Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.
A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates.
Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
Study of mental processes and behavior of schizophrenics.
Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in SCHIZOPHRENIA; senile dementia; transient psychosis following surgery; or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus.
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia.
Clinical or physiological indicators that precede the onset of disease.
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
A condition in which closely related persons, usually in the same family, share the same delusions.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Chronic mental disorders in which there has been an insidious development of a permanent and unshakeable delusional system (persecutory delusions or delusions of jealousy), accompanied by preservation of clear and orderly thinking. Emotional responses and behavior are consistent with the delusional state.
A chronic form of schizophrenia characterized primarily by the presence of persecutory or grandiose delusions, often associated with hallucination.
A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Qatar" is a country in the Middle East and does not have a medical definition. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!
Utilization of Freudian theories to explain various psychologic aspects of art, literature, biographical material, etc.
The plant genus in the Cannabaceae plant family, Urticales order, Hamamelidae subclass. The flowering tops are called many slang terms including pot, marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. The stem is an important source of hemp fiber.
A republic consisting of a group of about 100 islands and islets in the western Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Koror. Under Spain it was administered as a part of the Caroline Islands but was sold to Germany in 1899. Seized by Japan in 1914, it was taken by the Allies in World War II in 1944. In 1947 it became part of the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, became internally self-governing in 1980, obtained independent control over its foreign policy (except defense) in 1986, and achieved total independence October 1, 1994. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p915; telephone communication with Randy Flynn, Board on Geographic Names, 17 January 1995)
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
Special hospitals which provide care to the mentally ill patient.
A directed conversation aimed at eliciting information for psychiatric diagnosis, evaluation, treatment planning, etc. The interview may be conducted by a social worker or psychologist.
A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.
Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
The co-existence of a substance abuse disorder with a psychiatric disorder. The diagnostic principle is based on the fact that it has been found often that chemically dependent patients also have psychiatric problems of various degrees of severity.
Legal process required for the institutionalization of a patient with severe mental problems.
Disorders related to substance abuse.
The excessive use of marijuana with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.
Hospital department responsible for the organization and administration of psychiatric services.
Former Netherlands overseas territory in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. It had included the islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, St. Eustatius, and the southern part of St. Martin. The Netherlands Antilles dissolved on October 10, 2010. Aruba, Curacao and Sint Maarten became autonomous territories of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are under the direct administration of the Netherlands. (From US Department of State, Background Note)
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Action taken to reduce susceptibility or exposure to health problems and to detect and treat disease in early stages.
Organized services to provide immediate psychiatric care to patients with acute psychological disturbances.
A phosphodiesterase that specifically cleaves the 3'-phosphate linkage of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides. It is found at high level in the cytoplasm of cells that form the MYELIN SHEATH.
A scale comprising 18 symptom constructs chosen to represent relatively independent dimensions of manifest psychopathology. The initial intended use was to provide more efficient assessment of treatment response in clinical psychopharmacology research; however, the scale was readily adapted to other uses. (From Hersen, M. and Bellack, A.S., Dictionary of Behavioral Assessment Techniques, p. 87)
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.
A system of categories to which morbid entries are assigned according to established criteria. Included is the entire range of conditions in a manageable number of categories, grouped to facilitate mortality reporting. It is produced by the World Health Organization (From ICD-10, p1). The Clinical Modifications, produced by the UNITED STATES DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, are larger extensions used for morbidity and general epidemiological purposes, primarily in the U.S.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.
A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive mental health services provided for individuals in the community.
Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Maryland" is not a recognized medical term with a specific definition in the medical field. It refers to a state in the United States. If you have any questions about a medical condition or treatment, I would be happy to try and help answer those!
An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE established in 1990 to "provide indexing, abstracting, translating, publishing, and other services leading to a more effective and timely dissemination of information on research, demonstration projects, and evaluations with respect to health care to public and private entities and individuals engaged in the improvement of health care delivery..." It supersedes the National Center for Health Services Research. The United States Agency for Health Care Policy and Research was renamed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) under the Healthcare Research and Quality Act of 1999.
Organized services to provide mental health care.
Child with one or more parents afflicted by a physical or mental disorder.
Persons or animals having at least one parent in common. (American College Dictionary, 3d ed)
Methods to determine in patients the nature of a disease or disorder at its early stage of progression. Generally, early diagnosis improves PROGNOSIS and TREATMENT OUTCOME.
Adaptation of the person to the social environment. Adjustment may take place by adapting the self to the environment or by changing the environment. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996)
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
Mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the behavior and/or stimulus.
The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
A social group consisting of parents or parent substitutes and children.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.
Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finland" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in Northern Europe, known officially as the Republic of Finland. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Country located in EUROPE. It is bordered by the NORTH SEA, BELGIUM, and GERMANY. Constituent areas are Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten, formerly included in the NETHERLANDS ANTILLES.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.
Marked disorders of thought (delusions, hallucinations, or other thought disorder accompanied by disordered affect or behavior), and deterioration from a previous level of functioning.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by a another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)
Cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders. These may be the result of substance use, trauma, or other causes.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.

Effects of atypical antipsychotic drug treatment on amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release in patients with psychotic disorders. (1/2081)

Clozapine, risperidone, and other new "atypical" antipsychotic agents are distinguished from traditional neuroleptic drugs by having clinical efficacy with either no or low levels of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Preclinical models have focused on striatal dopamine systems to account for their atypical profile. In this study, we examined the effects of clozapine and risperidone on amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release in patients with psychotic disorders. A novel 11C-raclopride/PET paradigm was used to derive estimates of amphetamine-induced changes in striatal synaptic dopamine concentrations and patients were scanned while antipsychotic drug-free and during chronic treatment with either clozapine or risperidone. We found that amphetamine produced significant reductions in striatal 11C-raclopride binding during the drug-free and antipsychotic drug treatment phases of the study which reflects enhanced dopamine release in both conditions. There were no significant differences in % 11C-raclopride changes between the two conditions indicating that these atypical agents do not effect amphetamine-related striatal dopamine release. The implications for these data for antipsychotic drug action are discussed.  (+info)

Depression during the longitudinal course of schizophrenia. (2/2081)

This prospective research investigated the occurrence and persistence of depression during the longitudinal course of schizophrenia. The research goals were to (1) compare depression in schizophrenia with that in schizoaffective and major depressive disorders, (2) assess whether some schizophrenia patients are vulnerable to depression, and (3) assess the relationship of depression to posthospital adjustment in schizophrenia. A total of 70 schizophrenia, 31 schizoaffective depressed, 17 psychotic unipolar major depressed, and 69 nonpsychotic unipolar major depressed patients were assessed during hospitalization and prospectively assessed for depression, psychosis, and posthospital functioning at 4.5- and 7.5-year followups. A large number (30% to 40%) of schizophrenia patients evidenced full depressive syndromes at each followup, including a subgroup of patients who evidenced repeated depression. Even when considering the influence of psychosis on outcome, depression in schizophrenia was associated with poor overall outcome, work impairment, lower activity, dissatisfaction, and suicidal tendencies. During the post-acute phase assessed, neither the rates nor the severity of depressive syndromes differentiated depression in schizophrenia from schizodepressive or major depressive disorders. However, the depressed schizophrenia patients showed poorer posthospital adjustment in terms of less employment, more rehospitalizations, and more psychosis than the patients with primary major depression. The high prevalence of depression in schizophrenia warrants its incorporation into theory about the disorder. A continuum of vulnerability to depression contributes to the heterogeneity of schizophrenia, with some schizophrenia patients being prone to depression even years after the acute phase. Depression in schizophrenia is one factor, in addition to psychosis, associated with poor outcome and requires specific attention to the treatment strategies by psychiatrists.  (+info)

Ziprasidone 80 mg/day and 160 mg/day in the acute exacerbation of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a 6-week placebo-controlled trial. Ziprasidone Study Group. (3/2081)

In this double-blind study, patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were randomized to receive either ziprasidone 80 mg/day (n = 106) or 160 mg/day (n = 104) or placebo (n = 92), for 6 weeks. Both doses of ziprasidone were statistically significantly more effective than placebo in improving the PANSS total, BPRS total, BPRS core items, CGI-S, and PANSS negative subscale scores (p < .05). Ziprasidone 160 mg/day significantly improved depressive symptoms in patients with clinically significant depression at baseline (MADRS > or = 14, over-all mean 23.5) (p < .05) as compared with placebo. The percentage of patients experiencing adverse events was similar in each treatment group, and resultant discontinuation was rare. The most frequent adverse events associated with ziprasidone were generally mild dyspepsia, nausea, dizziness, and transient somnolence. Ziprasidone was shown to have a very low liability for inducing movement disorders and weight gain. The results indicate that ziprasidone is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of the positive, negative, and depressive symptoms of an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.  (+info)

Cyclosporin A mono-therapy in nephrotic syndrome with contra-indication of steroid therapy. (4/2081)

We describe three cases of nephrotic syndrome with a contra-indication for steroid therapy successfully treated with cyclosporin A (CsA). A 21-year-old man with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) complicated by necrosis of the femoral head, and a 34-year-old woman and a 48-year-old man with minimal change disease (MCD) complicated by psychogenic reaction and diabetes mellitus, respectively, were given CsA at initial dosages of 3.8-5.0 mg/kg/day and immediately remitted completely. However, two of these patients suffered relapses when CsA was tapered. They are currently maintained in complete or partial remission on CsA at dosages of 3.2-4.7 mg/kg/day. These findings suggest that CsA mono-therapy may be useful in nephrotic syndrome patients contra-indicated for steroid therapy.  (+info)

Informed consent for antipsychotic medication. (5/2081)

OBJECTIVE: To determine family physicians' attitudes and practices regarding documentation of informed consent for antipsychotic medication. DESIGN: Pilot cross-sectional study. SETTING: Teaching and non-teaching hospitals in Toronto, Ont. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty family physicians were selected in equal numbers from teaching and non-teaching hospitals with no more than five physicians from a given hospital. Participants were treating at least 10 patients with antipsychotic medication. Participants' mean age was 44.3 years; 83% were men. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Documentation of consent and of disclosure of consent for antipsychotic medication in patients' charts. RESULTS: Documentation was found in only 13% of charts. Whether it was there or not did not correlate with information disclosed, score on an attitude scale, or demographics. Physicians who found documentation time-consuming were less likely to document. Most physicians disclosed reasons for antipsychotic medication, but less than half described tardive dyskinesia, a potentially irreversible movement disorder that affects about 25% of patients on long-term treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The low rate of documentation observed in this sample was consistent with reports of similar samples and might indicate that family physicians are unaware of recommendations for documentation or simply do not have time to keep abreast of current recommendations. Many physicians thought signed consent forms unnecessary for psychotic patients, and even more believed seeking consent for antipsychotic medications would increase patient anxiety.  (+info)

Epileptic psychoses and anticonvulsant drug treatment. (6/2081)

Forty four consecutive patients with epilepsy and psychoses were studied retrospectively for psychotic episodes associated with changes in antiepileptic drug therapy. Twenty seven patients (61%) developed their first episode of psychosis unrelated to changes in their antiepileptic drug regimen. Twenty three of these patients developed psychoses with temporally unrelated changes in seizure frequency. Many patients had chronic schizophrenia-like psychotic symptoms. Seventeen patients (39%) developed their first episode of psychosis in association with changes in their antiepileptic drug regimen. Twelve patients developed psychoses temporally related to seizure attenuation or aggravation. Many of their psychotic symptoms were polymorphic with a single episode or recurrent episodes. No marked differences were found in the various clinical backgrounds between the two groups. In the drug-related group, seven patients developed psychoses after starting add-on therapy with a new antiepileptic drug, six after abruptly discontinuing their drugs, and four after taking an overdose of antiepileptic drugs. Based on the present findings, drug regimens should be changed gradually and compliance should be maintained to prevent epileptic psychoses.  (+info)

Validity and usefulness of the Wisconsin Manual for Assessing Psychotic-like Experiences. (7/2081)

The Wisconsin Manual for Assessing Psychotic-like Experiences is an interview-based assessment system for rating psychotic and psychotic-like symptoms on a continuum of deviancy from normal to grossly psychotic. The original manual contained six scales, assessing thought transmission, passivity experiences, thought withdrawal, auditory experiences, personally relevant aberrant beliefs, and visual experiences. A seventh scale assessing deviant olfactory experiences was subsequently added. The rating scales have good interrater reliability when used by trained raters. Cross-sectional studies indicated that the frequency and deviancy of psychotic-like experiences are elevated among college students who were identified, hypothetically, as psychosis prone by other criteria. Psychotic-like experiences of moderate deviancy in college students successfully predicted the development of psychotic illness and poorer overall adjustment 10 years later. The manual is useful for identifying psychosis-prone individuals and is recommended for use in linkage and treatment outcome studies. The present article provides an interview schedule for collecting information required for rating psychotic-like experiences.  (+info)

Nicotine withdrawal and psychiatric symptoms in cigarette smokers with schizophrenia. (8/2081)

The prevalence of smoking is markedly elevated in schizophrenia. Low smoking cessation rates and reports that some smokers with schizophrenia experience an acute increase in symptoms during attempts to quit smoking, suggest a self-medication model. Alternatively, smoking may modulate medication side effects. The effects of treated and untreated smoking abstinence on psychotic symptoms and medication side effects were examined in this study. Nineteen outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participated in a randomized, double-blind, balanced crossover study: 1 day of ad libitum smoking followed by 3 days of acute smoking abstinence while wearing 22 mg/day active or placebo transdermal nicotine patches, with a return to 3 days of smoking between patch conditions. Daily symptom and side-effect ratings, nicotine and cotinine blood levels were collected. Twelve subjects completed the study. Neither positive symptoms nor mood symptoms changed. An increase in negative symptoms during the first abstinent day occurred in both placebo and active patch conditions, but was not sustained over subsequent abstinent days. Despite physiological signs of withdrawal, completers did not endorse increased nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Dropouts reported higher withdrawal symptoms, but also had no increase in psychiatric symptoms in either phase of the study. Of note, dyskinesias decreased during abstinence and placebo patch treatment, but increased during abstinence and the active patch conditions. Acute exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms is an unlikely explanation for any difficulty smokers with schizophrenia have in early abstinence.  (+info)

Psychotic disorders are a group of severe mental health conditions characterized by distorted perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that lead to an inability to recognize reality. The two most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are when a person sees, hears, or feels things that aren't there, while delusions are fixed, false beliefs that are not based on reality.

