Prisoners
Gulf War
Game Theory
Prisoners of War
War Crimes
Korean War
Persian Gulf Syndrome
American Civil War
Tattooing
Military Medicine
Torture
Forensic Psychiatry
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Cooperative Behavior
Iraq
Aspirations (Psychology)
Human Rights
Crime
Social Determinants of Health
Mandatory Testing
Altruism
Holocaust
Criminal Law
Punishment
Mental Disorders
National Socialism
World War II
Games, Experimental
New South Wales
Prevalence
Buddhism
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Lebanon
Yugoslavia
Chemical Warfare
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
Methadone
Spanish-American War, 1898
Harm Reduction
Ethics, Medical
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Queensland
HIV Infections
Mentally Ill Persons
Afghan Campaign 2001-
Risk Factors
England
Vulnerable Populations
Biological Evolution
I apologize for any confusion, but "prisoners" is not a medical term. It generally refers to individuals who are deprived of their personal freedom and are being held in a prison or jail as a result of being convicted of a crime or while awaiting trial. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I would be happy to help!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "war" is not a medical term. It refers to a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or between political or social groups, usually with large-scale violence and loss of life. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them.
"Gulf War" is not a medical term per se, but it does refer to a specific historical conflict with significant medical and health implications. Officially known as the Persian Gulf War, it was a war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait. The war lasted from August 1990 to February 1991.
Medically, the term "Gulf War veterans" or "Gulf War illness" is used to describe a range of chronic symptoms and health conditions reported by veterans of this conflict. These symptoms can include fatigue, headaches, memory and concentration problems, muscle and joint pain, neurological issues, and other unexplained medical disorders. The exact cause of these conditions is still a subject of ongoing research and debate, with possible factors including exposure to depleted uranium, pesticides, nerve agents, and other chemical compounds during the war.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Game Theory" is not a medical term. It is actually a mathematical model of strategic interaction, which is commonly used in economics, political science, and psychology. Game theory analyzes how people or entities make decisions when their outcomes depend on the actions of others, and how they can use this knowledge to achieve better results.
In medicine, the term "game" might be used informally to describe various types of simulations or training exercises, but it does not have a specific medical definition related to game theory.
"Prisoners of War (POWs)" are individuals who have been captured or detained by a belligerent power during an armed conflict, either international or non-international, and are held in custody until the end of active hostilities. They are protected by specific rights and protections under International Humanitarian Law, particularly the Third Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. These rules cover their treatment, living conditions, and eventual release or repatriation at the end of the conflict.
I am not a medical professional, but I can tell you that the term "war crimes" is a legal concept and does not fall under the category of medical definitions. War crimes are serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in armed conflicts. They include acts such as deliberate attacks on civilians or civilian infrastructure, torture, hostage-taking, and the use of weapons that cause unnecessary suffering or superfluous injury.
If you have any questions related to medical definitions or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer them!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Korean War" is a historical event rather than a medical term or condition. It refers to the conflict that took place from 1950 to 1953 between North Korea (supported by China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (supported by the United Nations, with the United States as the principal force). The war resulted in significant casualties and had global political implications. If you have any questions related to medical definitions or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Persian Gulf Syndrome" is not a widely recognized or officially defined medical condition. The term has been used informally to describe various nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive problems, and muscle pain reported by some military personnel who served in the Persian Gulf region. However, these symptoms are common and can be caused by many different factors, so it's not clear that they are related to service in the Persian Gulf.
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) recognizes "Persian Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses" as a category of unexplained illnesses that some veterans of the 1990-1991 Gulf War experience. This includes conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and functional gastrointestinal disorders, among others. But it's important to note that these are recognized diseases with specific diagnostic criteria, not a single syndrome.
If you or someone else is experiencing persistent health issues that may be related to military service, it's recommended to consult with a healthcare provider. They can provide a thorough evaluation and help determine if the symptoms are related to service or some other cause.
The American Civil War (1861-1865) was a significant military conflict in the United States, primarily fought over the issue of slavery and its expansion into the western territories. The war was waged between the Northern states (known as the Union) and the Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed their own government, known as the Confederacy.
The Union, led by President Abraham Lincoln, was committed to preserving the country's unity and ending slavery, while the Confederacy, led by President Jefferson Davis, aimed to preserve its agrarian-based economy, social system, and states' rights, including the right to own slaves.
The war resulted in a Union victory, the abolition of slavery with the 13th Amendment, and the reunification of the country. However, it also left deep scars on the nation, causing significant loss of life, property damage, and social unrest that would take decades to heal.
The Iraq War (2003-2011) is not a medical term or concept. It refers to a military intervention and subsequent occupation of Iraq by the United States and its allies, which began on March 20, 2003, with the invasion of Iraq by U.S.-led forces. The stated reasons for the invasion included the presence of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq, which were never found, and the alleged links between the government of Saddam Hussein and terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda, which were also not substantiated.
However, it is worth noting that the Iraq War had significant medical and public health consequences for both the Iraqi population and U.S. military personnel. The conflict resulted in widespread destruction of infrastructure, displacement of civilians, and a breakdown of healthcare services, leading to increased rates of infectious diseases, malnutrition, and mental health disorders among Iraqis. Additionally, U.S. soldiers were exposed to various health hazards during their deployment, including traumatic brain injuries, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and exposure to toxic substances such as burn pits.
Therefore, while the term "Iraq War, 2003-2011" is not a medical definition, it does have important implications for medical research, practice, and policy related to military conflicts and their health impacts.
Tattooing is defined medically as the process of inserting pigment into the skin's dermis layer to change its color. This procedure creates a permanent design or image. The equipment used for tattooing includes an electrically powered tattoo machine, needles, and ink. Tattooing can carry potential risks such as infection, allergic reactions, and scarring. It is essential to ensure that all tattooing procedures are performed under sterile conditions and by a licensed professional to minimize these risks.
"Military medicine" is a specific branch of medical practice that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and injuries in military populations. It encompasses the provision of healthcare services to military personnel, both in peacetime and during times of conflict or emergency situations. This may include providing care in combat zones, managing mass casualties, delivering preventive medicine programs, conducting medical research, and providing medical support during peacekeeping missions and humanitarian assistance efforts. Military medicine also places a strong emphasis on the development and use of specialized equipment, techniques, and protocols to ensure the best possible medical care for military personnel in challenging environments.
Torture is not typically defined in medical terms, but it is recognized as a severe violation of human rights by the World Medical Association (WMA), the United Nations (UN), and other international bodies. The UN defines torture as:
"any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions."
The WMA's Declaration of Tokyo states that "physicians shall not countenance, condone or participate in the practice of torture or other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" and defines torture as "the deliberate, systematic or wanton infliction of physical or mental suffering by one or more persons acting alone or on behalf of others."
Medical professionals play a critical role in identifying, documenting, and reporting torture, as well as providing care and support to survivors.
Forensic psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry that intersects with the law. It involves providing psychiatric expertise to legal systems and institutions. Forensic psychiatrists conduct evaluations, provide treatment, and offer expert testimony in criminal, civil, and legislative matters. They assess issues such as competency to stand trial, insanity, risk assessment, and testamentary capacity. Additionally, they may be involved in the treatment of offenders in correctional settings and providing consultation on mental health policies and laws. Forensic psychiatry requires a thorough understanding of both psychiatric and legal principles, as well as the ability to communicate complex psychiatric concepts to legal professionals and laypersons alike.
Bosnia-Herzegovina is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southeastern Europe, bordered by Croatia to the north and west, Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the south. The country has a population of approximately 3.5 million people and is known for its rich history, diverse culture, and natural beauty.
Bosnia-Herzegovina is made up of two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska, as well as the Brčko District, which is a self-governing administrative unit. The country has a complex political system with a three-member presidency, consisting of one member from each of the three main ethnic groups: Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs.
