherited or age-related photoreceptor degenerations. The present data add to other experimental evidence suggesting that photoreceptors already undergoing inherited or other forms of degeneration may be particularly susceptible to the damaging effects of excessive light.  (+info)

Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity evaluation of 60 Hz (power frequency) magnetic fields in F344/N rats. (4/741)

A 2-yr whole-body exposure study was conducted to evaluate the chronic toxicity and possible oncogenicity of 60 Hz (power frequency) magnetic fields in rats. Groups of 100 male and 100 female F344/N rats were exposed continuously to pure, linearly polarized, transient-free 60 Hz magnetic fields at flux densities of 0 Gauss (G) (sham control), 20 milligauss (mG), 2 G, and 10 G; an additional group of 100 male and 100 female F344/N rats received intermittent (1 hr on/1 hr off) exposure to 10 G fields. Mortality patterns, body weight gains throughout the study, and the total incidence and number of malignant and benign tumors in all groups exposed to magnetic fields were similar to those found in sex-matched sham controls. Statistically significant increases in the combined incidence of C-cell adenomas and carcinomas of the thyroid were seen in male rats chronically exposed to 20 mG and 2 G magnetic fields. These increases were not seen in male rats exposed continuously or intermittently to 10 G fields or in female rats at any magnetic field exposure level. No increases in the incidence of neoplasms, which have been identified in epidemiology studies as possible targets of magnetic field action (leukemia, breast cancer, and brain cancer), were found in any group exposed to magnetic fields. There was a decrease in leukemia in male rats exposed to 10 G intermittent fields. The occurrence of C-cell tumors at the 2 lower field intensities in male rats is interpreted as equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity; data from female rats provides no evidence of carcinogenicity in that sex. These data, when considered as a whole, are interpreted as indicating that chronic exposure to pure linearly polarized 60 Hz magnetic fields has little or no effect on cancer development in the F344/N rat.  (+info)

Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity evaluation of 60 Hz (power frequency) magnetic fields in B6C3F1 mice. (5/741)

A 2-yr whole-body exposure study was conducted to evaluate the chronic toxicity and possible oncogenicity of 60 Hz (power frequency) magnetic fields in mice. Groups of 100 male and 100 female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to pure, linearly polarized, transient-free 60 Hz magnetic fields at flux densities of 0 Gauss (G) (sham control), 20 milligauss (mG), 2 G, and 10 G; an additional group of 100 male and 100 female B6C3F1 mice received intermittent (1 hr on/1 hr off) exposure to 10 G fields. A small but statistically significant increase in mortality was observed in male mice exposed continuously to 10 G fields; mortality patterns in all other groups of mice exposed to magnetic fields were comparable to those found in sex-matched sham controls. Body weight gains and the total incidence and number of malignant and benign tumors were similar in all groups. Magnetic field exposure did not increase the incidence of neoplasia in any organ, including those sites (leukemia, breast cancer, and brain cancer) that have been identified in epidemiology studies as possible targets of magnetic field action. A statistically significant decrease in the incidence of malignant lymphoma was observed in female mice exposed continuously to 10 G fields, and statistically significant decreases in the incidence of lung tumors were seen in both sexes exposed continuously to 2 G fields. These data do not support the hypothesis that chronic exposure to pure, linearly polarized 60 Hz magnetic fields is a significant risk factor for neoplastic development in mice.  (+info)

Keratinocyte growth factor separates graft-versus-leukemia effects from graft-versus-host disease. (6/741)

The major obstacles to successful outcome after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for leukemia remain graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and leukemic relapse. Improved survival after BMT therefore requires more effective GVHD prophylaxis that does not impair graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects. We studied the administration of human recombinant keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) in a well- characterized murine BMT model for its effects on GVHD. KGF administration from day -3 to +7 significantly reduced GVHD mortality and the severity of GVHD in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, reducing serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha levels, but preserving donor T-cell responses (cytotoxic T lymphocyte [CTL] activity, proliferation, and interleukin [IL]-2 production) to host antigens. When mice received lethal doses of P815 leukemia cells at the time of BMT, KGF treatment significantly decreased acute GVHD compared with control-treated allogeneic mice and resulted in a significantly improved leukemia-free survival (42% v 4%, P <.001). KGF administration thus offers a novel approach to the separation of GVL effects from GVHD.  (+info)

Defective immune response and severe skin damage following UVB irradiation in interleukin-6-deficient mice. (7/741)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a multifunctional cytokine, is induced in the acute-phase reaction following ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of humans and mice. Using IL-6-deficient (IL-6-/-) mice, we investigated the role of IL-6 in immunosuppression and inflammatory responses caused by UVB (280-320 nm) radiation. The IL-6-/- mice had a defective contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in response to the sensitizers 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and oxazolone. The injection of recombinant IL-6 (rIL-6) into these mice resulted in a marked recovery of the CHS. Serum IL-6 was significantly elevated by UV irradiation of wild-type B6 J/129Sv (IL-6+/+) mice but was not detectable in IL-6-/- mice. Interestingly, there was no induction of serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) by UV irradiation of IL-6-/- mice, whereas UV exposure caused a significant increase in serum IL-10 levels in IL-6+/+ mice. Injection of rIL-6 into IL-6-/- mice increased IL-10 to levels similar to those of IL-6+/+ mice. Being different from IL-6+/+ mice, no epidermal proliferation was found at 48 hr in the IL-6-/- mice, but delayed cell proliferation was observed at 72 hr after UV exposure. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the epidermis was capable of synthesizing IL-6 at 72 hr after UV irradiation of IL-6+/+ mice. In addition, the IL-6-positive cells appeared to be Langerhans' cells, which were detected with dendritic cell-reactive S-100 antibody. The present study strongly suggests that IL-6 may play a crucial role in the alteration of cutaneous immune responses following UV exposure, and provides evidence that IL-6 is a potent inducer of IL-10. Furthermore, IL-6 production induced by UV radiation appears to be an important early signal for repair of UV-caused skin damage.  (+info)

Different effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or bacterial infection on bone-marrow cells of cyclophosphamide-treated or irradiated mice. (8/741)

In the present study, the effect of treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on cellular composition of the bone marrow and the number of circulating leucocytes of granulocytopenic mice, whether or not infected with Staphylococcus aureus, was assessed. With two monoclonal antibodies, six morphologically distinct cell populations in the bone marrow could be characterised and quantitated by two-dimensional flow cytometry. Granulocytopenia was induced by cyclophosphamide or sublethal irradiation. Cyclophosphamide predominantly affected the later stages of dividing cells in the bone marrow resulting in a decrease in number of granulocytic cells, monocytic cells, lymphoid cells and myeloid blasts. G-CSF administration to cyclophosphamide-treated mice increased the number of early blasts, myeloid blasts and granulocytic cells in the bone marrow, which indicates that this growth factor stimulates the proliferation of these cells in the bone marrow. During infection in cyclophosphamide-treated mice the number of myeloid blasts increased. However, when an infection was induced in cyclophosphamide and G-CSF-treated mice, the proliferation of bone-marrow cells was not changed compared to that in noninfected similarly treated mice. Sublethal irradiation affected all bone-marrow cell populations, including the early blasts. G-CSF-treatment of irradiated mice increased only the number of myeloid blasts slightly, whereas an infection in irradiated mice, whether or not treated with G-CSF, did not affect the number of bone-marrow cells. Together, these studies demonstrated that irradiation affects the early blasts and myeloid blasts in the bone marrow more severely than treatment with cyclophosphamide. Irradiation probably depletes the bone marrow from G-CSF-responsive cells, while cyclophosphamide spared G-CSF responsive cells, thus enabling the enhanced G-CSF-mediated recovery after cyclophosphamide treatment. Only in these mice, bone marrow recovery is followed by a strong mobilisation of mature granulocytes and their band forms from the bone marrow into the circulation during a bacterial infection.  (+info)

Radiation injuries refer to the damages that occur to living tissues as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. These injuries can be acute, occurring soon after exposure to high levels of radiation, or chronic, developing over a longer period after exposure to lower levels of radiation. The severity and type of injury depend on the dose and duration of exposure, as well as the specific tissues affected.

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness, is the most severe form of acute radiation injury. It can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, and skin burns. In more severe cases, it can lead to neurological damage, hemorrhage, infection, and death.

Chronic radiation injuries, on the other hand, may not appear until months or even years after exposure. They can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, skin changes, cataracts, reduced fertility, and an increased risk of cancer.

Radiation injuries can be treated with supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes replacement, antibiotics, wound care, and blood transfusions. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or control bleeding. Prevention is the best approach to radiation injuries, which includes limiting exposure through proper protective measures and monitoring radiation levels in the environment.

'Radiation injuries, experimental' is not a widely recognized medical term. However, in the field of radiation biology and medicine, it may refer to the study and understanding of radiation-induced damage using various experimental models (e.g., cell cultures, animal models) before applying this knowledge to human health situations. These experiments aim to investigate the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms' biological processes, tissue responses, and potential therapeutic interventions. The findings from these studies contribute to the development of medical countermeasures, diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies for accidental or intentional radiation exposures in humans.

Radiation-protective agents, also known as radioprotectors, are substances that help in providing protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. They can be used to prevent or reduce damage to biological tissues, including DNA, caused by exposure to radiation. These agents work through various mechanisms such as scavenging free radicals, modulating cellular responses to radiation-induced damage, and enhancing DNA repair processes.

Radiation-protective agents can be categorized into two main groups:

1. Radiosensitizers: These are substances that make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy, increasing their susceptibility to damage and potentially improving treatment outcomes. However, radiosensitizers do not provide protection to normal tissues against radiation exposure.

2. Radioprotectors: These agents protect both normal and cancerous cells from radiation-induced damage. They can be further divided into two categories: direct and indirect radioprotectors. Direct radioprotectors interact directly with radiation, absorbing or scattering it away from sensitive tissues. Indirect radioprotectors work by neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species generated during radiation exposure, which would otherwise cause damage to cellular structures and DNA.

Examples of radiation-protective agents include antioxidants like vitamins C and E, chemical compounds such as amifostine and cysteamine, and various natural substances found in plants and foods. It is important to note that while some radiation-protective agents have shown promise in preclinical studies, their efficacy and safety in humans require further investigation before they can be widely used in clinical settings.

Radiation dosage, in the context of medical physics, refers to the amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by a material or tissue, usually measured in units of Gray (Gy), where 1 Gy equals an absorption of 1 Joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter. In the clinical setting, radiation dosage is used to plan and assess the amount of radiation delivered to a patient during treatments such as radiotherapy. It's important to note that the biological impact of radiation also depends on other factors, including the type and energy level of the radiation, as well as the sensitivity of the irradiated tissues or organs.

Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness, is a set of symptoms that occur within 24 hours after exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation. The severity of the syndrome depends on the dose of radiation received and the duration of exposure. It can be caused by accidental exposure or intentional use in nuclear warfare or terrorist activities.

ARS is typically divided into three categories based on the symptoms and affected organs: hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and neurovascular.

1. Hematopoietic ARS: This type of ARS affects the bone marrow and results in a decrease in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, fever, infection, and bleeding.
2. Gastrointestinal ARS: This type of ARS affects the gastrointestinal tract and results in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dehydration.
3. Neurovascular ARS: This is the most severe form of ARS and affects the central nervous system. Symptoms include confusion, disorientation, seizures, coma, and death.

Treatment for ARS includes supportive care such as fluid replacement, blood transfusions, antibiotics, and medications to manage symptoms. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary. Prevention measures include limiting exposure to ionizing radiation and using appropriate protective equipment when working with radioactive materials.

A dose-response relationship in radiation refers to the correlation between the amount of radiation exposure (dose) and the biological response or adverse health effects observed in exposed individuals. As the level of radiation dose increases, the severity and frequency of the adverse health effects also tend to increase. This relationship is crucial in understanding the risks associated with various levels of radiation exposure and helps inform radiation protection standards and guidelines.

The effects of ionizing radiation can be categorized into two types: deterministic and stochastic. Deterministic effects have a threshold dose below which no effect is observed, and above this threshold, the severity of the effect increases with higher doses. Examples include radiation-induced cataracts or radiation dermatitis. Stochastic effects, on the other hand, do not have a clear threshold and are based on probability; as the dose increases, so does the likelihood of the adverse health effect occurring, such as an increased risk of cancer.

Understanding the dose-response relationship in radiation exposure is essential for setting limits on occupational and public exposure to ionizing radiation, optimizing radiation protection practices, and developing effective medical countermeasures in case of radiation emergencies.

Radiation protection, also known as radiation safety, is a field of study and practice that aims to protect people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation. It involves various measures and techniques used to minimize or eliminate exposure to ionizing radiation, such as:

1. Time: Reducing the amount of time spent near a radiation source.
2. Distance: Increasing the distance between oneself and a radiation source.
3. Shielding: Using materials that can absorb or block radiation to reduce exposure.
4. Containment: Preventing the release of radiation into the environment.
5. Training and education: Providing information and training to individuals who work with radiation sources.
6. Dosimetry and monitoring: Measuring and monitoring radiation doses received by individuals and populations.
7. Emergency planning and response: Developing plans and procedures for responding to radiation emergencies or accidents.

Radiation protection is an important consideration in various fields, including medicine, nuclear energy, research, and manufacturing, where ionizing radiation sources are used or produced.

Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that carries enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules, which means it can knock electrons out of their orbits and create ions. These charged particles can cause damage to living tissue and DNA, making ionizing radiation dangerous to human health. Examples of ionizing radiation include X-rays, gamma rays, and some forms of subatomic particles such as alpha and beta particles. The amount and duration of exposure to ionizing radiation are important factors in determining the potential health effects, which can range from mild skin irritation to an increased risk of cancer and other diseases.

Radiation tolerance, in the context of medicine and particularly radiation oncology, refers to the ability of tissues or organs to withstand and recover from exposure to ionizing radiation without experiencing significant damage or loss of function. It is often used to describe the maximum dose of radiation that can be safely delivered to a specific area of the body during radiotherapy treatments.

Radiation tolerance varies depending on the type and location of the tissue or organ. For example, some tissues such as the brain, spinal cord, and lungs have lower radiation tolerance than others like the skin or bone. Factors that can affect radiation tolerance include the total dose of radiation, the fractionation schedule (the number and size of radiation doses), the volume of tissue treated, and the individual patient's overall health and genetic factors.

Assessing radiation tolerance is critical in designing safe and effective radiotherapy plans for cancer patients, as excessive radiation exposure can lead to serious side effects such as radiation-induced injury, fibrosis, or even secondary malignancies.

A "Radioactive Hazard Release" is defined in medical and environmental health terms as an uncontrolled or accidental release of radioactive material into the environment, which can pose significant risks to human health and the ecosystem. This can occur due to various reasons such as nuclear accidents, improper handling or disposal of radioactive sources, or failure of radiation-generating equipment.

The released radioactive materials can contaminate air, water, and soil, leading to both external and internal exposure pathways. External exposure occurs through direct contact with the skin or by inhaling radioactive particles, while internal exposure happens when radioactive substances are ingested or inhaled and become deposited within the body.

The health effects of radioactive hazard release depend on several factors, including the type and amount of radiation released, the duration and intensity of exposure, and the sensitivity of the exposed individuals. Potential health impacts range from mild radiation sickness to severe diseases such as cancer and genetic mutations, depending on the level and length of exposure.

Prompt identification, assessment, and management of radioactive hazard releases are crucial to minimize potential health risks and protect public health.

Radiotherapy, also known as radiation therapy, is a medical treatment that uses ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells, shrink tumors, and prevent the growth and spread of cancer. The radiation can be delivered externally using machines or internally via radioactive substances placed in or near the tumor. Radiotherapy works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Normal cells are also affected by radiation, but they have a greater ability to repair themselves compared to cancer cells. The goal of radiotherapy is to destroy as many cancer cells as possible while minimizing damage to healthy tissue.