Other symptoms may include disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms such as apathy and lack of emotional expression. Schizophrenia is the most well-known psychotic disorder, but other types include schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, shared psychotic disorder, and substance-induced psychotic disorder.

Psychotic disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, trauma, and substance abuse. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support services to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It often includes hallucinations (usually hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech and behavior. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment and management. It significantly impairs social and occupational functioning, and it's often associated with reduced life expectancy due to comorbid medical conditions. The exact causes of schizophrenia are not fully understood, but research suggests that genetic, environmental, and neurodevelopmental factors play a role in its development.

A delusion is a fixed, false belief that is firmly held despite evidence to the contrary and is not shared by others who hold similar cultural or religious beliefs. Delusions are a key symptom of certain psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and delusional disorder. They can also be seen in other medical conditions, such as dementia, brain injury, or substance abuse.

Delusions can take many forms, but some common types include:

* Persecutory delusions: the belief that one is being targeted or harmed by others
* Grandiose delusions: the belief that one has special powers, talents, or importance
* Erotomanic delusions: the belief that someone, often of higher social status, is in love with the individual
* Somatic delusions: the belief that one's body is abnormal or has been altered in some way
* Religious or spiritual delusions: the belief that one has a special relationship with a deity or religious figure

Delusions should not be confused with overvalued ideas, which are strongly held beliefs based on subjective interpretation of experiences or evidence. Overvalued ideas may be shared by others and can sometimes develop into delusions if they become fixed and firmly held despite contradictory evidence.

Substance-induced psychosis is a type of psychosis that is caused by the use of drugs, alcohol, or other substances. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) defines substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder as follows:

A. Presence of one (or more) of the following symptoms:

1. Delusions.
2. Hallucinations.
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence).

B. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is caused by the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a combination of substances.

C. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium and is not better explained by a psychotic disorder that is not substance/medication-induced. The symptoms in Criterion A developed during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal, or after exposure to a medication.

D. The disturbance causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

E. The disturbance is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder).

It's important to note that the diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis requires a thorough medical and psychiatric evaluation to determine if the symptoms are caused by substance use or another underlying mental health condition.

Affective disorders, psychotic are a category of mental health conditions characterized by significant disturbances in mood, thinking, and behavior. These disorders combine the symptoms of both mood disorders (such as depression or bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders (such as schizophrenia).

In psychotic affective disorders, individuals experience severe changes in their mood, such as prolonged periods of depression or mania, along with psychotic features like hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized thinking and speech. These symptoms can significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life and may require intensive treatment, including medication and therapy.

Examples of psychotic affective disorders include:

1. Psychotic Depression: A severe form of major depressive disorder that includes psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations, often with a theme of guilt or worthlessness.
2. Bipolar Disorder with Psychotic Features: During manic or depressive episodes, some individuals with bipolar disorder may experience psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations. These symptoms can vary in intensity and may require hospitalization and intensive treatment.
3. Schizoaffective Disorder: A mental health condition that includes features of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder. Individuals with this disorder experience psychotic symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, along with significant changes in mood.

It is essential to seek professional help if you suspect you or someone you know may have a psychotic affective disorder. Early intervention and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life.

A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimuli. They are sensory experiences that feel real, but are generated from inside the mind rather than by external reality. Hallucinations can occur in any of the senses, causing individuals to hear sounds, see visions, or smell odors that aren't actually present. They can range from relatively simple experiences, such as seeing flashes of light, to complex experiences like seeing and interacting with people or objects that aren't there. Hallucinations are often associated with certain medical conditions, mental health disorders, or the use of certain substances.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

I must clarify that there is no such thing as "Schizophrenic Psychology." The term schizophrenia is used to describe a specific and serious mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It's important not to use the term casually or inaccurately, as it can perpetuate stigma and misunderstanding about the condition.

Schizophrenia is characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that aren't there), delusions (false beliefs that are not based on reality), disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. These symptoms can impair a person's ability to function in daily life, maintain relationships, and experience emotions appropriately.

If you have any questions related to mental health conditions or psychology, I would be happy to provide accurate information and definitions.

Antipsychotic agents are a class of medications used to manage and treat psychosis, which includes symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, disordered thought processes, and agitated behavior. These drugs work by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is believed to play a role in the development of psychotic symptoms. Antipsychotics can be broadly divided into two categories: first-generation antipsychotics (also known as typical antipsychotics) and second-generation antipsychotics (also known as atypical antipsychotics).

First-generation antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and fluphenazine, were developed in the 1950s and have been widely used for several decades. They are generally effective in reducing positive symptoms of psychosis (such as hallucinations and delusions) but can cause significant side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as rigidity, tremors, and involuntary movements, as well as weight gain, sedation, and orthostatic hypotension.

Second-generation antipsychotics, such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole, were developed more recently and are considered to have a more favorable side effect profile than first-generation antipsychotics. They are generally effective in reducing both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis (such as apathy, anhedonia, and social withdrawal) and cause fewer EPS. However, they can still cause significant weight gain, metabolic disturbances, and sedation.

Antipsychotic agents are used to treat various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, delusional disorder, and other conditions that involve psychosis or agitation. They can be administered orally, intramuscularly, or via long-acting injectable formulations. The choice of antipsychotic agent depends on the individual patient's needs, preferences, and response to treatment, as well as the potential for side effects. Regular monitoring of patients taking antipsychotics is essential to ensure their safety and effectiveness.

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales are standardized assessment tools used by mental health professionals to evaluate and rate the severity of a person's psychiatric symptoms and functioning. These scales provide a systematic and structured approach to measuring various aspects of an individual's mental health, such as mood, anxiety, psychosis, behavior, and cognitive abilities.

The purpose of using Psychiatric Status Rating Scales is to:

1. Assess the severity and improvement of psychiatric symptoms over time.
2. Aid in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning.
3. Monitor treatment response and adjust interventions accordingly.
4. Facilitate communication among mental health professionals about a patient's status.
5. Provide an objective basis for research and epidemiological studies.

Examples of Psychiatric Status Rating Scales include:

1. Clinical Global Impression (CGI): A brief, subjective rating scale that measures overall illness severity, treatment response, and improvement.
2. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): A comprehensive scale used to assess the symptoms of psychosis, including positive, negative, and general psychopathology domains.
3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): Scales used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms.
4. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): A scale used to assess the severity of manic or hypomanic symptoms.
5. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R): Scales that measure a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology.
6. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): A scale used to rate an individual's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health-illness.

It is important to note that Psychiatric Status Rating Scales should be administered by trained mental health professionals to ensure accurate and reliable results.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is defined by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior. The disorder is often characterized by individuals having difficulty with expressing emotions and relating to others. They may also experience unusual perceptions, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there, but these are not as severe as in Schizophrenia. It is important to note that this disorder can cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning.

Prodromal symptoms refer to the early, often nonspecific signs or symptoms that appear before the onset of a particular disease or condition. These symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific illness, and they may include things like fatigue, headache, muscle aches, or changes in appetite or sleep patterns.

In some cases, prodromal symptoms may be mild and easily dismissed as simply feeling "under the weather." However, they can also serve as important warning signs that a more serious condition is on the horizon. For example, prodromal symptoms of a migraine headache might include mood changes, food cravings, or neck stiffness in the days leading up to the actual headache.

It's worth noting that not everyone who experiences prodromal symptoms will go on to develop the full-blown illness. However, if you notice any unusual or persistent symptoms that concern you, it's always a good idea to speak with your healthcare provider for further evaluation and guidance.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

'Shared Paranoid Disorder' is also known as 'Induced Paranoid Disorder' or 'Folie à deux.' It is not listed as a separate disorder in the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) used by mental health professionals for diagnosis. However, it can be classified under Other Specified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders.

It is described as a delusional disorder that develops in an individual due to a close and influential relationship with another person who has an established delusional disorder. The secondary person's delusion is similar to or derived from the primary person's delusion, and they usually share a common living situation or have a very close emotional bond.

The delusions are not due to any other medical condition, substance use, or better explained by another mental disorder. Also, when the relationship between the two individuals ends, the secondary person's delusional symptoms usually decrease or disappear.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

Paranoid disorders are a category of mental disorders characterized by the presence of paranoia, which is defined as a persistent and unfounded distrust or suspicion of others. This can include beliefs that others are trying to harm you, deceive you, or are plotting against you. These beliefs are not based in reality and are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental conditions, includes two paranoid disorders: Delusional Disorder and Paranoid Personality Disorder.

Delusional disorder is characterized by the presence of one or more delusions for a month or longer, with no significant hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. The individual's functioning is not markedly impaired and behavior is not obviously odd or bizarre.

Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. The individual may appear cold and aloof or may be explosively angry if they feel threatened.

It's important to note that these disorders can cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of a paranoid disorder, it's important to seek help from a qualified mental health professional.

Paranoid Schizophrenia is a subtype of Schizophrenia, which is a chronic and severe mental disorder. It is characterized by the presence of prominent delusions and auditory hallucinations. The delusions in paranoid schizophrenia often involve themes of persecution or grandiosity. Individuals with this subtype usually have a clear sense of self and maintain relatively well-preserved cognitive functions and affect. However, their symptoms can significantly impact their ability to function in daily life, social relationships, and vocational activities. It's important to note that schizophrenia is a complex disorder, and its diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional based on a comprehensive evaluation of the individual's symptoms, history, and mental status examination.

Alcoholic psychosis is a term used to describe a group of psychiatric disorders that are directly related to alcohol abuse or withdrawal. The two most common types of alcoholic psychosis are Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome, which often occur together and are referred to as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Wernicke's encephalopathy is a acute neurological disorder characterized by confusion, memory loss, difficulty with muscle coordination, and abnormal eye movements. It is caused by a thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency that is often seen in people who are chronic alcoholics.

Korsakoff's syndrome, on the other hand, is a chronic memory disorder characterized by severe memory loss and confusion. People with Korsakoff's syndrome often have difficulty learning new information and may confabulate, or make up information, to fill in gaps in their memory.

Both Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome are serious conditions that require immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves administering thiamine and other vitamins, as well as providing supportive care to help manage symptoms. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

It is important to note that alcohol abuse can also lead to other types of psychosis, such as delirium tremens (DTs), which is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that can cause confusion, hallucinations, and seizures. If you or someone you know is struggling with alcohol abuse, it is important to seek professional help as soon as possible.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Qatar" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in the Middle East, on the Arabian Peninsula. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them!

Psychoanalytic interpretation is a fundamental concept in psychoanalysis, a therapeutic approach developed by Sigmund Freud. It refers to the process by which a psychoanalyst attempts to make sense of a patient's unconscious thoughts, feelings, and experiences, as expressed through their behaviors, dreams, symptoms, or free associations.

The goal of psychoanalytic interpretation is to uncover hidden meanings, patterns, and dynamics that underlie the patient's psychological distress or difficulties in living. This involves identifying symbolic meanings, exploring transference and countertransference issues, and examining defense mechanisms and unconscious conflicts.

Psychoanalytic interpretation is a collaborative process between the analyst and the patient, with the former offering tentative hypotheses that are open to revision or refutation based on the patient's responses. The ultimate aim is to help the patient gain insight into their inner world, develop a stronger sense of self, and achieve greater emotional freedom and flexibility.

Cannabis is a plant genus that includes three species: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis. It contains psychoactive compounds called cannabinoids, the most notable of which is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which produces the "high" associated with marijuana use.

Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are primarily used for recreational and medicinal purposes, while Cannabis ruderalis has a lower THC content and is mainly used for industrial purposes, such as hemp fiber production.

Medicinally, cannabis is used to treat various conditions, including pain, nausea, and loss of appetite associated with cancer and HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), among others. However, its use remains controversial due to its psychoactive effects and potential for abuse. Its legal status varies widely around the world, ranging from outright prohibition to decriminalization or full legalization for medical and/or recreational purposes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Palau" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country in the Western Pacific Ocean, consisting of around 340 islands. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please let me know and I would be happy to help.

Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.

These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.

A psychiatric hospital is a type of medical facility that specializes in the treatment and care of patients with mental illnesses or disorders. These hospitals provide inpatient and outpatient services, including evaluation, diagnosis, and therapy for various psychiatric conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and substance use disorders.

Psychiatric hospitals typically have a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, and occupational therapists, who work together to provide comprehensive care for patients. The treatment modalities used in psychiatric hospitals may include medication management, individual and group therapy, psychoeducation, and milieu therapy.