Bosnia-Herzegovina has faced significant challenges since the end of the Bosnian War in 1995, including political instability, economic underdevelopment, and high levels of corruption. Despite these challenges, the country is working towards greater integration with European institutions and has made progress in areas such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure development.
A "Veteran" is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used to describe individuals who have served in the military. Specifically, in the United States, a veteran is defined as a person who has served in the armed forces of the country and was discharged or released under conditions other than dishonorable. This definition can include those who served in war time or peace time. The term "veteran" does not imply any specific medical condition or diagnosis. However, veterans may have unique health needs and challenges related to their military service, such as exposure to hazardous materials, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other physical and mental health conditions.
Cooperative behavior, in a medical or healthcare context, refers to the actions and attitudes displayed by individuals or groups working together to achieve a common goal related to health and well-being. This may involve patients following their healthcare providers' advice, healthcare professionals collaborating to diagnose and treat medical conditions, or communities coming together to promote healthy behaviors and environments. Cooperative behavior is essential for positive health outcomes, as it fosters trust, communication, and shared decision-making between patients and healthcare providers, and helps to ensure that everyone involved in the care process is working towards the same goal.
Concentration camps are facilities where large numbers of people, typically those belonging to specific demographic groups such as ethnic, political, or social, are detained or imprisoned in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions. These camps were originally used during the late 19th and early 20th centuries for military purposes, such as housing prisoners of war. However, they became infamous during World War II when Nazi Germany established a network of concentration camps to persecute and exterminate Jews, Romas, homosexuals, disabled individuals, political dissidents, and other marginalized groups.
The medical definition of concentration camps refers to the systematic deprivation of human rights, including access to adequate food, water, shelter, medical care, and hygiene facilities. The living conditions in these camps are often deplorable, leading to widespread disease, malnutrition, and death. Additionally, many detainees are subjected to forced labor, torture, and mass killings, making concentration camps a tool of political repression and genocide.
It is important to note that the term "concentration camp" should not be used lightly or casually, as it invokes a painful and tragic history of human rights abuses and atrocities. Any use of this term should be done with caution and respect for its historical significance.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Iraq" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Middle East. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "History, 20th Century" is a broad and complex topic that refers to the events, developments, and transformations that occurred throughout the world during the 1900s. It is not a medical term or concept. If you're interested in learning more about this historical period, I would recommend consulting a history textbook, reputable online resources, or speaking with a historian. They can provide detailed information about the political, social, economic, and cultural changes that took place during the 20th century.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Military Personnel" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals who serve in the military forces of a country, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Medical terms typically refer to specific conditions, diagnoses, treatments, or anatomical features related to healthcare. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Human Rights" is a social, political, and legal concept, rather than a medical one. Human rights are basic rights and freedoms to which all individuals are entitled, regardless of nationality, sex, ethnicity, religion, language, or any other status. They include civil and political rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and freedom of expression; as well as social, cultural and economic rights, like the right to participate in culture, the right to food, and the right to work and receive an education.
However, in the context of healthcare, human rights are crucial. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the right to medical care and the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. Healthcare providers have a responsibility to respect and protect their patients' human rights, ensuring that they receive care without discrimination, that their privacy is protected, and that they are involved in decisions regarding their healthcare.
Violations of human rights can significantly impact an individual's health and well-being, making the promotion and protection of human rights a critical public health issue.
I am not a medical professional, but I can tell you that the term "crime" is typically not used in a medical context. A crime is a violation of laws or regulations established by a government and enforced by its authorities. It's a legal concept, not a medical one. However, there are some overlaps between criminal behavior and mental health, as certain mental health conditions may increase the risk of criminal behavior. But it's essential to understand that having a mental health condition does not automatically make someone a criminal.
Combat disorders are a category of mental health conditions that can occur in military personnel as a result of their experiences during combat. These disorders can include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders, among others. Combat disorders may be caused by exposure to traumatic events, such as experiencing or witnessing combat, the threat of death or serious injury, or the loss of fellow soldiers. Symptoms can include flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, difficulty sleeping, irritability, and feelings of detachment or numbness. Treatment for combat disorders typically involves a combination of medication and therapy.
Social determinants of health (SDOH) refer to the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that have an impact on their health and quality of life. These factors include but are not limited to:
* Economic stability (e.g., poverty, employment, food security)
* Education access and quality
* Health care access and quality
* Neighborhood and built environment (e.g., housing, transportation, parks and recreation)
* Social and community context (e.g., discrimination, incarceration, social support)
SDOH are responsible for a significant portion of health inequities and can have a greater impact on health than genetic factors or individual behaviors. Addressing SDOH is critical to improving overall health and reducing disparities in health outcomes.
Mandatory testing refers to the practice of requiring individuals to undergo medical testing, typically for infectious diseases, as a condition for certain activities or privileges. This can include testing before starting a new job, entering school, receiving medical treatment, or participating in group activities. The purpose of mandatory testing is to protect public health by identifying and isolating infected individuals to prevent the spread of disease. It is important to note that mandatory testing must be implemented in accordance with legal and ethical guidelines to ensure individual rights and privacy are respected.
Altruism is a term used in the medical and psychological fields to describe selfless behavior that is done with the intention of benefiting another person, often at the expense or risk of the person performing the act. Altruistic behaviors can include a wide range of actions, from small acts of kindness to more significant sacrifices, such as donating an organ to save the life of someone else.
Altruism is often motivated by feelings of empathy and compassion for others, and it can have positive effects on both the giver and the recipient. Research has shown that engaging in altruistic behaviors can improve mental health and well-being, reduce stress, and even increase lifespan.
While altruism is often viewed as a positive trait, there is some debate among psychologists and philosophers about whether true altruism exists, or if all acts of kindness are ultimately motivated by self-interest. Nonetheless, the concept of altruism remains an important one in medicine and psychology, as it helps to explain why people sometimes act in ways that put others' needs before their own.
I must clarify that the term "Holocaust" is primarily used in a historical and cultural context, rather than in a medical one. It refers to the systematic state-sponsored persecution and genocide of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. This atrocity took place from 1941 to 1945 and is widely considered to be one of the darkest chapters in human history.
However, if you are looking for a medical term that may have some thematic or conceptual similarities to the Holocaust, you might consider "mass casualty incident" or "mass atrocity." These terms describe events where numerous individuals suffer serious injuries or fatalities due to intentional human actions or natural disasters.
Medical Definition:
Mass Casualty Incident (MCI): An event in which the number of injured or deceased victims exceeds the local resources available to respond effectively. MCIs can result from natural disasters, transportation accidents, or intentional acts such as terrorist attacks.
Mass Atrocity: A large-scale and deliberate act of violence committed against a civilian population, often involving multiple incidents of murder, torture, forced displacement, or other forms of human rights abuses. The Holocaust is an example of a mass atrocity.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Croatia" is not a medical term or condition. It is a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe. If you have any questions about Croatian healthcare or medical practices, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you.
Criminal law is a system of laws that governs criminal behavior and prescribes punishment for offenses. It defines conduct that is considered illegal and punishable by the state or federal government, and outlines the process for investigating, charging, and trying individuals accused of committing crimes. Criminal laws are designed to protect society from harm and maintain social order.
Crimes can be classified as either misdemeanors or felonies, depending on their severity. Misdemeanors are less serious offenses that are typically punishable by fines, community service, or short jail sentences. Felonies, on the other hand, are more serious crimes that can result in significant prison time and even the death penalty in some jurisdictions.
Examples of criminal offenses include murder, manslaughter, robbery, burglary, theft, assault, battery, sexual assault, fraud, and drug trafficking. Criminal laws vary from state to state and country to country, so it is important to consult with a qualified attorney if you are facing criminal charges.
