RNA, usually prepared by transcription from cloned DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and is generally used for studies of virus genes, distribution of specific RNA in tissues and cells, integration of viral DNA into genomes, transcription, etc. Whereas DNA PROBES are preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for detection of the presence of DNA/RNA from specific species or subspecies, RNA probes are preferred for genetic studies. Conventional labels for the RNA probe include radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. RNA probes may be further divided by category into plus-sense RNA probes, minus-sense RNA probes, and antisense RNA probes.
3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.
The use of devices which use detector molecules to detect, investigate, or analyze other molecules, macromolecules, molecular aggregates, or organisms.
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).
The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.
The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in MOLECULAR GENETICS to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION.
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Nucleic acids which hybridize to complementary sequences in other target nucleic acids causing the function of the latter to be affected.
Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.
Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.
A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.
A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.
The processes of RNA tertiary structure formation.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.
The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation.
Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.
Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.
RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.
RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
Nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.
Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.
Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
RNA present in neoplastic tissue.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.

Evidence for beta3-adrenoceptor subtypes in relaxation of the human urinary bladder detrusor: analysis by molecular biological and pharmacological methods. (1/1092)

The purpose of the present study was to confirm the presence of beta3-adrenoceptor subtype in the relaxation of human urinary bladder detrusor tissue by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR); direct sequencing of the PCR product, in situ hybridization; and isometric contraction. Using reverse transcription-PCR, the mRNAs of three receptor subtypes (beta1, beta2, and beta3) were expressed in the human urinary bladder detrusor tissue. Direct sequencing of the PCR product of the above beta3-adrenoceptor revealed no mutation in the amplified regions. In situ hybridization with digoxygenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe revealed the presence of the mRNA of beta3-adrenoceptor subtype in the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder. The relaxant effects of isoproterenol (a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor agonist); ZD7114, BRL37344, and CGP12177A (putative selective beta3-adrenoceptor agonists); and SR59230A (a putative selective beta3-adrenoceptor antagonist) were tested using an isometric contraction technique. Isoproterenol in either the presence or absence of both atenolol (a beta1-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist) and butoxamine (a beta2-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist) revealed a relaxant effect on the carbachol-induced contraction of the human urinary bladder detrusor. Both BRL37344 and CGP12177A also revealed relaxant effects on the human urinary bladder detrusor, but ZD7114 did not elicit any relaxation. These results suggest that beta3-adrenoceptor may have some role in urine storage in the human urinary bladder.  (+info)

Isoform-specific regulation of the sodium pump by alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists in the guinea-pig ventricle. (2/1092)

1. Guinea-pig ventricle was used in the RNase protection assays to determine which alpha-isoforms of the Na+-K+ pumps are present, and ventricular myocytes were used in whole cell patch clamp studies to investigate the actions of alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists on Na+-K+ pump current. 2. RNase protection assays showed that two isoforms of the alpha-subunit of the Na+-K+-ATPase are present in guinea-pig ventricle. The mRNA for the alpha1-isoform comprises 82 % of the total pump message, the rest being the alpha2-isoform. 3. We have previously shown that beta-adrenergic agonists affect Na+-K+ pump current (Ip) through a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathway. We now show that these beta-effects are targeted to the alpha1-isoform of the Na+-K+ pumps. 4. We have also previously shown that alpha-adrenergic agonists increase Ip through a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent pathway. We now show that these alpha-isoform effects are targeted to the alpha2-isoform of the Na+-K+ pumps. 5. These results suggest the effects of adrenergic activation on Na+-K+ pump activity in the heart can be regionally specific, depending on which alpha-isoform of the Na+-K+ pump is expressed.  (+info)

Differential import of nuclear-encoded tRNAGly isoacceptors into solanum Tuberosum mitochondria. (3/1092)

In potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) mitochondria, about two-thirds of the tRNAs are encoded by the mitochondrial genome and one-third is imported from the cytosol. In the case of tRNAGly isoacceptors, a mitochondrial-encoded tRNAGly(GCC) was found in potato mitochondria, but this is likely to be insufficient to decode the four GGN glycine codons. In this work, we identified a cytosolic tRNAGly(UCC), which was found to be present in S.tuberosum mitochondria. The cytosolic tRNAGly(CCC) was also present in mitochondria, but to a lesser extent. By contrast, the cytosolic tRNAGly(GCC) could not be detected in mitochondria. This selective import of tRNAGly isoacceptors into S. tuberosum mitochondria raises further questions about the mechanism under-lying the specificity of the import process.  (+info)

Expression and localization of messenger ribonucleic acid for the vitellogenin receptor in ovarian follicles throughout oogenesis in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. (4/1092)

The expression and localization of vitellogenin (VTG) receptor (VTGR) mRNA were identified throughout ovarian development in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Northern blot confirmed the presence of a transcript (approximately 3.9 kilobases [kb]) that was specific to the ovary. The expression of VTGR mRNA varied throughout ovarian development and was highest in previtellogenic ovaries and in ovaries at the onset of vitellogenesis containing ovarian follicles (OF) from 35 to 600 microm in diameter. In situ hybridization using 35S riboprobes showed that the transcription of the VTGR gene was initiated in OF measuring 45-50 microm in diameter, with transcripts being exclusively localized in the ooplasm. A dramatic increase in mRNA synthesis occurred during previtellogenic growth (OF from 50 to 200 microm); this was followed by a gradual decrease during the vitellogenic growth phase. VTGR mRNA was not detected in OF greater than 1000 microm in diameter (oocytes actively sequestering VTG). Immunocytolocalization of yolk proteins derived from VTG demonstrated that oocytes started to sequester VTG when they were around 300 microm in diameter, shortly after the time of maximal density of VTGR mRNA in the ooplasm. The timing of transcription of the VTGR gene, predominantly during previtellogenesis, suggests that the VTGR is recycled to the oocyte surface during the vitellogenic growth phase.  (+info)

Tissue-specific expression of messenger ribonucleic acids for insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins during perinatal development of the rat uterus. (5/1092)

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II play a number of important roles in growth and differentiation, and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) modulate IGF biological activity. IGF-I has been shown previously to be essential for normal uterine development. Therefore, we used in situ hybridization assays to characterize the unique tissue- and developmental stage-specific pattern of expression for each IGF and IGFBP gene in the rat uterus during perinatal development (gestational day [GD]-20 to postnatal day [PND]-24). IGF-I and IGFBP-1 mRNAs were expressed in all uterine tissues throughout this period. IGFBP-3 mRNA was not detectable at GD-20 but became detectable beginning at PND-5, and the signal intensity appeared to increase during stromal and muscle development. IGFBP-4 mRNA was abundant throughout perinatal development in the myometrium and in the stroma, particularly near the luminal epithelium. IGFBP-5 mRNA was abundantly expressed in myometrium throughout perinatal development. IGFBP-6 mRNA was detected throughout perinatal development in both the stroma and myometrium in a diffuse expression pattern. IGF-II and IGFBP-2 mRNAs were not detected in perinatal uteri. Our results suggest that coordinated temporal and spatial expression of IGF-I and its binding proteins (IGFBP-1,-3,-4,-5, and -6) could play important roles in perinatal rodent uterine development.  (+info)

Analysis of RNA-protein interactions of mouse liver cytochrome P4502A5 mRNA. (6/1092)

In our previous studies we have identified a 37/39 kDa, pyrazole-inducible, cytochrome P4502A5 (CYP2A5) mRNA binding protein and provided evidence that it may play a role in the stabilization and processing of the RNA [Geneste, Rafalli and Lang (1996) Biochem. J. 313, 1029-1037; Thulke-Gross, Hergenhahn, Tilloy-Ellul, Lang and Bartsch (1998) Biochem. J. 331, 473-481]. Details of the RNA-protein interactions are, however, not known. In this report we have performed an analysis of the interaction between the CYP2A5 mRNA and the 37/39 kDa protein. With UV-cross linking experiments, using RNA probes corresponding to various parts of the CYP2A5 mRNA, and with antisense oligonucleotides complementary to certain areas of the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR), we could map the primary binding site to the tip of a 71 nt hair-pin loop at the 3'-UTR. This analysis also showed that the protein may have more than one site of interaction with the RNA and/or that, within the binding region, there could be more than one protein molecule binding to the RNA. Analysis of the probable conformations of the various probes used in the UV cross-linking experiments, in combination with the estimated binding affinities of the protein to the different probes, suggests that important factors in the high-affinity binding are the UAG triplet flanked by GA-rich sequences at the tip of the hair-pin loop, in addition to the conformation of the loop itself. Within the binding region, similarities with known binding sites of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1 in other RNA molecules were revealed by sequence alignment analysis. Moreover, competition experiments with an oligoribonucleotide corresponding to a known high-affinity binding site of hnRNP A1, and immunoprecipitation of the UV cross-linked 37/39 kDa complex showed that the protein binding to the CYP2A5 mRNA could be hnRNP A1 or its close analogue. It was also shown that the 37/39 kDa protein binds with less affinity to CYP2A4 mRNA than to CYP2A5 mRNA. This is in accordance with experiments characterizing the binding site, since these two otherwise highly homologous genes are kown to have a three nucleotide difference within the region important for the high binding affinity. Since the response of CYP2A4 to pyrazole is known to be weak, as compared with CYP2A5, this observation provides further evidence for a regulatory role of the 37/39 kDa protein in CYP2A5 mRNA metabolism.  (+info)

Quantification of ovine and bovine calpain I, calpain II, and calpastatin mRNA by ribonuclease protection assay. (7/1092)

We developed a ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) to quantify the mRNA mass of calpastatin and the catalytic subunits of calpains I and II in ovine and bovine tissues. The method is based on constructing standard curves using predetermined amounts of in vitro synthesized sense cRNA of the calpain system, hybridized with excess radiolabeled antisense counterprobes. This is possible because the vectors used for riboprobe preparation can be used to transcribe the sense cRNA required to generate the standard curves to quantify absolute calpain I, calpain II, and calpastatin mRNA levels. We used the RPA to study calpain I, calpain II, and calpastatin gene expression in ovine liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. The results revealed that calpain II gene expression was similar in the three tissues. However, the expression of calpain I and calpastatin genes indicates that each tissue has its unique pattern. We also analyzed the activity of calpain I, calpain II, and calpastatin by the conventional DEAE chromatographic method for comparison. The results indicated that the RPA is more repeatable than the DEAE method. Special features of the RPA as compared with DEAE chromatography are as follows; 1) the RPA is a reliable method for quantifying the expression of calpains in all tissues because it is not affected by the presence of inhibitors or activators, 2) the RPA method can be expanded to analyze the expression of the tissue-specific calpains simply by designing specific probes for them, and 3) the RPA requires a small amount of tissue. The described method will facilitate future studies on the gene expression of calpains and will contribute to determining their physiological functions.  (+info)

Distribution of estrogen receptor-beta messenger ribonucleic acid in the male sheep hypothalamus. (8/1092)

As a first step in determining possible influences of the newly discovered estrogen receptor (ER)-beta on reproduction, we have localized mRNA for ER-beta within the male sheep hypothalamus using in situ hybridization and a rat ER-beta cRNA probe. Highest amounts of hybridization signal were observed in the preoptic area (POA), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus, and supraoptic nucleus. Relatively moderate amounts of hybridization signal were observed in the retrochiasmatic area (RCH), anterior hypothalamic area, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamus. Only a low level of hybridization signal was observed in the ventromedial hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and arcuate nucleus. The presence of ER-beta mRNA in several areas of the male sheep hypothalamus suggests multiple functions for this receptor. The distribution of ER-beta in the ovine hypothalamus was similar to that described for the rat, suggesting a high degree of functional conservation across species. A role for ER-beta in influencing reproduction is suggested by its presence in the POA and RCH, regions of the hypothalamus that control reproduction.  (+info)

RNA probes are specialized biomolecules used in molecular biology to detect and localize specific RNA sequences within cells or tissues. They are typically single-stranded RNA molecules that have been synthesized with a modified nucleotide, such as digoxigenin or biotin, which can be detected using antibodies or streptavidin conjugates.