A Mass Casualty Incident (MCI) is a situation in which the number of injured or deceased individuals exceeds the local resources available to respond and manage the incident. It typically involves multiple victims, often resulting from natural disasters, transportation accidents, terrorist attacks, or industrial incidents. The severity and scale of injuries require additional resources, coordination, and response from regional, national, or international emergency management and healthcare systems.

A wound is a type of injury that occurs when the skin or other tissues are cut, pierced, torn, or otherwise broken. Wounds can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, violence, surgery, or certain medical conditions. There are several different types of wounds, including:

* Incisions: These are cuts that are made deliberately, often during surgery. They are usually straight and clean.
* Lacerations: These are tears in the skin or other tissues. They can be irregular and jagged.
* Abrasions: These occur when the top layer of skin is scraped off. They may look like a bruise or a scab.
* Punctures: These are wounds that are caused by sharp objects, such as needles or knives. They are usually small and deep.
* Avulsions: These occur when tissue is forcibly torn away from the body. They can be very serious and require immediate medical attention.

Injuries refer to any harm or damage to the body, including wounds. Injuries can range from minor scrapes and bruises to more severe injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and head trauma. It is important to seek medical attention for any injury that is causing significant pain, swelling, or bleeding, or if there is a suspected bone fracture or head injury.

In general, wounds and injuries should be cleaned and covered with a sterile bandage to prevent infection. Depending on the severity of the wound or injury, additional medical treatment may be necessary. This may include stitches for deep cuts, immobilization for broken bones, or surgery for more serious injuries. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications.

Whole-Body Irradiation (WBI) is a medical procedure that involves the exposure of the entire body to a controlled dose of ionizing radiation, typically used in the context of radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The purpose of WBI is to destroy cancer cells or suppress the immune system prior to a bone marrow transplant. It can be delivered using various sources of radiation, such as X-rays, gamma rays, or electrons, and is carefully planned and monitored to minimize harm to healthy tissues while maximizing the therapeutic effect on cancer cells. Potential side effects include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection due to decreased white blood cell counts.

Placental extracts are substances that are derived from the placenta, which is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall during pregnancy. These extracts contain a variety of biologically active compounds, including hormones, growth factors, and nutrients, which can have potential therapeutic effects.

Placental extracts are typically obtained from either human or animal placentas through a process of extraction and purification. They may be used in various medical and cosmetic applications, although their effectiveness and safety are still a subject of ongoing research and debate. Some proponents claim that placental extracts can help to promote healing, reduce inflammation, and improve skin health, among other benefits. However, more rigorous scientific studies are needed to confirm these claims and establish the appropriate uses and dosages of placental extracts in medical practice.

Radiation pneumonitis is a inflammatory reaction in the lung tissue that occurs as a complication of thoracic radiation therapy. It usually develops 1-3 months following the completion of radiation treatment. The symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include cough, shortness of breath, fever, and chest discomfort. In severe cases, it can lead to fibrosis (scarring) of the lung tissue, which can cause permanent lung damage. Radiation pneumonitis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical symptoms, imaging studies such as chest X-ray or CT scan, and sometimes through bronchoscopy with lavage. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and supportive care to manage symptoms.

Surge capacity, in the context of healthcare and public health, refers to the ability to expand quickly and significantly beyond normal operational capacity to meet a sudden, unexpected increase in demand for services. This may be due to various reasons such as mass casualty events, natural disasters, or disease outbreaks. Surge capacity involves having plans, policies, procedures, and resources in place to rapidly scale up and provide care and support to affected individuals. It includes elements such as staffing, supplies, facilities, communication systems, and transportation. The goal of surge capacity is to ensure that healthcare services remain available, accessible, and effective during times of crisis.

Gamma rays are a type of ionizing radiation that is released from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay. They are high-energy photons, with wavelengths shorter than 0.01 nanometers and frequencies greater than 3 x 10^19 Hz. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, similar to X-rays, but with higher energy levels and the ability to penetrate matter more deeply. They can cause damage to living tissue and are used in medical imaging and cancer treatment.

Radiodermatitis is a cutaneous adverse reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. It is characterized by inflammation, erythema, dryness, and desquamation of the skin, which can progress to moist desquamation, ulceration, and necrosis in severe cases. Radiodermatitis typically affects areas of the skin that have received high doses of radiation therapy during cancer treatment. The severity and duration of radiodermatitis depend on factors such as the total dose, fraction size, dose rate, and volume of radiation administered, as well as individual patient characteristics.

A brain injury is defined as damage to the brain that occurs following an external force or trauma, such as a blow to the head, a fall, or a motor vehicle accident. Brain injuries can also result from internal conditions, such as lack of oxygen or a stroke. There are two main types of brain injuries: traumatic and acquired.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force that results in the brain moving within the skull or the skull being fractured. Mild TBIs may result in temporary symptoms such as headaches, confusion, and memory loss, while severe TBIs can cause long-term complications, including physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is any injury to the brain that occurs after birth and is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. ABIs are often caused by medical conditions such as strokes, tumors, anoxia (lack of oxygen), or infections.

Both TBIs and ABIs can range from mild to severe and may result in a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and function independently. Treatment for brain injuries typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical management, rehabilitation, and supportive care.

Radiometry is the measurement of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light. It quantifies the amount and characteristics of radiant energy in terms of power or intensity, wavelength, direction, and polarization. In medical physics, radiometry is often used to measure therapeutic and diagnostic radiation beams used in various imaging techniques and cancer treatments such as X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet or infrared light. Radiometric measurements are essential for ensuring the safe and effective use of these medical technologies.

Medical Definition:

Radiation is the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization, which can occur naturally (e.g., sunlight) or be produced artificially (e.g., x-rays, radioisotopes). In medicine, radiation is used diagnostically and therapeutically in various forms, such as X-rays, gamma rays, and radiopharmaceuticals, to diagnose and treat diseases like cancer. However, excessive exposure to radiation can pose health risks, including radiation sickness and increased risk of cancer.

Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of the body. A continuous X-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined, and the resulting fluoroscopic images are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the medical professional to view the structure and movement of the internal organs and bones in real time.

Fluoroscopy is often used to guide minimally invasive procedures such as catheterization, stent placement, or joint injections. It can also be used to diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal injuries, and cardiovascular diseases.

It is important to note that fluoroscopy involves exposure to ionizing radiation, and the risks associated with this exposure should be carefully weighed against the benefits of the procedure. Medical professionals are trained to use the lowest possible dose of radiation necessary to obtain the desired diagnostic information.

Intestinal diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the function or structure of the small intestine, large intestine (colon), or both. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. They can be caused by infections, inflammation, genetic disorders, or other factors. Some examples of intestinal diseases include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and intestinal infections. The specific medical definition may vary depending on the context and the specific condition being referred to.

X-rays, also known as radiographs, are a type of electromagnetic radiation with higher energy and shorter wavelength than visible light. In medical imaging, X-rays are used to produce images of the body's internal structures, such as bones and organs, by passing the X-rays through the body and capturing the resulting shadows or patterns on a specialized film or digital detector.

The amount of X-ray radiation used is carefully controlled to minimize exposure and ensure patient safety. Different parts of the body absorb X-rays at different rates, allowing for contrast between soft tissues and denser structures like bone. This property makes X-rays an essential tool in diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of medical conditions, including fractures, tumors, infections, and foreign objects within the body.

Radiotherapy dosage refers to the total amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by tissues or organs, typically measured in units of Gray (Gy), during a course of radiotherapy treatment. It is the product of the dose rate (the amount of radiation delivered per unit time) and the duration of treatment. The prescribed dosage for cancer treatments can range from a few Gray to more than 70 Gy, depending on the type and location of the tumor, the patient's overall health, and other factors. The goal of radiotherapy is to deliver a sufficient dosage to destroy the cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.

Radiation monitoring is the systematic and continuous measurement, assessment, and tracking of ionizing radiation levels in the environment or within the body to ensure safety and to take appropriate actions when limits are exceeded. It involves the use of specialized instruments and techniques to detect and quantify different types of radiation, such as alpha, beta, gamma, neutron, and x-rays. The data collected from radiation monitoring is used to evaluate radiation exposure, contamination levels, and potential health risks for individuals or communities. This process is crucial in various fields, including nuclear energy production, medical imaging and treatment, radiation therapy, and environmental protection.

The intestines, also known as the bowel, are a part of the digestive system that extends from the stomach to the anus. They are responsible for the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food, as well as the elimination of waste products. The intestines can be divided into two main sections: the small intestine and the large intestine.

The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that measures about 20 feet in length and is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase its surface area and enhance nutrient absorption. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is a wider tube that measures about 5 feet in length and is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from digested food, forming stool, and eliminating waste products from the body. The large intestine includes several regions, including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.

Together, the intestines play a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being by ensuring that the body receives the nutrients it needs to function properly.

Athletic injuries are damages or injuries to the body that occur while participating in sports, physical activities, or exercise. These injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Trauma: Direct blows, falls, collisions, or crushing injuries can cause fractures, dislocations, contusions, lacerations, or concussions.
2. Overuse: Repetitive motions or stress on a particular body part can lead to injuries such as tendonitis, stress fractures, or muscle strains.
3. Poor technique: Using incorrect form or technique during exercise or sports can put additional stress on muscles, joints, and ligaments, leading to injury.
4. Inadequate warm-up or cool-down: Failing to properly prepare the body for physical activity or neglecting to cool down afterwards can increase the risk of injury.
5. Lack of fitness or flexibility: Insufficient strength, endurance, or flexibility can make individuals more susceptible to injuries during sports and exercise.
6. Environmental factors: Extreme weather conditions, poor field or court surfaces, or inadequate equipment can contribute to the risk of athletic injuries.

Common athletic injuries include ankle sprains, knee injuries, shoulder dislocations, tennis elbow, shin splints, and concussions. Proper training, warm-up and cool-down routines, use of appropriate protective gear, and attention to technique can help prevent many athletic injuries.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.

The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

Reperfusion injury is a complex pathophysiological process that occurs when blood flow is restored to previously ischemic tissues, leading to further tissue damage. This phenomenon can occur in various clinical settings such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), stroke, or peripheral artery disease after an intervention aimed at restoring perfusion.

The restoration of blood flow leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators, which can cause oxidative stress, cellular damage, and activation of the immune system. This results in a cascade of events that may lead to microvascular dysfunction, capillary leakage, and tissue edema, further exacerbating the injury.

Reperfusion injury is an important consideration in the management of ischemic events, as interventions aimed at restoring blood flow must be carefully balanced with potential harm from reperfusion injury. Strategies to mitigate reperfusion injury include ischemic preconditioning (exposing the tissue to short periods of ischemia before a prolonged ischemic event), ischemic postconditioning (applying brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion after restoring blood flow), remote ischemic preconditioning (ischemia applied to a distant organ or tissue to protect the target organ), and pharmacological interventions that scavenge ROS, reduce inflammation, or improve microvascular function.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Brain neoplasms, also known as brain tumors, are abnormal growths of cells within the brain. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign brain tumors typically grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause serious problems if they press on sensitive areas of the brain. Malignant brain tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can grow quickly, invading surrounding brain tissue and spreading to other parts of the brain or spinal cord.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain, including glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), neurons (nerve cells that transmit signals in the brain), and meninges (the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). They can also result from the spread of cancer cells from other parts of the body, known as metastatic brain tumors.

Symptoms of brain neoplasms may vary depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis in the limbs, difficulty with balance and coordination, changes in speech or vision, confusion, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for brain neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Necrosis is the premature death of cells or tissues due to damage or injury, such as from infection, trauma, infarction (lack of blood supply), or toxic substances. It's a pathological process that results in the uncontrolled and passive degradation of cellular components, ultimately leading to the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space. This can cause local inflammation and may lead to further tissue damage if not treated promptly.

There are different types of necrosis, including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous necrosis, each with distinct histological features depending on the underlying cause and the affected tissues or organs.

Radiation oncology is a branch of medicine that uses ionizing radiation in the treatment and management of cancer. The goal of radiation therapy, which is the primary treatment modality in radiation oncology, is to destroy cancer cells or inhibit their growth while minimizing damage to normal tissues. This is achieved through the use of high-energy radiation beams, such as X-rays, gamma rays, and charged particles, that are directed at the tumor site with precision. Radiation oncologists work in interdisciplinary teams with other healthcare professionals, including medical physicists, dosimetrists, and radiation therapists, to plan and deliver effective radiation treatments for cancer patients.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the digestive tract, is a continuous tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is responsible for ingesting, digesting, absorbing, and excreting food and waste materials. The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus), and accessory organs such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The primary function of this system is to process and extract nutrients from food while also protecting the body from harmful substances, pathogens, and toxins.

The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is a medical scoring system used to assess the severity of trauma in patients with multiple injuries. It's based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), which classifies each injury by body region on a scale from 1 (minor) to 6 (maximum severity).

The ISS is calculated by summing the squares of the highest AIS score in each of the three most severely injured body regions. The possible ISS ranges from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries. An ISS over 15 is generally considered a significant injury, and an ISS over 25 is associated with a high risk of mortality. It's important to note that the ISS has limitations, as it doesn't consider the number or type of injuries within each body region, only the most severe one.

Cell survival refers to the ability of a cell to continue living and functioning normally, despite being exposed to potentially harmful conditions or treatments. This can include exposure to toxins, radiation, chemotherapeutic drugs, or other stressors that can damage cells or interfere with their normal processes.

In scientific research, measures of cell survival are often used to evaluate the effectiveness of various therapies or treatments. For example, researchers may expose cells to a particular drug or treatment and then measure the percentage of cells that survive to assess its potential therapeutic value. Similarly, in toxicology studies, measures of cell survival can help to determine the safety of various chemicals or substances.

It's important to note that cell survival is not the same as cell proliferation, which refers to the ability of cells to divide and multiply. While some treatments may promote cell survival, they may also inhibit cell proliferation, making them useful for treating diseases such as cancer. Conversely, other treatments may be designed to specifically target and kill cancer cells, even if it means sacrificing some healthy cells in the process.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

Lung injury, also known as pulmonary injury, refers to damage or harm caused to the lung tissue, blood vessels, or air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. This can result from various causes such as infection, trauma, exposure to harmful substances, or systemic diseases. Common types of lung injuries include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, and chemical pneumonitis. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing, cough, chest pain, and decreased oxygen levels in the blood. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation.

Leg injuries refer to damages or harm caused to any part of the lower extremity, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and other soft tissues. These injuries can result from various causes such as trauma, overuse, or degenerative conditions. Common leg injuries include fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, contusions, and cuts. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, stiffness, weakness, or difficulty walking. The specific treatment for a leg injury depends on the type and severity of the injury.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Apoptosis is a programmed and controlled cell death process that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a natural process that helps maintain tissue homeostasis by eliminating damaged, infected, or unwanted cells. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes a series of morphological changes, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into membrane-bound vesicles called apoptotic bodies. These bodies are then recognized and engulfed by neighboring cells or phagocytic cells, preventing an inflammatory response. Apoptosis is regulated by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways that involve proteins such as caspases, Bcl-2 family members, and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs).

Cosmic radiation refers to high-energy radiation that originates from space. It is primarily made up of charged particles, such as protons and electrons, and consists of several components including galactic cosmic rays, solar energetic particles, and trapped radiation in Earth's magnetic field (the Van Allen belts).

Galactic cosmic rays are high-energy particles that originate from outside our solar system. They consist mainly of protons, with smaller amounts of helium nuclei (alpha particles) and heavier ions. These particles travel at close to the speed of light and can penetrate the Earth's atmosphere, creating a cascade of secondary particles called "cosmic rays" that can be measured at the Earth's surface.