"History, 19th Century" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to the historical events, developments, and figures related to the 1800s in various fields, including politics, culture, science, and technology. However, if you are looking for medical advancements during the 19th century, here's a brief overview:
The 19th century was a period of significant progress in medicine, with numerous discoveries and innovations that shaped modern medical practices. Some notable developments include:
1. Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine (1796): Although not strictly within the 19th century, Jenner's discovery laid the foundation for vaccination as a preventive measure against infectious diseases.
2. Germ theory of disease: The work of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and others established that many diseases were caused by microorganisms, leading to the development of antiseptic practices and vaccines.
3. Anesthesia: In 1842, Crawford Long first used ether as an anesthetic during surgery, followed by the introduction of chloroform in 1847 by James Simpson.
4. Antisepsis and asepsis: Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic practices in surgery, significantly reducing postoperative infections. Later, the concept of asepsis (sterilization) was developed to prevent contamination during surgical procedures.
5. Microbiology: The development of techniques for culturing and staining bacteria allowed for better understanding and identification of pathogens.
6. Physiology: Claude Bernard's work on the regulation of internal body functions, or homeostasis, contributed significantly to our understanding of human physiology.
7. Neurology: Jean-Martin Charcot made significant contributions to the study of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
8. Psychiatry: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, a new approach to understanding mental illnesses.
9. Public health: The 19th century saw the establishment of public health organizations and initiatives aimed at improving sanitation, water quality, and vaccination programs.
10. Medical education reforms: The Flexner Report in 1910 led to significant improvements in medical education standards and practices.
In medical terms, "punishment" is a consequence or intervention that is intended to decrease the likelihood of an undesirable behavior occurring again in the future. It is often used in the context of behavioral therapy and modification, particularly for addressing maladaptive behaviors in individuals with developmental disorders, mental health conditions, or substance use disorders.
Punishment can take various forms, such as response cost (removal of a positive reinforcer), time-out (removal of access to reinforcement), or aversive stimuli (presentation of an unpleasant stimulus). However, it is important to note that punishment should be used judiciously and ethically, with careful consideration given to the potential negative consequences such as avoidance, escape, or aggression. Additionally, positive reinforcement (rewarding desirable behaviors) is generally considered a more effective and sustainable approach to behavior change than punishment alone.
A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.
A criminal is an individual who has been found guilty of committing a crime or offense, as defined by law. Crimes can range from minor infractions to serious felonies and can include acts such as theft, fraud, assault, homicide, and many others. The legal system determines whether someone is a criminal through a formal process that includes investigation, arrest, charging, trial, and sentencing. It's important to note that being accused of a crime does not automatically make someone a criminal; they are only considered a criminal after they have been found guilty in a court of law.
National Socialism, also known as Nazism, is not a medical term. It is a political ideology that originated in Germany in the early 20th century and was associated with the Nazi Party and its leader, Adolf Hitler. The ideology was characterized by extreme nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism, and totalitarianism.
While National Socialism is not a medical term, it has had significant impacts on the history of medicine, particularly during World War II when the Nazi regime implemented policies that led to the systematic persecution and murder of millions of people, including six million Jews in the Holocaust. The Nazi regime also conducted unethical medical experiments on prisoners in concentration camps, which have been widely condemned.
Therefore, while National Socialism is not a medical term, it is important for medical professionals to be aware of its historical context and the ways in which political ideologies can impact medical ethics and practice.
I must clarify that there is no medical definition for "World War II." World War II (1939-1945) was a major global conflict involving many of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was marked by significant events, such as the Holocaust, and had profound social, economic, and political consequences. The medical field did play a crucial role during this time, with advancements in battlefield medicine, military medicine, and the treatment of injuries and diseases on a large scale. However, there is no specific medical definition or concept associated with World War II itself.
I could not find a specific medical definition for "Experimental Games" as it is not a term commonly used in the medical field. However, I can provide some context that might help you understand the possible relationship between experimental games and medicine.
Experimental games generally refer to games designed specifically to explore, test, or validate certain concepts, hypotheses, or theories. These games often involve novel mechanics, rules, or systems that are intended to create unique experiences, engage players in specific ways, or teach particular skills or knowledge.
In the context of medicine and healthcare, experimental games might be used for various purposes, such as:
1. Medical education and training: Experimental games can help medical professionals learn new skills, understand complex concepts, or practice decision-making in a safe, controlled environment. These games could simulate various medical scenarios, allowing players to develop their expertise and improve patient outcomes.
2. Therapeutic interventions: Experimental games might be used as a form of therapy for patients with physical, cognitive, or emotional challenges. By engaging patients in gameplay that targets specific areas of need, these games can help improve various aspects of health and well-being. For example, therapeutic gaming applications have been developed to assist with rehabilitation, pain management, stress reduction, and mental health conditions like anxiety and depression.
3. Research: Experimental games could be used in medical research to investigate various aspects of human behavior, cognition, or physiology. By observing how players interact with the game and its mechanics, researchers can gain insights into factors that influence health, decision-making, or treatment outcomes.
In summary, while "Experimental Games" is not a standard medical term, it generally refers to games designed to explore, test, or validate specific concepts, hypotheses, or theories. In the context of medicine and healthcare, experimental games might be used for medical education, therapeutic interventions, or research purposes.
Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New South Wales" is not a medical term. It's actually the name of the largest state in Australia, known for its diverse landscapes and wildlife. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I'd be happy to help with those!
Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.
Buddhism is a spiritual and philosophical tradition that developed in ancient India based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is also known as the Buddha or "the awakened one." The goal of Buddhism is to achieve enlightenment, which is a state of being free from suffering and the cycle of rebirth. This is accomplished through following the Eightfold Path, which includes ethical conduct, mental discipline, and wisdom.
Buddhism does not have a belief in a personal god or deity, but rather teaches that individuals can achieve enlightenment through their own efforts and understanding of the nature of reality. The teachings of Buddhism include the Four Noble Truths, which describe the nature and causes of suffering and the path to its cessation.
There are many different schools and traditions of Buddhism, including Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana, each with their own interpretations and practices. Despite these differences, all forms of Buddhism share a common emphasis on ethical conduct, mental discipline, and the pursuit of wisdom.
The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is the official name of North Korea. It is a country located in East Asia, in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. The DPRK is a single-party socialist state, governed by the Kim dynasty since its establishment in 1948.
The government of the DPRK is based on the Juche ideology, which emphasizes self-reliance and independence in all aspects of national life. The country has a centrally planned economy, with a significant emphasis on heavy industry, military production, and agriculture.
The DPRK's human rights record is a subject of international concern, with widespread reports of political repression, censorship, and restrictions on freedom of movement, expression, and religion. The country is also known for its development and testing of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles, which has led to international sanctions and tensions with neighboring countries and the global community.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lebanon" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in the Middle East, known officially as the Lebanese Republic. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, please provide them, and I would be happy to help.
Human experimentation is a branch of medical research that involves conducting experiments on human subjects. According to the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki, which sets ethical standards for medical research involving human subjects, human experimentation is defined as "systematic study designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge."
Human experimentation can take many forms, including clinical trials of new drugs or medical devices, observational studies, and interventional studies. In all cases, the principles of informed consent, risk minimization, and respect for the autonomy and dignity of the research subjects must be strictly adhered to.
Human experimentation has a controversial history, with many instances of unethical practices and abuse, such as the notorious Tuskegee syphilis study in which African American men were deliberately left untreated for syphilis without their informed consent. As a result, there are strict regulations and guidelines governing human experimentation to ensure that it is conducted ethically and with the utmost respect for the rights and welfare of research subjects.
Substance abuse, intravenous, refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances that are introduced directly into the bloodstream through injection, for non-medical purposes. This behavior can lead to a range of short- and long-term health consequences, including addiction, dependence, and an increased risk of infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C. Intravenous substance abuse often involves drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines, and is characterized by the repeated injection of these substances using needles and syringes. The practice can also have serious social consequences, including disrupted family relationships, lost productivity, and criminal behavior.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Yugoslavia" is not a medical term. It refers to a country in southeastern Europe that existed from 1929 to 2006. The country was originally named the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but it was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, it became a socialist federal republic. The country dissolved in the 1990s amidst political turmoil and ethnic conflict, leading to the formation of several independent countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia. I hope this clarifies things! If you have any other questions, please let me know.