RNA probes are used in techniques such as in situ hybridization (ISH) and Northern blotting to identify the spatial distribution of RNA transcripts within cells or tissues, or to quantify the amount of specific RNA present in a sample. The probe is designed to be complementary to the target RNA sequence, allowing it to bind specifically to its target through base-pairing interactions.

RNA probes can be labeled with various reporter molecules, such as radioactive isotopes or fluorescent dyes, which enable their detection and visualization using techniques such as autoradiography or microscopy. The use of RNA probes has proven to be a valuable tool in the study of gene expression, regulation, and localization in various biological systems.

Digoxigenin is a steroidal glycoside compound that is derived from the digitalis plant, which includes foxglove species. This compound is known for its cardiotonic properties and has been used in the treatment of various heart conditions, such as congestive heart failure and atrial arrhythmias.

In a medical or scientific context, digoxigenin is often used in research and diagnostic applications due to its ability to bind to specific antibodies or other molecules. This binding property makes it useful for techniques like immunohistochemistry, where it can be used to label and visualize specific proteins or structures within cells or tissues.

It's important to note that digoxigenin itself is not a medication or treatment, but rather a component derived from a plant that has been used in the development of certain medications and research tools.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is a single-stranded, linear polymer of ribonucleotides. It is a nucleic acid present in the cells of all living organisms and some viruses. RNAs play crucial roles in various biological processes such as protein synthesis, gene regulation, and cellular signaling. There are several types of RNA including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). These RNAs differ in their structure, function, and location within the cell.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Nucleic acid hybridization is a process in molecular biology where two single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) with complementary sequences pair together to form a double-stranded molecule through hydrogen bonding. The strands can be from the same type of nucleic acid or different types (i.e., DNA-RNA or DNA-cDNA). This process is commonly used in various laboratory techniques, such as Southern blotting, Northern blotting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microarray analysis, to detect, isolate, and analyze specific nucleic acid sequences. The hybridization temperature and conditions are critical to ensure the specificity of the interaction between the two strands.

A DNA probe is a single-stranded DNA molecule that contains a specific sequence of nucleotides, and is labeled with a detectable marker such as a radioisotope or a fluorescent dye. It is used in molecular biology to identify and locate a complementary sequence within a sample of DNA. The probe hybridizes (forms a stable double-stranded structure) with its complementary sequence through base pairing, allowing for the detection and analysis of the target DNA. This technique is widely used in various applications such as genetic testing, diagnosis of infectious diseases, and forensic science.

Molecular probe techniques are analytical methods used in molecular biology and medicine to detect, analyze, and visualize specific biological molecules or cellular structures within cells, tissues, or bodily fluids. These techniques typically involve the use of labeled probes that bind selectively to target molecules, allowing for their detection and quantification.

A molecular probe is a small molecule or biomacromolecule (such as DNA, RNA, peptide, or antibody) that has been tagged with a detectable label, such as a fluorescent dye, radioisotope, enzyme, or magnetic particle. The probe is designed to recognize and bind to a specific target molecule, such as a gene, protein, or metabolite, through complementary base pairing, antigen-antibody interactions, or other forms of molecular recognition.

Molecular probe techniques can be broadly classified into two categories:

1. In situ hybridization (ISH): This technique involves the use of labeled DNA or RNA probes to detect specific nucleic acid sequences within cells or tissues. The probes are designed to complement the target sequence and, upon hybridization, allow for the visualization of the location and quantity of the target molecule using various detection methods, such as fluorescence microscopy, brightfield microscopy, or radioisotopic imaging.
2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF): These techniques utilize antibodies as probes to detect specific proteins within cells or tissues. Primary antibodies are raised against a target protein and, upon binding, can be detected using various methods, such as enzyme-linked secondary antibodies, fluorescent dyes, or gold nanoparticles. IHC is typically used for brightfield microscopy, while IF is used for fluorescence microscopy.

Molecular probe techniques have numerous applications in basic research, diagnostics, and therapeutics, including gene expression analysis, protein localization, disease diagnosis, drug development, and targeted therapy.

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a molecular biology technique used to detect and localize specific nucleic acid sequences, such as DNA or RNA, within cells or tissues. This technique involves the use of a labeled probe that is complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence. The probe can be labeled with various types of markers, including radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes, or enzymes.

During the ISH procedure, the labeled probe is hybridized to the target nucleic acid sequence in situ, meaning that the hybridization occurs within the intact cells or tissues. After washing away unbound probe, the location of the labeled probe can be visualized using various methods depending on the type of label used.

In situ hybridization has a wide range of applications in both research and diagnostic settings, including the detection of gene expression patterns, identification of viral infections, and diagnosis of genetic disorders.

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a type of short, double-stranded RNA molecule that plays a role in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. The RNAi pathway is a natural cellular process that regulates gene expression by targeting and destroying specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, thereby preventing the translation of those mRNAs into proteins.

SiRNAs are typically 20-25 base pairs in length and are generated from longer double-stranded RNA precursors called hairpin RNAs or dsRNAs by an enzyme called Dicer. Once generated, siRNAs associate with a protein complex called the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which uses one strand of the siRNA (the guide strand) to recognize and bind to complementary sequences in the target mRNA. The RISC then cleaves the target mRNA, leading to its degradation and the inhibition of protein synthesis.

SiRNAs have emerged as a powerful tool for studying gene function and have shown promise as therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases, including viral infections, cancer, and genetic disorders. However, their use as therapeutics is still in the early stages of development, and there are challenges associated with delivering siRNAs to specific cells and tissues in the body.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

RNA editing is a process that alters the sequence of a transcribed RNA molecule after it has been synthesized from DNA, but before it is translated into protein. This can result in changes to the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein or to the regulation of gene expression. The most common type of RNA editing in mammals is the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine (A) to inosine (I), catalyzed by a family of enzymes called adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs). Inosine is recognized as guanosine (G) by the translation machinery, leading to A-to-G changes in the RNA sequence. Other types of RNA editing include cytidine (C) to uridine (U) deamination and insertion/deletion of nucleotides. RNA editing is a crucial mechanism for generating diversity in gene expression and has been implicated in various biological processes, including development, differentiation, and disease.

RNA splicing is a post-transcriptional modification process in which the non-coding sequences (introns) are removed and the coding sequences (exons) are joined together in a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. This results in a continuous mRNA sequence that can be translated into a single protein. Alternative splicing, where different combinations of exons are included or excluded, allows for the creation of multiple proteins from a single gene.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that is a key component of ribosomes, which are the cellular structures where protein synthesis occurs in cells. In ribosomes, rRNA plays a crucial role in the process of translation, where genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated into proteins.

Ribosomal RNA is synthesized in the nucleus and then transported to the cytoplasm, where it assembles with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes. Within the ribosome, rRNA provides a structural framework for the assembly of the ribosome and also plays an active role in catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during protein synthesis.

There are several different types of rRNA molecules, including 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA, which vary in size and function. These rRNA molecules are highly conserved across different species, indicating their essential role in protein synthesis and cellular function.

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are a class of proteins that selectively interact with RNA molecules to form ribonucleoprotein complexes. These proteins play crucial roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, including pre-mRNA processing, mRNA stability, transport, localization, and translation. RBPs recognize specific RNA sequences or structures through their modular RNA-binding domains, which can be highly degenerate and allow for the recognition of a wide range of RNA targets. The interaction between RBPs and RNA is often dynamic and can be regulated by various post-translational modifications of the proteins or by environmental stimuli, allowing for fine-tuning of gene expression in response to changing cellular needs. Dysregulation of RBP function has been implicated in various human diseases, including neurological disorders and cancer.

Bacterial RNA refers to the genetic material present in bacteria that is composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Unlike higher organisms, bacteria contain a single circular chromosome made up of DNA, along with smaller circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These bacterial genetic materials contain the information necessary for the growth and reproduction of the organism.

Bacterial RNA can be divided into three main categories: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA carries genetic information copied from DNA, which is then translated into proteins by the rRNA and tRNA molecules. rRNA is a structural component of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs, while tRNA acts as an adapter that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Bacterial RNA plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including gene expression, protein synthesis, and regulation of metabolic pathways. Understanding the structure and function of bacterial RNA is essential for developing new antibiotics and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Molecular probes, also known as bioprobes or molecular tracers, are molecules that are used to detect and visualize specific biological targets or processes within cells, tissues, or organisms. These probes can be labeled with a variety of detection methods such as fluorescence, radioactivity, or enzymatic activity. They can bind to specific biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, or lipids and are used in various fields including molecular biology, cell biology, diagnostic medicine, and medical research.

For example, a fluorescent molecular probe may be designed to bind specifically to a certain protein in a living cell. When the probe binds to its target, it emits a detectable signal that can be observed under a microscope, allowing researchers to track the location and behavior of the protein within the cell.

Molecular probes are valuable tools for understanding biological systems at the molecular level, enabling researchers to study complex processes such as gene expression, signal transduction, and metabolism in real-time. They can also be used in clinical settings for diagnostic purposes, such as detecting specific biomarkers of disease or monitoring the effectiveness of therapies.

Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.

During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.

Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.

Northern blotting is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to detect and analyze specific RNA molecules (such as mRNA) in a mixture of total RNA extracted from cells or tissues. This technique is called "Northern" blotting because it is analogous to the Southern blotting method, which is used for DNA detection.

The Northern blotting procedure involves several steps:

1. Electrophoresis: The total RNA mixture is first separated based on size by running it through an agarose gel using electrical current. This separates the RNA molecules according to their length, with smaller RNA fragments migrating faster than larger ones.

2. Transfer: After electrophoresis, the RNA bands are denatured (made single-stranded) and transferred from the gel onto a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane using a technique called capillary transfer or vacuum blotting. This step ensures that the order and relative positions of the RNA fragments are preserved on the membrane, similar to how they appear in the gel.

3. Cross-linking: The RNA is then chemically cross-linked to the membrane using UV light or heat treatment, which helps to immobilize the RNA onto the membrane and prevent it from washing off during subsequent steps.

4. Prehybridization: Before adding the labeled probe, the membrane is prehybridized in a solution containing blocking agents (such as salmon sperm DNA or yeast tRNA) to minimize non-specific binding of the probe to the membrane.

5. Hybridization: A labeled nucleic acid probe, specific to the RNA of interest, is added to the prehybridization solution and allowed to hybridize (form base pairs) with its complementary RNA sequence on the membrane. The probe can be either a DNA or an RNA molecule, and it is typically labeled with a radioactive isotope (such as ³²P) or a non-radioactive label (such as digoxigenin).

6. Washing: After hybridization, the membrane is washed to remove unbound probe and reduce background noise. The washing conditions (temperature, salt concentration, and detergent concentration) are optimized based on the stringency required for specific hybridization.

7. Detection: The presence of the labeled probe is then detected using an appropriate method, depending on the type of label used. For radioactive probes, this typically involves exposing the membrane to X-ray film or a phosphorimager screen and analyzing the resulting image. For non-radioactive probes, detection can be performed using colorimetric, chemiluminescent, or fluorescent methods.

8. Data analysis: The intensity of the signal is quantified and compared to controls (such as housekeeping genes) to determine the relative expression level of the RNA of interest. This information can be used for various purposes, such as identifying differentially expressed genes in response to a specific treatment or comparing gene expression levels across different samples or conditions.

DNA-directed RNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize RNA molecules using a DNA template in a process called transcription. These enzymes read the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule and use it as a blueprint to construct a complementary RNA strand.

The RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template, adding ribonucleotides one by one to the growing RNA chain. The synthesis is directional, starting at the promoter region of the DNA and moving towards the terminator region.

In bacteria, there is a single type of RNA polymerase that is responsible for transcribing all types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA). In eukaryotic cells, however, there are three different types of RNA polymerases: RNA polymerase I, II, and III. Each type is responsible for transcribing specific types of RNA.