Solar energetic particles are high-energy charged particles, mainly protons and alpha particles, that are released during solar flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the Sun. These events can accelerate particles to extremely high energies, which can pose a radiation hazard for astronauts in space and for electronic systems in satellites.

Trapped radiation in Earth's magnetic field is composed of charged particles that are trapped by the Earth's magnetic field and form two doughnut-shaped regions around the Earth called the Van Allen belts. The inner belt primarily contains high-energy electrons, while the outer belt contains both protons and electrons. These particles can pose a radiation hazard for satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) and for astronauts during spacewalks or missions beyond LEO.

Cosmic radiation is an important consideration for human space exploration, as it can cause damage to living tissue and electronic systems. Therefore, understanding the sources, properties, and effects of cosmic radiation is crucial for ensuring the safety and success of future space missions.

Eye injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the eye or its surrounding structures. These injuries can vary in severity and may include:

1. Corneal abrasions: A scratch or scrape on the clear surface of the eye (cornea).
2. Chemical burns: Occurs when chemicals come into contact with the eye, causing damage to the cornea and other structures.
3. Eyelid lacerations: Cuts or tears to the eyelid.
4. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
5. Hyphema: Accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and iris.
6. Orbital fractures: Breaks in the bones surrounding the eye.
7. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
8. Traumatic uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, caused by trauma.
9. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

Eye injuries can result from a variety of causes, including accidents, sports-related injuries, violence, and chemical exposure. It is important to seek medical attention promptly for any suspected eye injury to prevent further damage and potential vision loss.

Local neoplasm recurrence is the return or regrowth of a tumor in the same location where it was originally removed or treated. This means that cancer cells have survived the initial treatment and started to grow again in the same area. It's essential to monitor and detect any local recurrence as early as possible, as it can affect the prognosis and may require additional treatment.

The intestinal mucosa is the innermost layer of the intestines, which comes into direct contact with digested food and microbes. It is a specialized epithelial tissue that plays crucial roles in nutrient absorption, barrier function, and immune defense. The intestinal mucosa is composed of several cell types, including absorptive enterocytes, mucus-secreting goblet cells, hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages.

The surface of the intestinal mucosa is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells, which are joined together by tight junctions to form a protective barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms. This barrier also allows for the selective absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The intestinal mucosa also contains numerous lymphoid follicles, known as Peyer's patches, which are involved in immune surveillance and defense against pathogens.

In addition to its role in absorption and immunity, the intestinal mucosa is also capable of producing hormones that regulate digestion and metabolism. Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosa can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and food allergies.

The small intestine is the portion of the gastrointestinal tract that extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine (cecum). It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. The small intestine is divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

1. Duodenum: This is the shortest and widest part of the small intestine, approximately 10 inches long. It receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach and begins the process of further digestion with the help of various enzymes and bile from the liver and pancreas.
2. Jejunum: The jejunum is the middle section, which measures about 8 feet in length. It has a large surface area due to the presence of circular folds (plicae circulares), finger-like projections called villi, and microvilli on the surface of the absorptive cells (enterocytes). These structures increase the intestinal surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water.
3. Ileum: The ileum is the longest and final section of the small intestine, spanning about 12 feet. It continues the absorption process, mainly of vitamin B12, bile salts, and any remaining nutrients. At the end of the ileum, there is a valve called the ileocecal valve that prevents backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine.

The primary function of the small intestine is to absorb the majority of nutrients, electrolytes, and water from ingested food. The mucosal lining of the small intestine contains numerous goblet cells that secrete mucus, which protects the epithelial surface and facilitates the movement of chyme through peristalsis. Additionally, the small intestine hosts a diverse community of microbiota, which contributes to various physiological functions, including digestion, immunity, and protection against pathogens.

Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the lung tissue, which can lead to difficulty breathing and respiratory failure. It is often caused by direct or indirect injury to the lungs, such as pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, or inhalation of harmful substances.

The symptoms of ALI include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, cough, and low oxygen levels in the blood. The condition can progress rapidly and may require mechanical ventilation to support breathing. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury, providing supportive care, and managing symptoms.

In severe cases, ALI can lead to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), a more serious and life-threatening condition that requires intensive care unit (ICU) treatment.

Radiation-induced neoplasms are a type of cancer or tumor that develops as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms or molecules, leading to the formation of ions. This type of radiation can damage DNA and other cellular structures, which can lead to mutations and uncontrolled cell growth, resulting in the development of a neoplasm.

Radiation-induced neoplasms can occur after exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as that received during radiation therapy for cancer treatment or from nuclear accidents. The risk of developing a radiation-induced neoplasm depends on several factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the type of radiation, and the individual's genetic susceptibility to radiation-induced damage.

Radiation-induced neoplasms can take many years to develop after initial exposure to ionizing radiation, and they often occur at the site of previous radiation therapy. Common types of radiation-induced neoplasms include sarcomas, carcinomas, and thyroid cancer. It is important to note that while ionizing radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer, the overall risk is still relatively low, especially when compared to other well-established cancer risk factors such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.

Radiopharmaceuticals are defined as pharmaceutical preparations that contain radioactive isotopes and are used for diagnosis or therapy in nuclear medicine. These compounds are designed to interact specifically with certain biological targets, such as cells, tissues, or organs, and emit radiation that can be detected and measured to provide diagnostic information or used to destroy abnormal cells or tissue in therapeutic applications.

The radioactive isotopes used in radiopharmaceuticals have carefully controlled half-lives, which determine how long they remain radioactive and how long the pharmaceutical preparation remains effective. The choice of radioisotope depends on the intended use of the radiopharmaceutical, as well as factors such as its energy, range of emission, and chemical properties.

Radiopharmaceuticals are used in a wide range of medical applications, including imaging, cancer therapy, and treatment of other diseases and conditions. Examples of radiopharmaceuticals include technetium-99m for imaging the heart, lungs, and bones; iodine-131 for treating thyroid cancer; and samarium-153 for palliative treatment of bone metastases.

The use of radiopharmaceuticals requires specialized training and expertise in nuclear medicine, as well as strict adherence to safety protocols to minimize radiation exposure to patients and healthcare workers.

Neck injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in any part of the neck, including soft tissues (muscles, ligaments, tendons), nerves, bones (vertebrae), and joints (facet joints, intervertebral discs). These injuries can result from various incidents such as road accidents, falls, sports-related activities, or work-related tasks. Common neck injuries include whiplash, strain or sprain of the neck muscles, herniated discs, fractured vertebrae, and pinched nerves, which may cause symptoms like pain, stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, shoulders, arms, or hands. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent further complications and ensure optimal recovery.

Background radiation refers to the ionizing radiation that is present in the natural environment and originates from various sources, both natural and human-made. The term "background" indicates that this radiation exists as a constant presence that is always present, even if at low levels.

The primary sources of natural background radiation include:

1. Cosmic radiation: High-energy particles from space, such as protons and alpha particles, continuously bombard the Earth's atmosphere. When these particles collide with atoms in the atmosphere, they produce secondary particles called muons and neutrinos, which can penetrate through buildings and living tissues, contributing to background radiation exposure.
2. Terrestrial radiation: Radioactive elements present in the Earth's crust, such as uranium, thorium, and potassium-40, emit alpha and gamma radiation. These radioactive elements are found in rocks, soil, and building materials, leading to varying levels of background radiation depending on location.
3. Radon: A naturally occurring radioactive gas produced by the decay of radium, which is present in trace amounts in rocks and soil. Radon can accumulate in buildings, particularly in basements and crawl spaces, leading to increased exposure for occupants.

Human-made sources of background radiation include medical diagnostic procedures (e.g., X-rays and CT scans), consumer products (e.g., smoke detectors containing americium-241), and residual nuclear fallout from past nuclear weapons testing or accidents, such as the Chernobyl disaster.

It is important to note that background radiation levels vary significantly depending on location, altitude, geology, and other factors. While it is not possible to avoid background radiation entirely, understanding its sources and taking appropriate precautions when exposed to higher levels (e.g., limiting time in high radon areas) can help minimize potential health risks associated with ionizing radiation exposure.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 (FDG-18) is not a medical condition, but a radiopharmaceutical used in medical imaging. It is a type of glucose (a simple sugar) that has been chemically combined with a small amount of a radioactive isotope called fluorine-18.

FDG-18 is used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans to help identify areas of the body where cells are using more energy than normal, such as cancerous tumors. The FDG-18 is injected into the patient's vein and travels throughout the body. Because cancer cells often use more glucose than normal cells, they tend to absorb more FDG-18.

Once inside the body, the FDG-18 emits positrons, which interact with electrons in nearby tissue, producing gamma rays that can be detected by a PET scanner. The resulting images can help doctors locate and assess the size and activity of cancerous tumors, as well as monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

Abdominal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the abdomen, an area of the body that is located between the chest and the pelvis. This region contains several vital organs such as the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, and reproductive organs. Abdominal injuries can range from minor bruises and cuts to severe internal bleeding and organ damage, depending on the cause and severity of the trauma.

Common causes of abdominal injuries include:

* Blunt force trauma, such as that caused by car accidents, falls, or physical assaults
* Penetrating trauma, such as that caused by gunshot wounds or stabbing
* Deceleration injuries, which occur when the body is moving at a high speed and suddenly stops, causing internal organs to continue moving and collide with each other or the abdominal wall

Symptoms of abdominal injuries may include:

* Pain or tenderness in the abdomen
* Swelling or bruising in the abdomen
* Nausea or vomiting
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Blood in the urine or stool
* Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
* Rapid heartbeat or low blood pressure

Abdominal injuries can be life-threatening if left untreated, and immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent complications such as infection, internal bleeding, organ failure, or even death. Treatment may include surgery, medication, or other interventions depending on the severity and location of the injury.

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), stem cells are "initial cells" or "precursor cells" that have the ability to differentiate into many different cell types in the body. They can also divide without limit to replenish other cells for as long as the person or animal is still alive.

There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which come from human embryos, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues throughout the body. Embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types in the body, while adult stem cells have more limited differentiation potential.

Stem cells play an essential role in the development and repair of various tissues and organs in the body. They are currently being studied for their potential use in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the properties and capabilities of these cells before they can be used safely and effectively in clinical settings.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure, is a rapid loss of kidney function that occurs over a few hours or days. It is defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level by 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours or an increase in the creatinine level to more than 1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed to have occurred within the prior 7 days, or a urine volume of less than 0.5 mL/kg per hour for six hours.

AKI can be caused by a variety of conditions, including decreased blood flow to the kidneys, obstruction of the urinary tract, exposure to toxic substances, and certain medications. Symptoms of AKI may include decreased urine output, fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury and providing supportive care, such as dialysis, to help maintain kidney function until the injury resolves.

Arm injuries refer to any damage or harm sustained by the structures of the upper limb, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, overuse, or degenerative conditions. Common arm injuries include fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, tendonitis, and nerve damage. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, limited mobility, numbness, or weakness in the affected area. Treatment varies depending on the type and severity of the injury, and may include rest, ice, compression, elevation, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.

Blast injuries are traumas that result from the exposure to blast overpressure waves, typically generated by explosions. These injuries can be categorized into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast injuries.

1. Primary Blast Injuries: These occur due to the direct effect of the blast wave on the body, which can cause barotrauma to organs with air-filled spaces such as the lungs, middle ear, and gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to conditions like pulmonary contusion, traumatic rupture of the eardrums, or bowel perforation.

2. Secondary Blast Injuries: These result from flying debris or objects that become projectiles due to the blast, which can cause penetrating trauma or blunt force injuries.

3. Tertiary Blast Injuries: These occur when individuals are thrown by the blast wind against solid structures or the ground, resulting in blunt force trauma, fractures, and head injuries.

4. Quaternary Blast Injuries: This category includes all other injuries or illnesses that are not classified under primary, secondary, or tertiary blast injuries. These may include burns, crush injuries, inhalation of toxic fumes, or psychological trauma.

It is important to note that blast injuries can be complex and often involve a combination of these categories, requiring comprehensive medical evaluation and management.

Hand injuries refer to any damage or harm caused to the structures of the hand, including the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, blood vessels, and skin. These injuries can result from various causes such as trauma, overuse, or degenerative conditions. Examples of hand injuries include fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, cuts, burns, and insect bites. Symptoms may vary depending on the type and severity of the injury, but they often include pain, swelling, stiffness, numbness, weakness, or loss of function in the hand. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal recovery and prevent long-term complications.

Thoracic injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the thorax, which is the part of the body that contains the chest cavity. The thorax houses vital organs such as the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels. Thoracic injuries can range from blunt trauma, caused by impacts or compressions, to penetrating trauma, resulting from stabbing or gunshot wounds. These injuries may cause various complications, including but not limited to:

1. Hemothorax - bleeding into the chest cavity
2. Pneumothorax - collapsed lung due to air accumulation in the chest cavity
3. Tension pneumothorax - a life-threatening condition where trapped air puts pressure on the heart and lungs, impairing their function
4. Cardiac tamponade - compression of the heart caused by blood or fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac
5. Rib fractures, which can lead to complications like punctured lungs or internal bleeding
6. Tracheobronchial injuries, causing air leaks and difficulty breathing
7. Great vessel injuries, potentially leading to massive hemorrhage and hemodynamic instability

Immediate medical attention is required for thoracic injuries, as they can quickly become life-threatening due to the vital organs involved. Treatment may include surgery, chest tubes, medications, or supportive care, depending on the severity and type of injury.

According to the medical definition, ultraviolet (UV) rays are invisible radiations that fall in the range of the electromagnetic spectrum between 100-400 nanometers. UV rays are further divided into three categories: UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm), and UVC (100-280 nm).

UV rays have various sources, including the sun and artificial sources like tanning beds. Prolonged exposure to UV rays can cause damage to the skin, leading to premature aging, eye damage, and an increased risk of skin cancer. UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin and are associated with skin aging, while UVB rays primarily affect the outer layer of the skin and are linked to sunburns and skin cancer. UVC rays are the most harmful but fortunately, they are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere and do not reach the surface.

Healthcare professionals recommend limiting exposure to UV rays, wearing protective clothing, using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, and avoiding tanning beds to reduce the risk of UV-related health problems.

Spinal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur to the vertebral column, which houses and protects the spinal cord. These injuries can be caused by various factors such as trauma from accidents (motor vehicle, sports-related, falls, etc.), violence, or degenerative conditions like arthritis, disc herniation, or spinal stenosis.

Spinal injuries can result in bruising, fractures, dislocations, or compression of the vertebrae, which may then cause damage to the spinal cord and its surrounding tissues, nerves, and blood vessels. The severity of a spinal injury can range from mild, with temporary symptoms, to severe, resulting in permanent impairment or paralysis below the level of injury.

Symptoms of spinal injuries may include:
- Pain or stiffness in the neck or back
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the limbs
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
- Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
- Paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury
- In severe cases, respiratory problems and difficulty in breathing

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal injuries to prevent further damage and ensure proper treatment. Treatment options may include immobilization, surgery, medication, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.

Radiation effects refer to the damages that occur in living tissues when exposed to ionizing radiation. These effects can be categorized into two types: deterministic and stochastic. Deterministic effects have a threshold dose below which the effect does not occur, and above which the severity of the effect increases with the dose. Examples include radiation-induced erythema, epilation, and organ damage. Stochastic effects, on the other hand, do not have a threshold dose, and the probability of the effect occurring increases with the dose. Examples include genetic mutations and cancer induction. The severity of the effect is not related to the dose in this case.