Chemical warfare is the use of chemicals in military conflict to incapacitate, injure, or kill enemy personnel or destroy equipment and resources. It involves the employment of toxic gases, liquids, or solids that have harmful effects on humans, animals, or plants. Chemical weapons can cause a wide range of symptoms, from temporary discomfort to permanent disability or death, depending on the type and amount of chemical used, as well as the duration and route of exposure.
Chemical warfare agents are classified into several categories based on their primary effects:
1. Nerve agents: These chemicals inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Examples include sarin, tabun, soman, and VX. Exposure to nerve agents can cause symptoms such as muscle twitching, convulsions, respiratory failure, and death.
2. Blister agents: Also known as vesicants, these chemicals cause severe blistering and burns to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Mustard gas is a well-known example of a blister agent. Exposure can lead to temporary or permanent blindness, respiratory problems, and scarring.
3. Choking agents: These chemicals cause damage to the lungs and respiratory system by irritating and inflaming the airways. Phosgene and chlorine are examples of choking agents. Symptoms of exposure include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and potentially fatal lung edema.
4. Blood agents: These chemicals interfere with the body's ability to transport oxygen in the blood, leading to asphyxiation. Cyanide is a common example of a blood agent. Exposure can cause rapid heart rate, dizziness, headache, seizures, and death due to lack of oxygen.
5. Incapacitating agents: These chemicals are designed to temporarily disable or disorient enemy personnel without causing serious harm or death. Examples include riot control agents such as tear gas (CS) and pepper spray (OC). Exposure can cause symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, tears, and temporary blindness.
The use of chemical weapons in warfare is prohibited by several international treaties, including the Geneva Protocol and the Chemical Weapons Convention. Despite these bans, there have been numerous instances of their use throughout history, most notably during World War I and more recently in Syria's ongoing civil war.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, serious accident, war combat, rape, or violent personal assault. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), PTSD is characterized by the following symptoms, which must last for more than one month:
1. Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or intense psychological distress or reactivity to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Avoidance symptoms: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, including thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people.
3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: This includes negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world; distorted blame of self or others for causing the trauma; persistent negative emotional state; decreased interest in significant activities; and feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
4. Alterations in arousal and reactivity: This includes irritable behavior and angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance.
5. Duration of symptoms: The symptoms must last for more than one month.
6. Functional significance: The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
It is essential to note that PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by various physical and mental health problems, such as depression, substance abuse, memory problems, and other difficulties in cognition. Appropriate treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, can significantly improve the symptoms and overall quality of life for individuals with PTSD.
Methadone is a synthetic opioid agonist, often used as a substitute for heroin or other opiates in detoxification programs or as a long-term maintenance drug for opiate addiction. It works by changing how the brain and nervous system respond to pain signals. It also helps to suppress the withdrawal symptoms and cravings associated with opiate dependence.
Methadone is available in various forms, including tablets, oral solutions, and injectable solutions. It's typically prescribed and dispensed under strict medical supervision due to its potential for abuse and dependence.
In a medical context, methadone may also be used to treat moderate to severe pain that cannot be managed with other types of medication. However, its use in this context is more limited due to the risks associated with opioid therapy.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Spanish-American War, 1898" is not a medical definition. It refers to a historical event that took place in 1898 between Spain and the United States. This war was primarily fought over Cuba and the Philippines, which were then Spanish colonies. The United States emerged victorious from this conflict, leading to the acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines as territories. Please let me know if you have any questions about history or if you'd like me to clarify a medical term for you.
The Crimean War (1853-1856) was a military conflict between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain, and Sardinia. It took place in the Crimean Peninsula, present-day Ukraine, and was one of the first wars to be extensively covered by journalists, leading to significant public interest and scrutiny.
The causes of the war were complex and multifaceted, but a major point of contention was the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was then under Ottoman control. Russia, as the dominant Orthodox Christian power, sought greater influence over these communities, while France, as the dominant Catholic power, also had interests in the region.
The war began with a Russian attack on Ottoman forces in the Danube region, followed by an allied intervention to support the Ottomans. The most famous battle of the war was the Siege of Sevastopol, which lasted for 11 months and resulted in heavy casualties on both sides.
The war ended with the Treaty of Paris, which required Russia to give up its territorial claims in the region and to allow international access to the Black Sea. The conflict had significant consequences for all the parties involved, including the development of modern military tactics and the emergence of new diplomatic relationships in Europe.
"Harm reduction" is a public health strategy and philosophy that seeks to minimize the negative health, social, and economic consequences associated with various human behaviors, including the use of substances such as drugs and alcohol. The goal of harm reduction is not necessarily to eliminate these behaviors but rather to reduce the potential harm that can come from them.
Examples of harm reduction strategies include providing access to clean needles for people who inject drugs, in order to prevent the spread of bloodborne diseases like HIV and hepatitis C; offering supervised consumption sites where people can use drugs under medical supervision, reducing the risk of overdose; and providing opioid agonist therapy (such as methadone or buprenorphine) to help individuals manage their dependence on opioids and reduce the risks associated with illicit drug use.
Harm reduction recognizes that abstinence may not be a realistic goal for everyone, and seeks to meet people where they are at in terms of their substance use, while still providing them with the support and resources they need to improve their health and well-being.
Medical ethics is a branch of ethics that deals with moral issues in medical care, research, and practice. It provides a framework for addressing questions related to patient autonomy, informed consent, confidentiality, distributive justice, beneficentia (doing good), and non-maleficence (not doing harm). Medical ethics also involves the application of ethical principles such as respect for persons, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice to specific medical cases and situations. It is a crucial component of medical education and practice, helping healthcare professionals make informed decisions that promote patient well-being while respecting their rights and dignity.
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a mental health condition characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and manipulative behaviors. It is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), as follows:
A. A consistent pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others and major age-appropriate societal norms and rules, as indicated by the presence of at least three of the following:
1. Failure to conform to social norms and laws, indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
2. Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead; indication of this symptom may include promiscuity.
4. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.
6. Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.
7. Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.
B. The individual is at least 18 years of age.
C. There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before the age of 15 years.
D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
E. The individual's criminal behavior has not been better explained by a conduct disorder diagnosis or antisocial behavior that began before the age of 15 years.
It's important to note that ASPD can be challenging to diagnose, and it often requires a comprehensive evaluation from a mental health professional with experience in personality disorders.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Queensland" is not a medical term. It is the second largest state in Australia, located in the northeastern part of the country. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.
HIV infection has three stages:
1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.
It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a legal penalty in which a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The crimes that are punishable by death vary by country, but typically include murder, treason, and espionage. In the United States, for example, federal and state laws allow for the use of capital punishment in cases involving murder, terrorism, and certain types of treason.
The methods used to carry out capital punishment also vary by country, but common methods include lethal injection, electrocution, hanging, and firing squad. The use of the death penalty is a controversial issue, with some people arguing that it is a necessary tool for deterring crime and protecting society, while others argue that it is a violation of human rights and that there is a risk of executing innocent people.
Mentally ill persons are individuals who have been diagnosed with a mental disorder or mental illness, which is characterized by a syndrome of symptoms that significantly interferes with their cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioral abilities. These disorders can range from mild to severe and may include conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders, among others. It's important to note that a mental illness is not the same as intellectual disability or developmental disorder, although these conditions can also co-occur with mental illnesses.
Mentally ill persons require appropriate evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment from qualified mental health professionals to help them manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. It's essential to approach mentally ill individuals with compassion, respect, and understanding, as stigma and discrimination can exacerbate their challenges and hinder their recovery.