RNA polymerases play a crucial role in gene expression, as they link the genetic information encoded in DNA to the production of functional proteins. Inhibition or mutation of these enzymes can have significant consequences for cellular function and survival.

RNA viruses are a type of virus that contain ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material, as opposed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA viruses replicate by using an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate their RNA genome.

There are several different groups of RNA viruses, including:

1. Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that is complementary to the mRNA and must undergo transcription to produce mRNA before translation can occur. Examples include influenza virus, measles virus, and rabies virus.
2. Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that can serve as mRNA and can be directly translated into protein after entry into the host cell. Examples include poliovirus, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses.
3. Double-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome consisting of double-stranded RNA and use a complex replication strategy involving both transcription and reverse transcription. Examples include rotaviruses and reoviruses.

RNA viruses are known to cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as hepatitis C, polio, and COVID-19. Due to their high mutation rates and ability to adapt quickly to new environments, RNA viruses can be difficult to control and treat with antiviral drugs or vaccines.

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin, also known as Vitamin B7 or Vitamin H. It is a cofactor for several enzymes involved in metabolism, particularly in the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. Biotin plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy skin, hair, nails, nerves, and liver function. It is found in various foods such as nuts, seeds, whole grains, milk, and vegetables. Biotin deficiency is rare but can occur in people with malnutrition, alcoholism, pregnancy, or certain genetic disorders.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit the expression of specific genes. This process is mediated by small RNA molecules, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), that bind to complementary sequences on messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, leading to their degradation or translation inhibition.

RNAi plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression and defending against foreign genetic elements, such as viruses and transposons. It has also emerged as an important tool for studying gene function and developing therapeutic strategies for various diseases, including cancer and viral infections.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

I'm happy to help! However, it seems there might be a slight misunderstanding in your question. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is typically single-stranded. Unlike DNA, which is double-stranded and forms a double helix, RNA usually exists as a single strand of nucleotides.

There are exceptions to this rule, such as certain types of RNA molecules that can form double-stranded structures in specific contexts. For example:

1. Double-Stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses: These viruses have genomes made entirely of RNA, which is double-stranded throughout or partially double-stranded. The dsRNA viruses include important pathogens such as rotaviruses and reoviruses.
2. Hairpin loops in RNA structures: Some single-stranded RNA molecules can fold back on themselves to form short double-stranded regions, called hairpin loops, within their overall structure. These are often found in ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.

So, while 'double-stranded RNA' is not a standard medical definition for RNA itself, there are specific instances where RNA can form double-stranded structures as described above.

Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein or RNA molecule. This process involves several steps: transcription, RNA processing, and translation. During transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then undergoes RNA processing, which includes adding a cap and tail to the mRNA and splicing out non-coding regions called introns. The resulting mature mRNA is then translated into a protein on ribosomes in the cytoplasm through the process of translation.

The regulation of gene expression is a complex and highly controlled process that allows cells to respond to changes in their environment, such as growth factors, hormones, and stress signals. This regulation can occur at various stages of gene expression, including transcriptional activation or repression, RNA processing, mRNA stability, and translation. Dysregulation of gene expression has been implicated in many diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and neurological conditions.

An oligonucleotide probe is a short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that contains a specific sequence of nucleotides designed to hybridize with a complementary sequence in a target nucleic acid (DNA or RNA). These probes are typically 15-50 nucleotides long and are used in various molecular biology techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, microarray analysis, and blotting methods.

Oligonucleotide probes can be labeled with various reporter molecules, like fluorescent dyes or radioactive isotopes, to enable the detection of hybridized targets. The high specificity of oligonucleotide probes allows for the precise identification and quantification of target nucleic acids in complex biological samples, making them valuable tools in diagnostic, research, and forensic applications.

Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.

Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.

A catalytic RNA, often referred to as a ribozyme, is a type of RNA molecule that has the ability to act as an enzyme and catalyze chemical reactions. These RNA molecules contain specific sequences and structures that allow them to bind to other molecules and accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

Ribozymes play important roles in various biological processes, such as RNA splicing, translation regulation, and gene expression. One of the most well-known ribozymes is the self-splicing intron found in certain RNA molecules, which can excise itself from the host RNA and then ligase the flanking exons together.

The discovery of catalytic RNAs challenged the central dogma of molecular biology, which held that proteins were solely responsible for carrying out biological catalysis. The finding that RNA could also function as an enzyme opened up new avenues of research and expanded our understanding of the complexity and versatility of biological systems.

RNA folding, also known as RNA structure formation or RNA tertiary structure prediction, refers to the process by which an RNA molecule folds into a specific three-dimensional shape based on its primary sequence. This shape is determined by intramolecular interactions between nucleotides within the RNA chain, including base pairing (through hydrogen bonding) and stacking interactions. The folded structure of RNA plays a crucial role in its function, as it can create specific binding sites for proteins or other molecules, facilitate or inhibit enzymatic activity, or influence the stability and localization of the RNA within the cell.

RNA folding is a complex process that can be influenced by various factors such as temperature, ionic conditions, and molecular crowding. The folded structure of an RNA molecule can be predicted using computational methods, such as thermodynamic modeling and machine learning algorithms, which take into account the primary sequence and known patterns of base pairing and stacking interactions to generate a model of the three-dimensional structure. However, experimental techniques, such as chemical probing and crystallography, are often necessary to validate and refine these predictions.

Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.

Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.

Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.

RNA Polymerase II is a type of enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA in eukaryotic cells. It plays a crucial role in the process of gene expression, where the information stored in DNA is used to create proteins. Specifically, RNA Polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes to produce precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), which is then processed into mature mRNA. This mature mRNA serves as a template for protein synthesis during translation.

RNA Polymerase II has a complex structure, consisting of multiple subunits, and it requires the assistance of various transcription factors and coactivators to initiate and regulate transcription. The enzyme recognizes specific promoter sequences in DNA, unwinds the double-stranded DNA, and synthesizes a complementary RNA strand using one of the unwound DNA strands as a template. This process results in the formation of a nascent RNA molecule that is further processed into mature mRNA for protein synthesis or other functional RNAs involved in gene regulation.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material present in the cells of organisms where it is responsible for the storage and transmission of hereditary information. DNA is a long molecule that consists of two strands coiled together to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a series of four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - that are linked together by phosphate and sugar groups. The sequence of these bases along the length of the molecule encodes genetic information, with A always pairing with T and C always pairing with G. This base-pairing allows for the replication and transcription of DNA, which are essential processes in the functioning and reproduction of all living organisms.

"Poly A" is an abbreviation for "poly(A) tail" or "polyadenylation." It refers to the addition of multiple adenine (A) nucleotides to the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA molecules during the process of transcription. This poly(A) tail plays a crucial role in various aspects of mRNA metabolism, including stability, transport, and translation. The length of the poly(A) tail can vary from around 50 to 250 nucleotides depending on the cell type and developmental stage.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a type of nucleic acid that plays a crucial role in the process of gene expression. There are several types of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). These RNA molecules help to transcribe DNA into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins by the ribosomes.

Fungi are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as larger organisms like mushrooms. Like other eukaryotes, fungi contain DNA and RNA as part of their genetic material. The RNA in fungi is similar to the RNA found in other organisms, including humans, and plays a role in gene expression and protein synthesis.

A specific medical definition of "RNA, fungal" does not exist, as RNA is a fundamental component of all living organisms, including fungi. However, RNA can be used as a target for antifungal drugs, as certain enzymes involved in RNA synthesis and processing are unique to fungi and can be inhibited by these drugs. For example, the antifungal drug flucytosine is converted into a toxic metabolite that inhibits fungal RNA and DNA synthesis.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Antisense RNA is a type of RNA molecule that is complementary to another RNA called sense RNA. In the context of gene expression, sense RNA is the RNA transcribed from a protein-coding gene, which serves as a template for translation into a protein. Antisense RNA, on the other hand, is transcribed from the opposite strand of the DNA and is complementary to the sense RNA.

Antisense RNA can bind to its complementary sense RNA through base-pairing, forming a double-stranded RNA structure. This interaction can prevent the sense RNA from being translated into protein or can target it for degradation by cellular machinery, thereby reducing the amount of protein produced from the gene. Antisense RNA can be used as a tool in molecular biology to study gene function or as a therapeutic strategy to silence disease-causing genes.

RNA stability refers to the duration that a ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule remains intact and functional within a cell before it is degraded or broken down into its component nucleotides. Various factors can influence RNA stability, including:

1. Primary sequence: Certain sequences in the RNA molecule may be more susceptible to degradation by ribonucleases (RNases), enzymes that break down RNA.
2. Secondary structure: The formation of stable secondary structures, such as hairpins or stem-loop structures, can protect RNA from degradation.
3. Presence of RNA-binding proteins: Proteins that bind to RNA can either stabilize or destabilize the RNA molecule, depending on the type and location of the protein-RNA interaction.
4. Chemical modifications: Modifications to the RNA nucleotides, such as methylation, can increase RNA stability by preventing degradation.
5. Subcellular localization: The subcellular location of an RNA molecule can affect its stability, with some locations providing more protection from ribonucleases than others.
6. Cellular conditions: Changes in cellular conditions, such as pH or temperature, can also impact RNA stability.

Understanding RNA stability is important for understanding gene regulation and the function of non-coding RNAs, as well as for developing RNA-based therapeutic strategies.

'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

RNA helicases are a class of enzymes that are capable of unwinding RNA secondary structures using the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis. They play crucial roles in various cellular processes involving RNA, such as transcription, splicing, translation, ribosome biogenesis, and RNA degradation. RNA helicases can be divided into several superfamilies based on their sequence and structural similarities, with the two largest being superfamily 1 (SF1) and superfamily 2 (SF2). These enzymes typically contain conserved motifs that are involved in ATP binding and hydrolysis, as well as RNA binding. By unwinding RNA structures, RNA helicases facilitate the access of other proteins to their target RNAs, thereby enabling the coordinated regulation of RNA metabolism.

Restriction mapping is a technique used in molecular biology to identify the location and arrangement of specific restriction endonuclease recognition sites within a DNA molecule. Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut double-stranded DNA at specific sequences, producing fragments of various lengths. By digesting the DNA with different combinations of these enzymes and analyzing the resulting fragment sizes through techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis, researchers can generate a restriction map - a visual representation of the locations and distances between recognition sites on the DNA molecule. This information is crucial for various applications, including cloning, genome analysis, and genetic engineering.

Post-transcriptional RNA processing refers to the modifications and regulations that occur on RNA molecules after the transcription of DNA into RNA. This process includes several steps:

1. 5' capping: The addition of a cap structure, usually a methylated guanosine triphosphate (GTP), to the 5' end of the RNA molecule. This helps protect the RNA from degradation and plays a role in its transport, stability, and translation.
2. 3' polyadenylation: The addition of a string of adenosine residues (poly(A) tail) to the 3' end of the RNA molecule. This process is important for mRNA stability, export from the nucleus, and translation initiation.
3. Intron removal and exon ligation: Eukaryotic pre-messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) contain intronic sequences that do not code for proteins. These introns are removed by a process called splicing, where the flanking exons are joined together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. Alternative splicing can lead to different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA, increasing transcriptomic and proteomic diversity.
4. RNA editing: Specific nucleotide changes in RNA molecules that alter the coding potential or regulatory functions of RNA. This process is catalyzed by enzymes like ADAR (Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA) and APOBEC (Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Catalytic Polypeptide-like).
5. Chemical modifications: Various chemical modifications can occur on RNA nucleotides, such as methylation, pseudouridination, and isomerization. These modifications can influence RNA stability, localization, and interaction with proteins or other RNAs.
6. Transport and localization: Mature mRNAs are transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation. In some cases, specific mRNAs are localized to particular cellular compartments to ensure local protein synthesis.
7. Degradation: RNA molecules have finite lifetimes and undergo degradation by various ribonucleases (RNases). The rate of degradation can be influenced by factors such as RNA structure, modifications, or interactions with proteins.