Knee injuries refer to damages or harm caused to the structures surrounding or within the knee joint, which may include the bones (femur, tibia, and patella), cartilage (meniscus and articular cartilage), ligaments (ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL), tendons (patellar and quadriceps), muscles, bursae, and other soft tissues. These injuries can result from various causes, such as trauma, overuse, degeneration, or sports-related activities. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, stiffness, instability, reduced range of motion, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected knee. Common knee injuries include fractures, dislocations, meniscal tears, ligament sprains or ruptures, and tendonitis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal recovery and prevent long-term complications.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is a standardized system used by healthcare professionals to classify the severity of traumatic injuries. The scale assigns a score from 1 to 6 to each injury, with 1 indicating minor injuries and 6 indicating maximal severity or currently untreatable injuries.

The AIS scores are based on anatomical location, type of injury, and physiological response to the injury. For example, a simple fracture may be assigned an AIS score of 2, while a life-threatening head injury may be assigned a score of 5 or 6.

The AIS is used in conjunction with other scoring systems, such as the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the New Injury Severity Score (NISS), to assess the overall severity of injuries sustained in a traumatic event. These scores can help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care, triage, and resource allocation.

Combined modality therapy (CMT) is a medical treatment approach that utilizes more than one method or type of therapy simultaneously or in close succession, with the goal of enhancing the overall effectiveness of the treatment. In the context of cancer care, CMT often refers to the combination of two or more primary treatment modalities, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, etc.).

The rationale behind using combined modality therapy is that each treatment method can target cancer cells in different ways, potentially increasing the likelihood of eliminating all cancer cells and reducing the risk of recurrence. The specific combination and sequence of treatments will depend on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and individual preferences.

For example, a common CMT approach for locally advanced rectal cancer may involve preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiation therapy, followed by surgery to remove the tumor, and then postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy. This combined approach allows for the reduction of the tumor size before surgery, increases the likelihood of complete tumor removal, and targets any remaining microscopic cancer cells with systemic chemotherapy.

It is essential to consult with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals to determine the most appropriate CMT plan for each individual patient, considering both the potential benefits and risks associated with each treatment method.

Radiation-sensitizing agents are drugs that make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. These agents work by increasing the ability of radiation to damage the DNA of cancer cells, which can lead to more effective tumor cell death. This means that lower doses of radiation may be required to achieve the same therapeutic effect, reducing the potential for damage to normal tissues surrounding the tumor.

Radiation-sensitizing agents are often used in conjunction with radiation therapy to improve treatment outcomes for patients with various types of cancer. They can be given either systemically (through the bloodstream) or locally (directly to the tumor site). The choice of agent and the timing of administration depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, the patient's overall health, and the specific radiation therapy protocol being used.

It is important to note that while radiation-sensitizing agents can enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy, they may also increase the risk of side effects. Therefore, careful monitoring and management of potential toxicities are essential during treatment.

Facial injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the face, which may include the bones of the skull that form the face, teeth, salivary glands, muscles, nerves, and skin. Facial injuries can range from minor cuts and bruises to severe fractures and disfigurement. They can be caused by a variety of factors such as accidents, falls, sports-related injuries, physical assaults, or animal attacks.

Facial injuries can affect one or more areas of the face, including the forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, ears, mouth, and jaw. Common types of facial injuries include lacerations (cuts), contusions (bruises), abrasions (scrapes), fractures (broken bones), and burns.

Facial injuries can have significant psychological and emotional impacts on individuals, in addition to physical effects. Treatment for facial injuries may involve simple first aid, suturing of wounds, splinting or wiring of broken bones, reconstructive surgery, or other medical interventions. It is essential to seek prompt medical attention for any facial injury to ensure proper healing and minimize the risk of complications.

Heart injuries, also known as cardiac injuries, refer to any damage or harm caused to the heart muscle, valves, or surrounding structures. This can result from various causes such as blunt trauma (e.g., car accidents, falls), penetrating trauma (e.g., gunshot wounds, stabbing), or medical conditions like heart attacks (myocardial infarction) and infections (e.g., myocarditis, endocarditis).

Some common types of heart injuries include:

1. Contusions: Bruising of the heart muscle due to blunt trauma.
2. Myocardial infarctions: Damage to the heart muscle caused by insufficient blood supply, often due to blocked coronary arteries.
3. Cardiac rupture: A rare but life-threatening condition where the heart muscle tears or breaks open, usually resulting from severe trauma or complications from a myocardial infarction.
4. Valvular damage: Disruption of the heart valves' function due to injury or infection, leading to leakage (regurgitation) or narrowing (stenosis).
5. Pericardial injuries: Damage to the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, which can result in fluid accumulation (pericardial effusion), inflammation (pericarditis), or tamponade (compression of the heart by excess fluid).
6. Arrhythmias: Irregular heart rhythms caused by damage to the heart's electrical conduction system.

Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing heart injuries, as they can lead to severe complications or even be fatal if left untreated.

Soft tissue injuries refer to damages that occur in the body's connective tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles. These injuries can be caused by various events, including accidents, falls, or sports-related impacts. Common soft tissue injuries include sprains, strains, and contusions (bruises).

Sprains occur when the ligaments, which connect bones to each other, are stretched or torn. This usually happens in the joints like ankles, knees, or wrists. Strains, on the other hand, involve injuries to the muscles or tendons, often resulting from overuse or sudden excessive force. Contusions occur when blood vessels within the soft tissues get damaged due to a direct blow or impact, causing bleeding and subsequent bruising in the affected area.

Soft tissue injuries can cause pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited mobility. In some cases, these injuries may require medical treatment, including physical therapy, medication, or even surgery, depending on their severity and location. It is essential to seek proper medical attention for soft tissue injuries to ensure appropriate healing and prevent long-term complications or chronic pain.

Myocardial reperfusion injury is a pathological process that occurs when blood flow is restored to the heart muscle (myocardium) after a period of ischemia or reduced oxygen supply, such as during a myocardial infarction (heart attack). The restoration of blood flow, although necessary to salvage the dying tissue, can itself cause further damage to the heart muscle. This paradoxical phenomenon is known as myocardial reperfusion injury.

The mechanisms behind myocardial reperfusion injury are complex and involve several processes, including:

1. Oxidative stress: The sudden influx of oxygen into the previously ischemic tissue leads to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cellular structures, such as proteins, lipids, and DNA.
2. Calcium overload: During reperfusion, there is an increase in calcium influx into the cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells). This elevated intracellular calcium level can disrupt normal cellular functions, leading to further damage.
3. Inflammation: Reperfusion triggers an immune response, with the recruitment of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, to the site of injury. These cells release cytokines and other mediators that can exacerbate tissue damage.
4. Mitochondrial dysfunction: The restoration of blood flow can cause mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell, to malfunction, leading to the release of pro-apoptotic factors and contributing to cell death.
5. Vasoconstriction and microvascular obstruction: During reperfusion, there may be vasoconstriction of the small blood vessels (microvasculature) in the heart, which can further limit blood flow and contribute to tissue damage.

Myocardial reperfusion injury is a significant concern because it can negate some of the benefits of early reperfusion therapy, such as thrombolysis or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), used to treat acute myocardial infarction. Strategies to minimize myocardial reperfusion injury are an area of active research and include pharmacological interventions, ischemic preconditioning, and remote ischemic conditioning.

Back injuries refer to damages or traumas that affect the structures of the back, including the muscles, nerves, ligaments, bones, and other tissues. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as sudden trauma (e.g., falls, accidents), repetitive stress, or degenerative conditions. Common types of back injuries include strains, sprains, herniated discs, fractured vertebrae, and spinal cord injuries. Symptoms may vary from mild discomfort to severe pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness, depending on the severity and location of the injury. Treatment options range from conservative measures like physical therapy and medication to surgical intervention in severe cases.

A closed head injury is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when there is no penetration or breakage of the skull. The brain is encased in the skull and protected by cerebrospinal fluid, but when the head experiences a sudden impact or jolt, the brain can move back and forth within the skull, causing it to bruise, tear blood vessels, or even cause nerve damage. This type of injury can result from various incidents such as car accidents, sports injuries, falls, or any other event that causes the head to suddenly stop or change direction quickly.

Closed head injuries can range from mild (concussion) to severe (diffuse axonal injury, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma), and symptoms may not always be immediately apparent. They can include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness, seizures, or even coma. It is essential to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect a closed head injury, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the outcome.

Craniocerebral trauma, also known as traumatic brain injury (TBI), is a type of injury that occurs to the head and brain. It can result from a variety of causes, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries, violence, or other types of trauma. Craniocerebral trauma can range in severity from mild concussions to severe injuries that cause permanent disability or death.

The injury typically occurs when there is a sudden impact to the head, causing the brain to move within the skull and collide with the inside of the skull. This can result in bruising, bleeding, swelling, or tearing of brain tissue, as well as damage to blood vessels and nerves. In severe cases, the skull may be fractured or penetrated, leading to direct injury to the brain.

Symptoms of craniocerebral trauma can vary widely depending on the severity and location of the injury. They may include headache, dizziness, confusion, memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, changes in vision or hearing, weakness or numbness in the limbs, balance problems, and behavioral or emotional changes. In severe cases, the person may lose consciousness or fall into a coma.

Treatment for craniocerebral trauma depends on the severity of the injury. Mild injuries may be treated with rest, pain medication, and close monitoring, while more severe injuries may require surgery, intensive care, and rehabilitation. Prevention is key to reducing the incidence of craniocerebral trauma, including measures such as wearing seat belts and helmets, preventing falls, and avoiding violent situations.

Occupational injuries refer to physical harm or damage occurring as a result of working in a specific job or occupation. These injuries can be caused by various factors such as accidents, exposure to hazardous substances, repetitive strain, or poor ergonomic conditions. They may include wounds, fractures, burns, amputations, hearing loss, respiratory problems, and other health issues directly related to the nature of work. It's important to note that occupational injuries are preventable with proper safety measures and adherence to regulations in the workplace.

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a type of traumatic brain injury that occurs when there is extensive damage to the nerve fibers (axons) in the brain. It is often caused by rapid acceleration or deceleration forces, such as those experienced during motor vehicle accidents or falls. In DAI, the axons are stretched and damaged, leading to disruption of communication between different parts of the brain. This can result in a wide range of symptoms, including cognitive impairment, loss of consciousness, and motor dysfunction. DAI is often difficult to diagnose and can have long-term consequences, making it an important area of study in traumatic brain injury research.

Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) is a medical term that refers to liver damage or injury caused by the use of medications or drugs. This condition can vary in severity, from mild abnormalities in liver function tests to severe liver failure, which may require a liver transplant.

The exact mechanism of DILI can differ depending on the drug involved, but it generally occurs when the liver metabolizes the drug into toxic compounds that damage liver cells. This can happen through various pathways, including direct toxicity to liver cells, immune-mediated reactions, or metabolic idiosyncrasies.

Symptoms of DILI may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and dark urine. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as ascites, encephalopathy, and bleeding disorders.

The diagnosis of DILI is often challenging because it requires the exclusion of other potential causes of liver injury. Liver function tests, imaging studies, and sometimes liver biopsies may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment typically involves discontinuing the offending drug and providing supportive care until the liver recovers. In some cases, medications that protect the liver or promote its healing may be used.

Carotid artery injuries refer to damages or traumas that affect the carotid arteries, which are a pair of major blood vessels located in the neck that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as penetrating or blunt trauma, iatrogenic causes (during medical procedures), or degenerative diseases.

Carotid artery injuries can be categorized into three types:

1. Blunt carotid injury (BCI): This type of injury is caused by a sudden and severe impact to the neck, which can result in intimal tears, dissection, or thrombosis of the carotid artery. BCIs are commonly seen in motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and assaults.
2. Penetrating carotid injury: This type of injury is caused by a foreign object that penetrates the neck and damages the carotid artery. Examples include gunshot wounds, stab wounds, or other sharp objects that pierce the skin and enter the neck.
3. Iatrogenic carotid injury: This type of injury occurs during medical procedures such as endovascular interventions, surgical procedures, or the placement of central lines.

Symptoms of carotid artery injuries may include:

* Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)
* Neurological deficits such as hemiparesis, aphasia, or visual disturbances
* Bleeding from the neck or mouth
* Pulsatile mass in the neck
* Hypotension or shock
* Loss of consciousness

Diagnosis of carotid artery injuries may involve imaging studies such as computed tomography angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), or conventional angiography. Treatment options include endovascular repair, surgical repair, or anticoagulation therapy, depending on the severity and location of the injury.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Peripheral nerve injuries can result in various symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the injury, such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.

Peripheral nerve injuries are classified into three main categories based on the degree of damage:

1. Neuropraxia: This is the mildest form of nerve injury, where the nerve remains intact but its function is disrupted due to a local conduction block. The nerve fiber is damaged, but the supporting structures remain intact. Recovery usually occurs within 6-12 weeks without any residual deficits.
2. Axonotmesis: In this type of injury, there is damage to both the axons and the supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium). The nerve fibers are disrupted, but the connective tissue sheaths remain intact. Recovery can take several months or even up to a year, and it may be incomplete, with some residual deficits possible.
3. Neurotmesis: This is the most severe form of nerve injury, where there is complete disruption of the nerve fibers and supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium). Recovery is unlikely without surgical intervention, which may involve nerve grafting or repair.

Peripheral nerve injuries can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, stretching, lacerations, or chemical exposure. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the injury and may include conservative management, such as physical therapy and pain management, or surgical intervention for more severe cases.

Ankle injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the ankle joint and its surrounding structures, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. The ankle joint is a complex structure composed of three bones: the tibia (shinbone), fibula (lower leg bone), and talus (a bone in the foot). These bones are held together by various strong ligaments that provide stability and enable proper movement.

There are several types of ankle injuries, with the most common being sprains, strains, and fractures:

1. Ankle Sprain: A sprain occurs when the ligaments surrounding the ankle joint get stretched or torn due to sudden twisting, rolling, or forced movements. The severity of a sprain can range from mild (grade 1) to severe (grade 3), with partial or complete tearing of the ligament(s).
2. Ankle Strain: A strain is an injury to the muscles or tendons surrounding the ankle joint, often caused by overuse, excessive force, or awkward positioning. This results in pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the ankle.
3. Ankle Fracture: A fracture occurs when one or more bones in the ankle joint break due to high-impact trauma, such as a fall, sports injury, or vehicle accident. Fractures can vary in severity, from small cracks to complete breaks that may require surgery and immobilization for proper healing.

Symptoms of ankle injuries typically include pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected ankle. Immediate medical attention is necessary for severe injuries, such as fractures, dislocations, or significant ligament tears, to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Treatment options may include rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE), immobilization with a brace or cast, physical therapy, medication, or surgery, depending on the type and severity of the injury.

Cobalt radioisotopes are radioactive forms of the element cobalt, which are used in various medical applications. The most commonly used cobalt radioisotope is Cobalt-60 (Co-60), which has a half-life of 5.27 years.

Co-60 emits gamma rays and beta particles, making it useful for radiation therapy to treat cancer, as well as for sterilizing medical equipment and food irradiation. In radiation therapy, Co-60 is used in teletherapy machines to deliver a focused beam of radiation to tumors, helping to destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.

It's important to note that handling and disposal of cobalt radioisotopes require strict safety measures due to their radioactive nature, as they can pose risks to human health and the environment if not managed properly.

Radiobiology is the scientific study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms, including both normal tissue and tumors. It encompasses the investigation of the biological responses to various types and doses of radiation, as well as the mechanisms behind these reactions at molecular, cellular, tissue, and systemic levels. The knowledge gained from radiobiology is crucial for optimizing radiation therapy in cancer treatment, setting radiation safety standards, and understanding the biological consequences of radiation exposure in diagnostic and occupational settings.

Vascular system injuries refer to damages or disruptions to the body's vascular system, which is made up of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, disease, or surgical complications. They may result in bleeding, blockage of blood flow, or formation of blood clots, leading to serious consequences like tissue damage, organ failure, or even death if not treated promptly and appropriately.