Heroin dependence, also known as opioid use disorder related to heroin, is a chronic relapsing condition characterized by the compulsive seeking and use of heroin despite harmful consequences. It involves a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms including a strong desire or craving to take the drug, difficulty in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, tolerance (needing to take more to achieve the same effect), and withdrawal symptoms when not taking it. Heroin dependence can cause significant impairment in personal relationships, work, and overall quality of life. It is considered a complex medical disorder that requires professional treatment and long-term management.
The "Afghan Campaign" is a term commonly used to refer to the military intervention and ongoing efforts in Afghanistan, led by the United States and NATO forces, which began in October 2001. The campaign was launched in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, with the primary objective of defeating al-Qaeda and removing the Taliban regime that had provided them safe haven.
The military intervention, known as Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), started with airstrikes against al-Qaeda and Taliban targets in Afghanistan. The ground invasion followed, led by the United States and supported by coalition forces from various countries, including NATO members. The initial success of the campaign resulted in the overthrow of the Taliban regime and the establishment of a new government in Afghanistan.
However, despite the initial victory, the situation in Afghanistan has remained volatile due to the ongoing insurgency led by the resurgent Taliban and other militant groups. The mission in Afghanistan has evolved over time, with the focus shifting from combat operations to training and advising Afghan security forces, counterinsurgency, and counterterrorism efforts.
The "Afghan Campaign" is also referred to as the "War in Afghanistan," and it represents one of the longest military conflicts in United States history. The campaign has involved various phases, including Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS), and NATO's Resolute Support Mission (RSM).
The medical aspects of the Afghan Campaign have been significant, with thousands of coalition forces injured or killed during the conflict. Additionally, the campaign has had a substantial impact on the healthcare system in Afghanistan, as well as the overall health and well-being of its population. The ongoing efforts to improve healthcare infrastructure, train medical personnel, and provide essential services to the Afghan people remain an important part of the broader mission in the region.
Medical Definition:
"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.
Suicide is defined in the medical field as the intentional taking of one's own life. It is a complex phenomenon with various contributing factors, including psychological, biological, environmental, and sociocultural elements. Suicide is a significant global public health concern that requires comprehensive understanding, prevention, and intervention strategies. If you or someone you know is struggling with thoughts of self-harm or suicide, it's essential to seek help from a mental health professional immediately.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "England" is not a medical term or concept. It is one of the four constituent countries that make up the United Kingdom, along with Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England is located in the southern part of Great Britain, which is the largest island of the British Isles.
If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!
'Vulnerable populations' is a term used in public health and medicine to refer to groups of individuals who are at a higher risk of negative health outcomes or have limited access to healthcare services. These populations can be defined by various sociodemographic, economic, and environmental factors, including:
1. Age: Older adults and children, especially those with chronic medical conditions, are often considered vulnerable populations due to their increased susceptibility to illness and reduced ability to access care.
2. Race/Ethnicity: Racial and ethnic minorities may face barriers to healthcare access, discrimination, and systemic inequities that contribute to poorer health outcomes.
3. Socioeconomic status: Individuals with low income, limited education, or unstable housing are more likely to experience health disparities due to reduced access to quality healthcare, nutritious food, and safe living environments.
4. Disability status: People with disabilities may face physical, communication, or attitudinal barriers that limit their ability to access healthcare services and contribute to poorer health outcomes.
5. Sexual orientation and gender identity: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) individuals often experience discrimination and stigma in healthcare settings, which can negatively impact their health and access to care.
6. Immigration status: Undocumented immigrants and refugees may face legal barriers to healthcare access, language barriers, and fear of deportation that contribute to poorer health outcomes.
7. Geographic location: Rural areas and urban "food deserts" often lack adequate healthcare resources and access, leading to health disparities for residents in these regions.
8. Incarceration status: Individuals involved in the criminal justice system may experience limited access to healthcare services and face unique health challenges related to their incarceration.
9. Mental health status: People with mental illness or substance use disorders are often considered vulnerable populations due to stigma, discrimination, and reduced access to quality care.
It is important to note that these factors can intersect and compound the vulnerabilities faced by individuals within these groups. Addressing the needs of vulnerable populations requires a comprehensive approach that addresses social determinants of health, systemic inequities, and barriers to healthcare access.
Biological evolution is the change in the genetic composition of populations of organisms over time, from one generation to the next. It is a process that results in descendants differing genetically from their ancestors. Biological evolution can be driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These processes can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) within populations, resulting in the development of new species and the extinction of others over long periods of time. Biological evolution provides a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and is supported by extensive evidence from many different fields of science, including genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and biogeography.
I apologize for the confusion, but "Police" is not a medical term. It refers to a civil force that maintains order, prevents and detects crime, and enforces laws. If you have any medical terms or concepts you would like me to explain, please let me know!
Prisoners of War (Homeland)
Prisoners of War (album)
Soviet prisoners of war
American Ex-Prisoners of War
Far East prisoners of war
Prisoners of War silver dollar
Prisoners of war in Islam
Prisoners of War (TV series)
List of prisoners of war
German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan
Soviet prisoners of war in Finland
P.O.W.: Prisoners of War
Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War
Italian prisoners of war in Australia
Remembered Prisoners of a Forgotten War
Australian Ex-Prisoners of War Memorial
German prisoners of war cemetery (Baku)
Prisoner of war
German prisoners of war in northwest Europe
Soviet repressions against former prisoners of war
Afghan War prisoner escapes
Prisoner of War (film)
Prisoner-of-war camp
Prisoner of War (disambiguation)
Prisoner of War Medal
Armenian prisoners of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
World War I prisoners of war in Germany
German prisoners of war in the United States
German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom
Prisoners of War (Homeland) - Wikipedia
prisoners of war | Green Left
Petition · FREE ALL ARMENIAN PRISONERS OF WAR! · Change.org
Prisoners of war: selected records 1715-1945 - The National Archives
Enemy Prisoner of War - SourceWatch
Aaron Huey: America's native prisoners of war | TED Talk
prisoners of war Archives - WDEF
Russia: Ukrainian Prisoners of War to Fight Against Their Own Country
Ukraine and Russia-backed rebels swap prisoners in move to end war
The United States Treats Migrants Worse Than Prisoners of War - Foreign Policy
Ukraine: ICRC registers hundreds of prisoners of war from Azovstal plant | ICRC
Decorated Australian War Veteran Unlawfully Killed Prisoners in Afghanistan, Judge Says | Military.com
World War II (1939-1945): New Zealand Prisoners of War
Australian prisoners of war in the Changi Gaol. | Australian War Memorial
Prisoners of War - Booklyn
World War II Italian Prisoners of War in Chambersburg - Arcadia Publishing
Exchanged Russian Prisoners to be Tried in Absentia | Institute for War and Peace Reporting
US prisoner of war freed in swap deal with Taliban - Times of India
Possible Prisoner Exchange in US Hybrid War against Venezuela | Dissident Voice
Victory from Within: The American Prisoner of War Curriculum - Teachers (U.S. National Park Service)
prisoners of war - The Texas Observer
Ukraine demands Russia adhere to Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War
Tomgram: Karen Greenberg, The Last Prisoners? - War Is A Crime
Today is Prisoners for Peace day | War Resisters' International
President Obama Commutes Sentences of 22 Prisoners of the Drug War | High Times
Civil War Pictures and Illustrations-civil-war-confederate-prisoner-069
Equal Treatment for Black Prisoners Of War | AbrahamLincoln.org
Japanese Prisoner of War Interrogation Report 49 - Wikisource, the free online library
Chained, Shaved, and Blindfolded: War Secretary Donald Rumsfeld Insists the Treatment Oftaliban Prisoners in Cuba Is Humane |...