Psychiatric hospitals may also offer specialized programs for specific populations, such as children and adolescents, older adults, or individuals with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders. The goal of psychiatric hospitals is to stabilize patients' symptoms, improve their functioning, and help them develop the skills necessary to manage their mental health condition in the community.

A psychological interview is a clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to gather information about a person's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral status. It is a structured or unstructured conversation between the clinician and the client aimed at understanding the client's symptoms, concerns, personal history, current life situation, and any other relevant factors that contribute to their psychological state.

The interview may cover various topics such as the individual's mental health history, family background, social relationships, education, occupation, coping mechanisms, and substance use. The clinician will also assess the person's cognitive abilities, emotional expression, thought processes, and behavior during the interview to help form a diagnosis or treatment plan.

The psychological interview is an essential component of a comprehensive mental health evaluation, as it provides valuable insights into the individual's subjective experiences and helps establish a therapeutic relationship between the clinician and the client. It can be conducted in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, or community centers.

Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic medication that is primarily used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autistic disorder). It works by helping to restore the balance of certain natural substances in the brain. Risperidone belongs to a class of drugs called benzisoxazole derivatives.

This medication can decrease aggression and schizophrenic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusional thinking, and hostility. It may also help to improve your mood, thoughts, and behavior. Some forms of risperidone are also used for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder (a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior).

It's important to note that this is a general medical definition, and the use of risperidone should always be under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have potential side effects and risks.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also simply referred to as depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes. A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks during which an individual experiences a severely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms such as significant changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

MDD can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life, and it is associated with increased risks of suicide, substance abuse, and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of MDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants).

Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.

The "commitment of the mentally ill" refers to a legal process where a person who is deemed to have a mental illness and poses a danger to themselves or others is involuntarily placed in a psychiatric hospital or treatment facility for their own safety and well-being. The specific criteria and procedures for commitment vary by jurisdiction, but generally require a formal evaluation and court order.

The purpose of commitment is to provide intensive treatment and supervision for individuals who are unable to make informed decisions about their own care due to the severity of their mental illness. This legal process is designed to balance the need to protect the individual's civil liberties with the need to ensure public safety and provide necessary medical treatment.

It's important to note that commitment is typically a last resort, after other less restrictive options have been tried or considered. The goal of commitment is to stabilize the individual's condition and help them develop the skills and resources they need to live safely and independently in the community.

Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.

"Marijuana Abuse" is not a term that is typically used in the medical field. Instead, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental conditions, uses the term "Cannabis Use Disorder." This disorder is defined as a problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, with symptoms including:

1. Taking larger amounts of cannabis over a longer period than intended.
2. A persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control cannabis use.
3. Spending a lot of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the effects of cannabis.
4. Craving or a strong desire to use cannabis.
5. Recurrent cannabis use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
6. Continued cannabis use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of cannabis.
7. Giving up or reducing important activities because of cannabis use.
8. Recurrent cannabis use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
9. Continued cannabis use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by cannabis.
10. Tolerance, as defined by either:
a) A need for markedly increased amounts of cannabis to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
b) Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of cannabis.
11. Withdrawal, as manifested by either:
a) The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for cannabis.
b) Cannabis is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.

The diagnosis of a mild, moderate, or severe Cannabis Use Disorder depends on the number of symptoms present.

A Psychiatric Department in a hospital is a specialized unit that provides diagnostic, treatment, and management services for patients with various mental disorders. This department is typically staffed by psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric nurses, social workers, and other mental health professionals who work together to evaluate, diagnose, and treat a wide range of mental health conditions such as:

* Mood disorders (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder)
* Anxiety disorders (e.g., panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder)
* Personality disorders (e.g., borderline personality disorder)
* Psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia)
* Substance use disorders (e.g., drug addiction, alcoholism)
* Eating disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa)
* Neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)

The Psychiatric Department may offer both inpatient and outpatient services, including individual and group therapy, medication management, psychoeducation, and crisis intervention. Inpatient units provide 24-hour care for patients who require intensive treatment and monitoring, while outpatient services allow patients to receive treatment while continuing to live in their communities.

The Psychiatric Department may also be involved in research, teaching, and community outreach programs aimed at promoting mental health awareness, reducing stigma, and improving access to mental health care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Netherlands Antilles" is not a medical term. It refers to a former political entity in the Caribbean that was composed of several islands including Curacao, Sint Maarten, Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius. These islands are now special municipalities of the Netherlands or part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. I'm here to help with medical information, so if you have any health-related questions, feel free to ask!

Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.

"Early medical intervention" is a broad term that refers to the delivery of medical services, treatments, or interventions as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms, ideally during the earliest and most vulnerable stages of a disease or condition. The goal of early medical intervention is to prevent or minimize complications, improve outcomes, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

The specific definition of "early" may vary depending on the context and the particular medical condition in question. For some acute conditions, such as heart attack or stroke, early medical intervention may refer to treatment initiated within minutes to a few hours after symptom onset. For other chronic conditions, such as cancer or diabetes, early medical intervention may involve regular screenings and preventative measures that begin in childhood or early adulthood.

Examples of early medical interventions include:

* Administering clot-busting drugs within a few hours of stroke onset to improve blood flow to the brain
* Providing antibiotics promptly for sepsis, a life-threatening condition caused by infection
* Initiating chemotherapy or radiation therapy soon after a cancer diagnosis to prevent its spread and reduce the risk of recurrence
* Implementing lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise changes, in patients with early signs of diabetes or heart disease

Overall, the aim of early medical intervention is to provide timely and effective care that can help patients achieve better health outcomes and improve their quality of life.

Emergency services in psychiatry, also known as crisis intervention services, refer to immediate and urgent mental health services provided to individuals who are experiencing an acute mental health emergency. These services aim to assess, manage, and stabilize the individual's mental health crisis and ensure their safety, as well as the safety of others.

Psychiatric emergency services may include:

1. Crisis hotlines: 24-hour telephone support lines that provide immediate assistance and referral to appropriate mental health services.
2. Mobile crisis teams: Mental health professionals who provide on-site assessment, intervention, and referral services in the community.
3. Psychiatric emergency departments: Specialized units within hospitals that provide urgent psychiatric evaluation, treatment, and short-term stabilization for individuals in a mental health crisis.
4. Inpatient psychiatric units: Short-term hospitalization for individuals who require intensive psychiatric care and monitoring during a crisis.
5. Respite care services: Temporary supportive housing and care for individuals in a mental health crisis, providing relief for both the individual and their family or caregivers.

The primary goal of psychiatric emergency services is to provide timely and effective interventions that can help prevent further deterioration of the individual's mental health, reduce the risk of suicide or self-harm, and promote recovery and stabilization.

2,3'-Cyclic Nucleotide 3'-Phosphodiesterase (CNP) is an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides to 2'-nucleotide monophosphates. It plays a crucial role in regulating the levels of intracellular second messengers, such as cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which are involved in various cellular processes including signal transduction, gene expression, and metabolism.

CNP has two isoforms, CNP1 and CNP2, which differ in their tissue distribution and substrate specificity. CNP1 is predominantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and preferentially hydrolyzes cGMP, while CNP2 is widely distributed and hydrolyzes both cGMP and cAMP with similar efficiency.

Mutations in the gene encoding CNP1 have been associated with certain neurological disorders, such as spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5), a hereditary condition characterized by progressive muscle weakness and stiffness in the lower limbs.

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is a widely used clinician-rated scale for assessing the severity of psychopathology in individuals with mental illness. It consists of 18 items, each rated on a 7-point scale (1=not present to 7=extremely severe), that measure various symptoms such as depression, anxiety, hostility, hallucinations, and unusual thoughts. The BPRS is often used in research and clinical settings to monitor treatment response and symptom changes over time.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

A depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can also include changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem, as well as thoughts of death or suicide. Depressive disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some people experiencing mild and occasional symptoms, while others may have severe and chronic symptoms that interfere with their ability to function in daily life.

There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and postpartum depression. MDD is characterized by symptoms that interfere significantly with a person's ability to function and last for at least two weeks, while PDD involves chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more. Postpartum depression occurs in women after childbirth and can range from mild to severe.

Depressive disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes.

The "age of onset" is a medical term that refers to the age at which an individual first develops or displays symptoms of a particular disease, disorder, or condition. It can be used to describe various medical conditions, including both physical and mental health disorders. The age of onset can have implications for prognosis, treatment approaches, and potential causes of the condition. In some cases, early onset may indicate a more severe or progressive course of the disease, while late-onset symptoms might be associated with different underlying factors or etiologies. It is essential to provide accurate and precise information regarding the age of onset when discussing a patient's medical history and treatment plan.

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a standardized system for classifying and coding mortality and morbidity data, established by the World Health Organization (WHO). It provides a common language and framework for health professionals, researchers, and policymakers to share and compare health-related information across countries and regions.

The ICD codes are used to identify diseases, injuries, causes of death, and other health conditions. The classification includes categories for various body systems, mental disorders, external causes of injury and poisoning, and factors influencing health status. It also includes a section for symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings.

The ICD is regularly updated to incorporate new scientific knowledge and changing health needs. The most recent version, ICD-11, was adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2019 and will come into effect on January 1, 2022. It includes significant revisions and expansions in several areas, such as mental, behavioral, neurological disorders, and conditions related to sexual health.

In summary, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a globally recognized system for classifying and coding diseases, injuries, causes of death, and other health-related information, enabling standardized data collection, comparison, and analysis across countries and regions.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Haloperidol is an antipsychotic medication, which is primarily used to treat schizophrenia and symptoms of psychosis, such as delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, or disordered thought. It may also be used to manage Tourette's disorder, tics, agitation, aggression, and hyperactivity in children with developmental disorders.

Haloperidol works by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, which helps to regulate mood and behavior. It is available in various forms, including tablets, liquid, and injectable solutions. The medication can cause side effects such as drowsiness, restlessness, muscle stiffness, and uncontrolled movements. In rare cases, it may also lead to more serious neurological side effects.

As with any medication, haloperidol should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider, who will consider the individual's medical history, current medications, and other factors before prescribing it.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic medication that is primarily used to treat schizophrenia in patients who have not responded to other antipsychotic treatments. It is also used off-label for the treatment of severe aggression, suicidal ideation, and self-injurious behavior in individuals with developmental disorders.

Clozapine works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, particularly the D4 receptor, which is thought to be involved in the development of schizophrenia. It also has a strong affinity for serotonin receptors, which contributes to its unique therapeutic profile.

Clozapine is considered a medication of last resort due to its potential side effects, which can include agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cell count), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), seizures, orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing), and weight gain. Because of these risks, patients taking clozapine must undergo regular monitoring of their blood counts and other vital signs.

Despite its potential side effects, clozapine is often effective in treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia and has been shown to reduce the risk of suicide in some patients. It is available in tablet and orally disintegrating tablet formulations.

Cognitive Therapy (CT) is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. It is a form of talk therapy where the therapist and the patient work together to identify and change negative or distorted thinking patterns and beliefs, with the goal of improving emotional response and behavior.

Cognitive Therapy is based on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all interconnected, and that negative or inaccurate thoughts can contribute to problems like anxiety and depression. By identifying and challenging these thoughts, patients can learn to think more realistically and positively, which can lead to improvements in their mood and behavior.

In cognitive therapy sessions, the therapist will help the patient identify negative thought patterns and replace them with healthier, more accurate ways of thinking. The therapist may also assign homework or exercises for the patient to practice between sessions, such as keeping a thought record or challenging negative thoughts.

Cognitive Therapy has been shown to be effective in treating a wide range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is often used in combination with other forms of treatment, such as medication, and can be delivered individually or in group settings.

Hospitalization is the process of admitting a patient to a hospital for the purpose of receiving medical treatment, surgery, or other health care services. It involves staying in the hospital as an inpatient, typically under the care of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The length of stay can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and the type of treatment required. Hospitalization may be necessary for a variety of reasons, such as to receive intensive care, to undergo diagnostic tests or procedures, to recover from surgery, or to manage chronic illnesses or injuries.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Community Mental Health Services (CMHS) refer to mental health care services that are provided in community settings, as opposed to traditional hospital-based or institutional care. These services are designed to be accessible, comprehensive, and coordinated, with the goal of promoting recovery, resilience, and improved quality of life for individuals with mental illnesses.

CMHS may include a range of services such as:

1. Outpatient care: Including individual and group therapy, medication management, and case management services provided in community clinics or healthcare centers.
2. Assertive Community Treatment (ACT): A team-based approach to providing comprehensive mental health services to individuals with severe and persistent mental illnesses who may have difficulty engaging in traditional outpatient care.
3. Crisis intervention: Including mobile crisis teams, emergency psychiatric evaluations, and short-term residential crisis stabilization units.
4. Supported housing and employment: Services that help individuals with mental illnesses to live independently in the community and to obtain and maintain competitive employment.
5. Prevention and early intervention: Programs that aim to identify and address mental health issues before they become more severe, such as suicide prevention programs, bullying prevention, and early psychosis detection and treatment.
6. Peer support: Services provided by individuals who have personal experience with mental illness and can offer support, guidance, and advocacy to others who are struggling with similar issues.
7. Family education and support: Programs that provide information, resources, and support to family members of individuals with mental illnesses.

The goal of CMHS is to provide accessible, comprehensive, and coordinated care that meets the unique needs of each individual and helps them to achieve their recovery goals in the community setting.