Traumatic injuries to the vascular system can include cuts, tears, or bruises to the blood vessels, which can lead to internal or external bleeding. Blunt trauma can also cause damage to the blood vessels, leading to blockages or aneurysms.

Diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and inflammatory conditions can weaken the blood vessels and make them more prone to injury. Surgical complications, such as accidental cuts to blood vessels during operations, can also lead to vascular system injuries.

Treatment for vascular system injuries may include surgery, medication, or lifestyle changes, depending on the severity and location of the injury.

Nonpenetrating wounds are a type of trauma or injury to the body that do not involve a break in the skin or underlying tissues. These wounds can result from blunt force trauma, such as being struck by an object or falling onto a hard surface. They can also result from crushing injuries, where significant force is applied to a body part, causing damage to internal structures without breaking the skin.

Nonpenetrating wounds can cause a range of injuries, including bruising, swelling, and damage to internal organs, muscles, bones, and other tissues. The severity of the injury depends on the force of the trauma, the location of the impact, and the individual's overall health and age.

While nonpenetrating wounds may not involve a break in the skin, they can still be serious and require medical attention. If you have experienced blunt force trauma or suspect a nonpenetrating wound, it is important to seek medical care to assess the extent of the injury and receive appropriate treatment.

Conformal radiotherapy is a type of external beam radiation therapy that uses advanced technology to conform the radiation beam to the shape of the tumor, allowing for more precise and targeted treatment while minimizing exposure to healthy surrounding tissue. This can help reduce the risk of side effects and improve the therapeutic ratio. Conformal radiotherapy techniques include 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). These techniques use sophisticated imaging and treatment planning systems to create a personalized treatment plan for each patient, based on the size, shape, and location of their tumor.

Radiation hybrid (RH) mapping is a genetic mapping technique used to determine the relative order and distance between DNA markers or genes on a chromosome. This technique involves exposing donor cells, which contain the chromosome of interest, to high-dose radiation. The radiation causes breaks in the chromosomes, which are then repaired by fusing the donor cells with irradiated hamster cells (the recipient cells).

During the repair process, the broken chromosomal fragments from the donor cell randomly assort and integrate into the genome of the recipient cell. The resulting hybrid cells contain a mosaic of donor chromosomal fragments, which can be analyzed to determine the order and distance between DNA markers or genes on the original chromosome.

The frequency of co-occurrence of two markers in the same hybrid cell is used as an estimate of their physical proximity on the chromosome. The greater the frequency of co-occurrence, the closer the two markers are assumed to be. RH mapping can provide high-resolution maps of large genomes and has been widely used for mapping human and other mammalian genomes. However, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, RH mapping has largely been replaced by sequence-based methods such as whole-genome sequencing and optical mapping.

Burns are injuries to tissues caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. They are classified based on their severity:

1. First-degree burns (superficial burns) affect only the outer layer of skin (epidermis), causing redness, pain, and swelling.
2. Second-degree burns (partial-thickness burns) damage both the epidermis and the underlying layer of skin (dermis). They result in redness, pain, swelling, and blistering.
3. Third-degree burns (full-thickness burns) destroy the entire depth of the skin and can also damage underlying muscles, tendons, and bones. These burns appear white or blackened and charred, and they may be painless due to destroyed nerve endings.

Immediate medical attention is required for second-degree and third-degree burns, as well as for large area first-degree burns, to prevent infection, manage pain, and ensure proper healing. Treatment options include wound care, antibiotics, pain management, and possibly skin grafting or surgery in severe cases.

Traffic accidents are incidents that occur when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, a pedestrian, an animal, or a stationary object, resulting in damage or injury. These accidents can be caused by various factors such as driver error, distracted driving, drunk driving, speeding, reckless driving, poor road conditions, and adverse weather conditions. Traffic accidents can range from minor fender benders to severe crashes that result in serious injuries or fatalities. They are a significant public health concern and cause a substantial burden on healthcare systems, emergency services, and society as a whole.

Penetrating wounds are a type of traumatic injury that occurs when an object pierces through the skin and underlying tissues, creating a hole or cavity in the body. These wounds can vary in severity, depending on the size and shape of the object, as well as the location and depth of the wound.

Penetrating wounds are typically caused by sharp objects such as knives, bullets, or glass. They can damage internal organs, blood vessels, nerves, and bones, leading to serious complications such as bleeding, infection, organ failure, and even death if not treated promptly and properly.

The management of penetrating wounds involves a thorough assessment of the wound and surrounding tissues, as well as the identification and treatment of any associated injuries or complications. This may include wound cleaning and closure, antibiotics to prevent infection, pain management, and surgery to repair damaged structures. In some cases, hospitalization and close monitoring may be necessary to ensure proper healing and recovery.

"Trauma severity indices" refer to various scoring systems used by healthcare professionals to evaluate the severity of injuries in trauma patients. These tools help standardize the assessment and communication of injury severity among different members of the healthcare team, allowing for more effective and consistent treatment planning, resource allocation, and prognosis estimation.

There are several commonly used trauma severity indices, including:

1. Injury Severity Score (ISS): ISS is an anatomical scoring system that evaluates the severity of injuries based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The body is divided into six regions, and the square of the highest AIS score in each region is summed to calculate the ISS. Scores range from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries.
2. New Injury Severity Score (NISS): NISS is a modification of the ISS that focuses on the three most severely injured body regions, regardless of their anatomical location. The three highest AIS scores are squared and summed to calculate the NISS. This scoring system tends to correlate better with mortality than the ISS in some studies.
3. Revised Trauma Score (RTS): RTS is a physiological scoring system that evaluates the patient's respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological status upon arrival at the hospital. It uses variables such as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate to calculate a score between 0 and 7.84, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.
4. Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): TRISS is a combined anatomical and physiological scoring system that estimates the probability of survival based on ISS or NISS, RTS, age, and mechanism of injury (blunt or penetrating). It uses logistic regression equations to calculate the predicted probability of survival.
5. Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS): PTS is a physiological scoring system specifically designed for children under 14 years old. It evaluates six variables, including respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure, capillary refill time, GCS, and temperature to calculate a score between -6 and +12, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.

These scoring systems help healthcare professionals assess the severity of trauma, predict outcomes, allocate resources, and compare patient populations in research settings. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized care for each patient.

Foot injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the various structures of the foot, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves. These injuries can result from various causes such as accidents, sports activities, falls, or repetitive stress. Common types of foot injuries include fractures, sprains, strains, contusions, dislocations, and overuse injuries like plantar fasciitis or Achilles tendonitis. Symptoms may vary depending on the type and severity of the injury but often include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty walking, and reduced range of motion. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal healing and prevent long-term complications.

Occupational accidents are defined as unexpected and unplanned events that occur in the context of work and lead to physical or mental harm. These accidents can be caused by a variety of factors, including unsafe working conditions, lack of proper training, or failure to use appropriate personal protective equipment. Occupational accidents can result in injuries, illnesses, or even death, and can have significant impacts on individuals, families, and communities. In many cases, occupational accidents are preventable through the implementation of effective safety measures and risk management strategies.

Finger injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the fingers, which can include cuts, bruises, dislocations, fractures, and sprains. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as accidents, sports activities, falls, or direct blows to the finger. Symptoms of finger injuries may include pain, swelling, stiffness, deformity, numbness, or inability to move the finger. The treatment for finger injuries varies depending on the type and severity of the injury, but may include rest, immobilization, ice, compression, elevation, physical therapy, medication, or surgery. It is essential to seek medical attention promptly for proper diagnosis and treatment of finger injuries to prevent further complications and ensure optimal recovery.

Dose fractionation is a medical term that refers to the practice of dividing the total dose of radiation therapy or chemotherapy into smaller doses, which are given over a longer period. This approach allows for the delivery of a higher total dose of treatment while minimizing damage to healthy tissues and reducing side effects.

In radiation therapy, fractionation is used to target cancer cells while sparing surrounding normal tissues. By delivering smaller doses of radiation over several treatments, healthy tissue has time to recover between treatments, reducing the risk of complications. The number and size of fractions can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, as well as other factors such as the patient's overall health.

Similarly, in chemotherapy, dose fractionation is used to maximize the effectiveness of the treatment while minimizing toxicity. By administering smaller doses of chemotherapy over time, the body has a chance to recover between treatments, reducing side effects and allowing for higher total doses to be given. The schedule and duration of chemotherapy fractionation may vary depending on the type of drug used, the type and stage of cancer, and other factors.

Overall, dose fractionation is an important technique in both radiation therapy and chemotherapy that allows for more effective treatment while minimizing harm to healthy tissues.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

DNA damage refers to any alteration in the structure or composition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is the genetic material present in cells. DNA damage can result from various internal and external factors, including environmental exposures such as ultraviolet radiation, tobacco smoke, and certain chemicals, as well as normal cellular processes such as replication and oxidative metabolism.

Examples of DNA damage include base modifications, base deletions or insertions, single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and crosslinks between the two strands of the DNA helix. These types of damage can lead to mutations, genomic instability, and chromosomal aberrations, which can contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging-related conditions.

The body has several mechanisms for repairing DNA damage, including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and double-strand break repair. However, if the damage is too extensive or the repair mechanisms are impaired, the cell may undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) to prevent the propagation of potentially harmful mutations.

Penetrating eye injuries are a type of ocular trauma where a foreign object or substance pierces the outer layers of the eye and damages the internal structures. This can result in serious harm to various parts of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, or retina, and may potentially cause vision loss or blindness if not promptly treated.

The severity of a penetrating eye injury depends on several factors, including the type and size of the object that caused the injury, the location of the wound, and the extent of damage to the internal structures. Common causes of penetrating eye injuries include sharp objects, such as metal shards or glass fragments, projectiles, such as pellets or bullets, and explosive materials.

Symptoms of a penetrating eye injury may include pain, redness, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, floaters, or the presence of a foreign body in the eye. If you suspect that you have sustained a penetrating eye injury, it is essential to seek immediate medical attention from an ophthalmologist or other healthcare professional with experience in treating eye trauma.

Treatment for penetrating eye injuries may include removing any foreign objects or substances from the eye, repairing damaged tissues, and administering medications to prevent infection and reduce inflammation. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the injury and restore vision. Preventing eye injuries is crucial, and appropriate protective eyewear should be worn when engaging in activities that pose a risk of eye trauma.

Brachytherapy is a type of cancer treatment that involves placing radioactive material directly into or near the tumor site. The term "brachy" comes from the Greek word for "short," which refers to the short distance that the radiation travels. This allows for a high dose of radiation to be delivered directly to the tumor while minimizing exposure to healthy surrounding tissue.

There are two main types of brachytherapy:

1. Intracavitary brachytherapy: The radioactive material is placed inside a body cavity, such as the uterus or windpipe.
2. Interstitial brachytherapy: The radioactive material is placed directly into the tumor or surrounding tissue using needles, seeds, or catheters.

Brachytherapy can be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatments such as surgery, external beam radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It may be recommended for a variety of cancers, including prostate, cervical, vaginal, vulvar, head and neck, and skin cancers. The specific type of brachytherapy used will depend on the size, location, and stage of the tumor.

The advantages of brachytherapy include its ability to deliver a high dose of radiation directly to the tumor while minimizing exposure to healthy tissue, which can result in fewer side effects compared to other forms of radiation therapy. Additionally, brachytherapy is often a shorter treatment course than external beam radiation therapy, with some treatments lasting only a few minutes or hours.

However, there are also potential risks and side effects associated with brachytherapy, including damage to nearby organs and tissues, bleeding, infection, and pain. Patients should discuss the benefits and risks of brachytherapy with their healthcare provider to determine if it is an appropriate treatment option for them.

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is a type of external beam radiation therapy that uses advanced technology to precisely target tumors while minimizing exposure to healthy tissues. In IMRT, the intensity of the radiation beam is modulated or varied during treatment, allowing for more conformal dose distributions and better sparing of normal structures. This is achieved through the use of computer-controlled linear accelerators that shape the radiation beam to match the three-dimensional shape of the tumor. The result is improved treatment accuracy, reduced side effects, and potentially higher cure rates compared to conventional radiotherapy techniques.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is a concept in radiation physics that describes the amount of energy that is transferred from an ionizing particle to a medium per unit length along its path. It is usually expressed in units of keV/μm (kiloelectron volts per micrometer). High-LET radiations, such as alpha particles and heavy ions, transfer more energy to the medium per unit length than low-LET radiations, such as X-rays and gamma rays. This results in a higher probability of producing dense ionizations and causing biological damage along the particle's path. Therefore, LET is an important factor in determining the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of different types of radiation.

Computer-assisted radiotherapy planning (CARP) is the use of computer systems and software to assist in the process of creating a treatment plan for radiotherapy. The goal of radiotherapy is to deliver a precise and effective dose of radiation to a tumor while minimizing exposure to healthy tissue. CARP involves using imaging data, such as CT or MRI scans, to create a 3D model of the patient's anatomy. This model is then used to simulate the delivery of radiation from different angles and determine the optimal treatment plan. The use of computers in this process allows for more accurate and efficient planning, as well as the ability to easily adjust the plan as needed.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Adjuvant radiotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses radiation therapy as an adjunct to a primary surgical procedure. The goal of adjuvant radiotherapy is to eliminate any remaining microscopic cancer cells that may be present in the surrounding tissues after surgery, thereby reducing the risk of local recurrence and improving the chances of cure.

Radiotherapy involves the use of high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. In adjuvant radiotherapy, the radiation is usually delivered to the tumor bed and regional lymph nodes in order to target any potential sites of residual disease. The timing and dosing of adjuvant radiotherapy may vary depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as other factors such as patient age and overall health status.

Adjuvant radiotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including breast, colorectal, lung, head and neck, and gynecologic cancers. Its use has been shown to improve survival rates and reduce the risk of recurrence in many cases, making it an important component of comprehensive cancer care.

Radiation genetics is a field of study that focuses on the effects of ionizing radiation on genetic material, including DNA and chromosomes. It examines how exposure to radiation can cause mutations in genes and chromosomes, which can then be passed down from one generation to the next. This field of study is important for understanding the potential health risks associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, such as those experienced by nuclear industry workers, medical professionals who use radiation in their practice, and people living near nuclear power plants or waste disposal sites. It also has applications in cancer treatment, where radiation is used to kill cancer cells but can also cause genetic damage.

Needlestick injuries are sharp object injuries typically involving hollow-bore needles, which can result in exposure to bloodborne pathogens. They often occur during the use or disposal of contaminated needles in healthcare settings. These injuries pose a significant risk for transmission of infectious diseases such as HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. It is essential to follow strict protocols for handling and disposing of needles and other sharp objects to minimize the risk of needlestick injuries.

Whiplash injuries are a type of soft tissue injury to the neck that occurs when the head is suddenly and forcefully thrown backward (hyperextension) and then forward (hyperflexion). This motion is similar to the cracking of a whip, hence the term "whiplash."

Whiplash injuries are most commonly associated with rear-end automobile accidents, but they can also occur from sports accidents, physical abuse, or other traumatic events. The impact of these forces on the neck can cause damage to the muscles, ligaments, tendons, and other soft tissues in the neck, resulting in pain, stiffness, and limited mobility.

In some cases, whiplash injuries may also cause damage to the discs between the vertebrae in the spine or to the nerves exiting the spinal cord. These types of injuries can have more serious consequences and may require additional medical treatment.

Whiplash injuries are typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination, patient history, and imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment for whiplash injuries may include pain medication, physical therapy, chiropractic care, or in some cases, surgery.

Nuclear warfare is not a medical term per se, but it refers to a military conflict using nuclear weapons. However, the medical and public health communities have studied the potential consequences of nuclear warfare extensively due to its catastrophic health impacts.