Hunt for Ukraine's most wanted war criminal after Russian filmed castrating prisoner - World News - Mirror Online
POWs11
- Ukrainian state-backed project, "I Want to Live", says it plans to start exchanging Russian prisoners of war (POWs) for anti-war political prisoners jailed in Russia, reports Federico Fuentes . (greenleft.org.au)
- The government of Azerbaijan and its armed forces, to this day, refuse to release all Armenian Prisoners of War (POWs) and civilians in their custody, in direct violation of the tripartite peace agreement of November 10, 2020, explicitly stipulating their release. (change.org)
- Russia said a battalion of Ukrainian prisoners of war, or POWs, would soon be sent to the front lines to fight against their own country, state media reported. (businessinsider.com)
- That's a higher number of detainees than there were U.S. prisoners of war (POWs) in the Gulf War, Vietnam War, Korean War, and the Pacific Front of World War II combined. (foreignpolicy.com)
- Geneva (ICRC) - A team from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has registered hundreds of Ukrainian prisoners of war (POWs) this week from the Azovstal plant in Mariupol. (icrc.org)
- This compares with around 500 POWs in the First World War. (geni.com)
- Educating young people about the sacrifices made by American prisoners of war (POWs) is a shared goal of the Friends of Andersonville, the American Ex-Prisoners of War, the Korean War Ex-POW Association, Nam-POW, and the National Parks Service. (nps.gov)
- Metal cages are being set up in Mariupol as Ukraine prepares for future prisoners of war (POWs) trials amid Russia's ongoing invasion of Ukraine. (katc.com)
- Some people are responding to this prisoner exchange as if it were a hostage negotiation with terrorists , but I don't think the same rules should apply to POWs and hostages. (mwilliams.info)
- Background: Prisoners of war (POWs) are usually at risk of suicide due to problems such as torture, social and emotional deprivation, etc. (suicideinfo.ca)
- The present study aimed to investigate suicide cases among Iranian prisoners of war (POWs) over ten years of their presence in the camps in Iraq (1980-1990). (suicideinfo.ca)
Ukrainian13
- Maksym Butkevytch, a well-known Ukrainian journalist, human rights defender and pacifist, is being held as a prisoner of war, after the capture of his Ukrainian army platoon by Russian occupying forces in June. (greenleft.org.au)
- Ukrainian prisoners of war will soon be fighting against their own country, Russian state media says. (businessinsider.com)
- Ukrainian forces and Russia-backed rebels in eastern Ukraine have exchanged 200 prisoners in a move aimed at ending their five-year war. (theage.com.au)
- Yulia embraces her husband Olexander Korinkov, a Ukrainian soldier and prisoner of war released after a prisoner exchange, at Boryspil airport outside Kiev, Ukraine. (theage.com.au)
- A Ukrainian war prisoner leaves a bus after being released near Odradivka, eastern Ukraine. (theage.com.au)
- The last major prisoner swap between separatist rebels and Ukrainian forces took place in December 2017, with 233 rebels exchanged for 73 Ukrainians. (theage.com.au)
- Ukrainian war prisoners escorted by armed Russia-backed separatist soldiers walk to buses to be exchanged at a checkpoint near Horlivka, eastern Ukraine. (theage.com.au)
- Hopes for ending the fighting have risen since the election of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, who has been more amenable to negotiations with Russia on ending the war. (theage.com.au)
- Ukraine condemns the illegal treatment of Ukrainian prisoners of war by the Russian Federation, in particular use of them for its own political purposes. (kyivpost.com)
- The ministry added that it demands humane treatment of Ukrainian prisoners of war from the Russian side and any illegal act or inaction on the part of the detaining power is prohibited. (kyivpost.com)
- Two further trials in absentia of Russian soldiers for violating the laws and customs of war are in progress in the northern Ukrainian region of Chernihiv. (iwpr.net)
- After being taken prisoner in March, Krasnoiartsev gave an interview to Ukrainian blogger Volodymyr Zolkin in which he related that he had also flown a SU-34 fighter bomber on some 200 sorties in Syria since 2015. (iwpr.net)
- The Ukrainian soldiers were taken prisoner while defending their country from militants of whom a large number are Russian nationals and all of whom are heavily armed by Moscow. (khpg.org)
Italian Prisoners of2
- During World War II , more than 45,000 Italian prisoners of war were held in the United States. (wvencyclopedia.org)
- Keefer, Louis E. Italian Prisoners of War in America . (wvencyclopedia.org)
Civilians3
- Men released as part of prisoner swap accused of attacks on civilians and residential buildings. (iwpr.net)
- Not only civilians of the occupied territories, but also prisoners of war were subjected to the concentration camp. (usf.edu)
- Nine (82%) of deceased were among registered prisoners of war, and three (%27.3) were civilians. (suicideinfo.ca)
Camps9
- A memorandum to all officers of the State Police, signed by Mueller, Chief of the Gestapo, dated 9 November 1941, discusses the "Transportation of Russian Prisoners of War, Destined for Execution, into the Concentration Camps. (usf.edu)
- Additional evidence of the confinement of Russian prisoners of war in concentration camps is found in an official report of the investigation of the Flossenburg concentration camp by Headquarters Third United States Army, Judge Advocate Section War Crimes Branch, dated 21 June 1945 (2509-PS). (usf.edu)
- Soviet prisoners of war found their allies in the concentration camps. (usf.edu)
- Escaped prisoners of war were sent to concentration camps, which were specially set up as extermination centers. (usf.edu)
- For the sake of secrecy, the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces has been requested to inform the prisoner of war camps to turn the captured prisoners over to the local State Police Office and not to send them directly to Mauthausen. (usf.edu)
- In a paper consisting of five pages American prisoner of war camps and the treatment of these prisoners during the Second World Wa. (echeat.com)
- It does however help to explore what happened in those camps in Japan during World War II. (echeat.com)
- Since then, outbreaks of nutritional neuropathy have occurred in World War II prisoner-of-war camps, Jamaican sugar-cane plantations, and Cuba following the collapse of Soviet food support in the 1990s. (medscape.com)
- Barbara Czarnecka (University of Bialystok), The Methods of Torture of Female Prisoners of Nazi Concentration Camps in the Light of Personal Testimonies and Other Documents. (lu.se)
19444
- All of this corresponded to the stunt announced earlier on social networks and was intended to imitate an event in Moscow in July 1944 when thousands of German prisoners of war were marched through the streets, unwashed and many in only their underwear. (khpg.org)
- A communication from the Secret State Police Office, Cologne, dated 4 March 1944, transmitted the following orders of the OKW -- for which Keitel is responsible -- concerning escaped prisoners of war: "1. (usf.edu)
- Early in 1944 the U.S. Army's Special Projects Division of the Office of the Provost Marshal General was established in order to take on the enormous task of re-educating 360,000 German prisoners of war. (oldmagazinearticles.com)
- 1944). Malaria Control in War Areas, 1943-44. (cdc.gov)
19453
- You can search and download ( £ ) these selected prisoners of war records 1715-1945 from Findmypast.co.uk. (nationalarchives.gov.uk)
- The Italians were glad to be safely out of the war, and after their repatriation in 1945, many returned to build new lives in America. (wvencyclopedia.org)
- When the war was heading toward its end in 1945, he was captured by the Soviet army and disappeared in the Soviet prisons. (lu.se)
Taliban6
- Proven allegations included that Roberts-Smith, the son of a judge, used a machine gun to shoot a prisoner with a prosthetic leg in the back at a Taliban compound codenamed Whiskey 108 in Uruzgan province in 2009. (military.com)
- WASHINGTON: The long-held belief that the US does not negotiate with terrorists, mostly romanticized in movies, was quietly set aside when the Obama administration released five Taliban terrorists on Saturday in exchange for an American prisoner of war captured by their associates in Afghanistan nearly five years ago. (indiatimes.com)
- Before signing the deal, the political agent, the controlling officer of Bajaur Agency ordered release of all the prisoners who were arrested years ago for having connection with al-Qaeda and Taliban. (opednews.com)
- The Taliban jubiliantly received their colleagues with heavy firing as they declared that they have won the war. (opednews.com)
- In light of the recent America-Taliban prisoner exchange it can be helpful to consider prisoners of war throughout history . (mwilliams.info)