DNA primers are short single-stranded DNA molecules that serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis. They are typically used in laboratory techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. The primer binds to a complementary sequence on the DNA template through base pairing, providing a free 3'-hydroxyl group for the DNA polymerase enzyme to add nucleotides and synthesize a new strand of DNA. This allows for specific and targeted amplification or analysis of a particular region of interest within a larger DNA molecule.

Nucleic acid conformation refers to the three-dimensional structure that nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) adopt as a result of the bonding patterns between the atoms within the molecule. The primary structure of nucleic acids is determined by the sequence of nucleotides, while the conformation is influenced by factors such as the sugar-phosphate backbone, base stacking, and hydrogen bonding.

Two common conformations of DNA are the B-form and the A-form. The B-form is a right-handed helix with a diameter of about 20 Å and a pitch of 34 Å, while the A-form has a smaller diameter (about 18 Å) and a shorter pitch (about 25 Å). RNA typically adopts an A-form conformation.

The conformation of nucleic acids can have significant implications for their function, as it can affect their ability to interact with other molecules such as proteins or drugs. Understanding the conformational properties of nucleic acids is therefore an important area of research in molecular biology and medicine.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, the process by which cells create proteins. In protein synthesis, tRNAs serve as adaptors, translating the genetic code present in messenger RNA (mRNA) into the corresponding amino acids required to build a protein.

Each tRNA molecule has a distinct structure, consisting of approximately 70-90 nucleotides arranged in a cloverleaf shape with several loops and stems. The most important feature of a tRNA is its anticodon, a sequence of three nucleotides located in one of the loops. This anticodon base-pairs with a complementary codon on the mRNA during translation, ensuring that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain.

Before tRNAs can participate in protein synthesis, they must be charged with their specific amino acids through an enzymatic process involving aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes recognize and bind to both the tRNA and its corresponding amino acid, forming a covalent bond between them. Once charged, the aminoacyl-tRNA complex is ready to engage in translation and contribute to protein formation.

In summary, transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA molecule that facilitates protein synthesis by translating genetic information from messenger RNA into specific amino acids, ultimately leading to the creation of functional proteins within cells.

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) are a type of RNA molecules that are typically around 100-300 nucleotides in length. They are found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and are components of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), which play important roles in various aspects of RNA processing, including splicing of pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) and regulation of transcription.

There are several classes of snRNAs, each with a distinct function. The most well-studied class is the spliceosomal snRNAs, which include U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNAs. These snRNAs form complexes with proteins to form small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) that recognize specific sequences in pre-mRNA and catalyze the removal of introns during splicing.

Other classes of snRNAs include signal recognition particle (SRP) RNA, which is involved in targeting proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum, and Ro60 RNA, which is associated with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

Overall, small nuclear RNAs are essential components of the cellular machinery that regulates gene expression and protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.

RNA precursors, also known as primary transcripts or pre-messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs), refer to the initial RNA molecules that are synthesized during the transcription process in which DNA is copied into RNA. These precursor molecules still contain non-coding sequences and introns, which need to be removed through a process called splicing, before they can become mature and functional RNAs such as messenger RNAs (mRNAs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), or transfer RNAs (tRNAs).

Pre-mRNAs undergo several processing steps, including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and splicing, to generate mature mRNA molecules that can be translated into proteins. The accurate and efficient production of RNA precursors and their subsequent processing are crucial for gene expression and regulation in cells.

Untranslated regions (UTRs) of RNA are the non-coding sequences that are present in mRNA (messenger RNA) molecules, which are located at both the 5' end (5' UTR) and the 3' end (3' UTR) of the mRNA, outside of the coding sequence (CDS). These regions do not get translated into proteins. They contain regulatory elements that play a role in the regulation of gene expression by affecting the stability, localization, and translation efficiency of the mRNA molecule. The 5' UTR typically contains the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes or the Kozak consensus sequence in eukaryotes, which are important for the initiation of translation. The 3' UTR often contains regulatory elements such as AU-rich elements (AREs) and microRNA (miRNA) binding sites that can affect mRNA stability and translation.

A gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that carries genetic information. Genes are the fundamental units of heredity and are responsible for the development and function of all living organisms. They code for proteins or RNA molecules, which carry out various functions within cells and are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

Each gene has a specific location on a chromosome, and each person inherits two copies of every gene, one from each parent. Variations in the sequence of nucleotides in a gene can lead to differences in traits between individuals, including physical characteristics, susceptibility to disease, and responses to environmental factors.

Medical genetics is the study of genes and their role in health and disease. It involves understanding how genes contribute to the development and progression of various medical conditions, as well as identifying genetic risk factors and developing strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Protein biosynthesis is the process by which cells generate new proteins. It involves two major steps: transcription and translation. Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. This RNA copy, or messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the genetic information to the site of protein synthesis, the ribosome. During translation, the mRNA is read by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which bring specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA. The ribosome then links these amino acids together in the correct order to form a polypeptide chain, which may then fold into a functional protein. Protein biosynthesis is essential for the growth and maintenance of all living organisms.

A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA of a bacterium or other organism. Plasmids are typically not essential for the survival of the organism, but they can confer beneficial traits such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to degrade certain types of pollutants.

Plasmids are capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA and can be transferred between bacteria through a process called conjugation. They often contain genes that provide resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, and other environmental stressors. Plasmids have also been engineered for use in molecular biology as cloning vectors, allowing scientists to replicate and manipulate specific DNA sequences.

Plasmids are important tools in genetic engineering and biotechnology because they can be easily manipulated and transferred between organisms. They have been used to produce vaccines, diagnostic tests, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for various applications, including agriculture, medicine, and industry.

Viral genes refer to the genetic material present in viruses that contains the information necessary for their replication and the production of viral proteins. In DNA viruses, the genetic material is composed of double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, while in RNA viruses, it is composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA.

Viral genes can be classified into three categories: early, late, and structural. Early genes encode proteins involved in the replication of the viral genome, modulation of host cell processes, and regulation of viral gene expression. Late genes encode structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or envelope. Some viruses also have structural genes that are expressed throughout their replication cycle.

Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines. By targeting specific viral genes, researchers can develop drugs that inhibit viral replication and reduce the severity of viral infections. Additionally, knowledge of viral gene sequences can inform the development of vaccines that stimulate an immune response to specific viral proteins.

RNA caps are structures found at the 5' end of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). These caps consist of a modified guanine nucleotide (called 7-methylguanosine) that is linked to the first nucleotide of the RNA chain through a triphosphate bridge. The RNA cap plays several important roles in regulating RNA metabolism, including protecting the RNA from degradation by exonucleases, promoting the recognition and binding of the RNA by ribosomes during translation, and modulating the stability and transport of the RNA within the cell.

Complementary DNA (cDNA) is a type of DNA that is synthesized from a single-stranded RNA molecule through the process of reverse transcription. In this process, the enzyme reverse transcriptase uses an RNA molecule as a template to synthesize a complementary DNA strand. The resulting cDNA is therefore complementary to the original RNA molecule and is a copy of its coding sequence, but it does not contain non-coding regions such as introns that are present in genomic DNA.

Complementary DNA is often used in molecular biology research to study gene expression, protein function, and other genetic phenomena. For example, cDNA can be used to create cDNA libraries, which are collections of cloned cDNA fragments that represent the expressed genes in a particular cell type or tissue. These libraries can then be screened for specific genes or gene products of interest. Additionally, cDNA can be used to produce recombinant proteins in heterologous expression systems, allowing researchers to study the structure and function of proteins that may be difficult to express or purify from their native sources.

RNA Sequence Analysis is a branch of bioinformatics that involves the determination and analysis of the nucleotide sequence of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) molecules. This process includes identifying and characterizing the individual RNA molecules, determining their functions, and studying their evolutionary relationships.

RNA Sequence Analysis typically involves the use of high-throughput sequencing technologies to generate large datasets of RNA sequences, which are then analyzed using computational methods. The analysis may include comparing the sequences to reference databases to identify known RNA molecules or discovering new ones, identifying patterns and features in the sequences, such as motifs or domains, and predicting the secondary and tertiary structures of the RNA molecules.

RNA Sequence Analysis has many applications in basic research, including understanding gene regulation, identifying novel non-coding RNAs, and studying evolutionary relationships between organisms. It also has practical applications in clinical settings, such as diagnosing and monitoring diseases, developing new therapies, and personalized medicine.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Immunoenzyme techniques are a group of laboratory methods used in immunology and clinical chemistry that combine the specificity of antibody-antigen reactions with the sensitivity and amplification capabilities of enzyme reactions. These techniques are primarily used for the detection, quantitation, or identification of various analytes (such as proteins, hormones, drugs, viruses, or bacteria) in biological samples.

In immunoenzyme techniques, an enzyme is linked to an antibody or antigen, creating a conjugate. This conjugate then interacts with the target analyte in the sample, forming an immune complex. The presence and amount of this immune complex can be visualized or measured by detecting the enzymatic activity associated with it.

There are several types of immunoenzyme techniques, including:

1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): A widely used method for detecting and quantifying various analytes in a sample. In ELISA, an enzyme is attached to either the capture antibody or the detection antibody. After the immune complex formation, a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme, producing a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
2. Immunoblotting (Western blot): A method used for detecting specific proteins in a complex mixture, such as a protein extract from cells or tissues. In this technique, proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane, where they are probed with an enzyme-conjugated antibody directed against the target protein.
3. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): A method used for detecting specific antigens in tissue sections or cells. In IHC, an enzyme-conjugated primary or secondary antibody is applied to the sample, and the presence of the antigen is visualized using a chromogenic substrate that produces a colored product at the site of the antigen-antibody interaction.
4. Immunofluorescence (IF): A method used for detecting specific antigens in cells or tissues by employing fluorophore-conjugated antibodies. The presence of the antigen is visualized using a fluorescence microscope.
5. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A method used for detecting and quantifying specific antigens or antibodies in liquid samples, such as serum or culture supernatants. In ELISA, an enzyme-conjugated detection antibody is added after the immune complex formation, and a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme to produce a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.

These techniques are widely used in research and diagnostic laboratories for various applications, including protein characterization, disease diagnosis, and monitoring treatment responses.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) in plants refers to the long, single-stranded molecules that are essential for the translation of genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into proteins. RNA is a nucleic acid, like DNA, and it is composed of a ribose sugar backbone with attached nitrogenous bases (adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine).

In plants, there are several types of RNA that play specific roles in the gene expression process:

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): This type of RNA carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a sequence of three-base code units called codons. These codons specify the order of amino acids in a protein.
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA): tRNAs are small RNA molecules that serve as adaptors between the mRNA and the amino acids during protein synthesis. Each tRNA has a specific anticodon sequence that base-pairs with a complementary codon on the mRNA, and it carries a specific amino acid that corresponds to that codon.
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): rRNAs are structural components of ribosomes, which are large macromolecular complexes where protein synthesis occurs. In plants, there are several types of rRNAs, including the 18S, 5.8S, and 25S/28S rRNAs, that form the core of the ribosome and help catalyze peptide bond formation during protein synthesis.
4. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA): These are small RNA molecules that play a role in RNA processing, such as splicing, where introns (non-coding sequences) are removed from pre-mRNA and exons (coding sequences) are joined together to form mature mRNAs.
5. MicroRNA (miRNA): These are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to complementary sequences in target mRNAs, leading to their degradation or translation inhibition.

Overall, these different types of RNAs play crucial roles in various aspects of RNA metabolism, gene regulation, and protein synthesis in plants.

I'd be happy to help! However, I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid, which is a type of nucleic acid involved in various biological roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. On the other hand, protozoan refers to a unicellular organism from the kingdom Protista, which includes a wide variety of simple eukaryotic organisms such as amoebas, paramecia, and plasmodium (the malaria-causing parasite).

