Racism
Social Distance
Erotica
Social Stigma
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
Sociology, Medical
Public Opinion
Attitude
Social Identification
Social Perception
Continental Population Groups
Models, Psychological
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Mental Disorders
Attitude of Health Personnel
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Questionnaires
Do students' attitudes toward women change during medical school? (1/1652)
BACKGROUND: Medical school has historically reinforced traditional views of women. This cohort study follows implementation of a revitalized curriculum and examines students' attitudes toward women on entry into an Ontario medical school, and 3 years later. METHODS: Of the 75 students entering first year at Queen's University medical school 70 completed the initial survey in September 1994 and 54 were resurveyed in May 1997. First-year students at 2 other Ontario medical schools were also surveyed in 1994, and these 166 respondents formed a comparison group. Changes in responses to statements about sex-role stereotypes, willingness to control decision-making of female patients, and conceptualization of women as "other" or "abnormal" because they are women were examined. Responses from the comparison group were used to indicate whether the Queen's group was representative. RESULTS: Attitudinal differences between the primary group and the comparison group were not significant. After 3 years of medical education students were somewhat less accepting of sex-role stereotypes and less controlling in the doctor-patient encounter. They continued, however, to equate adults with men and to see women as "not adult" or "other." Female students began and remained somewhat more open-minded in all areas studied. INTERPRETATION: A predicted trend toward conservatism was not seen as students became older, more aware and closer to completion of medical training, although they continued to equate adults with male and to see women as "other." Findings may validate new curricular approaches and increased attention to gender issues in the academic environment. (+info)Selecting subjects for participation in clinical research: one sphere of justice. (2/1652)
Recent guidelines from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) mandate the inclusion of adequate numbers of women in clinical trials. Ought such standards to apply internationally? Walzer's theory of justice is brought to bear on the problem, the first use of the theory in research ethics, and it argues for broad application of the principle of adequate representation. A number of practical conclusions for research ethics committees (RECs) are outlined. Eligibility criteria in clinical trials ought to be justified by trial designers. Research ethics committees ought to question criteria that seem to exclude unnecessarily women from research participation. The issue of adequate representation should be construed broadly, so as to include consideration of the representation of the elderly, persons with HIV, mental illness and substance abuse disorders in clinical research. (+info)Gender and equity in health sector reform programmes: a review. (3/1652)
This paper reviews current literature and debates about Health Sector Reform (HSR) in developing countries in the context of its possible implications for women's health and for gender equity. It points out that gender is a significant marker of social and economic vulnerability which is manifest in inequalities of access to health care and in women's and men's different positioning as users and producers of health care. Any analysis of equity must therefore include a consideration of gender issues. Two main approaches to thinking about gender issues in health care are distinguished--a 'women's health' approach, and a 'gender inequality' approach. The framework developed by Cassels (1995), highlighting six main components of HSR, is used to try to pinpoint the implications of HSR in relation to both of these approaches. This review makes no claim to sociological or geographical comprehensiveness. It attempts instead to provide an analysis of the gender and women's health issues most likely to be associated with each of the major elements of HSR and to outline an agenda for further research. It points out that there is a severe paucity of information on the actual impact of HSR from a gender point of view and in relation to substantive forms of vulnerability (e.g. particular categories of women, specific age groups). The use of generic categories, such as 'the poor' or 'very poor', leads to insufficient disaggregation of the impact of changes in the terms on which health care is provided. This suggests the need for more carefully focused data collection and empirical research. (+info)Inborn errors of metabolism: medical and administrative "orphans". (4/1652)
CONTEXT: Inborn errors of metabolism are genetic conditions that affect the normal biochemical functions of the body in any organ and at any age. More than 500 metabolic diseases are known; almost all are classified as orphan diseases under the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines (incidence < 200,000 persons) and each has its own requirements for diagnosis and treatment. Management of these complex, lifelong, multisystem disorders often requires a coordinated, multidisciplinary approach involving several subspecialists and which may include complex laboratory evaluations, genetic counseling, nutritional therapy, and unusual therapeutic approaches that have been used in only a small number of cases. RESULTS: Not infrequently, inborn errors of metabolism fall outside current standard diagnostic and treatment guidelines of managed care plans. This results in delays in diagnosis and appropriate management, with increased costs to patients and to society. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with inborn errors of metabolism should not be discriminated against and all health plans should specify that access to specialists and metabolic centers are a covered benefit of the plan. The acceptance of treatment guidelines, the development of international disease classification codes for the disorders, and the performance of cost-benefit analyses would all greatly facilitate this process. However, without recognition that these disorders require such services, and steps to provide them by the insurance industry, the care of children with metabolic disorders and other chronic diseases will continue to be a source of frustration and anger among the caregivers and the families they serve. (+info)Human cloning and child welfare. (5/1652)