- Sergeant Bergdahl was freed on Saturday in a prisoner swap with the Taliban. (mwilliams.info)
Ukraine7
- The ministry demanded that the Russian side strictly observe the provisions of international humanitarian law, in particular the Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War, in relation to the prisoners of war of servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. (kyivpost.com)
- The statement also says that the relevant persons are servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, to whom, in accordance with the provisions of 1949 Geneva Conventions on the Protection of Victims of War and 1977 Additional Protocol I, the legal status of combatants applies. (kyivpost.com)
- The ministry also noted that Ukraine observes the humane treatment of prisoners of war and provides them with all the rights and guarantees provided for in international law. (kyivpost.com)
- At the time of Kulikov's trial, Shchotkin was no longer in Ukraine as he had been freed as part of a prisoner exchange. (iwpr.net)
- He is charged with part one of Article 438 of the criminal code of Ukraine on the violation of laws and customs of war, which provides for a prison term of between eight to 12 years. (iwpr.net)
- Krasnoiartsev is charged with part two of Article 438 of the criminal code of Ukraine on the violation of the laws and customs of war, combined with intentional murder. (iwpr.net)
- The Tribunal for Putin (T4P) global initiative was set up in response to the all-out war launched by Russia against Ukraine in February 2022. (khpg.org)
Soldiers8
- Finally, and most importantly, prisoners of war may not be punished for the acts they committed during the fighting unless the opposing side would have punished its own soldiers for those acts as well. (sourcewatch.org)
- Featherston prisoner of war camp was a camp for captured Japanese soldiers during World War II). (geni.com)
- Because of the kind treatment she received as a prisoner from American soldiers at Myitkyina and Ledo, she feels that they are more emotional than Japanese soldiers. (wikisource.org)
- It is the war that is dirty, and those using proxies to wage it, not soldiers serving their country. (khpg.org)
- This series has records for 4,714 U.S. military officers and soldiers who were prisoners of war during the Korean War and therefore considered casualties. (archives.gov)
- This file contains records of U.S. military officers and soldiers who died as a result of either a hostile or non-hostile occurrence or who were missing in action or prisoners of war in the Korean War. (archives.gov)
- This series contains information about U.S. Army officers and soldiers who were casualties in the Korean War during the period of 2/13/1950 through 12/31/1953. (archives.gov)
- Results: During eight years of the Iraq-Iran war, about 40000 Iranian soldiers captured by Iraqi soldiers. (suicideinfo.ca)
Swap1
- Negotiations for the prisoner swap have reportedly been going on for several months now, complicated mainly by US laws that restrict transfer of detainees from Guantanamo and the need to keep Congress in the loop. (indiatimes.com)
Italians1
- The "visiting" team was made up of Germans, Austrians and Italians who were inmates at a prisoner of war camp in Hatfield Heath. (mirror.co.uk)
20001
- Theodore J. Hull, " Electronic Records of Korean and Vietnam War Casualties ," Prologue (Spring 2000). (archives.gov)
Civilian4
- Recent news reports have confirmed the extra judicial torture and subsequent murder of 19 of more than 250 illegally held Armenian prisoners of war and civilian non-combatants by the government of Azerbaijan within its state-run prisons and rendition sites. (change.org)
- Military Police Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other Detainees. (sourcewatch.org)
- After Guam was captured by the Japanese 10 December 1941, the Americans who remained behind were taken prisoner-477 military personnel (including five female nurses, one civilian woman and her newborn daughter) and 100 civilian men, including businessmen and the American Catholic priests, as well as the Spanish Catholic Bishop, Miguel Olano . (guampedia.com)
- Trained as a lawyer, Kunzig remained in Germany and worked as a prosecutor for the Civilian War Crimes courts of the U.S. Government. (oldmagazinearticles.com)
World Wa9
- Chinese archaeologists have discovered an underground 'horror bunker' used by Japanese scientists to conduct brutal experiments on humans before and during World War II, the South China Morning Post reported. (yahoo.com)
- Keefer, Louis E. The West Virginia World War II Home Front: POW: The Italian Prisoners at Camp Dawson. (wvencyclopedia.org)
- POW takes place in the midst of World War II. (gamesfirst.com)
- base on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, officially bringing the United States into World War II. (echeat.com)
- If one had to point at a single cause of World War II and. (echeat.com)
- This paper examines the pre World War II appeasement policies of British prime minister Neville Chamberlain in tewnty seven pages. (echeat.com)
- this is the charismatic leader theory (A summary of the causes of World War II). (echeat.com)
- World War II prisoner of war camp, Williamston, N.C. (ecu.edu)
- View of barracks and water tower at the World War II prisoner of war camp in Williamston, N.C. Photograph possibly taken by Eugene Rice. (ecu.edu)
Illegally1
- Yesterday a coalition of civil rights attorneys, journalism professors, and clergy members brought a petition beforea federal judge in Los Angeles alleging that the United States is holding the Guantanamo prisoners illegally. (democracynow.org)
Afghanistan6
- Australia's most decorated living war veteran, Victoria Cross recipient Ben Roberts-Smith, committed a slew of war crimes while in Afghanistan including the unlawful killings of unarmed prisoners, a judge ruled on Thursday, June 1, 2023. (military.com)
- SYDNEY - Australia's most decorated living war veteran unlawfully killed prisoners and committed other war crimes in Afghanistan, a judge ruled Thursday in dismissing the claims by Victoria Cross recipient Ben Roberts-Smith that he was defamed by media. (military.com)
- Besanko found Roberts-Smith, who was also awarded the Medal of Gallantry for his Afghanistan War service, "broke the moral and legal rules of military engagement" and disgraced Australia through his conduct. (military.com)
- Roberts-Smith is one of several Australian military personnel under investigation from Australian Federal Police for alleged war crimes in Afghanistan. (military.com)
- The photos are of Afghanistan throughout the war years of 1993-2012. (booklyn.org)
- But a federal judge said yesterday that he has "gravedoubts" whether he has jurisdiction over more than 100 prisoners captured in Afghanistan and detained by the militaryin Cuba. (democracynow.org)
Captives3
- Azeri authorities continue to torture, abuse, and murder Armenians in their custody with flagrant disregard for all international norms, as well as for international and interstate laws and conventions governing the status of wartime captives and prisoners of war. (change.org)
- Prisoners of War follows the former captives and their families as they try to reconnect with each other. (apple.com)
- Although Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma's 14th Army had expected 25,000 prisoners of war, they were greeted by more than 75,000 (66,000 Filipinos and 11,796 Americans) starving and malaria-stricken captives at Bataan. (worldwar2database.com)
Detention1
- Check out this blog post by conscientious objector Visa Savolainen, who was under house detention on Prisoners for Peace day 2015. (wri-irg.org)
Enemy3
- The term Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) is currently being used in place of the term Prisoner of War (POW). (sourcewatch.org)
- A prisoner of war (POW, PoW, PW, P/W, WP, PsW, enemy prisoner of war (EPW) or 'missing-captured') is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. (geni.com)
- This status, among other things, entitles such persons to be treated as prisoners of war if captured by the enemy power, the ministry said. (kyivpost.com)
Conflict3
- 1. Established in 1863, the ICRC operates worldwide, helping people affected by conflict and armed violence and promoting the laws that protect victims of war. (icrc.org)
- Within the framework of an international armed conflict caused by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, our state adheres to the laws and customs of war, set forth, in particular, in 1949 Geneva Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War and 1977 Additional Protocols," the statement read. (kyivpost.com)
- In seven pages this paper examines why Japan became embroiled in the Second World War conflict and its failed effort. (echeat.com)
American10
- Prisoners of War" is the series finale of the American television drama series Homeland. (wikipedia.org)