There isn't a specific medical definition for "RNA, protozoan" since RNA is a molecule present in all living cells, including human cells, and protozoans are a group of organisms. However, I can tell you that RNA plays crucial roles in protozoan biology, such as acting as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes during protein synthesis or regulating gene expression.

If you have any further questions or need more specific information about RNA in protozoans, please let me know!

RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is a single-stranded molecule similar in structure to DNA, involved in the process of protein synthesis in the cell. It acts as a messenger carrying genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are produced.

A neoplasm, on the other hand, is an abnormal growth of cells, which can be benign or malignant. Benign neoplasms are not cancerous and do not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, however, are cancerous and have the potential to invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites in the body through a process called metastasis.

Therefore, an 'RNA neoplasm' is not a recognized medical term as RNA is not a type of growth or tumor. However, there are certain types of cancer-causing viruses known as oncoviruses that contain RNA as their genetic material and can cause neoplasms. For example, human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are RNA viruses that can cause certain types of cancer in humans.

Instead, RNA analogues may be used, in particular morpholino- derivatives. Molecular DNA- or RNA-based probes are routinely ... Scorpion® probes Molecular Beacon probes TaqMan® probes LNA® (Locked Nucleic Acid) probes Cycling Probe Technology (CPT) Within ... DNA sequences or RNA transcripts that have moderate to high sequence similarity to the probe are then detected by visualizing ... In molecular biology, a hybridization probe (HP) is a fragment of DNA or RNA of usually 15-10000 nucleotide long which can be ...
Egert M, Weis S, Schnell S (October 2018). "RNA-based stable isotope probing (RNA-SIP) to unravel intestinal host-microbe ... Stable-isotope probing (SIP) is a technique in microbial ecology for tracing uptake of nutrients in biogeochemical cycling by ... Cupples AM, Shaffer EA, Chee-Sanford JC, Sims GK (2007). "DNA buoyant density shifts during 15N-DNA stable isotope probing". ... Because density shifts as a predictable function of the change in mass caused by isotope assimilation, stable isotope probing ...
Transition metal complexes as probes for higher-order structure in RNA. caltech.edu (PhD thesis). California Institute of ... She works on modified RNAs, RNA-ligand interactions and RNA therapeutics. She is a Fellow of the American Chemical Society (ACS ... So far, several hundred modifications have been found in RNA and Transfer RNA, but their contributions to structure and ... Improved RNA binding ligands indicate that drugs have potential, and should be developed further. She developed assays to ...
Transition metal complexes as probes for higher-order structure in RNA. caltech.edu (PhD thesis). California Institute of ... By using specially-designed chiral metal complexes as probes of DNA she has been able to study how DNA is damaged and repaired ... Barton introduced the application of transition metal complexes to probe recognition and reactions of double helical DNA. She ...
The immobilized RNA is then probed using DNA. (1996) Eastern-western blot was first used by Bogdanov et al. The method involved ... The membrane is then probed with antibodies for epitopes of interest. This method has also been discussed in later work by the ... in that they use lectin probes and other staining reagents. (2009) Eastern blot has been used to describe a blot of proteins on ... 2005) Eastern blot has been used to describe a blot of proteins on polyvinylidene fluoride membrane where the probe is an ...
This technique is based on the use of a genome-wide biotinylated RNA probe library generated through in vitro transcription of ... The heat-denatured aDNA library is then annealed to the RNA probes. To improve stringency and reduce enrichment for highly ... to which the RNA probes are bound). The analysis of sequence data obtained by NGS relies on the same computational approaches ... The probes are designed to represent conserved or unique regions from a range of pathogenic viruses, parasites or bacteria. ...
High-throughput RNA structure probing identified many thermoresponsive RNA structures. Intergenic RNA thermometer Ryan KJ; Ray ... "Global discovery of small RNAs in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis identifies Yersinia-specific small, noncoding RNAs required for ... Environmentally controlled regulatory RNAs coordinate control of metabolism and virulence allowing rapid adaptation and high ... By using single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridisation smFISH technique it was shown that the number of YSR35 RNA ...
Relevant probe sequences for small subunit RNA can be found. Heterosigma forms massive golden tides that impact the survival of ...
Raw Affy data contains about twenty probes for the same RNA target. Half of these are "mismatch spots", which do not precisely ... The simplest one is to call "significant" any probe that differs by an average of at least twofold between treatment groups. ... The current Affymetrix MAS5 algorithm, which uses both perfect match and mismatch probes, continues to enjoy popularity and do ... Microarray analysis techniques are used in interpreting the data generated from experiments on DNA (Gene chip analysis), RNA, ...
Kimoto M, Mitsui T, Harada Y, Sato A, Yokoyama S, Hirao I (2007). "Fluorescent probing for RNA molecules by an unnatural base- ... These were the fundamental molecules that combined in series to form RNA. Molecules as complex as RNA must have arisen from ... DNA and RNA also contain other (non-primary) bases that have been modified after the nucleic acid chain has been formed. In DNA ... RNA is composed of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, both of which are necessary for reliable information transfer, and thus ...
Kimoto M, Mitsui T, Harada Y, Sato A, Yokoyama S, Hirao I (2007). "Fluorescent probing for RNA molecules by an unnatural base- ... RNA and other XNA molecules similar to the actions of RNA ribozymes; As a tool with resistance to RNA hydrolysis; Investigation ... RNA may be too complex to be the first nucleic acid, so before the RNA world several simpler nucleic acids that differ in the ... The most common RNA analogues are 2'-O-methyl-substituted RNA, locked nucleic acid (LNA) or bridged nucleic acid (BNA), ...
"Carbodiimide reagents for the chemical probing of RNA structure in cells". RNA. 25 (1): 135-146. doi:10.1261/rna.067561.118. ... "In vivo RNA structural probing of uracil and guanine base-pairing by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC)". RNA ... Recent work has also used EDC to assess the structure state of uracil nucleobases in RNA. EDC is commercially available. It may ... doi:10.1261/rna.067868.118. PMC 6298566. PMID 30341176. Wang, PY; Sexton, AN; Culligan, WJ; Simon, MD (2019). " ...
DNA and RNA probes or other molecules. Biotinylation of DNA and RNA with photoactivatable biotin is easier and less expensive ... than enzymatic methods since the DNA and RNA does not degrade. Photobiotin is most effectively activated by light at 260-475 nm ...
cite book}}: ,journal= ignored (help) Methods: Walter NG (1 February 2003). Probing RNA Structural Dynamics and Function by ... RNA nanotechnology: Guo P (December 2010). "The emerging field of RNA nanotechnology". Nature Nanotechnology. 5 (12): 833-842. ... The DNA nanostructure created by the team consists of six strands of DNA to form a tetrahedron, with one strand of RNA affixed ... In 2018, a catenated DNA that uses rolling circle transcription by an attached T7 RNA polymerase was shown to walk along a DNA- ...
"DMS-MaPseq for genome-wide or targeted RNA structure probing in vivo". Nature Methods. 14 (1): 75-82. doi:10.1038/nmeth.4057. ... A method for determining RNA secondary structure, DMS-MaPseq, uses this enzyme because it converts normal RNA to DNA accurately ... RNA. 19 (7): 958-970. doi:10.1261/rna.039743.113. ISSN 1355-8382. PMC 3683930. PMID 23697550. Zubradt, Meghan; Gupta, Paromita ... These properties make this enzyme useful for reverse transcribing long and/or highly structured RNA molecules. ...
"DMS-MaPseq for genome-wide or targeted RNA structure probing in vivo". Nature Methods. 14 (1): 75-82. doi:10.1038/nmeth.4057. ... Using the method known as DMS-MaPseq, RNA is incubated with DMS to methylate unpaired bases. Then the RNA is reverse- ... These mutations can be detected via sequencing, and the RNA is inferred to be single-stranded at bases with above-background ... Dimethyl sulfate also methylates adenine in single-stranded portions of DNA (for example, those with proteins like RNA ...
2). The RNA structure has been determined by chemical probing and by mutagenesis. However, it has less base pairing in the ... 1). The RNA structure was determined by chemical probing, NMR analysis and by mutagenesis. HHBV epsilon also consists of a stem ... The Avian HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon (AHBV epsilon) is an RNA structure that is shown to facilitate encapsidation of ... Page for Avian HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon at Rfam v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches ...
... synthesis of a full-length TAR RNA and investigation by in-line probing and EPR spectroscopy". Chemistry: A European Journal. ... Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, which is catalyzed by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes, is important ... The combination of high-resolution NMR-based analysis of RNA structures and time-resolved ligand-induced refolding of RNAs by ... Another study, in collaboration with Edinburg University, analysed the RNA helicase Prp43 by crosslinking of RNA and analysis ...
Specially stained nucleic acid probes bind only to bacteria with a specific RNA. These bacteria can then be identified and ... His methods, using nucleic acid probes, have contributed to the discovery of new, previously uncultivated species of ... Combination of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes with flow cytometry for analyzing mixed microbial populations. Appl. ... This method identifies microorganisms based on the sequence of their ribosomal RNA. ...
"Genome-Wide Approaches for RNA Structure Probing". In Yeo, Gene W. (ed.). RNA Processing. Springer. pp. 29-59. ISBN 978-3-319- ... Because RNase V1 has some activity against RNA that is base-paired but single-stranded, dual susceptibility to both RNase V1 ... RNase V1 played a particularly important role in the elucidation of the distinctive stem-loop structure of transfer RNA. It has ... Lowman HB, Draper DE (April 1986). "On the recognition of helical RNA by cobra venom V1 nuclease". The Journal of Biological ...
Complementary DNA probes will identify the viral RNA without the need for Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 2014 Elected a ...
... probing guide RNA function". RNA. 19 (12): 1802-1814. doi:10.1261/rna.042028.113. PMC 3884663. PMID 24149844. Darzacq X, Jády ... Non-coding RNA, Small nuclear RNA, Spliceosome, RNA splicing, All stub articles, Biochemistry stubs, Genetics stubs). ... In molecular biology, Small Cajal body-specific RNA 1 (also known as SCARNA1 or ACA35) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal ... Small Cajal body-specific RNAs (scaRNAs) are a class of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) that specifically localise to the Cajal ...
... of RNA and miRNA Probes to cells, CTCs, and tissues Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization of RNA Probes to ... binding of mRNAs to marked RNA probe (usually overnight) antibody-phosphatase binding to RNA-probe (some hours) staining of ... RNA ISH (RNA in situ hybridization) is used to measure and localize RNAs (mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs) within tissue sections, ... a complementary RNA (riboprobe). The probe hybridizes to the target sequence at elevated temperature, and then the excess probe ...
In the mouse brain, TEDDM1 was discovered with general expression using an RNA probe. Within the cell, TEDDM1 is primarily ... "LINC00272 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 272 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved ... The gene neighborhood of TEDDM1 includes glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL), long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 272 (LINC00272 ... allowing them to fit together tightly while the protein side chains on the helix probe the available base-pair functional ...
"A strategy for probing the function of noncoding RNAs finds a repressor of NFAT". Science. 309 (5740): 1570-3. Bibcode:2005Sci ... "Identification of putative noncoding RNAs among the RIKEN mouse full-length cDNA collection". Genome Research. 13 (6B): 1301-6 ...
"A strategy for probing the function of noncoding RNAs finds a repressor of NFAT". Science. 309 (5740): 1570-1573. doi:10.1126/ ... Each of the RNAs that were conserved between human and mouse were knocked down using shRNAs. The resulting cell-lines were ... NRON also known as ncRNA repressor of the nuclear factor of activated T cells is a non-coding RNA involved in repressing NFAT. ... Page for NRON at Rfam v t e (Non-coding RNA, Regulatory sequences, All stub articles, Molecular and cellular biology stubs). ...
Extracted total RNA serves as a template for complementary DNA (cDNA) that is tagged with fluorescent probes before being ... Traditionally DNA microarrays use complementary DNA or oligonucleotide probes to analyze messenger RNA (mRNA) from genes of ... Two techniques are activity-based probes (ABPs) and Proteolytic Signature Peptides (PSPs). ABP molecules serve as probes to ... to quantify RNA in samples on a high throughput scale. As biology trends toward using RNA-seq over microarray analysis in ...
2005). "A Strategy for Probing the Function of Noncoding RNAs Finds a Repressor of NFAT". Science. 309 (5740): 1570-1573. ... 2009). "Long noncoding RNAs: functional surprises from the RNA world". Genes & Development. 23 (13): 1494-1504. doi:10.1101/gad ... One of his current research directions includes incorporating research on noncoding RNA, such as siRNA or hairpin RNA isolated ... noncoding RNA function, and RNA-seq methods and mapping algorithms. Hogenesh has pushed for the chronobiology community to ...