In this paper we discuss an objection to human cloning which appeals to the welfare of the child. This objection varies according to the sort of harm it is expected the clone will suffer. The three formulations of it that we will consider are: 1. Clones will be harmed by the fearful or prejudicial attitudes people may have about or towards them (H1); 2. Clones will be harmed by the demands and expectations of parents or genotype donors (H2); 3. Clones will be harmed by their own awareness of their origins, for example the knowledge that the genetic donor is a stranger (H3). We will show why these three versions of the child welfare objection do not necessarily supply compelling reasons to ban human reproductive cloning. The claim that we will develop and defend in the course of our discussion is that even if it is the case that a cloned child will suffer harms of the type H1-H3, it is none the less permissible to conceive by cloning so long as these cloning-induced welfare deficits are not such as to blight the existence of the resultant child, whoever this may be. (+info)Genetic testing: a conceptual exploration. (6/1652)
This paper attempts to explore a number of conceptual issues surrounding genetic testing. It looks at the meaning of the terms, genetic information and genetic testing in relation to the definition set out by the Advisory Committee on Genetic Testing in the UK, and by the Task Force on Genetic Testing in the USA. It argues that the special arrangements that may be required for the regulation of genetic tests should not be determined by reference to the nature or technology of the test, but by considering those morally relevant features that justify regulation. Failure to do so will lead to the regulation of genetic tests that need not be regulated, and would fail to cover other tests which should be regulated. The paper also argues that there is little in the nature of the properties of gene tests, using DNA or chromosomes, that in itself justifies a special approach. (+info)Prenatal diagnosis and discrimination against the disabled. (7/1652)
Two versions of the argument that prenatal diagnosis discriminates against the disabled are distinguished and analysed. Both are shown to be inadequate, but some valid concerns about the social effects of prenatal diagnosis are highlighted. (+info)Racial bias in federal nutrition policy, Part II: Weak guidelines take a disproportionate toll. (8/1652)
Many diet-related chronic diseases take a disproportionate toll among members of racial minorities. Research shows the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and heart disease is higher among various ethnic groups compared with whites. The Guidelines and the Food Guide Pyramid, however, promote the use of multiple servings of meats and dairy products each day and do not encourage replacing these foods with vegetables, legumes, fruits, and grains. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans encourage a 30% caloric reduction in fat intake and make no provision for further reductions for those who wish to minimize health risks. Abundant evidence has shown that regular exercise combined with diets lower in fat and richer in plant products than is encouraged by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans are associated with reduced risk of these chronic conditions. While ineffective Dietary Guidelines potentially put all Americans at unnecessary risk, this is particularly true for those groups hardest hit by chronic disease. (+info)I'm sorry for any confusion, but "prejudice" is not a term that has a medical definition in the same way that a term like "myocardial infarction" (heart attack) does. Prejudice is a psychological or sociological concept that refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes about a person or group that are not based on reason or actual experience. It often involves stereotypes and can lead to discrimination or unfair treatment. While prejudice itself is not a medical condition, it can certainly have impacts on mental and physical health, both for those who experience it and for those who hold such biases.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "race relations" is not a term that has a medical definition. It generally refers to the relationship and interactions between different racial groups in a society, including issues of discrimination, prejudice, and social justice. The study of these relationships can intersect with fields such as medical anthropology or sociology, where researchers might examine how systemic racism impacts health outcomes for certain populations. However, "race relations" itself is not a term used within the field of medicine to describe a specific condition or phenomenon.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "racism" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a social and political concept that refers to the belief that certain races are superior or inferior to others, and the discrimination or prejudice based on those beliefs. However, it is important to note that racism can have significant impacts on both physical and mental health, and these effects are increasingly recognized in fields such as public health and psychology.