In a medical context, a nuclear explosion releases a massive amount of energy in the form of light, heat, and a shockwave, which can cause significant destruction and loss of life from the blast alone. Additionally, the explosion produces radioactive materials that contaminate the environment, leading to both immediate and long-term health effects.

Immediate medical consequences of nuclear warfare include:

1. Blast injuries: The shockwave from a nuclear explosion can cause severe trauma, including fractures, internal injuries, and burns.
2. Radiation exposure: Acute radiation sickness can occur in individuals exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and potentially death.
3. Thermal burns: The intense heat generated by a nuclear explosion can cause severe thermal burns, similar to those seen in major fires or explosions.
4. Eye injuries: Flash blindness and retinal burns can occur due to the bright flash of light emitted during the explosion.

Long-term medical consequences of nuclear warfare include:

1. Radiation-induced cancers: Exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of developing various types of cancer, such as leukemia and solid tumors, over time.
2. Genetic mutations: Ionizing radiation can cause genetic mutations that may be passed down through generations, potentially leading to birth defects and other health issues.
3. Psychological trauma: The aftermath of a nuclear war would likely result in significant psychological distress, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety.
4. Environmental contamination: Radioactive fallout from a nuclear explosion can contaminate the environment, making large areas uninhabitable for extended periods. This contamination could lead to food and water shortages, further exacerbating health issues.

Preparing for and responding to a nuclear warfare event would require a coordinated effort between medical professionals, emergency responders, and public health officials to minimize the immediate and long-term health impacts on affected populations.

Radiation-induced leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood-forming tissues of the body, such as the bone marrow. It is caused by exposure to high levels of radiation, which can damage the DNA of cells and lead to their uncontrolled growth and division.

There are several types of radiation-induced leukemia, depending on the specific type of blood cell that becomes cancerous. The most common types are acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These forms of leukemia tend to progress quickly and require prompt treatment.

Radiation-induced leukemia is a rare complication of radiation therapy, which is used to treat many types of cancer. The risk of developing this type of leukemia increases with the dose and duration of radiation exposure. It is important to note that the benefits of radiation therapy in treating cancer generally outweigh the small increased risk of developing radiation-induced leukemia.

Symptoms of radiation-induced leukemia may include fatigue, fever, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and weight loss. If you have been exposed to high levels of radiation and are experiencing these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. A diagnosis of radiation-induced leukemia is typically made through a combination of physical exam, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood counts and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation.

"Body burden" is a term used in the field of environmental health to describe the total amount of a chemical or toxic substance that an individual has accumulated in their body tissues and fluids. It refers to the overall load or concentration of a particular chemical or contaminant that an organism is carrying, which can come from various sources such as air, water, food, and consumer products.

The term "body burden" highlights the idea that people can be exposed to harmful substances unknowingly and unintentionally, leading to potential health risks over time. Some factors that may influence body burden include the frequency and duration of exposure, the toxicity of the substance, and individual differences in metabolism, elimination, and susceptibility.

It is important to note that not all chemicals or substances found in the body are necessarily harmful, as some are essential for normal bodily functions. However, high levels of certain environmental contaminants can have adverse health effects, making it crucial to monitor and regulate exposure to these substances.