... single-stranded probe or primer molecules capture DNA or RNA target molecules of complementary strands. Therefore, the design ... They also figured out the toehold exchange probes work robustly even in RNA detection. Further researches have been studied ... Yin's group concluded that discrimination factors of these probes were between 3 and 100 + with the median 26. The probes ... Nucleic acid tests use a "probe" which is a long strand with a short strand stuck to it. The long primer strand has a ...
Conversely, LNA-incorporated probes demonstrated increased hybridization efficiency in both DNA and RNA. The improved ... LNA can be incorporated into DNA and RNA using the promiscuity of certain DNA and RNA polymerases. Phusion DNA polymerase, a ... Immobilized LNA probes have been introduced in a multiplex SNP genotyping assay. LNA-modified ssODNs (synthetic single-stranded ... A locked nucleic acid (LNA), also known as bridged nucleic acid (BNA), and often referred to as inaccessible RNA, is a modified ...
Contact us about Stellaris DesignReady RNA FISH probe sets. Our LGC Biosearch Technologies specialist is here to help with any ... Stellaris DesignReady RNA FISH Probe Sets enquiries that you have. Please fill in the form below and we will be in touch as ...
What are the Differences Between DNA and RNA Probes? ... What are RNA probes?. RNA probes are stretches of single- ... Molecular probes can be broadly categorized into DNA probes and RNA probes, cDNA probes, and synthetic oligonucleotide probes. ... RNA probes?. AMPIVIEW™ RNA probes are designed with Enzos patented LoopRNA™ technology and hybridize to a specific RNA, DNA, ... In practice, double and single stranded DNAs, mRNAs, and other RNAs synthesized in vitro are all used as probes. DNA/RNA probe ...
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LOINC Code 62861-0 Enterovirus 71 RNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection ... Probe.amp.tar. Additional Names. Short Name. EV 71 RNA Spec Ql NAA+probe. Display Name. Enterovirus 71 RNA NAA+probe Ql ( ... Enterovirus 71 RNA:. aanwezigheid:. moment:. XXX:. ordinaal:. probe-detectie. Synonyms: probe.amp.tar. ... Enterovirus 71 RNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection Active Part Description. LP101284-0 Enterovirus 71. ...
... observed with a digoxegin RNA cold probe makes it necessary to recommend the use of a radioactive RNA probe for these prospects ... In this work we performed in situ hybridization of a carbonic anhydrase RNA 35S-labeled probe on nodule sections previously ... In situ hybridization of a radioactive RNA probe on resin-embedded legume root-nodule sections: a tool for observing gene ... or fungal-specific RNA probes, and counting the number of radioactive dots per cell. However, major artifacts ...
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... of RNA probing chemistries demonstrate the value of diffBUM-HMM for quantitatively detecting RNA structural changes and RNA- ... model that enables accurate detection of RNA flexibility and conformational changes from high-throughput RNA structure-probing ... Advancing RNA structural probing techniques with next-generation sequencing has generated demands for complementary ... computational tools to robustly extract RNA structural information amidst sampling noise and variability. We present diffBUM- ...
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Validation of RNA Aptamer Probes to Image Candida albicans in Paraffin-Embedded Sections of Wistar Rat Tongue. In: European ... Validation of RNA Aptamer Probes to Image Candida albicans in Paraffin-Embedded Sections of Wistar Rat Tongue. / Bachtiar, Boy ... Validation of RNA Aptamer Probes to Image Candida albicans in Paraffin-Embedded Sections of Wistar Rat Tongue. European Journal ... N2 - Objective This study aimed to validate the use of Ca-apt-1, an RNA aptamer, that we generated previously as a probe for ...
Not meeting the minimum RNA probe count? Follow these 5 steps to optimize your design. ... Designing Stellaris RNA FISH Probes Part I: Increasing Probe Count Designing Stellaris RNA FISH Probes Part I: Increasing Probe ... Probes with 16 or more (assuming 20 nt probes) nucleotides complementarity to non-target RNAs are at risk of hybridizing and ... Step 1: Reduce Probe Spacing. The first thing that can be done, is to adjust probe spacing. Probe spacing refers to the minimum ...
... Rehnstam-Holm, Ann-Sofi Department of Microbiology, Umeå ... This was determined by RNA-DNA colony hybridization and slot-blot hybridization. Strong, specific hybridization to the probe ... dominance of bacteria hybridizing to a single probe, in near shore waters off Scripps pier (32°53′N; 117°15′W). The probes were ... Open this publication in new window or tab ,,Specificity of 16S rDNA determinative probes for the detection of heterotrophic ...
RNA stable isotope probing, a novel means of linking microbial community function to Phylogeny. In: Applied and Environmental ... 2002). RNA stable isotope probing, a novel means of linking microbial community function to Phylogeny. Applied and ... RNA stable isotope probing, a novel means of linking microbial community function to Phylogeny. / Manefield, M; Whiteley, Andy ... RNA stable isotope probing, a novel means of linking microbial community function to Phylogeny. Applied and Environmental ...
Correlated probing can also define the thermodynamic populations of complex RNA ensembles (DANCE-MaP). Complex RNA-protein ... including for RNAs that are bound by proteins, RNAs that form complex higher order structures, and RNAs that sample multiple ... Chemical probing experiments, which involve treating an RNA with a reagent that modifies conformationally dynamic nucleotides, ... Single-molecule correlated chemical probing is paving the way for a new generation of biophysical studies on RNA in living ...
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Two reporter-expressing ZIKVs were then generated by transfection of ZIKV-susceptible BHK-21 cells with infectious RNAs derived ... 10.8 kb plus-strand RNA genome that can cause neurological disease. To facilitate the identification of potential antivirals, ... Probing of Viral Protein Accumulation During ZIKV Genomic RNA Replication. We compared the protein expression profile and ... Following RNA transfection, the infectious ZIKV RNAs, like the viral genomic RNA, directly underwent viral translation and RNA ...
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Pooled libraries were hybridized to the RNA probes. Post-capture material was purified and enriched with 10 cycles of PCR. ... Probes to CTNNB1, WT1 and WTX were designed using RefSeq IDs limited to coding exons and UTRs with probe density specified at ... RNA was isolated from the cells 24, and 48 and 72 h after transfection by using the Qiagen RNA Isolation Kit. Expression of the ... Brunskill, E. W. & Potter, S. S. RNA-Seq defines novel genes, RNA processing patterns and enhancer maps for the early stages of ...
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... of RNA probing chemistries demonstrate the value of diffBUM-HMM for quantitatively detecting RNA structural changes and RNA- ... of RNA probing chemistries demonstrate the value of diffBUM-HMM for quantitatively detecting RNA structural changes and RNA- ... Advancing RNA structural probing techniques with next-generation sequencing has generated demands for complementary ... Advancing RNA structural probing techniques with next-generation sequencing has generated demands for complementary ...
Measuring the Affinities of RNA and DNA Aptamers with DNA Origami-Based Chiral Plasmonic Probes Yike Huang, Joonas Ryssy, Minh ...
HyPR-seq involves hybridizing DNA probes to RNA, distributing cells into nanoliter droplets, amplifying the probes with PCR, ... HyPR-seq involves hybridizing DNA probes to RNA, distributing cells into nanoliter droplets, amplifying the probes with PCR, ... Here we present Hybridization of Probes to RNA for sequencing (HyPR-seq), a method to sensitively quantify the expression of ... Here we present Hybridization of Probes to RNA for sequencing (HyPR-seq), a method to sensitively quantify the expression of ...
Instead, RNA analogues may be used, in particular morpholino- derivatives. Molecular DNA- or RNA-based probes are routinely ... Scorpion® probes Molecular Beacon probes TaqMan® probes LNA® (Locked Nucleic Acid) probes Cycling Probe Technology (CPT) Within ... DNA sequences or RNA transcripts that have moderate to high sequence similarity to the probe are then detected by visualizing ... In molecular biology, a hybridization probe (HP) is a fragment of DNA or RNA of usually 15-10000 nucleotide long which can be ...
Research Seminar: "A chemical biology toolbox for probing A-to-I RNA editing.". RNA undergoes extensive modification through ... Jennifer Heemstra: A chemical biology toolbox for probing A-to-I RNA editing Add an Event ... Jennifer Heemstra: A chemical biology toolbox for probing A-to-I RNA editing ... Jennifer Heemstra: A chemical biology toolbox for probing A-to-I RNA editing ...
Iadna-dna/rna probe tq 6-11 87507 Iadna-dna/rna probe tq 12-25 ... Neph rna pretrnspl perph bld 0320U Neph rna psttrnspl perph bld ... Codes 81599 and 87999 require a Z-Code for DNA/RNA based testing. The remaining molecular microbiology tests, a Z-Code is only ...
RNA probes may be further divided by category into plus- sense RNA probes, minus- sense RNA probes, and antisense RNA probes. ... RNA is mature RNA which can be translated into protein. MeSH, 1988 Related/equivalent? term: precursor RNA RNA probes: RNA, ... RNA biochips, RNA chips: Microarrays categories. RNA biomarkers: Biomarkers RNA decoys. RNAs used to competitively bind ... tiny RNAs: See micro-RNAs trans-acting RNA: A Trans- Acting RNA as a Control Switch in Escherichia coli: DsrA Modulates ...
The probes can be used to study the behavior of the target protein in a cell and were tested in collaboration with Sapienza ... molecular probes able to track the progress of a protein that misbehaves in different neurodegenerative diseases, such as ... Blue: nuclei; green: TDP-43; red: RNA probe; yellow: TDP-43+RNA probe. Credit: IIT-Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia ... RNA probe; yellow: TDP-43+RNA probe. Credit: IIT-Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia ...
Systems are designed to prepare high-specific-activity single-stranded RNA probes or microgram quantities of defined RNA ... Produce High-Specific-Activity RNA Probes or Defined RNA Transcripts. *Choose from combination systems with T3/T7 or SP6/T7 RNA ... The Riboprobe® Combination Systems are designed for in vitro preparation of high-specific-activity single-stranded RNA probes ... Generate high-specific-activity RNA probes or transcripts; choice of SP6, T7 or T3 systems. ...
  • Gene probes are used in various blotting and in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques for the detection of nucleic acid sequences in food industry, environmental, medical, and veterinary applications to improve the specificity of the analyses. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • In theory, any nucleic acid can be used as a probe provided it can be labeled to permit detection and quantitation of the hybrid molecules formed between the probe and sequence to be identified. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • We present diffBUM-HMM, a noise-aware model that enables accurate detection of RNA flexibility and conformational changes from high-throughput RNA structure-probing data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stellaris® RNA FISH is a novel technology that allows for the detection of single or clustered RNAs in fixed cells and tissue. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Typically, a minimum of 25 probes are required for reliable detection. (biosearchtech.com)
  • This probe - in combination with the MetaSystems Metafer slide scanning platform - is now being used in several Italian labs for detection and localization of the virus in cells and tissues and - not possible with any other method - for quantification of the virus. (metasystems-international.com)
  • We designed both exo FRET probe and nfo affinity probe for easy detection of the amplified nucleic acids. (chemrxiv.org)
  • In forensic science, hybridization probes are used, for example, for detection of short tandem repeats (microsatellite) regions and in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods, all of which are widely used as part of DNA profiling analysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • During the detection step, light emitted from the labeled RNA: DNA hybrids is measured as photon signals in a luminometer, and are reported as Relative Light Units (RLU). (cdc.gov)
  • Currently, there are three basic types of tests to determine if an individual has been infected with SARS-CoV-2: viral nucleic acid (RNA) detection, viral antigen detection, and detection of antibodies to the virus. (medscape.com)
  • The former was utilized for detection of anti-HCV antibodies while the Before the introduction of screening of latter was used for HCV-RNA detection and blood donors for hepatitis C virus (HCV), subsequent genotyping/subtyping. (who.int)
  • Included topics are (i) absolute and relative quantification of DNA/RNA, (ii) limit of detection, (iii) optimization of PCR, (iv) primer/probe design, (v) contamination and quality control, (vi) validation of PCR methods (vii) sample preparation (DNA/RNA), (viii) understanding and relieving PCR inhibition (pre-PCR processing), and (ix) forensic DNA analysis. (lu.se)
  • Many new nucleic acid-based diagnostic tools or assays have been developed that allow analysis of DNA and RNA molecules in clinical samples. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Next, the enzyme DNA polymerase I removes the native nucleotides from the probe molecules in the 5′→3′ direction (exonuclease activity) while replacing them with labeled dNTP precursors by virtue of its 5′→3′ polymerase activity. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • For decades, chemical probing experiments have been interpreted in a per-nucleotide way, such that the reactivity measured at each nucleotide reports the average structure at a position over all RNA molecules within a sample. (altmetric.com)