Psychometrics is a branch of psychology that deals with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, such as the development and standardization of tests used to measure intelligence, aptitude, personality, attitudes, and other mental abilities or traits. It involves the construction and validation of measurement instruments, including the determination of their reliability and validity, and the application of statistical methods to analyze test data and interpret results. The ultimate goal of psychometrics is to provide accurate, objective, and meaningful measurements that can be used to understand individual differences and make informed decisions in educational, clinical, and organizational settings.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Maryland" is a proper noun and does not have a medical definition. It is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. However, if you are referring to a specific medical term or concept that includes "Maryland," could you please provide more context? I'll do my best to help with accurate information based on the provided context.

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services. AHRQ's mission is to produce evidence to make healthcare safer, higher quality, more accessible, equitable, and affordable, and to work within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and with other partners to make sure that the evidence is understood and used.

AHRQ's research helps people make more informed decisions and improve the quality of healthcare services. The agency's work includes conducting and supporting research, developing and disseminating evidence-based information, and encouraging the use of evidence that improves the quality of healthcare and outcomes for patients. AHRQ's research covers a wide range of topics, including patient safety, clinical effectiveness, health IT, and healthcare disparities.

Mental health services refer to the various professional health services designed to treat and support individuals with mental health conditions. These services are typically provided by trained and licensed mental health professionals, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, mental health counselors, and marriage and family therapists. The services may include:

1. Assessment and diagnosis of mental health disorders
2. Psychotherapy or "talk therapy" to help individuals understand and manage their symptoms
3. Medication management for mental health conditions
4. Case management and care coordination to connect individuals with community resources and support
5. Psychoeducation to help individuals and families better understand mental health conditions and how to manage them
6. Crisis intervention and stabilization services
7. Inpatient and residential treatment for severe or chronic mental illness
8. Prevention and early intervention services to identify and address mental health concerns before they become more serious
9. Rehabilitation and recovery services to help individuals with mental illness achieve their full potential and live fulfilling lives in the community.

There is no formal medical definition for "child of impaired parents." However, it generally refers to a child who has at least one parent with physical, mental, or psychological challenges that impact their ability to care for themselves and/or their children. These impairments may include substance abuse disorders, mental illnesses, chronic medical conditions, or developmental disabilities.

Children of impaired parents often face unique challenges and stressors in their lives, which can affect their emotional, social, and cognitive development. They may have to take on additional responsibilities at home, experience neglect or abuse, or witness disturbing behaviors related to their parent's impairment. As a result, these children are at higher risk for developing mental health issues, behavioral problems, and academic difficulties.

Support services and interventions, such as family therapy, counseling, and community resources, can help mitigate the negative effects of growing up with impaired parents and improve outcomes for these children.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "siblings" is not a medical term. It is a term used in genealogy and sociology to refer to the brothers and sisters that someone has. Sibling relationships can have medical implications, such as when inherited genetic disorders are present in a family, but the term "siblings" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Early diagnosis refers to the identification and detection of a medical condition or disease in its initial stages, before the appearance of significant symptoms or complications. This is typically accomplished through various screening methods, such as medical history reviews, physical examinations, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Early diagnosis can allow for more effective treatment interventions, potentially improving outcomes and quality of life for patients, while also reducing the overall burden on healthcare systems.

Social adjustment, in the context of mental health and psychology, refers to an individual's ability to adapt and function effectively within their social environment. It involves developing and maintaining positive relationships with others, fulfilling various social roles (such as being a family member, friend, or employee), and meeting the expectations and demands of one's social group.

Social adjustment can be affected by various factors, including an individual's personality traits, coping skills, mental and physical health status, and life experiences. Poor social adjustment can lead to feelings of isolation, loneliness, and dissatisfaction with life, as well as increased risk for mental health problems such as depression and anxiety.

Assessing social adjustment is an important aspect of mental health care, as it can provide valuable insights into an individual's overall functioning and quality of life. Treatments such as psychotherapy and social skills training may be used to help improve social adjustment in individuals who are struggling in this area.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

Genetic predisposition to disease refers to an increased susceptibility or vulnerability to develop a particular illness or condition due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations from one's parents. These genetic factors can make it more likely for an individual to develop a certain disease, but it does not guarantee that the person will definitely get the disease. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and interactions between genes also play crucial roles in determining if a genetically predisposed person will actually develop the disease. It is essential to understand that having a genetic predisposition only implies a higher risk, not an inevitable outcome.

Affective symptoms refer to emotional or mood-related disturbances that can occur in various medical and psychological conditions. These symptoms may include:

1. Depression: feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide.
2. Anxiety: excessive worry, fear, or nervousness, often accompanied by physical symptoms such as a rapid heartbeat, sweating, and trembling.
3. Irritability: easily annoyed or agitated, often leading to outbursts of anger or frustration.
4. Mania or hypomania: abnormally elevated mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, and impulsive or risky behavior.
5. Apathy: lack of interest, motivation, or emotion, often leading to social withdrawal and decreased activity levels.
6. Mood lability: rapid and unpredictable shifts in mood, ranging from extreme happiness to sadness, anger, or anxiety.

Affective symptoms can significantly impact a person's quality of life and ability to function in daily activities. They may be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, stress, trauma, and medical conditions. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing affective symptoms and improving overall well-being.

A "social environment" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, but it is often used in the context of public health and social sciences to refer to the physical and social conditions, relationships, and organized institutions that influence the health and well-being of individuals and communities.

The social environment includes factors such as:

* Social support networks (family, friends, community)
* Cultural norms and values
* Socioeconomic status (income, education, occupation)
* Housing and neighborhood conditions
* Access to resources (food, healthcare, transportation)
* Exposure to discrimination, violence, and other stressors

These factors can have a significant impact on health outcomes, as they can influence behaviors related to health (such as diet, exercise, and substance use), as well as exposure to disease and access to healthcare. Understanding the social environment is essential for developing effective public health interventions and policies that promote health equity and reduce health disparities.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, serious accident, war combat, rape, or violent personal assault. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), PTSD is characterized by the following symptoms, which must last for more than one month:

1. Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or intense psychological distress or reactivity to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Avoidance symptoms: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, including thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people.
3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: This includes negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world; distorted blame of self or others for causing the trauma; persistent negative emotional state; decreased interest in significant activities; and feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
4. Alterations in arousal and reactivity: This includes irritable behavior and angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance.
5. Duration of symptoms: The symptoms must last for more than one month.
6. Functional significance: The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

It is essential to note that PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by various physical and mental health problems, such as depression, substance abuse, memory problems, and other difficulties in cognition. Appropriate treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, can significantly improve the symptoms and overall quality of life for individuals with PTSD.

The term "family" in a medical context often refers to a group of individuals who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption and who consider themselves to be a single household. This can include spouses, parents, children, siblings, grandparents, and other extended family members. In some cases, the term may also be used more broadly to refer to any close-knit group of people who provide emotional and social support for one another, regardless of their biological or legal relationship.

In healthcare settings, understanding a patient's family dynamics can be important for providing effective care. Family members may be involved in decision-making about medical treatments, providing care and support at home, and communicating with healthcare providers. Additionally, cultural beliefs and values within families can influence health behaviors and attitudes towards medical care, making it essential for healthcare professionals to take a culturally sensitive approach when working with patients and their families.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive, unwanted, and often distressing. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules, and which are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation. These obsessions and/or compulsions cause significant distress, take up a lot of time (an hour or more a day), and interfere with the individual's daily life, including social activities, relationships, and work or school performance. OCD is considered a type of anxiety disorder and can also co-occur with other mental health conditions.

Social behavior, in the context of medicine and psychology, refers to the ways in which individuals interact and engage with others within their social environment. It involves various actions, communications, and responses that are influenced by cultural norms, personal values, emotional states, and cognitive processes. These behaviors can include but are not limited to communication, cooperation, competition, empathy, altruism, aggression, and conformity.

Abnormalities in social behavior may indicate underlying mental health conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or personality disorders. Therefore, understanding and analyzing social behavior is an essential aspect of diagnosing and treating various psychological and psychiatric conditions.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:

1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).

It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.

Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Depression is a mood disorder that is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. It can also cause significant changes in sleep, appetite, energy level, concentration, and behavior. Depression can interfere with daily life and normal functioning, and it can increase the risk of suicide and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of depression is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. There are several types of depression, including major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, postpartum depression, and seasonal affective disorder. Treatment for depression typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Disease progression is the worsening or advancement of a medical condition over time. It refers to the natural course of a disease, including its development, the severity of symptoms and complications, and the impact on the patient's overall health and quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for developing appropriate treatment plans, monitoring response to therapy, and predicting outcomes.

The rate of disease progression can vary widely depending on the type of medical condition, individual patient factors, and the effectiveness of treatment. Some diseases may progress rapidly over a short period of time, while others may progress more slowly over many years. In some cases, disease progression may be slowed or even halted with appropriate medical interventions, while in other cases, the progression may be inevitable and irreversible.

In clinical practice, healthcare providers closely monitor disease progression through regular assessments, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. This information is used to guide treatment decisions and adjust care plans as needed to optimize patient outcomes and improve quality of life.

Autistic Disorder, also known as Autism or Classic Autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. It is characterized by:

1. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including:
* Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity;
* Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction;
* Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following:
* Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech;
* Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior;
* Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus;
* Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
3. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities) and limit or impair everyday functioning.
4. Symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or other psychotic disorders.

Autistic Disorder is part of the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which also include Asperger's Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). The current diagnostic term for this category of conditions, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finland" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Northern Europe, known officially as the Republic of Finland. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Netherlands" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Western Europe, known for its artistic heritage, elaborate canal system, and legalized marijuana and prostitution. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:

1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.

Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

A phobic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an excessive and irrational fear or avoidance of specific objects, situations, or activities. This fear can cause significant distress and interfere with a person's daily life. Phobic disorders are typically classified into three main categories: specific phobias (such as fear of heights, spiders, or needles), social phobia (or social anxiety disorder), and agoraphobia (fear of open spaces or situations where escape might be difficult).

People with phobic disorders often recognize that their fear is excessive or unreasonable, but they are unable to control it. When exposed to the feared object or situation, they may experience symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, and difficulty breathing. These symptoms can be so distressing that individuals with phobic disorders go to great lengths to avoid the feared situation, which can have a significant impact on their quality of life.

Treatment for phobic disorders typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals identify and challenge their irrational thoughts and fears, as well as exposure therapy, which gradually exposes them to the feared object or situation in a safe and controlled environment. In some cases, medication may also be recommended to help manage symptoms of anxiety.

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are a group of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the brain, leading to delays in many areas of development. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) has replaced the term "pervasive developmental disorders" with "autism spectrum disorder" and "other neurodevelopmental disorders."

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The symptoms of ASD can range from mild to severe, and the condition affects approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States.

Other neurodevelopmental disorders that were previously classified as PDDs include:

1. Intellectual disability (ID): a condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disorder used to be referred to as "mental retardation."
2. Communication disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's ability to communicate, including language disorders, speech sound disorders, and stuttering.
3. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
4. Specific learning disorder: a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and use specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or mathematics.
5. Motor disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's movement and coordination, including developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and tic disorders.

The medical definition of 'Child Development Disorders, Pervasive' has been replaced with more specific diagnoses in the DSM-5 to better reflect the diverse nature of these conditions and improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning.

Schizophrenia: According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by the presence of two or more core symptoms for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated). These core symptoms include:

1. Delusions: irrational beliefs that are not based on reality, despite evidence to the contrary.
2. Hallucinations: seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not there.
3. Disorganized speech: frequent derailment or incoherence.
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior: extremely disordered behavior, or a lack of behavior (catatonia).
5. Negative symptoms: diminished emotional expression or avolition (lack of motivation).

Additionally, social/occupational dysfunction must be present for a significant portion of time since the onset of the disturbance, and there must be a continuous signs of the disturbance for at least 6 months. The symptoms cannot be due to substance use or another medical condition.

Disorders with Psychotic Features: These are mental disorders characterized by the presence of one or more psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior) as a prominent feature of the disorder. Examples include schizoaffective disorder, mood disorders with psychotic features, substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder, and personality disorders with psychotic features. The specific diagnostic criteria for each disorder vary based on the presence and duration of psychotic symptoms, along with other associated features.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Catatonia is a state of neurogenic motor immobility and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor, mutism, negativism, rigidity, posturing, stereotypy, agitation, or Grimmacing. It can be a symptom associated with various neurological and mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, or brain injury. Catatonic symptoms can also occur as a side effect of certain medications.

The diagnosis of catatonia is typically made based on the observation of characteristic clinical symptoms and the exclusion of other potential causes through medical evaluation. Treatment for catatonia may include medication, such as benzodiazepines or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), depending on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms.

Somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or substance abuse. These symptoms cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The individual's belief about the symptoms is not consistent with the medical evaluation and often leads to excessive or repeated medical evaluations.

Examples of somatoform disorders include:

1. Somatization disorder: characterized by multiple physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, affecting several parts of the body.
2. Conversion disorder: characterized by the presence of one or more neurological symptoms (such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing) that cannot be explained medically and appear to have a psychological origin.
3. Pain disorder: characterized by chronic pain that is not fully explained by a medical condition.
4. Hypochondriasis: characterized by an excessive preoccupation with having a serious illness, despite reassurance from medical professionals.
5. Body dysmorphic disorder: characterized by the obsessive idea that some aspect of one's own body part or appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it.

It's important to note that these disorders are not caused by intentional deceit or malingering, but rather reflect a genuine belief in the presence of physical symptoms and distress related to them.

Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, and Other Cognitive Disorders are conditions that affect cognitive abilities such as thinking, memory, perception, and judgment. Here are brief medical definitions of each:

1. Delirium: A serious disturbance in mental abilities that results in confused thinking and reduced awareness of the environment. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation. Delirium often comes on suddenly and can be caused by various factors such as medication side effects, infection, or illness.
2. Dementia: A chronic and progressive decline in cognitive abilities that affects memory, language, problem-solving, and judgment. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, but other conditions such as vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia can also cause it. Dementia can significantly interfere with daily life and activities.
3. Amnestic Disorders: A group of conditions that primarily affect memory. These disorders can be caused by brain injury, illness, or substance abuse. The most common amnestic disorder is Korsakoff's syndrome, which is caused by alcohol abuse and results in significant memory loss and confusion.
4. Other Cognitive Disorders: This category includes a range of conditions that affect cognitive abilities but do not fit into the categories of delirium, dementia, or amnestic disorders. Examples include mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is a decline in cognitive abilities that does not interfere significantly with daily life, and various cognitive disorders caused by brain injury or disease.

It's important to note that these conditions can overlap and may co-occur with other mental health or neurological disorders. Proper diagnosis and treatment require a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified healthcare professional.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Patient compliance, also known as medication adherence or patient adherence, refers to the degree to which a patient's behavior matches the agreed-upon recommendations from their healthcare provider. This includes taking medications as prescribed (including the correct dosage, frequency, and duration), following dietary restrictions, making lifestyle changes, and attending follow-up appointments. Poor patient compliance can negatively impact treatment outcomes and lead to worsening of symptoms, increased healthcare costs, and development of drug-resistant strains in the case of antibiotics. It is a significant challenge in healthcare and efforts are being made to improve patient education, communication, and support to enhance compliance.