In the context of medicine and psychology, stereotyping refers to the process of forming oversimplified generalizations about individuals or groups based on limited information or preconceived ideas. These generalizations may not accurately represent the characteristics, behaviors, or intentions of the individual or group being stereotyped. Stereotypes can lead to prejudice, discrimination, and social stigma, which can negatively impact mental and physical health outcomes in affected individuals and communities.
It is important to note that stereotyping is different from diagnostic criteria used in medicine. In medical diagnoses, patterns of symptoms or signs are identified and categorized based on established criteria to help healthcare professionals make accurate assessments and provide appropriate treatment. However, stereotypes can still influence medical decision-making and contribute to health disparities if they lead to biased assumptions about patients' conditions or needs.
"Social distancing" is not a term with a specific medical definition. However, in the context of public health and infectious diseases, it generally refers to measures taken to reduce close physical contact between people in order to prevent or slow down the spread of an infectious agent. This can include things like keeping a certain distance from others, avoiding crowded places, and limiting gatherings. The specific recommendations for social distancing can vary depending on the situation and the nature of the infectious agent.
Erotica is a genre of literature, art, photographs, films, or other media that depicts sexual subject matter in an artistic or aesthetically appealing way. It is intended to evoke sexual feelings and can be used as a means of exploring one's own sexuality or enhancing a romantic relationship. Erotica differs from pornography in that it generally places greater emphasis on the emotional, romantic, or sensual aspects of sexuality, rather than simply focusing on explicit sexual acts.
It is important to note that what may be considered erotic by one person may not be perceived as such by another, and individual preferences can vary widely. Additionally, while some people find erotica to be a healthy and enjoyable form of sexual expression, others may have reservations about its use due to personal, cultural, or religious beliefs.
In medical contexts, the term "erotica" is not typically used, as it is more commonly found in discussions related to art, literature, and media. However, mental health professionals may discuss clients' experiences with erotica as part of a broader conversation about sexuality, relationships, and personal values.
A social stigma is a socially constructed phenomenon where certain individuals or groups are labeled, discriminated against, and excluded because of their perceived differences, which may be based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age, mental or physical abilities, or health status. These negative attitudes and behaviors can lead to unequal treatment, prejudice, and discrimination, resulting in significant harm to the stigmatized individuals' social, emotional, and psychological well-being.
In medical terms, a social stigma may be associated with certain health conditions, illnesses, or disabilities that are perceived as shameful, undesirable, or deviant by society. For example, people with mental illness, HIV/AIDS, substance use disorders, or sexually transmitted infections may experience social stigma, which can negatively impact their access to healthcare services, treatment outcomes, and overall quality of life.
The negative consequences of social stigma can be reduced through education, awareness, and advocacy efforts that challenge stereotypes, promote understanding and empathy, and foster inclusive and supportive communities.
The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) is not a medical definition itself, but it is a ongoing, longitudinal study on the health and behavior of adolescents and their development into adulthood. It is designed to explore the causes of health-related behaviors and their social contexts. The study was initiated in 1994 and has followed multiple cohorts of adolescents over time, collecting data through interviews, surveys, and assessments on various aspects of their physical, mental, and sexual health, as well as their family relationships, educational attainment, and civic engagement. Add Health is a valuable resource for researchers in the fields of medicine, public health, psychology, sociology, and other related disciplines to understand and address the complex factors that influence adolescent health and development.
Medical sociology is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the social aspects of health, illness, and healthcare. It studies how various social factors such as race, class, gender, age, and culture influence health outcomes and access to healthcare services. Medical sociologists also examine the organization and delivery of healthcare systems, the physician-patient relationship, and the impact of medical technologies on society. They use a variety of research methods including surveys, interviews, ethnographic observation, and content analysis to gather data and analyze social patterns related to health and medicine. The field of medical sociology is closely linked with other disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, and public health.
Interpersonal relations, in the context of medicine and healthcare, refer to the interactions and relationships between patients and healthcare professionals, as well as among healthcare professionals themselves. These relationships are crucial in the delivery of care and can significantly impact patient outcomes. Positive interpersonal relations can lead to improved communication, increased trust, greater patient satisfaction, and better adherence to treatment plans. On the other hand, negative or strained interpersonal relations can result in poor communication, mistrust, dissatisfaction, and non-adherence.