  • Enabled by a specialized reverse transcription strategy called mutational profiling (MaP), multiple chemical modification events can be measured within individual RNA molecules. (altmetric.com)
  • To detect hybridization of the probe to its target sequence, the probe is tagged (or "labeled") with a molecular marker of either radioactive or (more recently) fluorescent molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • More specifically, antisense oligonucleotides that are useful as reagents for target validation , or as drugs, are engineered molecules that differ from natural RNA but that have a base sequence that is recognized as being complementary to a very specific mRNA sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Created by the "RNA Systems Biology" group at IIT in Genoa, the probes consist of computer-designed RNA molecules that bind to a neurodegeneration-associated protein named TDP-43. (phys.org)
  • The research team was inspired by the protein's natural interactions with RNA molecules to design molecular probes, which are called "aptamers", literally molecules made to fit one single target. (phys.org)
  • It is a regulatory molecule and a component of DNA, RNA, cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and signaling molecules (cAMP). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The GEN-PROBE TMA reaction replicates a specific region of the small ribosomal subunit from trichomonas vaginalis via DNA and RNA intermediates and generates RNA amplicon molecules. (cdc.gov)
  • Natural and artificial functionalities as well as probes, markers or other biologically active molecules can be introduced synthetically into DNA, and in the meantime also into RNA, by preparing the corresponding artificial DNA building blocks. (beilstein-institut.de)
  • This is especially important for functionalities, probes or biologically relevant molecules that are not compatible with the routinely applied phosphoramidite chemistry. (beilstein-institut.de)
  • Ribosomal RNA- Based oligonucleotide probes to identify marine green ultraphytoplankton. (bio.net)
  • Differentiation of Schistosoma haematobium from related species using cloned ribosomal RNA gene probes. (ajtmh.org)
  • Hybridization probes used in DNA microarrays refer to DNA covalently attached to an inert surface, such as coated glass slides or gene chips, to which a mobile cDNA target is hybridized. (wikipedia.org)
  • The single session on Thursday was focused on light-driven and fluorescent functionalities and started with Nathan Luedtke talking about biorthogonal fluorescent reporters for nucleic acids in cells and Oliver Seitz focusing on enhanced hybridization probes for RNA imaging. (beilstein-institut.de)
  • Using our own algorithms, we designed RNA aptamers specific for TDP-43 and used them together with advanced microscopy techniques to follow the protein transition towards its aggregated forms," explains Gian Gaetano Tartaglia, principal investigator of the RNA System Biology Lab. (phys.org)
  • We showed that the RNA aptamers can also be used to track TDP-43 in live cells and in real time, detecting all forms of the protein , from the physiological soluble one to the insoluble state, passing by aggregates of intermediate sizes undetectable by standard approaches," adds Elsa Zacco, lead researcher on the project. (phys.org)
  • A DNA probe is a labeled fragment of DNA that contains a nucleotide sequence specific for the gene or chromosomal region of interest. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Probes labeled by nick translation can be used in many different hybridization techniques including: chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), screening gene banks by colony or plaque hybridization, DNA or RNA transfer hybridization, and re-association kinetic studies. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • In situ hybridization of a radioactive RNA probe on resin-embedded legume root-nodule sections: a tool for observing gene expression in the rhizosphere? (agronomy-journal.org)
  • ACD provides BaseScope™ positive control probes that target species-specific housekeeping genes (PPIB and POLR2A) and BaseScope™ negative control probes that target the bacterial DapB gene. (acdbio.com)
  • First result is the PixelBiotech SARS-COV-2 RNA FISH probe (RUO), targeting the most preserved sequence of the SARS-COV-2 spike gene and the ORF 1 (open reading frame 1) gene, located next to the spike gene. (metasystems-international.com)
  • Molecular DNA- or RNA-based probes are routinely used in screening gene libraries, detecting nucleotide sequences with blotting methods, and in other gene technologies, such as nucleic acid and tissue microarrays. (wikipedia.org)
  • Single-cell quantification of RNAs is important for understanding cellular heterogeneity and gene regulation, yet current approaches suffer from low sensitivity for individual transcripts, limiting their utility for many applications. (nsf.gov)
  • Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • The pipeline takes mapped reads in BAM format as an input and produces either gene expressions or original microarray probe set expressions as an output. (bioconductor.org)
  • In developing a probe, a sequence of nucleotides must be identified, isolated, reproduced in sufficient quantity, and tagged with a label that can be detected. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • As a consequence, the last few years have seen an increase in the development of a number of bioinformatics tools to detect differentially reactive nucleotides (DRNs) in RNA structure probing datasets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chemical probing experiments, which involve treating an RNA with a reagent that modifies conformationally dynamic nucleotides, have broadly enabled examination of short- and long-range RNA structure in diverse contexts, including in living cells. (altmetric.com)
  • Nucleotides that communicate structurally through direct base pairing or large-scale folding-unfolding transitions will react with chemical probes in a correlated manner, thereby revealing structural complexity hidden to conventional approaches. (altmetric.com)
  • These single-molecule correlated chemical probing (smCCP) experiments can be interpreted to directly identify nucleotides that base pair (the PAIR-MaP strategy) and to reveal long-range, through-space structural communication (RING-MaP). (altmetric.com)
  • The basic idea of these probing methods is to use chemical probes that react differently with paired or unpaired nucleotides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While high SHAPE reactivity matches well with unpaired nucleotides, medium reactivity could correspond either to paired or unpaired nucleotides depending on various factors, such as the RNA structure itself or the experimental conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Molecular probes can be broadly categorized into DNA probes and RNA probes, cDNA probes, and synthetic oligonucleotide probes. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • 87(5): 1663-1667] Specifically, the investigators started by priming whole cerebellar RNA with a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Sequences with a skewed GC-content (high or low) will not be targeted with a probe. (biosearchtech.com)
  • HP can be used to detect the presence of nucleotide sequences in analyzed RNA or DNA that are complementary to the sequence in the probe. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA sequences or RNA transcripts that have moderate to high sequence similarity to the probe are then detected by visualizing the hybridized probe via autoradiography or other imaging techniques. (wikipedia.org)
  • rRNA probes have enabled scientists to visualize microorganisms, yet to be cultured in laboratory settings, by retrieval of rRNA sequences directly from the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The global standard library of rRNA sequences is constantly becoming larger and continuously being updated, and thus the possibility of a random hybridization event between a specifically-designed probe (based on complete and current data from a range of test organisms) and an undesired/unknown target organism cannot be easily dismissed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers at Stanford University used such a method to produce amplified heterogeneous populations of RNA from limited quantities of cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Amplified RNA synthesized from limited quantities of heterogeneous cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • De plus, la qualité de ces résultats avec une sonde radioactive suggère qu'il serait possible d'utiliser l'hybridation in situ pour des applications telles que la localisation et la quantification d'une invasion microbienne de l'endorhizosphère ou du rhizoplan en utilisant des sondes ARN spécifiques de champignons ou de bactéries, et en comptant le nombre de signaux radioactifs par cellule. (agronomy-journal.org)
  • QuantiNova RT-PCR Kits (real-time RT-PCR kits) enable sensitive quantification of RNA targets by real-time one-step PCR using SYBR Green I or sequence-specific probes. (qiagen.com)
  • The QuantiNova Multiplex RT-PCR Kit enables fast and reliable quantification of up to 5 RNA targets in a single tube by multiplex real-time RT-PCR. (qiagen.com)
  • We applied isothermal exponential amplification methods via reverse transcription plus subsequent enzymatic recombinase amplification (ERA), a modified recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), to amplify trace level of 2019-nCoV RNA. (chemrxiv.org)
  • Depending on the method, the probe may be synthesized using the phosphoramidite method, or it can be generated and labeled by PCR amplification or cloning (both are older methods). (wikipedia.org)
  • More recently, another group of researchers reported that they had developed a process for optimizing low- abundance RNA, by combining aRNA amplification with template- switching. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • The GEN-PROBE APTIMA trichomonas vaginalis assay combines the technologies of target capture, Transcription-Mediated Amplification (TMA), and Dual Kinetic Assay (DKA). (cdc.gov)
  • The optional QuantiNova Internal Control RNA can be used to test successful reverse transcription and amplification. (qiagen.com)
  • The kit also provides protocols for extracted RNA and direct amplification from cultured cells, even down to a single cell. (qiagen.com)
  • The course covers PCR-based DNA/RNA analysis from sampling to evaluation of results, with a specific focus on real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). (lu.se)
  • Marburg virus (MARV) is a lipid-enveloped virus harboring a negative sense RNA genome, which has caused sporadic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in Sub-Saharan Africa. (uci.edu)
  • In the instrument, viral RNA is copied into DNA and then the DNA is amplified. (cdc.gov)
  • The probe designer takes an input sequence, such as an mRNA coding sequence, and outputs a set of up to 48 probes designed for optimal binding properties. (biosearchtech.com)
  • In practice, double and single stranded DNAs, mRNAs, and other RNAs synthesized in vitro are all used as probes. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Nucleic acid probes are either a single stranded DNA or RNA with a strong affinity towards a specific DNA or RNA target sequence. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • To some extent, these reactivities provide information concerning single-stranded or double-stranded RNA regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The labeled probe is first denatured (by heating or under alkaline conditions such as exposure to sodium hydroxide) into single stranded DNA (ssDNA) and then hybridized to the target ssDNA (Southern blotting) or RNA (northern blotting) immobilized on a membrane or in situ. (wikipedia.org)
  • A single-stranded chemiluminescent DNA probe, which is complementary to a region of the target amplicon, is labeled with different acridinium ester molecule. (cdc.gov)
  • Advancing RNA structural probing techniques with next-generation sequencing has generated demands for complementary computational tools to robustly extract RNA structural information amidst sampling noise and variability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of a target mRNA molecule. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Sequence Eligibility will not alter the sensitivity and specificity of your Stellaris Custom Probe Set, so this should be done before working on masking which may affect the specificity and sensitivity of your probe set. (biosearchtech.com)
  • In this work we performed in situ hybridization of a carbonic anhydrase RNA 35 S-labeled probe on nodule sections previously embedded in a methacrylate resin. (agronomy-journal.org)
  • Scorpion® probes Molecular Beacon probes TaqMan® probes LNA® (Locked Nucleic Acid) probes Cycling Probe Technology (CPT) Within the field of microbial ecology, oligonucleotide probes are used in order to determine the presence of microbial species, genera, or microorganisms classified on a more broad level, such as bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). (wikipedia.org)
  • The physical experimentation required for smCCP is profoundly simple, and experiments are readily performed in cells on RNAs of any size, including large noncoding RNAs and mRNAs. (altmetric.com)
  • However, there are numerous important cases where per-nucleotide chemical probing falls short, including for RNAs that are bound by proteins, RNAs that form complex higher order structures, and RNAs that sample multiple conformations.Recent experimental and computational innovations have started a revolution in RNA structure analysis by transforming chemical probing into a massively parallel, single-molecule experiment. (altmetric.com)
  • Computational methods for RNA secondary structure prediction have played an important role in unveiling the various regulatory functions of RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Amibio (LIX, Ecole Polytechnique) is a research group in computational biology with a primary interest on the molecular levels of organization in the cell, and a strong focus on RNAs. (polytechnique.fr)