"Brief psychotic disorder is defined by DSM-5 as a psychotic condition that involves the sudden onset of psychotic symptoms and ... Brief psychotic disorder ⁠- according to the classifications of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 ⁠- is a psychotic ... Brief psychotic disorder with postpartum onset: if onset of brief psychotic disorder symptoms is during pregnancy or within 4 ... Brief psychotic disorder without a marked stressor: if brief psychotic disorder symptoms do not occur in following personal ...
Freudenreich O (2007). "Treatment of psychotic disorders". Psychotic disorders. Practical Guides in Psychiatry. Lippincott ... Perphenazine is used to treat psychosis (e.g. in people with schizophrenia and the manic phases of bipolar disorder and OCD). ... Several studies show that the use of perphenazine with fluoxetine (Prozac) in patients with psychotic depression is most ... Parent M, Toussaint C, Gilson H (1983). "Long-term treatment of chronic psychotics with bromperidol decanoate: clinical and ...
ISBN 978-1-57230-078-1. Corcoran C, McAlister TW, Malaspina D (2005). "Psychotic disorders". In Silver JM, McAllister TW, ... TBI appears to predispose survivors to psychiatric disorders including obsessive compulsive disorder, substance abuse, ... dysthymia, clinical depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders. In patients who have depression after TBI, suicidal ... Movement disorders that may develop after TBI include tremor, ataxia (uncoordinated muscle movements), spasticity (muscle ...
In the ICD-10 there are several disorders with the manic syndrome: organic manic disorder (F06.30), mania without psychotic ... bipolar disorder, current episode manic without psychotic symptoms (F31.1), bipolar affective disorder, current episode manic ... Psychotic Disorders. 2004 May. All Psych Online: Virtual Psychology Classroom. Retrieved October 2, 2007. Sajatovic, Martha; ... Schizoaffective Disorder. 2007 September Mayo Clinic. Retrieved October 1, 2007. Schizoaffective Disorder Archived 2011-08-18 ...
254-267 Meisler, p. 267 Sharon, Idan (3 February 2011). "Shared Psychotic Disorder". Medscape. WebMD. Retrieved 6 August 2012. ...
Heckers, Stephan; Woodward, Neil; Öngür, Dost (2018). "Neuroimaging of Psychotic Disorders". In Sklar, Pamela; Charney, Dennis ... Biology of bipolar disorder, Mood disorders, Causes of mental disorders, Biological psychiatry, Bipolar disorder). ... Bipolar disorder is an affective disorder characterized by periods of elevated and depressed mood. The cause and mechanism of ... Grunze, H. "Bipolar Disorder". In Zigmond, M; Rowland, L; Coyle, J (eds.). Neurobiology of Brain Disorder: Biological Basis of ...
... may occur in a variety of disorders including epilepsy, psychotic disorders and frontotemporal lobar ... Brewerton, Timothy D. (1994). "Hyperreligiosity in Psychotic Disorders". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 182 (5): ... Increased activity in the left temporal regions has been associated with hyperreligiosity in psychotic disorders. ... hallucinogen related psychosis and psychotic disorder. In persons with epilepsy episodic hyperreligosity may occur during ...
DSM-5 (2013), Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Key Features That Define the Psychotic Disorders, ... "Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders", Key Features That Define the Psychotic Disorders, Disorganized Thinking ... The rarer delusional disorder and shared psychotic disorder typically present with persistent delusions. FTDs are commonly ... Thought Disorder (2016), 25.3. What Are the Boundaries of Thought Disorder?., pp. 498-499. Thought Disorder (2016), 25.4. What ...
Freudenreich, Oliver (2007). Psychotic Disorders: A Practical Guide. Cham, Switzerland. p. 6. ISBN 978-3-030-29450-2. OCLC ... The second team found him to not be psychotic and in fact legally sane at the time he committed his crimes. Notably, both of ... were motivated by extreme overvalued beliefs stemming from right-wing ideology rather than an underlying psychotic disorder. ... Further, the use of a categorical approach to psychiatric disorders that only focuses on symptoms and/or examiner ...
Schulz SC, Green MF, Nelson KJ (1 April 2016). Schizophrenia and Psychotic Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press. ISBN ... and carries a higher risk of birth defects and genetic disorders for the child. Pregnancy rates for sexual intercourse are ... the children of men 40 or older were 5.75 times more likely than children of men under 30 to have an autism spectrum disorder, ...
858 Psychotic symptoms lasting less than a month may be diagnosed as brief psychotic disorder, or as schizophreniform disorder ... such as panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or substance use disorder. These are separate disorders that require ... especially substance use disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder. About 0.3% to ... Schizoaffective disorder is diagnosed if symptoms of mood disorder are substantially present alongside psychotic symptoms. ...
Schizophrenia is a complex psychotic disorder in which symptoms include emotional blunting, intellectual deterioration, social ... Koenig, Harold G. (2007). "Religion, spirituality and psychotic disorders". Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo). 34: 95 ... "The role of psychotic disorders in religious history considered". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 24 ... It would seem that the use of religion can either be a helpful method of coping with the disorder, or it can be a significant ...
... with patients affected by mental disorders related to the psychotic spectrum using different clusters of disorders and ... mood disorders, personality disorders, psychiatric disorders). In 2011, a team of psychiatrists, behavioral psychologists, ... Murray, Evan D.; Cunningham, Miles G.; Price, Bruce H. (September 2011). "The Role of Psychotic Disorders in Religious History ... cited in: Koenig, Harold G. (2007). "Religion, spirituality and psychotic disorders". Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica. 34: 95- ...
A 2010 study found the relationship between parental age and psychotic disorders to be stronger with maternal age than paternal ... Schulz CS, Green MF, Nelson KJ (1 April 2016). Schizophrenia and Psychotic Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press. ISBN ... In one study, the risk of bipolar disorder, particularly for early-onset disease, is J-shaped, with the lowest risk for ... de Kluiver H, Buizer-Voskamp JE, Dolan CV, Boomsma DI (April 2017). "Paternal age and psychiatric disorders: A review". ...
Srihari, Vinod H.; Jani, Anant; Gray, Muir (2016-02-01). "Early Intervention for Psychotic Disorders". JAMA Psychiatry. 73 (2 ... Amminger; Schäfer; Papageorgiou; Harrigan; Cotton; McGorry; Berger (2008). "Indicated Prevention of Psychotic Disorders with ... The goal is to link the individual with a CSC team as soon as possible after psychotic symptoms begin because a longer period ... Interventions aimed at avoiding late detection and engagement of those in the course of their psychotic conditions. Key tasks ...
The Spectrum of Psychotic Disorders. Bhasin, Avtar Singh (2008). India's Foreign Relations, 2007: Documents. Public Diplomacy ...
Owen MJ (2015). "Psychotic Disorders and the Neurodevelopmental Continuum". Translational Neuroscience: Toward New Therapies. ... Gene therapy has been proven effective at treating a variety of disorders, including neurodegenerative disorders such as ... and encompasses disorders such as learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), epilepsy, and certain neuromuscular ... the neurological mechanisms of mood and anxiety disorders in elderly populations, and the neurological mechanisms of disorders ...
... may trigger a wide range of anxiety-based and psychotic disorders. Social phobia, bipolar disorder, depression, and agoraphobia ... Lindley, S. E., Carlson, E. B., & Sheikh, J. I. (2000). Psychotic symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder. CNS Spectrums, 5(9 ... psychotic disorders and even within the general population. Regardless of the context in which they are encountered, intrusions ... Such mental intrusions, if maintained over time compose the hallmark symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The DSM- ...
ADHD, anxiety disorder, and psychotic disorders. Furthermore, the presence of autism can make it harder to diagnose coexisting ... social communication disorder, anxiety disorder, reactive attachment disorder, cognitive impairment, visual impairment, hearing ... "Section 2: Neurodevelopmental Disorders". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5-TR (Print) (Fifth ... Most common was ADHD, but other diagnoses included sensory disorders, anxiety, personality disorder, or learning disability.[ ...
Bijl, R.V.; Ravelli, A.; Van Zessen, G. (1998). "Prevalence of psychotic disorder in the general population: results from the ... danger for the substantial number of people who lack insight into their psychotic disorder people struggling with psychotic ... behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders. London: Routledge. pp. 86-103. ISBN 9780415102902. Voice Hearing Prevalence ... Cognitive-behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders. London: Routledge. pp. 137-150. ISBN 9780415102902. "The ...
"Schizoaffective disorders are psychotic mood disorders; there are no schizoaffective disorders". Psychiatry Research. 143 (2-3 ... From 1928 to 1932 he was a Senior Research associate at Boston Psychopathic Hospital studying social causes of Mental disorder ... In his article Kasanin described 9 cases studies who had both schizophrenic or Psychotic symptoms and Affective symptoms. ... "Schizoaffective disorder , psychology". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 November 2019. Lake, C. Raymond; Hurwitz, ...
Bouffée délirante is a French term used in the past for acute and transient psychotic disorders (F23 in ICD-10). In DSM-IV, it ... "12 Shizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders". In Sadock, Virginia; Sadock, Benjamin; Ruiz, Pedro (eds.). Kaplan and Sadock's ... These disorders can have many varied causes such as physical injuries, mental disorders, or mental or physical states. These ... Dementia praecox refers to a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually ...
Hart, Carl; Ksir, Charles (2019-01-20). "Does marijuana use really cause psychotic disorders? - Alex Berenson says the drug ... which argues that marijuana use contributes to psychotic disorders and violent crime. The book "received positive coverage from ...
Criteria are met for a psychotic disorder. Some symptoms may include: Delusions, such as thought insertion, paranoid ... Neurological sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, insomnia, circadian rhythm disorder, etc. Conditions affecting perceptions and ... Because these are frequently found in cases of autistic disorders, criteria could be met for multiple neurological disorders, ... Tourette syndrome or Tic disorder. Epilepsy or Seizure disorder. Parkinsonian syndrome features such as tremors, stiff ...
Hart, Carl; Ksir, Charles (January 20, 2019). "Does marijuana use really cause psychotic disorders? - Alex Berenson says the ... association between cannabis use and IMPROVED cognitive outcomes in individuals with psychotic disorders (not mentioned in the ... Trying to put a mental-health disorder as the explanation for murder rates-that is incorrect and should not have a platform." ...
"Cognitive and Motivational Neuroscience of Psychotic Disorders". In Charney, Dennis S.; Sklar, Pamela; Buxbaum, Joseph D.; ... Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( ... Those with the disorder experience a boost of motivation after a high-stimulation behaviour triggers a release of dopamine. In ... Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial ...
Parker GF (1 June 2014). "DSM-5 and Psychotic and Mood Disorders". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law ... These two disorders are classified as "Depressive disorders", in the category of "Mood disorders". According to DSM-5, there ... Under mood disorders, ICD-11 classifies major depressive disorder as either single episode depressive disorder (where there is ... Around 90% of those with severe or psychotic depression, most of whom also meet criteria for other mental disorders, experience ...
"Not due to Pervasive Developmental Disorder; Conduct Disorder, Undersocialized, Nonaggressive; or any psychotic disorder, such ... The diagnosis of Autistic Disorder preempts the diagnosis of these personality disorders. However, these personality disorders ... "shyness disorder of childhood", "introverted disorder of childhood" and "elective mutism". "Schizoid personality disorder" ( ... It combined "autistic disorder", "Asperger's disorder", "CDD" and "PDD-NOS" into the broader concept of "autism spectrum ...
Paranoid Schizophrenia is a Psychotic Mood Disorder; a Review". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 34 (6): 1151-1162. doi:10.1093/schbul/ ... Monomania Narcissistic personality disorder Paranoid fiction Paranoid personality disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder ... delusional disorder (persecutory type), and paranoid personality disorder. Paranoid delusions are often treated with ... Bjorkly, S. (2002). "Psychotic symptoms and violence toward others - a literature review of some preliminary findings Part 1. ...
Chambers WJ, Puig-Antich J, Tabrizi MA, Davies M (August 1982). "Psychotic symptoms in prepubertal major depressive disorder". ... Childhood depression is often comorbid with mental disorders outside of other mood disorders, most commonly anxiety disorder ... A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for conduct disorders". Journal of Affective Disorders. 15 (3): 205-217. doi: ... There is also a substantial comorbidity rate with depression in children with anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, and impaired ...
"Brief psychotic disorder is defined by DSM-5 as a psychotic condition that involves the sudden onset of psychotic symptoms and ... Brief psychotic disorder ⁠- according to the classifications of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 ⁠- is a psychotic ... Brief psychotic disorder with postpartum onset: if onset of brief psychotic disorder symptoms is during pregnancy or within 4 ... Brief psychotic disorder without a marked stressor: if brief psychotic disorder symptoms do not occur in following personal ...
Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders that cause abnormal thinking and perceptions. Two main symptoms are delusions ... Schizophrenia is one type of psychotic disorder. People with bipolar disorder may also have psychotic symptoms. Other problems ... Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders that cause abnormal thinking and perceptions. People with psychoses lose touch ... The primary NIH organization for research on Psychotic Disorders is the National Institute of Mental Health ...
But even severe psychotic disorders usually can be treated.. Types. There are different types of psychotic disorders, including ... What Is the Outlook for People With Psychotic Disorders?. The depends on the type of psychotic disorder and the person who has ... Learn more about shared psychotic disorder and how it develops.. Substance-induced psychotic disorder: This condition is caused ... that can help someone who has a psychotic disorder.. Most people with psychotic disorders are treated as outpatients, meaning ...
All about Psychotic Disorders. Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophreniform Disorder, Delusional Disorder, Brief ... Delusional Disorder *Brief Psychotic Disorder *Shared Psychotic Disorder (Folie a Deux) *Psychotic Disorder Due to a General ... Schizophreniform Disorder. Schizoaffective disorder. Brief Psychotic Disorder. Shared psychotic disorder. Delusional Disorder. ... Psychotic disorder facts. * Psychotic disorders include schizophrenia and a number of lesser-known disorders. ...
Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders that cause abnormal thinking and perceptions. Two main symptoms are delusions ... Schizophrenia is one type of psychotic disorder. People with bipolar disorder may also have psychotic symptoms. Other problems ... Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders that cause abnormal thinking and perceptions. People with psychoses lose touch ... The primary NIH organization for research on Psychotic Disorders is the National Institute of Mental Health ...
... classifies brief psychotic disorder as belonging to the category of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. These ... disorders are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, motor behavior abnormalities (including ... The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), ... Predictors of remission, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder in adolescents with brief psychotic disorder or psychotic disorder ...
A large number of toxic or psychoactive substances can cause psychotic reactions. Such substance-induced psychosis can occur in ... Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder. A large number of toxic or psychoactive substances can cause psychotic reactions. Such ... C) The disturbance is not better accounted for by a Psychotic Disorder that is not substance induced. Evidence that the ... The following diagnostic criteria must be met before a diagnosis of Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder is warranted, ...
... and what you can do if you experience a psychotic episode. ... Psychotic disorders Mental health issues Personal story Learn ... There is some indication that psychosis is more likely if a close family member has been diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. ... you or someone you care about has been diagnosed with psychosis or a psychotic disorder ... Some anti-psychotic medications can have side effects. If any of these are troubling, its important to discuss this with your ...
Other Psychotic Disorders in Children & Adolescents related book titles and textbooks published by Routledge and CRC Press. ... What Mental Disorders Can Tell Us About Our Minds Edited By Valentina Cardella, Amelia Gangemi ... Psychopathology and Philosophy of Mind: What Mental Disorders Can Tell Us About Our Minds ...
Study: Cannabis Use Associated With Lower Mortality Risk In Patients With Psychotic Disorders. * by Paul Armentano, NORML ... Home,SCIENCE,Study: Cannabis Use Associated With Lower Mortality Risk In Patients With Psychotic Disorders ... To date the association between cannabis use and psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia is not well understood. While some ... Full text of the study, "Alcohol and cannabis use and mortality in people with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders," ...
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorder: DSM-5 Selections is crafted around a specific disorder cited in DSM-5. ... Chapter 1. DSM-5 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. *Chapter 2. DSM-5 Guidebook Selection: Schizophrenia ... Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. *Chapter 3. DSM-5 Clinical Cases: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders ... Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders DSM-5® Selections. American Psychiatric Association ...
However, older psychotic males had less slow-wave sleep than older psychotic females. On the other hand, female psychotic ... Sleep EEG Changes in Psychotic Disorders: Gender and Age Effects Subject Area: Neurology and Neuroscience , Psychiatry and ... sleep in inpatients with psychotic disorders. We investigated the effects of gender and age as well as gender-by-age ... Can Long-Term Outcomes Be Improved by Shortening the Duration of Untreated Illness in Psychiatric Disorders? A Conceptual ...
Value of clozapine in treatment of psychotic disorder in Parkinson disease]. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or ... Value of clozapine in treatment of psychotic disorder in Parkinson disease].. Encephale. 1996 Jan-Feb; 22(1):53-63.E ... Abbar M, Courtet P, Castelnau D. [Value of Clozapine in Treatment of Psychotic Disorder in Parkinson Disease]. Encephale. 1996 ... Abbar M, Courtet P, Castelnau D. [Value of clozapine in treatment of psychotic disorder in Parkinson disease]. Encephale. 1996; ...
Is Statin Use Safe in Individuals With Psychotic Disorders?. Luca Mascitelli, MD; Francesca Pezzetta, MD; and Mark R. Goldstein ... and other serious mentalillnesses have a mortality rate at least 2 times as high as thosewithout psychotic disorders, with the ... Baclofen, a French Exception, Seriously Harms Alcohol Use Disorder Patients Without Benefit To the Editor: Dr Andrades ... However,widespread use of statin drugs in individuals with psychoticdisorders may raise some concerns. ...
Information about the schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, assessment and guidelines for health professionals ... Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders are made up of disorders that include schizophrenia, other psychotic ... Schizotypal personality disorder. Assessment Tools. To decide whether a young person may be experiencing a psychotic disorder, ... Brief (or acute or transient) psychotic disorder (psychotic symptoms develop suddenly in response to major stress - lasts more ...
Here, we aim to explore DFC across a spectrum of symptomatically-related disorders including bipolar disorder with psychosis ( ... and psychotic bipolar disorder Hum Brain Mapp. 2017 May;38(5):2683-2708. doi: 10.1002/hbm.23553. Epub 2017 Mar 10. ... Here, we aim to explore DFC across a spectrum of symptomatically-related disorders including bipolar disorder with psychosis ( ... Keywords: bipolar disorder; dynamic functional connectivity; functional magnetic resonance imaging; independent component ...
Psychotic Spectrum Disorders: A Conversation with Jane Tillman, PhD, ABPP. "Psychotic" is a term that gets tossed around a lot ... What are Psychotic Spectrum Disorders?. May. 22, 2015. Austen Riggs Center clinician, Jane G. Tillman, PhD, ABPP answers the ... What are Psychotic Spectrum Disorders?. May. 22, 2015. Austen Riggs Center clinician, Jane G. Tillman, PhD, ABPP answers the ... What are Psychotic Spectrum Disorders?. May. 22, 2015. Austen Riggs Center clinician, Jane G. Tillman, PhD, ABPP answers the ...