- Starting in 2015 with US President Obama's sanctions against Venezuela and ratcheted up by subsequent US presidents, the US has intensified its hybrid war against the socialist government of that South American country. (dissidentvoice.org)
- The Victory From Within (VFW) Curriculum is a companion middle/high school curriculum for the traveling exhibit "Victory From Within: The American Prisoner of War Experience. (nps.gov)
- The VFW Curriculum is designed to provide a meaningful and powerful learning experience for young people across the U.S. to understand and appreciate the sacrifices made by American prisoners of war. (nps.gov)
- Only 1 in 5 American youth know that the U.S. first adopted rules limiting how wars should be conducted during the American Civil War. (nps.gov)
- Robert O'Brien , a Navy man assigned to the USS Penguin on Guam, left an account of his experience as an American prisoner of war in Japan. (guampedia.com)
- he was an American prisoner of war captured on the battlefield. (mwilliams.info)
- Every captured escaped prisoner of war who is an officer or a non-working non-commissioned officer, except British and American prisoners of war, is to be turned over to the Chief of the Security Police and of the Security Service under the classification 'Step III' regardless of whether the escape occurred during a transport, whether it was a mass escape or an individual one. (usf.edu)
- During their stay they became well-known to the many Italian-American families in northern West Virginia, who visited the prisoners on Sundays at Camp Dawson for picnics and entertainment. (wvencyclopedia.org)
- Japanese guards supervise American and Filipino prisoners of war sorting through captured equipment confiscated by the Japanese at Mariveles Airfield. (worldwar2database.com)
Mariupol1
- Still images were released by the Mariupol City Council showing the cages being constructed in Mariupol's Philharmonic Haul and are expected to be used as holding cells for prisoners of war held by Russian-backed authorities there, CNN reported. (katc.com)
19492
- Some Unit 731 researchers were arrested by Soviet forces and tried at the December 1949 Khabarovsk war crime trials, while those captured by the United States were granted immunity in exchange for their research findings. (yahoo.com)
- Such treatment of prisoners is in flagrant violation of the 1949 Geneva Convention on treatment of prisoners of war. (khpg.org)
Imperative1
- The first two paragraphs of Mueller's order provide: "The State Police Directorates will accept the captured escaped officer prisoners of war from the prisoner of war camp commandants and will transport them to the Concentration Camp Mauthausen following the procedure previously used, unless the circumstances render a special transport imperative. (usf.edu)
Held2
- A project for New Zealanders who were held as prisoners of war overseas during any field of war and those who were held as prisoners of war in New Zealand (eg. (geni.com)
- There were around 345 men who were captured and held as Prisoners of War when the Texian Army surrendered on March 20, 1836. (wikitree.com)
Torture1
- Specifically, prisoners must not be subject to torture or to medical or scientific experiments of any kind. (sourcewatch.org)
Prison4
- 38 IRA prisoners hijack a lorry and break out of the Maze, a maximum security prison in Northern Ireland. (rte.ie)
- It's true, as Greenberg notes, that those offshore military commission trials of leftover Gitmo prisoners are finally proceeding in their forever fashion and perhaps someday that prison will indeed be no more. (warisacrime.org)
- The question of whether those forever wars and the forever prison that went with them will ever be truly ended still remains up for grabs, but let TomDispatch regular Karen Greenberg explain so many years (and articles) later. (warisacrime.org)
- This is a future hangar, where prison wagons with Azov prisoners of war will presumably come by. (katc.com)
Authorities2
- The outlet had said in late October that Russian authorities were planning to send the group - described as a battalion including about 70 prisoners from various penal colonies - to the front lines and that they were conducting relevant training in preparation. (businessinsider.com)
- Thepetition requests that U.S. authorities produce the prisoners in a U.S. court, explain the reasons for theirdetention and accord them the rights of Prisoners of War. (democracynow.org)
19411
- This report states: "In 1941 an additional stockade was added at the Flossenburg Camp, to hold 2,000 Russian prisoners. (usf.edu)
Capture1
- 2. Since the transfer of the prisoners of war to the Security Police and Security Service may not become officially known to the outside under any circumstances other prisoners of war may by no means be informed of the capture. (usf.edu)
Refuse1
- Prisoners who refuse to answer may not be threatened or mistreated. (sourcewatch.org)
Exchanges2
- Tank commander Leonid Shchotkin and pilot Oleksandr Krasnoiarts were both freed in prisoner exchanges earlier this year and will stand trial in absentia. (iwpr.net)
- After Westphalia and the Geneva Convention, prisoner exchanges became more common. (mwilliams.info)
Vietnam War1
- These include the records of persons who were missing in action or prisoners of war in either the Korean War or the Vietnam War. (archives.gov)
Camp2
- Prisoners of War Camp in Zentsuji, Japan. (guampedia.com)
- Click here if you would like to read about a World War One German P.O.W. camp. (oldmagazinearticles.com)
Hungry1
- Distributing food was also almost impossible as many were fed nothing, and the Allied prisoners were already hungry from lack of food during the battle. (worldwar2database.com)
Memorials1
- Places of Pride, the National Register of War Memorials, is a new initiative designed to record the locations and photographs of every publicly accessible memorial across Australia. (awm.gov.au)
Second Wor4
- During the Second World War New Zealanders in large numbers became prisoners of war, or went 'into the bag' as they popularly called it. (geni.com)
- In four pages this paper examines the myths associated with the Second World War in an analysis of Michael C.C. Adams' The Best Wa. (echeat.com)
- A steady erosion of the post-Second World War institutional framework and democratic institutions as well as growing anti-Semitism and Islamophobia have become commonplace and part of the daily political rhetoric. (lu.se)
- The Second World War is heading toward its end. (lu.se)
Korean War5
- This reference report provides an overview of the electronic data records in the custody of the National Archives that relate to U.S. military casualties, missing in action, and prisoners of war from the Korean War era. (archives.gov)
- This series contains information about 4,447 former prisoners of war from the Korean War. (archives.gov)
- Surviving prisoners of war were exchanged at "Big Switch-Little Switch" towards the end of the Korean War. (archives.gov)
- It is the successor to the series "Records of Military Personnel Who Died as a Result of Hostilities During the Korean War. (archives.gov)
- This series contains selected descriptive data about U.S. military personnel who died by hostile means (i.e. battle deaths) as a result of combat duty in the Korean War. (archives.gov)
Crimes committed2
- Federal Court Justice Anthony Besanko ruled that the articles published in 2018 were substantially true about a number of war crimes committed by Roberts-Smith, a former Special Air Service Regiment corporal who now is a media company executive. (military.com)
- They say the site could provide new evidence about war crimes committed by the notorious Unit 731. (yahoo.com)
Date2
- For the most up to date Prisoners for Peace list go to wri-irg.org/inprison , our permanent list of those in jail. (wri-irg.org)
- Prisoner of War, from Codemasters, broke my heart when it missed its original June release date. (gamesfirst.com)
Discusses1
- In five pages this paper discusses how propaganda was used by England during World War I. Ten sources are cited in the bibliograp. (echeat.com)
Found1
- And one morning, I found Prisoner of War in my mailbox. (gamesfirst.com)
Military2
- He then rubbed military insignia and memorial texts from plaques on the grounds of the Australian War Memorial Museum and Police Memorial (in Canberra) onto the photographs and onto the backs of the photographs. (booklyn.org)
- The Malaria Control in War Areas program, as established in March, 1942, is a joint undertaking by the U. S. Public Health Service and State Health Departments designed to reduce the hazard of malaria transmission in extra-cantonment zones of military areas and around essential war industries. (cdc.gov)
Made1
- Had such war crime allegations been made in a criminal court, they would have had to be proven to a higher standard of beyond reasonable doubt. (military.com)
British1
- These records are predominantly of British prisoners of war. (nationalarchives.gov.uk)