  • The ability to accurately detect nucleotide regions that differentially react with RNA structure probing reagents under diverse conditions, or due to the effect of mutations, is of great importance to researchers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 4 ] High-risk probe cocktails have been shown to cross-react with HPV types not included in the probe mix. (medscape.com)
  • DNA/RNA probe assays are faster and sensitive so that many conventional diagnostic tests for viruses and bacteria involving culturing of the organisms are being fast replaced by molecular probe assays. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • While culture tests can take days, molecular probe assays can be performed within a few hours or minutes. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Moreover, the quality of these results with a radioactive probe makes it possible to consider using ISH for such rhizospheric applications as localizing and quantifying a microbial invasion of the endorhizosphere or the rhizoplan by using bacterial- or fungal-specific RNA probes, and counting the number of radioactive dots per cell. (agronomy-journal.org)
  • Probe-based bacterial single-cell RNA sequencing predicts toxin regulation. (nih.gov)
  • 117°15′W). The probes were designed from partially sequenced 16S rRNA (V3 domain) of isolated marine bacteria. (diva-portal.org)
  • The Selection Reagent differentiates hybridized from unhybridized probe, eliminating the generation of signal from unhybridized probe. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, the use of Taq or other thermostable DNA polymerases permits labeling reactions to be performed at higher temperatures via PCR, thereby reducing the incidence of enzyme-mediated point mutations during probe synthesis. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • PCR is an excellent method for probe synthesis, requiring very small quantities of template material. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Since the discovery of solid-phase DNA (and later RNA) synthesis by methods of organic chemistry, the field of nucleic acid chemistry exploded. (beilstein-institut.de)
  • Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne transplacentally transmissible flavivirus, is an enveloped virus with an ~10.8 kb plus-strand RNA genome that can cause neurological disease. (mdpi.com)
  • Objective This study aimed to validate the use of Ca-apt-1, an RNA aptamer, that we generated previously as a probe for immunostaining of Candida albicans in rat tongue paraffin-fixed tissue sections Material and Methods The performance of Ca-apt-1 as a detector molecule was compared with that of anti- C. albicans polyclonal antibody (PcAb), which was used as a positive control. (unair.ac.id)
  • Conclusion This study demonstrates that Ca-apt-1 can be used as a probe for immunostaining of fixed tissue sections for oral candidiasis diagnosis. (unair.ac.id)
  • Tissue sections were hybridized with 35S-labeled cRNA probes to the rat mu (744-1,064 b), delta (304-1,287 b), and kappa (1,351-2,124 b) receptors. (nih.gov)
  • To address this challenge, we have repurposed EndoV from an RNA-cleaving enzyme into an RNA-binding protein and demonstrated its use for mapping of A-to-I editing sites and global profiling of RNA inosine content in cells and tissue samples. (uoguelph.ca)
  • Moreover, beside its biological functionality, DNA and RNA are considered as an increasingly important architecture and scaffold for two- and three-dimensional objects, networks and materials for nanosciences. (beilstein-institut.de)
  • Placement of the oligo-probes is firstly based on thermodynamic parameters to ensure similar binding characteristics. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Correlated probing can also define the thermodynamic populations of complex RNA ensembles (DANCE-MaP). (altmetric.com)
  • The annealed primers ultimately become part of the probe itself, because the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I extends the primers in the 3′ direction and, in so doing, incorporates the label. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Regions of each fragment exhibiting similar probing profiles are folded independently, and combined in order to obtain the entire structure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In molecular biology, a hybridization probe (HP) is a fragment of DNA or RNA of usually 15-10000 nucleotide long which can be radioactively or fluorescently labeled. (wikipedia.org)
  • Understanding the structure of RNA is key to unravel its in vivo function, and it is also highly relevant to biomedicine, drug discovery, and synthetic biology [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to increase the in vivo stability of the probe RNA is not used. (wikipedia.org)
  • Elsa Zacco et al, Probing TDP-43 condensation using an in silico designed aptamer, Nature Communications (2022). (phys.org)
  • The resultant RNA: DNA hybrids are captured onto the surface of a microplate well coated with antibodies specific for RNA: DNA hybrids. (cdc.gov)
  • Immobilized hybrids are then reacted with alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibodies specific for the RNA: DNA hybrids, and detected with a chemiluminescent substrate. (cdc.gov)
  • The labeled DNA probe combines with amplicon to form stable RNA: DNA hybrids. (cdc.gov)
  • The degree of homology between target and probe results in stable hybridization. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • For most long unique RNA targets it is not difficult to reach this number of oligos. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Additionally, the following warning message should appear "ATTENTION: We recommend a minimum of 25 oligos for a single probe set. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Comprehensive portfolio of custom & predesigned RNA oligos, miRNAs, esiRNAs, siRNA duplexes, and controls available in multiple formats and manufactured under ISO 9001 and ISO 13485 quality systems for research or commercial applications. (sigmaaldrich.id)
  • RNA undergoes extensive modification through enzymatic post-transcriptional editing events. (uoguelph.ca)
  • ABSTRACT: Motivation Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) captures whole transcriptome information of individual cells. (nsf.gov)
  • They were tested for HCV-RNA positivity lence of hepatitis C virus specific antibodies and subsequent HCV-genotyping using an among children with thalassaemia in receipt advanced molecular method. (who.int)
  • RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme- like catalytic activity. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Research Seminar: "A chemical biology toolbox for probing A-to-I RNA editing. (uoguelph.ca)
  • Therefore, folding and docking are still major issues in modern structural biology and we currently concentrate our efforts on structure and interactions and aim at a contribution to RNA design. (polytechnique.fr)
  • Although nucleic acid chemistry seems to be already a mature part of organic and bioorganic chemistry, actual questions that are raised by research in biology and chemical biology give enough reasons to synthesize new nucleic acid probes and thereby further develop nucleic acid chemistry. (beilstein-institut.de)
  • While the use of probing data has significantly improved the prediction accuracy of in silico structure prediction for several classes of RNAs [ 12 ], these methods have not solved the folding problem for large RNA systems, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs, typically 200-20k bases). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current scRNA-seq analysis methods typically overcome dropout by combining information across cells, leveraging the observation that cells generally occupy a small number of RNA expression states. (nsf.gov)
  • Multiple unique probes with similar stability are designed to hybridize along the length of a single RNA target and upon hybridization, generate a fluorescent signal. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Specimens containing the target DNA hybridize with the HR HPV RNA probe cocktail. (cdc.gov)
  • Here we present Hybridization of Probes to RNA for sequencing (HyPR-seq), a method to sensitively quantify the expression of hundreds of chosen genes in single cells. (nsf.gov)
  • HyPR-seq involves hybridizing DNA probes to RNA, distributing cells into nanoliter droplets, amplifying the probes with PCR, and sequencing the amplicons to quantify the expression of chosen genes. (nsf.gov)
  • Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables high throughput measurement of RNA expression in individual cells. (nsf.gov)
  • By directing sequencing power to genes of interest and sensitively quantifying individual transcripts, HyPR-seq reduces costs by up to 100-fold compared to whole-transcriptome single-cell RNA-sequencing, making HyPR-seq a powerful method for targeted RNA profiling in single cells. (nsf.gov)
  • The integrated gDNA reduction step in the QuantiNova Probe RT-PCR procedure prevents overquantification of transcripts caused by genomic DNA carryover. (qiagen.com)
  • These zero counts, or dropout events, complicate the analysis of scRNA-seq data using standard analysis methods developed for bulk RNA-seq data. (nsf.gov)
  • Single-molecule correlated chemical probing is paving the way for a new generation of biophysical studies on RNA in living systems. (altmetric.com)
  • This paper focuses on how to enhance target identification in a Boltzmann ensemble of structures via chemical probing data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on chemical probing, Sanbonmatsu et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Their approach applies chemical probing of the entire RNA, followed by parallel probing of certain overlapping fragments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chemical inhibition of ALK5 and short-hairpin (sh) RNA targeting of TGF-Beta R1 and Smad2 were used to probe the fibrogenic mechanism of CNTs. (cdc.gov)
  • Specific molecular probes and primers are designed for this purpose. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Each step below should increase or maintain the number of probes depending on the specific issue you are having. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Species-specific positive and negative control BaseScope™ probes are required to run with human or mouse control slides for the technical quality control check and with your samples for sample RNA quality check. (acdbio.com)
  • From this sequence information we could design a 25-base-long oligonucleotide and use it as a specific probe for identification of V. anguillarum. (diva-portal.org)
  • Strong, specific hybridization to the probe was observed for all V. anguillarum strains tested. (diva-portal.org)
  • On the contrary, it is plausible that there exist microorganisms, yet to be identified, which are phylogenetically members of a probe target group, but have partial or near-perfect target sites, usually applies when designing group-specific probes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Specific probes bind to the DNA, in order to determine what type of polio present. (cdc.gov)
  • However, some particularly short or repetitive targets are more challenging, and it might not be possible to reach the minimum of 25 probes on the first pass. (biosearchtech.com)
  • While not all targets are compatible with the Stellaris RNA FISH technology, a challenging target may be successfully visualized with some of the following design strategies. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Identifying the secondary structure of an RNA is crucial for understanding its diverse regulatory functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These queries are answered via relating local with global probing data, employing the modularity in RNA secondary structures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Design: Genes associated with the ADGRG1 in human islets was probed by RNA-sequencing of human pancreatic islet isolated from cadaveric donors, followed by functional studies on β-cell proliferation, apoptosis, and insulin secretion in human and mouse islets and in INS-1 cells. (lu.se)
  • A team of researchers from the IIT-Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology) has designed in silico "molecular probes" able to track the progress of a protein that misbehaves in different neurodegenerative diseases, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Fronto-Temporal Dementia (FTD). (phys.org)
  • A variety of methodologies for labeling DNA are used to generate end-labeled or continuously labeled probes. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Keep in mind that probes designed to the junction between introns and exons will only bind the pre-mRNA, and not the mature mRNA. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Includes design of new probes against target RNA. (sitoolsbiotech.com)
  • Since BaseScope™ target probes can vary in length between 1 and 4 ZZ, we have designed a control probe pack to suit all BaseScope™ applications. (acdbio.com)
  • It is important that the number of ZZ pair match between control probe and your target probe. (acdbio.com)
  • Please use 1ZZ control probes if your target probes are 1ZZ in length. (acdbio.com)
  • If your target probes have 2 or more ZZ pairs, please use 3ZZ positive and negative control probes for the BaseScope™ Assay. (acdbio.com)
  • in all probing experiments there exists a unique distinguished structure, the target . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The probes can be used to study the behavior of the target protein in a cell and were tested in collaboration with Sapienza University of Rome, Centre for Genomic Regulation n Barcellona, University of Edinburgh and Kings College London. (phys.org)
  • In particular, probing data alone cannot distinguish short-range and long-range base pairings. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, even combined with experimental data, there are still numerous RNA folds consistent with the probing data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The prebs package aims at making RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data more comparable to microarray data. (bioconductor.org)
  • These methods can be developed within a few days and as low as 0.32 aM (i.e. 0.32×10-18 M) of RNA can be reliably detected. (chemrxiv.org)