Physician follow-up after a first diagnosis of psychotic disorder is crucial for improving treatment engagement. We examined ... Factors associated with timely physician follow-up after a first diagnosis of psychotic disorder. Share * ... Objective - Physician follow-up after a first diagnosis of psychotic disorder is crucial for improving treatment engagement. We ... Infertility and risk of autism spectrum disorder in children. Velez MP, Dayan N, Shellenberger J, Pudwell J, Kapoor D, Vigod SN ...
... psychotic disorder be treated by a mental health professional who is well versed in substance abuse and psychotic disorders. ... A mental health disorder cannot suddenly appear if there was not one to begin with. A mental health issue can be a predictor of ... If a person were to inhale large amounts of cocaine, psychotic symptoms would most likely present and in a matter of minutes. ... One main issue with treating this disorder is the difficulty experienced by withdrawal of the substance. At the same time, many ...
Medication-Induced Movement Disorders Psychotic disorders and schizophrenia are some of the most complicated and challenging ... The symptoms of psychotic disorders may appear quite vivid in some patients; with others, symptoms may be barely observable. ... Additionally, symptoms may overlap among disorders. For example, specific symptoms, such as neurocognitive ... Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders; Medication-Induced Movement Disorders. Psychotic disorders and schizophrenia are ...
Various factors can contribute to brief psychotic disorder, such as high stress, trauma, childbirth, and grief. ... Psychotic symptoms include severely disorganized or catatonic-type behavior, hallucinations, delusions, and incoherent speech ... Brief psychotic disorder is a sudden onset of at least one psychotic symptom lasting from one day to one month. ... Revised "What Causes Brief Psychotic Disorder," "Brief Psychotic Disorder Treatment Options," and "Can Brief Psychotic Disorder ...
... is a short-term disturbance that involves sudden onset of at least 1 positive psychotic symptom (e.g., delusions, ... Brief psychotic disorder (BPD) is a short-term disturbance that involves the sudden onset of at least 1 positive psychotic ... Brief psychotic disorder (BPD) is a short-term disturbance that involves sudden onset of at least 1 positive psychotic symptom ... a mood disorder with psychotic features, schizophrenia, or a general medical condition (e.g., seizure disorder, syphilis, ...
... in patients with severe and mostly multiphase schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective disorders with psychotic features ... it proved to be more effective in terms of service disengagement and other outcomes in patients with psychotic disorders over ... it proved to be more effective in terms of service disengagement and other outcomes in patients with psychotic disorders over ... Many patients with severe mental disorders experience involuntary admissions which can be potentially traumatic. In this study ...
schizoaffective disorder. - Schizophrenic symptoms overlap with Major Depressive or Manic episode. --so psychotic symptoms must ... Abnormal Psychology Chapter 13 Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic Disorders. Published by admin on ... Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatments Abnormal behavior (definition, factors, examples of cultural-specific disorders) ... Dissociative disorder A disorder characterized by disruption, or dissociation, of identity, memory, or consciousness ...
Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among people with psychosis and may play a role in the aetiology of psychotic disorders. ... Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among people with psychosis and may play a role in the aetiology of psychotic disorders. ... The association between vitamin D and symptom domains in psychotic disorders: A systematic review.. Sep 13, 2021 ... in people with a psychotic disorder.. 1040 articles were identified, of which 29 were eligible for inclusion: 26 observational ...
Frontal lobe meningioma presenting with schizophrenia-like symptoms: an organic cause of psychotic disorder ... Frontal lobe meningioma presenting with schizophrenia-like symptoms: an organic cause of psychotic disorder ... The psychotic symptoms of the patient were completely resolved after surgery. The histological diagnosis was meningioma. This ... Patients presenting with psychotic symptoms may be misdiagnosed with schizophrenia, when a tumour is present, allowing the ...
adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, hallucinations, mania, psychotic ... Hallucinations and Other Psychotic Symptoms Associated With the Use of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Drugs in ... Hallucinations and Other Psychotic Symptoms Associated With the Use of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Drugs in ... The US Food and Drug Administration requested manufacturers of drugs approved for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or ...
Treatment for Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders. Learning Objectives. *Discuss the use of antipsychotic medications ... Social skills training (SST) builds on the observation that patients with psychotic disorders tend to show impaired social ... The first line of treatment for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders is the use of antipsychotic medications. ... Describe the process and effectiveness of psychotherapies used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders ...
behavior on the ward, chronically psychotic inpatients, forensic psychiatry, personality-disordered inpatients ... To gain insight into the behavior of a group of personality-disordered patients and a group of chronically psychotic patients ... Behavior on the ward of personality-disordered inpatients and chronically psychotic inpatients during a three-year stay in a ... Behavior on the ward of personality-disordered inpatients and chronically psychotic inpatients during a three-year stay in a ...
This suggests that services for patients with psychotic disorders should be designed to give them a greater role in decision ... The current study examined the extent of reported shared decision making among patients with a psychotic disorder in mental ... Shared decision making might play a key role in mental health care, ensuring that patients with psychotic disorders are ... This study included 305 participants with a psychotic disorder from 39 clinical inpatient and outpatient sites across Norway. ...
  • There are three forms of brief psychotic disorder: Brief psychotic disorder with a marked stressor (a.k.a. brief reactive psychosis): if brief psychotic disorder symptoms occur in following personal events (single or multiple) that would be expected to cause significant stress to an average individual. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brief reactive psychosis (designated since the DSM IV-TR as "brief psychotic disorder with marked stressor(s), BRP"), is the psychiatric term for psychosis which can be triggered by an extremely stressful event in the life of an individual and eventually yielding to a return to normal functioning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Psychotic disorders are a collection of disorders in which psychosis predominates the symptom complex. (health.am)
  • We explain what psychosis is and its possible causes, the symptoms of psychosis, the different types of psychosis, and what you can do if you experience a psychotic episode. (reachout.com)
  • Psychosis can be associated with other problems, such as drug addiction, bipolar disorder or severe depression. (reachout.com)
  • There is some indication that psychosis is more likely if a close family member has been diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. (reachout.com)
  • To start, psychosis represents a spectrum of disorders with many different etiologies or origins. (austenriggs.org)
  • Brief psychotic disorder is a thought disorder that presents as an abrupt, abnormal appearance of psychosis . (choosingtherapy.com)
  • Psychotic breaks occur alongside other conditions, including substance-induced psychosis , physical health issues, or schizophrenia . (choosingtherapy.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among people with psychosis and may play a role in the aetiology of psychotic disorders. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The US Food and Drug Administration requested manufacturers of drugs approved for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or with active clinical development programs for that indication to search their electronic clinical trial databases for cases of psychosis or mania using prespecified search terms. (aap.org)
  • Independently, cases of psychosis or mania in children and adults for drugs used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System safety database were analyzed. (aap.org)
  • 5757 (55.2%) had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, 944 (9.1%) schizoaffective disorder, 1612 (15.5%) type I or type II bipolar disorder, 532 (5.1 %) psychotic depression, 1047 (10.0%) other psychosis and for 530 (5.1%) self-reported psychosis at recruitment could not be confirmed from register data. (utu.fi)
  • In the largest analysis to date of cognitive function in individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis, researchers found that cognitive impairments were greatest among those who went on to develop a psychotic disorder. (bbrfoundation.org)
  • Memory & attention problems precede psychosis onset in people with schizophrenia & other psychotic disorders. (bbrfoundation.org)
  • An authoritative new study finds that cognitive problems experienced by people with schizophrenia , such as problems with attention and memory, are present in the early stage of the disorder, before the onset of psychosis. (bbrfoundation.org)
  • Psychotic Disorders (Psychosis: e.g. (alvinpsyclinic.com.sg)
  • Schizophrenia spectrum disorders are mental health conditions that present with symptoms of psychosis or altered reality perception. (healthline.com)
  • It's categorized under "schizophrenia spectrum disorders and other psychotic disorders" due to its classic presentation with symptoms of psychosis . (healthline.com)
  • Schizoaffective disorder may share symptoms of psychosis with other schizophrenia spectrum disorders. (healthline.com)
  • Schizotypal disorder , also identified as schizotypal personality disorder, presents with some symptoms of psychosis but also involves the impaired social and interpersonal behavior patterns that mark personality disorders. (healthline.com)
  • Psychotic disorders specialists diagnose and treat conditions that cause severe mental symptoms and disconnection from reality, such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and substance-induced psychosis. (healthgrades.com)
  • [ 7 ] In an example of organic psychosis leading to shared psychotic disorder, the wife adopted her husband's delusions through folie impossée, a category of folie à deux that occurs when the secondary person is otherwise mentally sound. (medscape.com)
  • Psychosis refers to a severe mental disorder characterized by a loss of touch with reality. (com.ng)
  • Symptoms of psychosis can include hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking and speech, and abnormal behavior. (com.ng)
  • A psychosis disorder can result in feeling disoriented, hallucinating, and simply having difficulty in distinguishing what is actually real. (vanillamist.com)
  • Men reported to be less educated and have a longer duration of untreated psychosis , poorer childhood and early adolescent premorbid functioning, higher rates of substance abuse/dependence disorders, greater severity of baseline negative symptoms, and poorer baseline social/occupational functioning than women . (bvsalud.org)
  • Psychosis is a severe mental disorder which can be acute, transient, chronic or episodic, occurring as a primary disorder, such as schizophrenia, or as part of a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder, or secondary to conditions such as alcohol or drug abuse, medical illnesses (e.g. (who.int)
  • Learn more about the symptoms of schizoaffective disorder . (webmd.com)
  • Introduction to Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders- brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder-are characterized. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This value set contains concepts that represent a diagnosis of all types of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. (healthit.gov)
  • Includes only relevant concepts associated with identifying all types of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. (healthit.gov)
  • Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective disorders etc. are common types of psychotic disorders. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Approximately two-thirds of people initially diagnosed with schizophreniform disorder will eventually receive a schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder diagnosis. (healthline.com)
  • Brief psychotic disorder ⁠- according to the classifications of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 ⁠- is a psychotic condition involving the sudden onset of at least one psychotic symptom (such as disorganized thought/speech, delusions, hallucinations, or grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior) lasting 1 day to 1 month, often accompanied by emotional turmoil. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brief psychotic disorder is characterized by a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms, which may include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, or catatonic behavior. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main ones are hallucinations, delusions, and disordered forms of thinking. (webmd.com)
  • Schizophrenia is best understood as a group of disorders with similar clinical profiles, invariably including thought disturbances in a clear sensorium and often with characteristic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and deterioration in the general level of functioning. (health.am)
  • 1, 2 Psychotic symptoms include severely disorganized or catatonic-type behavior, hallucinations, delusions, and incoherent speech or thought. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • Brief psychotic disorder (BPD) is a short-term disturbance that involves sudden onset of at least 1 positive psychotic symptom (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior). (bmj.com)
  • The currently available treatments for schizophrenia leave much to be desired, and the search for more effective treatments for both the positive psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g., hallucinations and delusions) as well as cognitive deficits and negative symptoms is a highly active area of research. (lumenlearning.com)
  • These categories refer to symptoms that are typical of a schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic disorder (eg, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, catatonic behavior), that cause substantial social and occupational distress and impairment, but that do not meet the full criteria for any specific disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Symptoms of schizophrenia lasting fewer than 6 months may be schizophreniform disorder, a condition that can include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thoughts. (healthline.com)
  • This can lead to a range of symptoms including delusions (false beliefs), hallucinations, incoherent or nonsensical speech, and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation - collectively known as psychotic symptoms. (wainatural.com)
  • Though symptoms can look different for each person, most psychotic disorders are characterized by the experience of hallucinations, delusions, and other forms of losing touch with reality that seriously disrupt day-to-day life. (zencare.co)
  • Historical and clinical features that may suggest a diagnosis of schizophrenia or related disorders include the presence of characteristic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, negative symptoms, a chronic course, and impaired social or occupational functioning. (com.ng)
  • [ 5 ] As in the parent-child relationship, the occurrence of shared psychotic delusions among siblings is common due to the close ties. (medscape.com)
  • Delusional disorder The key symptom is having a delusion (a false, fixed belief) involving a real-life situation that could be true but isn't, such as being followed, being plotted against, or having a disease. (webmd.com)
  • This condition has symptoms similar to schizophrenia or a delusional disorder and is not formally recognized in the DSM V. . It starts late in life, when people are elderly and may be related to neurologic problems. (webmd.com)
  • Shared psychotic disorder, or folie à deux, is a rare delusional disorder shared by 2 or, occasionally, more people with close emotional ties. (medscape.com)
  • Find out more on schizophreniform disorder symptoms to look for . (webmd.com)
  • Schizophreniform disorder is another psychotic disorder where symptoms last for at least 1-6 months. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • People with histories of brief psychotic disorder may end up developing schizophreniform disorder over time. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • Schizophreniform Disorder: How Does It Differ from Schizophrenia? (healthline.com)
  • One short-duration schizophrenia spectrum disorder that falls in this category is schizophreniform disorder. (healthline.com)
  • What is schizophreniform disorder? (healthline.com)
  • Schizophreniform disorder is a recognized diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR) . (healthline.com)
  • The DSM-5-TR indicates that schizophreniform disorder has the same symptomatic presentation as schizophrenia but is limited to a timeframe of more than 1 month but fewer than 6 months. (healthline.com)
  • The symptoms of schizophreniform disorder are identical to the symptoms of schizophrenia in the DSM-5-TR. (healthline.com)
  • The DSM-5-TR states duration of symptoms is what differentiates schizophreniform disorder from schizophrenia . (healthline.com)
  • Schizophreniform disorder symptoms last no longer than 6 months, while schizophrenia is a lifelong condition. (healthline.com)
  • Unlike schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder does not require a marked decline in function for diagnosis. (healthline.com)
  • Unlike schizophreniform disorder and schizophrenia, negative symptoms are not listed as part of the possible diagnostic features of brief psychotic disorder. (healthline.com)
  • This selection provides a comprehensive overview of the process of diagnosing schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders while serving as a reference guide to assist in the diagnosis of individual patients. (appi.org)
  • Therefore, the presence of psychotic symptoms does not automatically indicate a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, and a comprehensive assessment over time is necessary. (headspace.org.au)
  • Objective - Physician follow-up after a first diagnosis of psychotic disorder is crucial for improving treatment engagement. (ices.on.ca)
  • There are several types of psychotic disorders, of which, Schizophrenia is one of them. (alvinpsyclinic.com.sg)
  • One theory suggests a genetic link, because the disorder is more common in people who have family members with mood disorders, such as depression or bipolar disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • People have symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder. (webmd.com)
  • The CannTeen Study: Cannabis use disorder, depression, anxiety, and psychotic-like symptoms in adolescent and adult cannabis users and age-matched controls. (drugsandalcohol.ie)
  • We measured Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD), Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Psychotomimetic States Inventory-adapted. (drugsandalcohol.ie)
  • There was no evidence of an amplified vulnerability to cannabis-related increases in subclinical depression, anxiety or psychotic-like symptoms in adolescence. (drugsandalcohol.ie)
  • Differential impact of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders on treatment outcome for psychotic depression in the STOP-PD study. (umassmed.edu)
  • Depression and anxiety can co-exist with a psychotic disorder. (alvinpsyclinic.com.sg)
  • Universal screening measures, such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), screen for depression and anxiety but do not detect psychotic disorders. (ogmagazine.org.au)
  • Historical and clinical features that may suggest an affective disorder with psychotic features include a history of mood swings or depression, the presence of other affective symptoms (e.g., anxiety, guilt), a history of suicide attempts, and a family history of mood disorders. (com.ng)
  • One of the main mental disorders that can be incurred by the abuse of drugs is depression. (vanillamist.com)
  • Using marijuana during adolescence does not appear to increase the risk for later physical or mental health issues such as depression, psychotic symptoms or asthma, according to a new study, which flies in the face of some prior research. (medscape.com)
  • Mental disorders include common conditions such as depression and anxiety, those due to abuse of alcohol and other substances, and also severe and disabling disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. (who.int)
  • Surveys among people affected by conflicts have found prevalence rates of 17% and 15% for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, respectively, figures that are substantially higher than average prevalence rates in general populations. (who.int)
  • For example, people with schizophrenia and major depression have an overall increased risk of mortality 1.6 and 1.4 times, respectively, greater than that of the general population because of physical health problems (such as cancer, diabetes, and HIV infection as well as the serious consequences such as suicide) associated with mental disorders. (who.int)