Patt, H. M.; Maloney, M. A. (1975). "Bone marrow regeneration after local injury: A review". Experimental Hematology. 3 (2): ... Patt, Harvey M. (1953). "Protective Mechanisms in Ionizing Radiation Injury". Physiological Reviews. 33 (1): 35-76. doi:10.1152 ... Radiation Research, Supplement 1". International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and ... As a member of the Radiation Research Society, he was the first treasurer, the ninth president, and an editorial board member ...
... and Radiation Injury, 5. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 507. pp. 3-7. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0193-0_1. ...
... and Radiation Injury, 4. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 469. pp. 471-7. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4793-8_69. ... Coronaric and vernolic acids also form non-enzymatically when linoleic acid is exposed to oxygen and/or UV radiation as a ...
... and Radiation Injury, 5. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 507. pp. 147-53. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0193-0_23 ...
... and Radiation Injury, 4. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 469. pp. 471-7. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4793-8_69. ... Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 851. pp. 151-87. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16009-2_6. ISBN 978-3-319-16008-5. ...
... and Radiation Injury, 5. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 507. pp. 49-53. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0193-0_8. ... Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 43 (3): 129-37. doi:10.3858/emm.2011.43.3.014. PMC 3068295. PMID 21252614. Cho, N. K.; Joo, ... The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 205 (4): 759-66. doi:10.1084/jem.20072329. PMC 2292216. PMID 18378794. Mais, D. E.; ... orchestrate a local immune response that results in the injury and, when extreme, death of beta cells. These results suggest ...
... and Radiation Injury, 5. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 507. pp. 245-50. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0193-0_37 ...
... injuries from machinery, and falls. A complete understanding of experimental risks associated with synthetic biology is helping ... Physical hazards include ergonomic hazards, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, and noise hazards. Additional safety hazards ... include burns and cuts from autoclaves, injuries from centrifuges, compressed gas leaks, cold burns from cryogens, electrical ...
An experimental radiation treatment cures his knees, but also produces an energy being resembling Lombard in his football ... The day before his team is to play in the Super Bowl, Steve exacerbates existing injuries to his knees while saving a baby ...
Some people with radiation injuries of the head, neck or bowel show an improvement in quality of life. Importantly, no such ... Takenaka S, Arimura T, Higashi M, Nagayama T, Ito E (August 1980). "Experimental study of bleomycin therapy in combination with ... There is some evidence that HBOT is effective for late radiation tissue injury of bone and soft tissues of the head and neck. ... Delayed radiation injury (soft tissue and bony necrosis); Skin grafts and flaps (compromised); Thermal burns. There is no ...
Hereditary Metabolic Diseases Biomechanics Early Life Care Ecomedicine Experimental Neuroregeneration Experimental and Clinical ... Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS) Public Health and Healthcare Research The main research ... Rehabilitation Medicine Neurointervention Tendon and Bone Regeneration Synergetic and Psychotherapy Research Advanced Radiation ... Experimental ophthalmology and glaucoma research Molecular therapy of genetic dermatoses Nano vesicular therapies Proteomics ...
"Radiation Exposure and Contamination - Injuries; Poisoning - Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck Manuals Professional ... The response of irradiated animals to antimicrobial therapy can be unpredictable, as was evident in experimental studies where ... Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness or radiation poisoning, is a collection of health effects that ... radiation) Prehydrated electrons Rongelap Atoll "A Fact Sheet for Physicians". CDC. CDC Radiation Emergencies Acute Radiation ...
... high background radiation, and radionuclide exposure on mammalian cells, cancer cells, experimental rodents and human health. ... translational research is aimed at development of new drugs and therapeutics for prevention and mitigation of radiation injury ... R&D activities in the frontier areas of radiation biology for understanding the effect of low- and high LET radiations, chronic ... Development of Environmental Radiation Monitoring systems and Establishment of country wide radiation monitoring network, ...
Radiation-induced lung injury (following treatment for cancer) Bridging fibrosis An advanced stage of liver fibrosis seen in ... results in the bridging fibrosis in experimental animal models. Senescence of hepatic stellate cells could prevent progression ... In response to injury, this is called scarring, and if fibrosis arises from a single cell line, this is called a fibroma. ... Repeated injuries, chronic inflammation and repair are susceptible to fibrosis, where an accidental excessive accumulation of ...
According to the radiation testing by the STA, Ouchi was exposed to 17 Sv of radiation, Shinohara 10 Sv, and Yokokawa received ... Most of the technicians had to go to hospital with serious injuries. It was determined that the accidents were due to ... It was JCO's first batch of fuel for the Jōyō experimental fast breeder reactor in three years; no proper qualification and ... All three technicians observed a blue flash (possibly Cherenkov radiation) and gamma radiation alarms sounded. Over the next ...
In animal studies discussed by Monje and Palmer in "Radiation Injury and Neurogenesis", it has been proven that radiation does ... The experimental group spent more time exploring the familiar territory, while the control group spent more time exploring the ... Radiation therapy is used mainly in the treatment of cancer. Radiation therapy can be used to cure care or shrink tumors that ... Monje, Michelle L.; Palmer, Theo (2003). "Radiation injury and neurogenesis". Current Opinion in Neurology. 16 (2): 129-34. doi ...
"Radiation Health Effects". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2017-05-23. Retrieved 2017-07-17. "Radiation and Its Health ... and handling of lab animals in experimental studies. Effective risk assessment and communication is important, as both ... of hazard controls encompasses a succession of five categories of control methods to reduce the risk of illness or injury. The ... "Radiation Safety Aspects of Nanotechnology". National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. 2017-03-02. Retrieved ...
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun is a source of vitamin D. One minimal erythemal dose of sunlight UV radiation ... Källmark FP, Ygge J (October 2005). "Photo-induced foveal injury after viewing a solar eclipse". Acta Ophthalmologica ... Experimental Optometry. 87 (6): 390-393. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2004.tb03100.x. PMID 15575813. ... Solar radiation (sunlight) and sunlamps are listed as carcinogens because they contain ultraviolet radiation. There are ...
... experimental MeSH E05.598.500.750 - radiation injuries, experimental MeSH E05.601.123.700 - surface plasmon resonance MeSH ... experimental MeSH E05.598.500.374 - diabetes mellitus, experimental MeSH E05.598.500.468 - liver cirrhosis, experimental MeSH ... experimental MeSH E05.598.500.496.843 - mammary neoplasms, experimental MeSH E05.598.500.496.937 - melanoma, experimental MeSH ... experimental MeSH E05.598.500.500.750 - myasthenia gravis, autoimmune, experimental MeSH E05.598.500.500.875 - neuritis, ...
Disuse of the limb after an injury or psychological distress related to an injury are also associated with a poorer prognosis ... In addition, there exists experimental evidence demonstrating the presence of NMDA receptors in peripheral nerves. Because ... may be potential future radiation-free technique to identify reduced bone mineral density in CRPS. Additionally, this method ... The symptoms and causes of Type 1 and 2 are the same except Type 2 is caused by a nerve injury and is typically much more ...
Exposure in the range of 0.1 to1.2 Gy is associated with spermatogonial injury; whereas between 4-6 Gy reductions of sperm ... Kesari KK, Agarwal A, Henkel R (December 2018). "Radiations and male fertility". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 16 (1 ... August 2014). "Bisphenol a and reproductive health: update of experimental and human evidence, 2007-2013". Environmental Health ... have been shown to decrease semen quality production in experimental animal models; however human data is still equivocal at ...
... and some temporary serious injuries from acute radiation syndrome. The future predicted mortality from increases in cancer ... The first major accident at a nuclear reactor in the USA occurred in 1961 at the SL-1, a U.S. Army experimental nuclear power ... ISBN 978-1-55022-562-4. Johnston, Robert (2007-09-23). "Deadliest radiation accidents and other events causing radiation ... Low-level waste can be stored on-site until radiation levels are low enough to be disposed of as ordinary waste, or it can be ...
A Study of Early Radiation-induced Biological Changes as Indicators of Radiation Injury (1969) A Review of the Biomedical ... LSRO was founded in 1962 as an office within the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) to fulfill a ... Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Life Sciences Research Organization (LSRO) (Webarchive ... A Study of the Army Radiation Preservation of Food Program (1963) A Study of Research Methodology for Use in the Development of ...
The only reported injuries related to iridium concern accidental exposure to radiation from 192 Ir used in brachytherapy. High- ... Still, the experimental X-ray crystallography value is considered to be the most accurate, and as such iridium is considered to ... energy gamma radiation from 192 Ir can increase the risk of cancer. External exposure can cause burns, radiation poisoning, and ... 192Ir, 192mIr, and 194mIr tend to deposit in the liver, and can pose health hazards from both gamma and beta radiation. At room ...
... radiation-induced MeSH C21.866.733.579 - osteoradionecrosis MeSH C21.866.733.720 - radiation injuries, experimental MeSH ... whiplash injuries MeSH C21.866.733.031 - abnormalities, radiation-induced MeSH C21.866.733.345 - leukemia, radiation-induced ... post-head injury MeSH C21.866.260.237 - cranial nerve injuries MeSH C21.866.260.237.162 - abducens nerve injury MeSH C21.866. ... post-head injury MeSH C21.866.915.300.400 - cranial nerve injuries MeSH C21.866.915.300.400.100 - abducens nerve injury MeSH ...
... radiation-induced MeSH G03.850.810.300.360.285 - radiation injuries, experimental MeSH G03.850.810.335 - radiation genetics ... radiation effects MeSH G03.850.810.300.360 - radiation injuries MeSH G03.850.810.300.360.031 - abnormalities, ... radiation MeSH G03.850.110.285 - accidents, radiation MeSH G03.850.110.320 - accidents, traffic MeSH G03.850.110.500 - drowning ... radiation dosage MeSH G03.850.810.250.180 - dose-response relationship, radiation MeSH G03.850.810.250.275 - relative ...
"Effect of Dose Rate on the Induction of Experimental Lung Cancer in Hamsters by α Radiation". Radiation Research. 103 (2): 293- ... Christensen, D. M.; Iddins, C. J.; Sugarman, S. L. (2014). "Ionizing radiation injuries and illnesses". Emergency Medicine ... of alpha radiation appears to be consistent with that reported for doses of external gamma radiation i.e. a given dose of alpha ... alpha radiation is the most destructive form of ionizing radiation. It is the most strongly ionizing, and with large enough ...
... and Radiation Injury, 5, Boston, MA: Springer US, vol. 507, pp. 177-184, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0193-0_28, ISBN 978-1-4613-4960 ... Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 312 (3): 1206-1212. doi:10.1124/jpet.104.076877. ISSN 0022-3565. PMID ... and Radiation Injury, 5, Boston, MA: Springer US, vol. 507, pp. 365-369, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0193-0_56, ISBN 978-1-4613-4960 ...
Here, activation of STAT3 by IL-11 is mandatory to allow regeneration and to prevent injury-induced fibrotic remodeling and ... Radiation Research. 157 (6): 642-9. doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2002)157[0642:AORHIA]2.0.CO;2. PMID 12005542. S2CID 21496463. McCloy ... Experimental Hematology. 24 (12): 1369-76. PMID 8913282. Neddermann P, Graziani R, Ciliberto G, Paonessa G (November 1996). " ... Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 129 (3): 438-45. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01927.x. PMC 1906469. PMID 12197884. ( ...
Loutit's work is fundamental to an understanding of the mechanism and repair of radiation injury and has important bearings on ... Distinguished for his experimental studies of tissue transplantation after lethal doses of ionising radiation. Skilful ...
Patt, H. M.; Maloney, M. A. (1975). "Bone marrow regeneration after local injury: A review". Experimental Hematology. 3 (2): ... Patt, Harvey M. (1953). "Protective Mechanisms in Ionizing Radiation Injury". Physiological Reviews. 33 (1): 35-76. doi:10.1152 ... Radiation Research, Supplement 1". International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and ... As a member of the Radiation Research Society, he was the first treasurer, the ninth president, and an editorial board member ...
Radiation Injuries, Experimental / immunology * Radiation Injuries, Experimental / metabolism * Radiation Injuries, ... Mice drinking goji berry juice (Lycium barbarum) are protected from UV radiation-induced skin damage via antioxidant pathways ... goji juice against lipid peroxidation induced by UVA radiation. Furthermore, two known inducible endogenous skin antioxidants, ...
... radiation-induced intestinal injury was first reported. Although toxicity was the limiting factor in the early years, ... advancements in technology made delivering high doses of radiation possible to selective localized tissue targets, resulting in ... Seal M, Naito Y, Barreto R, Lorenzetti A, Safran P, Marotta F. Experimental radiotherapy-induced enteritis: a probiotic ... Acute injury is caused by injury to the mitotically active intestinal crypt cells. On the other hand, chronic radiation injury ...
Production of Experimental Autoimmune Nephrosis in Rats by Heterologous Tissues Nephron (November,2008) ... Effect of a Single Injection of Heterologous Lymph Node Cells on Lethal Radiation Injury in Rats Subject Area: Hematology , ... Effect of a Single Injection of Heterologous Lymph Node Cells on Lethal Radiation Injury in Rats. Acta Haematol 1 March 1958; ... The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods ...
The animal care and all experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of ... induced by radiation injury, the activity and expression of caspase members following radiation and the effect of caspase ... Radioprotective effect of a pan-caspase inhibitor in a novel model of radiation injury to the nucleus of the abducens nerve. * ... To completely elucidate the role of caspase in the radiation injury model of the abducens nerve, i.c.v. injection of Sprague- ...
Transfection with CXCR4 enhanced the quantity of transplanted HUMSCs in the radiation-induced injured lung tissues. CXCR4- ... and collagen I and inhibited the radiation-induced decreased expression of E-cadherin. Transplanted CXCR4-overexpressing HUMSCs ... overexpressing HUMSCs not only improved histopathological changes but also decreased the radiation-induced expression of SDF-1 ... influences the therapeutic effects on radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). Previous studies have demonstrated that MSCs ...
Contrast enhancement in experimental radiation-induced liver injury: comparison of hepatocellular and reticuloendothelial ...
We also develop strategies for clients defending mass tort, toxic tort, and radiation injury litigation. This brings together ... traditional and experimental generation facilities, and control restrictions on imports and exports. ... summary judgment on claims brought against it and other entities responsible for constructing and operating GEs experimental ...
Radiation Injuries (1966-1993). Radiation Injuries, Experimental (1966-1993). Radiotherapy/adverse effects (1967-1993). ... Pneumonia, Radiation Pneumonias, Radiation Pneumonitides, Radiation Pneumonitis, Radiation Radiation Pneumonia Radiation ... Pneumonia, Radiation. Pneumonias, Radiation. Pneumonitides, Radiation. Pneumonitis, Radiation. Radiation Pneumonia. Radiation ... Radiation Pneumonitis - Preferred Concept UI. M0026627. Scope note. Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing ...
The United States has fast-tracked a new drug that aims to cut down possible radiation risks from a likely nuclear disaster ... CBLB502 is a derivative of a microbial protein that potentially reduces injury from acute stress, such as radiation and ... The experimental drug code-named CBLB502 claims to reduce the risk of death following total body irradiation during or after a ... CBLB502 has been developed by Cleveland BioLabs to treat Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) or radiation poisoning from any ...
In this study, we used a model of acute radiation injury to the lung, in the context of cancer metastasis, to understand the ... although healthy tissue injury due to off-target radiation exposure can occur. ... We exposed healthy mouse lung tissue to radiation before the induction of metastasis and observed a strong enhancement of ... we were able to significantly offset the radiation-enhanced metastases. This work highlights a pro-tumorigenic activity of ...
... physicians have begun to realize that radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) seriously limits the effects of radiotherapy. ... Experimental treatment of radiation pneumonitis with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;4: ... and radiation-induced lung injury occurs (Fig. 1). RILI can be divided into two phases-radiation pneumonitis (RP) and radiation ... Once the radiation dose exceeds the radiation threshold, radiation damage may extend beyond the intrinsic repair capacity of ...
Radiation Injuries, Experimental 14.7. × References/Inference Genes * References * Inference genes * 11121210 * 22247605 ...
Radiation Injuries, Experimental 12.43. × References/Inference Genes * References * Inference genes * 22247605 * MAPK1 ...
Radiation-induced lung injury is a major dose-limiting toxicity for thoracic radiation therapy patients. In experimental models ... ABSTRACT: Not all animal models develop radiation-induced pleural effusions (RIPEs) as a form of radiation-induced lung injury ... and brain injuries in rodent models and may mitigate delayed radiation injuries after radiotherapy. Rat models of partial body ... A much higher up to 5× change in PS values was observed in rats exhibiting severe radiation injury. Ex vivo Kf (mL/min/cm H2O/g ...
Influence of fraction size on the development of late radiation enteropathy. An experimental study in the rat. Acta Oncol, 35 ( ... Treatment-time-dependence models of early and delayed radiation injury in rat small intestine. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 48 ... Optimal interfraction interval to minimize small bowel radiation injury in treatment regimens with two fractions per day: an ... Significance of overall treatment time for the development of radiation-induced intestinal complications. An experimental study ...
1967) Recovery from radiation injury in swine as evaluated by split dose technique. Radiation Research 31: 353. ... experimental) or absence (control) of RE. The percentage of mice surviving at each radiation dose till 30 days following such ... mitigation and treatment of radiation injuries. Report of an NCI workshop, Dec 3-4. Radiation Research 162: 711-728. ... 2004) Modulation of radiation injury. Science 304: 693-694.. *Del Baño MJ, J Castillo, O Benavente-García, J Lorente, R Martín- ...
The neuropathology and clinical signs of acute radiation syndrome resemble those of neurodegenerative conditions. We ... in rats exposed to brain-damaging doses of gamma radiation to develop a model for neurological component of the acute radiation ... Technetium 99 m was administered once through tail vein to male Wistar rats to reach an absorbed dose of Gamma radiation of 667 ... and depression were observed concomitantly and increased with the severity of acute radiation syndrome-like systemic and ...
UV radiation is optical radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum between the wavelengths λ = 100 nm and λ = 400 nm. For ... Experimental results showe that this hydrogel film could effectively reduce the UV-induced skin inflammation response, ... However, for existing skin lesions, prompt treatment is essential to avoid the aggravation of the injury and promote repair. ... UV radiation is responsible for up to ninety percent of visible skin aging. However, the effects of the sunlight on the skin ...
Radiation Injury - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Certain experimental drugs given during or immediately after irradiation have been shown to increase survival rates in animals ... Local radiation injury Radiation therapy for cancer is one of the most common causes of local radiation injuries. Symptoms ... Symptoms of Radiation Injury Symptoms depend on whether radiation exposure involves the whole body or is limited to a small ...
Ghrelin increases survival in experimental model of total body irradiation (TBI) injury. Treatment with human ghrelin improved ... Depending on the dose of radiation received, individuals develop acute radiation syndrome (ARS, also known as radiation ... Ghrelin for Acute Radiation Syndrome. Posted on October 15, 2014. May 3, 2016. by Howard ... Exposure to high doses of radiation can occur after accidental exposure to radioactive materials, a natural disaster or ...
Food supplementation of experimental populations resulted in increased abundances but only in locations where radioactive ... Nuclear accidents underpin the need to quantify the ecological mechanisms which determine injury to ecosystems from chronic low ... Tsernobyl Chernobyl chronic radiation food supplementation forest ecosystem ionizing radiation key species Myodes vole nuclear ... dose radiation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ecological mechanisms interact with ionizing radiation to affect natural ...
The injury may involve the skin, underlying soft tissue, and even deep structures such as bone. ... Radiation ulcers are wounds caused by the acute or chronic effects of ionizing radiation. ... Experimental microvascular anastomoses in radiated vessels: a study of the patency rate and the histopathology of healing. ... The common pathway of radiation injury to tissue, regardless of the source of the radiation, is interaction of the radiation ...
Early experimental biologists discovered ionizing radiation caused lenticular cataracts in exposed animals. ... First volume of American X-ray Journal (1897) listed 69 cases of x-ray injury ... Radiation Effects on Humans. *Early experience demonstrated that ionizing radiation could produce sterility, damage tissues, ...
Only the tissue that absorbs the radiation, and tissues immediately surrounding it, are subject to injury and most instances of ... are the portions of the body most likely to be inadvertently exposed to the laser beam when alignment or other experimental ... and the wavelength of the radiation determines to some extent the depth of skin damage and the type of injury that results. The ... with the most significant injuries being to the retina and caused by radiation in the visible and near-infrared spectral region ...
Radiation Injuries, Experimental. Recombinant Proteins. T-Lymphocyte Subsets. Permalink. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/4547 ... In this study, we investigated the ability of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) to mitigate against radiation injury in ... Medications that can mitigate against radiation injury are limited. ... Our data demonstrate that rhGH promotes hematopoietic engraftment and immune recovery post the exposure of ionizing radiation ...
Successful in vivo MRI tracking of MSCs labeled with Gadoteridol in a Spinal Cord Injury experimental model (315 views). Exp ... Balancing Radiation and Contrast Media Dose in Single-Pass Abdominal Multidetector CT: Prospective Evaluation of Image Quality ... Multi-detector CT enterography in active inflammatory bowel disease: Image quality and diagnostic efficacy of a low-radiation ... Value of MRI in three patients with major vascular injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (259 views). Emergency Radiology ...
  • Irradiation was conducted at room temperature at a dose of radiation of 4 Gy. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The incidence rate of severe irradiation-induced lung injuries reported is 15% among patients treated by thoracic radiotherapy [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In in vivo and in vitro studies, MSCs were found to alleviate irradiation-induced lung injuries not only by the secretion of cytokines, growth factors, and paracrine molecules but also by immunomodulatory effect. (hindawi.com)
  • PROCEDURES: Consomic strains of female Salt Sensitive or SS (Dll4-high) and SS with 3rd chromosome inherited from Brown Norway, SS.BN3 (Dll4-low) rats at ages 11-12 weeks were used to demonstrate the impact of reduced Dll4 expression on long-term vascular integrity, renal function, and survival following high-dose 13 Gy partial body irradiation at 42- and 90 days post-radiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Injury to the female WAG/RijCmcr rat has been well-characterized after exposure to eight doses of whole thorax irradiation: 0-, 5-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14- and 15-Gy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our goal was to use these changes to predict lethal lung injury in the rat model, 2 weeks post-irradiation, before any symptoms manifest and after which a countermeasure can be given to enhance survival. (bvsalud.org)
  • An individual's radiation dose can be increased in two ways, contamination and irradiation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatment of mice with rosemary extract prior to irradiation is reported herein to prolong life and reduce the symptoms of radiation sickness. (tfljournal.org)
  • Treatment of animals with rosemary extract (1000 mg/ kg body wt) prior to irradiation was found to delay the onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness such as ruffled hairs, lethargy, anorexia and diarrhea in comparison to radiation alone treated animals. (tfljournal.org)
  • Ghrelin increases survival in experimental model of total body irradiation (TBI) injury. (therasourceinc.com)
  • Case A. Cutaneous injury caused by irradiation of the chest wall to treat advanced lung cancer with metastases to the head and spine. (medscape.com)
  • Our data demonstrate that rhGH promotes hematopoietic engraftment and immune recovery post the exposure of ionizing radiation and mitigates against the mortality from lethal irradiation even when administered after exposure. (duke.edu)
  • CpG ODN may reduce the injury of reactive oxygen species and adjust the serum TNF-α concentration in the mice after irradiation, which reduces the generation of the inflammatory cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clinically relevant mitochondrial-targeted therapy improves chronic outcomes after traumatic brain injury. (ucla.edu)
  • Pre-Clinical Common Data Elements for Traumatic Brain Injury Research: Progress and Use Cases. (ucla.edu)
  • Cortical Neuromodulation of Remote Regions after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Normalizes Forelimb Function but is Temporally Dependent. (ucla.edu)
  • Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mapping of Lysophosphatidic Acid Changes after Traumatic Brain Injury and the Relationship to Cellular Pathology. (ucla.edu)
  • Remote Changes in Cortical Excitability after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury and Functional Reorganization. (ucla.edu)