  • Among more specific 4-digit codes, visual artists, actors, and authors stood out with elevated genetic risks, highest for major depression (MD), anxiety disorders (AD) and OCD, more modest for bipolar disorders (BD) and schizophrenia and, for authors, for drug and alcohol use disorders. (lu.se)
  • People with this illness have a sudden, short period of psychotic behavior, often in response to a very stressful event, such as a death in the family. (webmd.com)
  • To gain insight into the behavior of a group of personality-disordered patients and a group of chronically psychotic patients during their stay in a Dutch forensic psychiatric hospital, data on these patients were collected biannually for seven years. (eur.nl)
  • In the personality-disordered patients, observed irritation/anger and aggressive behavior on the ward turned out to be positively related to psychopathy, the PCL-R lifestyle and antisocial facets, and the neuroticism domain. (eur.nl)
  • In the personality-disordered patients, relatively high scores on the antisocial facet of the PCL-R indicated an increase in prosocial behavior, whereas in the chronically psychotic patients no relationship was found between any PCL-R facet and behavior change. (eur.nl)
  • Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders are made up of disorders that include schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. (headspace.org.au)
  • Listed in the DSM-5-TR as a personality disorder , schizotypal disorder is also considered a part of the schizophrenia spectrum. (healthline.com)
  • Schizotypal personality disorder. (com.ng)
  • Some anti-psychotic medications can have side effects. (reachout.com)
  • It's an anti-anxiety medication rather than an anti-psychotic, so not a substitute for medication your healthcare provider may have prescribed for other mental health issues you're dealing with. (myhopeglobal.com)
  • BRP may be the first breakdown for someone with a chronic psychiatric disorder but only time will tell whether the disorder will be brief or lifelong, whether BRP or a chronic condition that is controlled well enough by medication that symptoms do not return. (wikipedia.org)
  • The use of cannabis is associated with lower mortality risk in patients with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, according to a forthcoming study to be published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research . (norml.org)
  • Full text of the study, "Alcohol and cannabis use and mortality in people with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders," will appear in the Journal of Psychiatric Research. (norml.org)
  • Can Long-Term Outcomes Be Improved by Shortening the Duration of Untreated Illness in Psychiatric Disorders? (karger.com)
  • The treating physician should be aware of organic possibilities and carefully search for atypical presentations of psychiatric disorders in their patients. (bmj.com)
  • To gain a better understanding of the capacity of psychostimulant medications to induce adverse psychiatric reactions and determine the frequency of such reactions, we analyzed postmarketing surveillance data and clinical trial data for drugs, either approved or under development, for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (aap.org)
  • Referral to specialist perinatal psychiatric services for assessment during (and preferably before) pregnancy should be considered for women with psychotic disorders. (ogmagazine.org.au)
  • Former reports about the psychiatric comorbidity generally included depressive disorder. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
  • When dealing with a psychotic disorder, it's important to seek psychiatric treatment. (zencare.co)
  • Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder that is believed to arise from a combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. (com.ng)
  • Is an elevated family-genetic risk for major psychiatric disorders specific to creative occupations? (lu.se)
  • Conclusions While traditional creative occupations were associated with elevated genetic risk for a range of psychiatric disorders, this association was not unique, as similar, or greater elevations were seen for religious, helping and teaching professions and was stronger for internalizing than psychotic disorders. (lu.se)
  • Postpartum BPD is probable when the onset of psychotic symptoms occurs within 4 weeks after giving birth. (bmj.com)
  • Overall, about 50% of people who develop a psychotic disorder will do so by the time they are in their early 20s. (headspace.org.au)
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder is the condition in which the patient has persistent and excessive worry regarding different things. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Social Anxiety Disorder or Social Phobia is a serious mental health condition. (selfgrowth.com)
  • OCD is a result of an anxiety disorder that a patient may have experienced earlier in their lives. (selfgrowth.com)
  • PTSD is also a result of a past anxiety disorder. (selfgrowth.com)
  • However, the disorder of anxiety is far more debilitating, and the episodes experienced are often prolonged and can incur in a series of unmanageable bursts. (vanillamist.com)
  • The mental health outcomes included anxiety and mood and psychotic disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Brief psychotic disorder with postpartum onset: if onset of brief psychotic disorder symptoms is during pregnancy or within 4 weeks after birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • The disturbance is not better accounted for by another psychotic disorder (eg, schizophrenia) or a mood disorder with psychotic features and is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (eg, drug abuse, medication) or a general medical condition. (medscape.com)
  • Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders that cause abnormal thinking and perceptions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), classifies brief psychotic disorder as belonging to the category of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. (medscape.com)
  • The disorder-specific resource is an invaluable addition to the DSM-5 collection and an important contribution to the mental health profession. (appi.org)
  • A mental health disorder cannot suddenly appear if there was not one to begin with. (cottonwooddetucson.com)
  • It is important that individuals with substance induced psychotic disorder be treated by a mental health professional who is well versed in substance abuse and psychotic disorders. (cottonwooddetucson.com)
  • Many patients with severe mental disorders experience involuntary admissions which can be potentially traumatic. (frontiersin.org)
  • The treatment of patients with the most severe forms of mental disorders, such as psychotic disorders ( 1 , 2 ), is still demanding. (frontiersin.org)
  • The current study examined the extent of reported shared decision making among patients with a psychotic disorder in mental health care and factors associated with shared decision making. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Shared decision making might play a key role in mental health care, ensuring that patients with psychotic disorders are satisfied with the services provided. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sometimes prior to experiencing these symptoms, the person might be having "At-Risk Mental State (ARMS)" which puts the person at a higher risk of developing a psychotic disorder later in life. (alvinpsyclinic.com.sg)
  • Because of such reasons, people suffering from psychological disorders and mental health issues battle alone. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Here are some of the most common mental health issues and disorders that can become chronic if left untreated. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Eating disorder is a mental illness that causes irregular eating habits . (selfgrowth.com)
  • Psychotic disorders are another common mental illness. (selfgrowth.com)
  • PD is a mental disorder in which the patient experiences panic episodes out of the blue. (selfgrowth.com)
  • It isn't just shyness that most people think of, rather it's a complex mental disorder that makes it difficult for the patient to socialize. (selfgrowth.com)
  • While risk factors such as genetic vulnerability are unlikely to be modifiable, obstetric care and complications are a potential target for the future prevention of severe mental disorders. (ogmagazine.org.au)
  • As psychotic disorders are low prevalence but have potential implications for pregnancy, it is recommended that enquiry into past and current mental disorders becomes part of the routine antenatal assessment. (ogmagazine.org.au)
  • Has anyone in your family had mental health problems, including schizophrenia or bipolar disorder? (ogmagazine.org.au)
  • One key feature of schizophrenia and other mental disorders is a deficit in a process known as sensorimotor gating . (wainatural.com)
  • There is also recent evidence that some mental disorders, like schizophrenia, may be due in part to inflammation in the brain[Pistanti2017]. (wainatural.com)
  • CBD can help with symptoms of other mental disorders as well - not just schizophrenia. (wainatural.com)
  • In summary, CBD shows effectiveness at reducing sensorimotor deficits, behavioral abnormalities, and neural changes associated with certain mental disorders. (wainatural.com)
  • Psychotic disorders are a category of mental health conditions that contains several specific disorders, such as schizophrenia. (zencare.co)
  • This article aimed to collect data about the work of psychologists in the rehabilitation of individuals diagnosed with psychotic disorders in the Community Mental Health Services (known as CAPS) of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
  • Suicide is an extreme but not uncommon outcome for people with untreated mental disorders. (who.int)
  • In addition to these mental health problems, WHO has also identified as a priority epilepsy and dementia, which are neurological conditions that share common aspects with mental disorders in terms of provision of services. (who.int)
  • Untreated mental disorders exact a high toll, accounting for 13% of the total global burden of disease. (who.int)
  • When only the disability component is taken into consideration in the calculation of the burden of disease, mental disorders account for 25.3% and 33.5% of all years lived with a disability in low- and middle-income countries, respectively. (who.int)
  • Social structures and existing formal and informal provisions for the care of persons with severe, pre-existing, mental disorders are disrupted. (who.int)
  • The gap between the need for treatment for mental disorders and its provision is wide all over the world. (who.int)
  • People with mental disorders have high mortality rates. (who.int)
  • During 2017-2019, 52.9 ED visits per 1,000 persons were related to a diagnosed mental health disorder (MHD) in the United States per year. (cdc.gov)
  • Brief psychotic disorder is a sudden onset of at least one psychotic symptom lasting from one day to one month. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • Brief psychotic disorder (BPD) is a short-term disturbance that involves the sudden onset of at least 1 positive psychotic symptom. (bmj.com)
  • The association between vitamin D and symptom domains in psychotic disorders: A systematic review. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • We conducted a systematic search of randomized trials and observational studies that assessed the relationship between vitamin D and symptom domains (positive and negative psychotic symptoms, total and general psychopathology, cognitive and depressive) in people with a psychotic disorder. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Racing thoughts are common during psychotic episodes, and individuals may move quickly from topic to topic. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • Compared to standard care, it proved to be more effective in terms of service disengagement and other outcomes in patients with psychotic disorders over 12, 24, and 48 months. (frontiersin.org)
  • The implementation of shared decision making remains limited for patients with psychotic disorders despite being recommended at policy level, being advocated as ethical right and wanted by the patient's. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This suggests that services for patients with psychotic disorders should be designed to give them a greater role in decision making. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia disorder is just under 1 in every 100 people (1). (headspace.org.au)
  • Psychotic disorders are rare before the age of 14 years, but there is a sharp increase in its prevalence between the ages of 15-17 years (4). (headspace.org.au)
  • In the general population, there is a median prevalence rate of approximately 5% and a median incidence rate of approximately 3%, and 75-90% of psychotic experiences are transitory and disappear with time (9). (headspace.org.au)
  • Statistics on the prevalence of brief psychotic disorder are limited. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • When symptoms are severe, people with psychotic disorders have trouble staying in touch with reality and often are unable to handle daily life. (webmd.com)
  • People with psychotic disorders experience changes in the way they interpret reality. (headspace.org.au)
  • Abbar M, Courtet P, Castelnau D. [Value of clozapine in treatment of psychotic disorder in Parkinson disease]. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Austen Riggs Center clinician, Jane G. Tillman, PhD, ABPP, talks about the treatment of psychotic spectrum disorders in the open setting at Riggs. (austenriggs.org)
  • In this long-term study, we were able to demonstrate a reduction in involuntary admissions in four treatment years compared to the 2 years prior to admission to the ACCESS model in patients with severe and mostly multiphase schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective disorders with psychotic features. (frontiersin.org)
  • The term bouffée délirante describes an acute non-affective and non-schizophrenic psychotic disorder, which is largely similar to DSM-III-R and DSM-IV brief psychotic and schizophreniform disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brief psychotic disorder may occur in response to a significant stressor in one's life, or in other situations where a stressor is not apparent, including in the weeks following birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brief psychotic disorder without a marked stressor: if brief psychotic disorder symptoms do not occur in following personal events (single or multiple) that would be expected to cause significant stress to an average individual. (wikipedia.org)
  • The exact cause of brief psychotic disorder is not known. (wikipedia.org)
  • These factors may create a vulnerability to develop brief psychotic disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Get more information about the different forms of brief psychotic disorder . (webmd.com)
  • Brief psychotic disorder is currently classified with schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms of brief psychotic disorder must be distinguished from culturally sanctioned response patterns that may resemble such symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • Specific laboratory studies for brief psychotic disorder do not exist. (medscape.com)
  • Individuals can have more than one brief psychotic experience, but their symptoms last no longer than one month and are unrelated to other diagnoses. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • The main difference between brief psychotic disorder and schizophrenia is the timeframe of symptoms. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • A brief psychotic disorder lasts between 1-30 days. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • That said, people with histories of brief psychotic disorder may end up having a schizophrenia presentation or meeting the criteria for another disorder. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • Brief psychotic disorder, as mentioned, lasts from 1-30 days. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • 2,5,6,7 Psychotic breaks may not be as abrupt as brief psychotic disorder, and individuals may have worsening symptoms lasting more than one month. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • How Common Is Brief Psychotic Disorder? (choosingtherapy.com)
  • Brief psychotic disorder symptoms last less than one month but can be severe, concerning, and confusing. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • In other cases, childbirth or pregnancy-related complications can contribute to a brief psychotic disorder. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • This type of brief psychotic disorder occurs without a precursory stressor. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • Brief psychotic disorder is a break from reality. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • Schizophrenia spectrum disorder symptoms that occur for fewer than 1 month may be diagnosed as brief psychotic disorder under DSM-5-TR criteria. (healthline.com)
  • Schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses make up about two-thirds of all psychotic disorders. (headspace.org.au)
  • Some significant episodes of psychotic symptoms do not fulfill criteria for other diagnoses in the schizophrenia spectrum. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Since it's established that the prominent symptoms are psychotic, our most likely and differential diagnoses will come from the Schizophrenia and Related Disorders chapter. (wickedknights.org)
  • Diagnoses of DEMENTIA and AMNESTIC DISORDER are subsumed here. (bvsalud.org)
  • These categories sometimes apply early in a schizophrenia spectrum disorder before it has fully manifested. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatments While there's no proven cure yet for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), treating ASD early, using school-based programs, and getting proper medical care can greatly reduce ASD symptoms and increase your child's ability to grow and learn new skills. (myhopeglobal.com)
  • Other times, individuals report a known or possible stressor leading to psychotic symptoms. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • Finally, people may overdose on recreational drugs they commonly use (such as cocaine), or become dependent on drugs or alcohol and experience psychotic symptoms while in withdrawal from those substances. (mentalhelp.net)
  • As a male alcohol abuser or alcoholic, you are 8 times more likely to experience psychotic episodes. (vanillamist.com)
  • Emergency room (ER) visits and subsequent hospitalization for schizophrenia is common, especially for first psychotic episodes. (lumenlearning.com)
  • These disorders cause abnormal thinking and perceptions in patients. (selfgrowth.com)
  • This particular mood disorder is evident in around one third of alcohol and/or drug users nationwide. (vanillamist.com)
  • Sex Differences in Clinical and Functional Outcomes among Patients Treated in an Early Intervention Service for Psychotic Disorders: An Observational Study. (bvsalud.org)
  • It has been shown that men with a longstanding psychotic disorder have worse clinical and functional outcomes than women . (bvsalud.org)
  • Our results suggest that FOCUS can be deployed to treat moderate to severe depressive symptoms among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, in concert with antidepressant medications or without them, in both people with and without active psychotic symptoms. (jmir.org)
  • Major depressive disorder with psychotic features. (com.ng)
  • Unipolar depressive disorder is the third leading cause of disease burden, accounting for 4.3% of the global burden of disease. (who.int)
  • The study, published November 2 in the journal JAMA Psychiatry , is the largest analysis to date of cognitive function in individuals who, because they have experienced certain disruptions in their thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions, are considered at high-risk for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. (bbrfoundation.org)
  • The aim of this study was to examine gender-related differences in electroen-cephalographic (EEG) sleep in inpatients with psychotic disorders. (karger.com)
  • To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to examine the risk of mortality with cannabis and alcohol in people with PD (psychotic disorders). (norml.org)
  • It's the reason that a psychotic disorder can manifest itself, particularly in people who use and abuse alcohol and other drugs like cocaine, weed, and LSD. (vanillamist.com)
  • Alcohol has been proven to profoundly increase the risk of psychotic disorder. (vanillamist.com)
  • Schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders (especially with comorbid substance use disorders) are associated with one of the highest risks of involuntary hospitalization for patients ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, patients with schizophrenia spectrum or bipolar disorders often experience other forms of coercive treatment, such as seclusion, mechanical restraint, or coercive medication, or more subtle forms, such as informal coercion ( 7 - 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Environmental toxins reported to induce psychotic symptoms include anticholinesterase, organophosphate insecticides, nerve gases, carbon monoxide (car exhaust), carbon dioxide, and volatile substances such as fuel or paint. (mentalhelp.net)
  • The name of that illness is borderline personality disorder. (norml.org)
  • Compare the effects of common variants, rare variants and copy number variations (CNVs) on severity of psychotic illness. (utu.fi)
  • People can be psychotic for all kinds of reasons, in the wake of substance abuse - with hallucinogens, for example- or because of schizophrenia. (austenriggs.org)
  • Dr. Hussaini has extensive experience in Psychotic Disorders and Addiction & Substance Abuse. (healthgrades.com)