  • Radiotherapy, the commonly used treatment for thoracic malignant tumor, can lead to severe complications in some patients, like radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). (hindawi.com)
  • Radiation-induced pneumonitis and lung fibrosis are mostly observed in 4 to 30 weeks and 6 to 12 months after thoracic radiotherapy [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Radiotherapy is one of the most effective approaches to achieve tumor control in cancer patients, although healthy tissue injury due to off-target radiation exposure can occur. (nature.com)
  • Since radiotherapy is widely used in managing thoracic tumors, physicians have begun to realize that radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) seriously limits the effects of radiotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even though more localized dose delivery to patients with tumors via advanced radiation techniques can increase the survival rate and lessen radiation-related toxicity, the occurrence of radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is still inevitable and limits dose escalation for thoracic radiotherapy [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Differences in the experimental results prompted this summary for a more comprehensive and rational understanding of radiotherapy combined with targeted therapy. (dovepress.com)
  • 1 Early clinical studies of the EGFR monoclonal antibody in combination with radiotherapy primarily included head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and the study of its combination with radiation therapy for NSCLC was performed relatively late. (dovepress.com)
  • The radiation-induced lung injury is a common complication from radiotherapy in lung cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • therefore, rest periods between radiation sessions are important for the recovery of tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Transfection with CXCR4 enhanced the quantity of transplanted HUMSCs in the radiation-induced injured lung tissues. (hindawi.com)
  • Radiation injury is damage to tissues caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The Gy and Sv are similar, except the Sv takes into account the effectiveness of different types of radiation to cause damage and the sensitivity of different tissues in the body to radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Radiation induced damage to the normal tissues can be partially reduced by the use of radioprotectors that reduce the damaging effects of radiation, including radiation-induced lethality (4,22,38). (tfljournal.org)
  • Tissues affected by acute high-dose radiation, as in industrial accidents, manifest progressive obliterative endarteritis culminating in tissue necrosis. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] Long-term radiation injury results in fibrosis of the dermal and subcutaneous tissues. (medscape.com)
  • We characterized elevated plus maze (EPM) indicators of cognitive and motor impairment in rats exposed to brain-damaging doses of gamma radiation to develop a model for neurological component of the acute radiation syndrome. (ac.ir)
  • Chronic injury is a function of the total dose of radiation used. (medscape.com)
  • The gray (Gy) and sievert (Sv) are measures of the dose of radiation, which is the amount of radiation deposited in matter, and are the units used to measure dose in humans after exposure to radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Depending on the dose of radiation received, individuals develop acute radiation syndrome (ARS, also known as radiation sickness). (therasourceinc.com)
  • The mechanisms of radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) and the mechanisms by which mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) alleviate it. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PURPOSE: Vascular endothelium plays a central role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic radiation injuries, yet the mechanisms which promote sustained endothelial dysfunction and contribute to late responding organ failure are unclear. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nuclear accidents underpin the need to quantify the ecological mechanisms which determine injury to ecosystems from chronic low‐dose radiation. (jyu.fi)
  • Here, we tested the hypothesis that ecological mechanisms interact with ionizing radiation to affect natural populations in unexpected ways. (jyu.fi)
  • Radiation induces caspase activation fundamentally via the mitochondrial pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Fig. 2: Radiation exposure induces the infiltration and local activation of lung neutrophils. (nature.com)
  • Repeated and chronic exposure to UV radiation induces photodamage in the skin, resulting in clinical, histological, and functional changes in the areas of habitually sun-exposed skin. (molcells.org)
  • RILI may include early radiation-induced pneumonitis and advanced stage radiation-induced lung fibrosis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • RILI can be divided into two phases-radiation pneumonitis (RP) and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF)-which represent acute and late phases in the development of RILI, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In normal wound healing, this inflammation response may subside and induce a vicious cycle of further inflammation once radiation pneumonitis happens, finally leading to the poor prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, many scientists have attempted to treat radiation sickness with MSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although toxicity was the limiting factor in the early years, advancements in technology made in delivering high doses of radiation possible to selected localized tissue targets, resulted in increased efficacy and increased utilization of radiation in the armamentarium of cancer therapy. (medscape.com)
  • The window of safety is narrow or perhaps nonexistent because the doses that cause injury are very close to the doses needed for therapy. (medscape.com)
  • MSCs are able to ameliorate various kinds of lung injury and are intensively investigated to develop a therapeutic approach for treating lung diseases such as RILI, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and emphysema which are lacking a specific and effective therapy [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Some previous studies also demonstrated that MSCs act as gene therapy delivery vehicles and attenuate lung injury through enhancing the target gene expression in specific damaged tissue sites in the lungs [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It is also produced by devices, such as x-ray and radiation therapy machines. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The most common cause of radiation injury is an adverse effect of therapeutic radiation therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Brachytherapy is radiation therapy delivered with a short distance between the radiation source and the target. (medscape.com)
  • As cancer therapy becomes increasingly effective, patients are living long enough to have the adverse late effects of their radiation treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Radiation therapy is one of the most important treatments for the chest tumors, but common complications from such treatments include radiation-induced lung injuries and dose-limiting side effects [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Any history of experimental therapy with another investigational drug within 60 days prior to screening. (who.int)
  • The dose needed to cause visible tissue injury varies with tissue type. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The realization that radiation can cause tissue injury followed shortly thereafter. (medscape.com)
  • Doctors remove as much external and internal (that which is inhaled or ingested) radioactive material as possible and treat symptoms and complications of radiation injury. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Here we discuss evidence for the role of lectin pathway activation in endothelial injury-associated complications of HSCT and how targeting complement activity may provide therapeutic benefit for patients with HSCT-TMA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The neuropathology and clinical signs of acute radiation syndrome resemble those of neurodegenerative conditions. (ac.ir)
  • Objective: Hematopoietic syndrome (HS) is a clinical diagnosis assigned to people who present with ≥1 new-onset cytopenias in the setting of acute radiation exposure. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • These conditions are not discrete diseases, but different clinical manifestations stemming from endothelial injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are limited experimental, clinical, and epidemiologic data that pancreatic damage may result from injury caused by direct viral invasion. (cdc.gov)
  • We further demonstrated that SS.BN3 (Dll4-low) rats have reduced radiation induced loss of CD31+ vascular endothelial cells, and increased Dll4 vascular expression is correlated with vascular dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)
  • The present investigation reports the radiomodulatory effect of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) leaf extract against radiation-induced hematological alterations in Swiss albino mice at various post-autopsy intervals (i.e., between 24 hours to day 30). (tfljournal.org)
  • Topical application of PGG followed by chronic exposure to UVB radiation in the dorsal skin of hairless mice resulted in a significant decrease in the progression of inflammatory skin damages, leading to inhibited activation of NF-κB signaling and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. (molcells.org)
  • In this study, we investigated the ability of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) to mitigate against radiation injury in mice and nonhuman primates. (duke.edu)
  • Specifically, the recovery of total white cells, CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets, B cells, NK cells and especially platelets post radiation exposure were significantly accelerated in the rhGH-treated mice. (duke.edu)
  • This study aimed to examine the effect of CpG ODN on acute radiation-induced lung injury in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study demonstrated that CpG ODN has preventive effects of acute radiation-induced lung injury in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study is a preliminary exploration on the effects of CpG ODN to acute radioactive lung injury in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One hundred and sixty ICR female mice were provided by the Shanghai Experimental Animal Center (Shanghai, China) and maintained in a specific pathogen-free grade animal room until 6-8 weeks of age and weighing 18-22 g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Non-irradiated mice underwent the same procedure but were not exposed to radiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • z-VAD-fmk was injected intracerebroventricularly as a bolus injection (0.2 µg/h for 1 h) into rats prior to exposure to radiation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The roentgen (R) is a measure of the ionizing ability of radiation in air and is commonly used to express the intensity of exposure to radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Research on the use of plant extracts to protect against radiation exposure is not widely known, however the low toxicity and minimal side effects of many plant products are well known in both western science and traditional medicine. (tfljournal.org)
  • Comparison of cell counting methods in rodent pulmonary toxicity studies: automated and manual protocols and considerations for experimental design. (cdc.gov)
  • Rescue of hematopoietic stem cells following high-dose radiation injury using ex vivo culture on endothelial monolayers. (umassmed.edu)
  • The use of GRADE analysis of countermeasures for injury to hematopoietic tissue was restricted by the lack of comparator groups in humans. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and associated risk factors precipitate endothelial injury, leading to HSCT-TMA and other endothelial injury syndromes such as hepatic veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, capillary leak syndrome, and graft-versus-host disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Significant efforts have been made to develop methods to decrease or prevent radiation damage and to treat this dreadful complication. (medscape.com)
  • In 1897, 2 years after the discovery of x-rays by Roentgen, radiation-induced intestinal injury was first reported. (medscape.com)
  • Currently, there are no biomarkers to predict lethal lung injury by radiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Healthy male Sprague‑Dawley rats were used in the present study to examine the radioprotective effect of a type of pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, following radiation, to investigate the effects of caspase blockade in a model of the nucleus of the abducens nerve. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This study is one of the first to report a set of minimally invasive endpoints to predict lethal radiation injury in female rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rats were fed known amounts of IPW-5371 using a syringe, instead of delivery by daily oral gavage, sparing exacerbation of esophageal injury by radiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Technetium 99 m was administered once through tail vein to male Wistar rats to reach an absorbed dose of Gamma radiation of 667 mGy (66.7Rad). (ac.ir)
  • Our results suggest that irradiated rat performance in the EPM paradigm reflects disease severity and could be used to perform both acute and subchronic pharmacological studies in acute radiation syndrome-like diseases in rats. (ac.ir)
  • The consensus of researchers studying RILI is that ionizing radiation could induce damage to epithelial cells and endothelial cells, dysfunction of the blood-air barrier, and increase vascular permeability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Endothelial injury triggers activation of the complement system-significantly through the lectin pathway-via altered cell-surface patterns on injured endothelial cells, initiating an inflammatory response [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The ionizing radiation further activates alveolar macrophages and upregulates transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 (especially the key factor TGF-β1) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Large doses of ionizing radiation can cause acute illness by reducing the production of blood cells and damaging the digestive tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A very large dose of ionizing radiation can also damage the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular system), brain, and skin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ionizing radiation can increase the risk of cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In general, ionizing radiation refers to high-energy electromagnetic waves (x-rays and gamma rays) and particles (alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons) that are capable of stripping electrons from atoms (ionization). (msdmanuals.com)
  • By changing molecules in the highly ordered environment of the cell, ionizing radiation can disrupt and damage cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Depending on the magnitude of the dose, organs exposed, and types of radiation cellular damage caused by ionizing radiation can cause acute illness, increase the risk of developing cancer, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ionizing radiation is emitted by radioactive substances (radionuclides), such as uranium, radon, and plutonium. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, because of their lower energy, these forms of radiation are not ionizing, and thus public exposure to these common sources does not damage cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this discussion, "radiation" refers exclusively to ionizing radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Radiation ulcers are wounds caused by the acute or chronic effects of ionizing radiation. (medscape.com)
  • Ionizing radiation may come from high-energy photons that can be the product of natural decay of radioactive material, such as gamma rays, or the product of artificial bombardment of electrons onto Tungsten, such as x-rays. (medscape.com)
  • The acute effect of ionizing radiation is direct cell damage to DNA. (medscape.com)
  • Purpose: Animals are exposed to environmental ionizing radiation (IR) externally through proximity to contaminated soil and internally through ingestion and inhalation of radionuclides. (jyu.fi)
  • Early experimental biologists discovered ionizing radiation caused lenticular cataracts in exposed animals. (oregonstate.edu)
  • 1998. Food preservation using ionizing radiation. (cdc.gov)
  • This article focuses specifically on the effects of radiation on the small intestine, the large intestine, and the rectum. (medscape.com)
  • Less quantity of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) influences the therapeutic effects on radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). (hindawi.com)
  • PURPOSE: To test IPW-5371 for the mitigation of the delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE). (bvsalud.org)
  • There may be tremendous practical value to understanding how to neutralize or reduce the damaging (and lethal) effects of radiation on the human body. (tfljournal.org)
  • In light of the various nuclear power plant accident, military and terrorism scenarios that have entered the world consciousness over the past two generations, there is tremendous practical value to understanding how to neutralize or reduce the damaging (and lethal) effects of radiation on the body. (tfljournal.org)
  • Recently, interest has generated in developing the potential drugs of plant origin for the amelioration of radiation effects. (tfljournal.org)
  • Depending on the precise area of injury in the cell, the damage may be repaired, cause cell death, or cause delayed effects. (medscape.com)
  • We show linear decreases in breeding success with increasing ambient radiation levels with no evidence of any threshold below which effects are not seen. (jyu.fi)
  • 1993. Protective effects of chlorogenic acid, curcumin and beta-carotene against gamma-radiation-induced in vivo chromosomal damage. (cdc.gov)
  • 1986. Carcinogenic effects of radiation on the human skin. (cdc.gov)
  • But there is no research on the effects of CpG ODN to acute radioactive lung injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • providing Buildings and injuries from Terrorism: Technology Transfer for Blast-effects Mitigation. (thelukensgrp.com)
  • They found that at 20 μmol m -2 s -1 of blue radiation, the presence of 60 μmol m -2 s -1 green radiation increased the fresh mass of lettuce, but had negative effects on the weight at any higher levels of blue radiation. (osu.edu)
  • Studies on the molecular mechanism of neuronal cell apoptosis following radiation have enriched the number of protective therapeutic strategies against radiation-induced neuronal cell death ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Orthovoltage radiation is used in therapeutic radiation, and includes radiation at 80-400 keV. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusions: Assessment of therapeutic interventions for HS in humans exposed to nontherapeutic radiation is difficult because of the limits of the evidence. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Neuronal cell apoptosis is associated with various neurological damaging factors, including radiation ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Radio waves, such as from cell phones and AM and FM radio transmitters, and visible light also are forms of electromagnetic radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The spectral region of greatest concern constitutes the retinal hazard region , extending from about 400 nanometers (violet color) to 1400 nanometers (near-infrared), including the entire visible portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. (microscopyu.com)
  • The UV radiation is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum of solar radiation that can be divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC bands by wavelength. (molcells.org)
  • Many of the most significant radiation accidents have exposed people to both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1100 nm emission) Near-Infrared (NIR) imaging using indocyanine green (ICG) to track and define the role of the notch ligand Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) in mediating vascular injury in two late-responding radiosensitive organs: the lung and kidney. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, we used a model of acute radiation injury to the lung, in the context of cancer metastasis, to understand the biological link between tissue damage and cancer progression. (nature.com)
  • Once the radiation dose exceeds the radiation threshold, radiation damage may extend beyond the intrinsic repair capacity of the human body, and radiation-induced lung injury occurs (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The common pathway of radiation injury to tissue, regardless of the source of the radiation, is interaction of the radiation energy with DNA that causes structural damage to the DNA. (medscape.com)
  • The wavelength of the laser radiation is significant because only light within the wavelength range of approximately 400 to 1400 nanometers can penetrate the eye sufficiently to damage the retina. (microscopyu.com)
  • Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation can cause skin damage with various pathological changes including inflammation. (molcells.org)
  • The present study demonstrated that PGG protected from skin damage induced by UVB radiation, and thus, may be a potential candidate for the prevention of environmental stimuli-induced inflammatory skin damage. (molcells.org)
  • Solar radiation is one of the most important environmental factors leading to skin damage. (molcells.org)
  • Endothelial injury can trigger activation of the complement system, promoting inflammation and the development of endothelial injury syndromes, ultimately leading to organ damage and failure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A spinal cord injury is damage to the bundle of cells and nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rehabilitation After a Spinal Injury Recovery from spinal cord injury depends on the location (level) and degree of damage. (msdmanuals.com)
  • An unstable injury to the spine may not damage the spinal cord immediately. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although radiation injury can occur at doses of less than 40 Gy, serious injury usually occurs at doses greater than 50 Gy. (medscape.com)
  • Exposure to high doses of radiation can occur after accidental exposure to radioactive materials, a natural disaster or technical accident at a nuclear facility, or the detonation of a radioactive device or nuclear bomb. (therasourceinc.com)
  • This patient was transferred to a burn unit for adequate care of the burns and ulcerations caused by the radiation treatments. (medscape.com)
  • They exposed the lettuce to nine different treatments of lighting, including combinations of blue and red radiation, as well as introducing green radiation at a photon flux density (PFD) of 60 μmol m -2 s -1 in place of a reduction in red radiation. (osu.edu)
  • Almost all people with a spinal cord injury have an injury to the spine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Fig. 8: Inhibition of Notch signaling attenuates the radiation-driven enhancement of metastatic growth in vivo. (nature.com)
  • On the other hand, chronic radiation injury is caused by injury to the less mitotically active vascular endothelial and connective tissue cells. (medscape.com)
  • Once in the body, radioactive material may be transported to various sites, such as the bone marrow, where it continues to emit radiation, increasing the person's radiation exposure, until it is removed or emits all its energy (decays). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Radiation can also be produced by high energy particles that are a product of radioactive decay. (medscape.com)
  • Food supplementation of experimental populations resulted in increased abundances but only in locations where radioactive contamination was low (i.e., below ≈ 1 μSv/h). (jyu.fi)
  • The skin is the outermost organ of the human body and is continually exposed to environmental stimuli such as solar radiation, which lead to oxidative stress and induce inflammation through increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). (molcells.org)
  • Contrast enhancement in experimental radiation-induced liver injury: comparison of hepatocellular and reticuloendothelial particulate contrast agents. (harvard.edu)
  • Matrine ameliorates anxiety and depression-like behaviour by targeting hyperammonemia-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in CCl4 model of liver injury. (ac.ir)
  • A new australian without the pressure won t feel shamed or embarrassed about my fears, veno-occlusive dysfunction radiation injury to other 188: 951 4. (ardelyx.com)
  • Lung inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress are promoted in the initiation of radiation-induced pneumonia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many different forms of radiation have since been discovered, and applications have been developed for medical, industrial, and military use. (medscape.com)
  • Experimental neurology, 2022. (ucla.edu)
  • Experimental neurology, 2019. (ucla.edu)
  • 2nd window dynamic NIR fluorescence imaging with ICG was analyzed with physiology-based pharmacokinetic modeling and confirmed with assays of endothelial Dll4 expression to assess the role of endogenous Dll4 expression on radiation injury protection. (bvsalud.org)
  • The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. (karger.com)
  • Radiation, carcinogenesis and DNA alterations. (cdc.gov)
  • The amount of radiation is measured in several different units. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Radiation delivery is measured by the amount of radiation absorbed by a gram of tissue. (medscape.com)
  • The injury may involve the skin, underlying soft tissue, and even deep structures such as bone. (medscape.com)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (to assess injury to soft tissue, spinal cord, or ligaments) and/or computed tomography (to assess injury to bone) is the best way to identify the injury. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We exposed healthy mouse lung tissue to radiation before the induction of metastasis and observed a strong enhancement of cancer cell growth. (nature.com)
  • At the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Patt was appointed in 1964 the director of the Laboratory of Radiobiology and a professor of radiobiology and experimental radiology. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have seen Gaza used as a laboratory for testing what I call weapons from hell," said David Halpin, a retired British surgeon and trauma specialist who has visited Gaza on several occasions to investigate unusual injuries suffered by Gazans. (electronicintifada.net)
  • The present study performed immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and western blot analysis and identified no significant changes in the expression of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) following radiation (P>0.05). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • General anatomy of the human eye is illustrated in Figure 1 , with emphasis on the structures that are likely to be damaged by absorption of intense radiation. (microscopyu.com)
  • Experimental models are needed to better understand the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases to develop novel therapeutics. (ac.ir)
  • Patient with historically elevated radiation exposure levels that could in the opinion of the investigator introduce unacceptable radiation risks for the patient, when being accumulated with the radiological examinations planned in this study. (who.int)
  • Radiation protection is at a cross-road after radiation incidents and unacceptable tragedies such as those at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island. (tfljournal.org)