Healthcare professionals are trained to develop effective interpersonal skills, including active listening, empathy, respect, and cultural sensitivity, to build positive relationships with their patients. Effective interpersonal relations also involve clear and concise communication, setting appropriate boundaries, and managing conflicts in a constructive manner. In addition, positive interpersonal relations among healthcare professionals can promote collaboration, teamwork, and knowledge sharing, leading to improved patient care and safety.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "public opinion" is not a term that has a medical definition. Public opinion refers to the collective views, attitudes, and beliefs held by a group or society about a particular issue or topic. It is typically formed through interaction, discussion, and various forms of communication within a community or population. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medicine, I'd be happy to help with those!
In the context of medical terminology, "attitude" generally refers to the position or posture of a patient's body or a part of it. It can also refer to the mental set or disposition that a person has towards their health, illness, or healthcare providers. However, it is not a term that has a specific medical definition like other medical terminologies do.
For example, in orthopedics, "attitude" may be used to describe the position of a limb or joint during an examination or surgical procedure. In psychology, "attitude" may refer to a person's feelings, beliefs, and behaviors towards a particular object, issue, or idea related to their health.
Therefore, the meaning of "attitude" in medical terminology can vary depending on the context in which it is used.
Female homosexuality, also known as lesbianism, is a romantic and/or sexual attraction or behavior between females. It is one of the forms of human sexual orientation, which also includes heterosexuality and bisexuality. Homosexual women, like gay men, can form committed relationships, have families, and live happy and fulfilling lives. It's important to note that homosexuality is not considered a mental illness or disorder by any major medical or psychological organization, including the American Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization.
"Social identification" is a psychological concept rather than a medical term. It refers to the process by which individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership(s) and the social categories to which they believe they belong. This process involves recognizing and internalizing the values, attitudes, and behaviors associated with those groups, and seeing oneself as a member of that social collective.
In medical and healthcare settings, social identification can play an important role in shaping patients' experiences, perceptions of their health, and interactions with healthcare providers. For example, a patient who identifies strongly with a particular cultural or ethnic group may have unique health beliefs, practices, or needs that are influenced by that group membership. Recognizing and understanding these social identifications can help healthcare professionals provide more culturally sensitive and effective care.
However, it's important to note that 'social identification' itself is not a medical term with a specific diagnosis or clinical definition.
Social perception, in the context of psychology and social sciences, refers to the ability to interpret and understand other people's behavior, emotions, and intentions. It is the process by which we make sense of the social world around us, by observing and interpreting cues such as facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and situational context.
In medical terminology, social perception is not a specific diagnosis or condition, but rather a cognitive skill that can be affected in various mental and neurological disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. For example, individuals with autism may have difficulty interpreting social cues and understanding other people's emotions and intentions, while those with schizophrenia may have distorted perceptions of social situations and interactions.
Healthcare professionals who work with patients with cognitive or neurological disorders may assess their social perception skills as part of a comprehensive evaluation, in order to develop appropriate interventions and support strategies.
I'm not aware of a specific medical definition for "Continental Population Groups." However, in the context of genetics and population health, continental population groups often refer to the major population divisions based on genetic ancestry and geographical origin. These groups typically include:
1. African: Individuals with recent ancestry primarily from Africa, particularly sub-Saharan Africa.
2. European: Individuals with recent ancestry primarily from Europe.
3. Asian: Individuals with recent ancestry primarily from Asia, including East Asia, South Asia, and Central Asia.
4. Native American: Individuals with recent ancestry primarily from the indigenous populations of North, Central, and South America.
5. Oceanian: Individuals with recent ancestry primarily from Australia, New Guinea, and neighboring islands in the Pacific region.
It is important to note that these categories are not exhaustive or mutually exclusive, as human migration and admixture have led to a complex web of genetic ancestries. Furthermore, using continental population labels can oversimplify the rich diversity within each group and may perpetuate harmful stereotypes or misunderstandings about racial and ethnic identities.
Social behavior, in the context of medicine and psychology, refers to the ways in which individuals interact and engage with others within their social environment. It involves various actions, communications, and responses that are influenced by cultural norms, personal values, emotional states, and cognitive processes. These behaviors can include but are not limited to communication, cooperation, competition, empathy, altruism, aggression, and conformity.
Abnormalities in social behavior may indicate underlying mental health conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or personality disorders. Therefore, understanding and analyzing social behavior is an essential aspect of diagnosing and treating various psychological and psychiatric conditions.
An "attitude to health" is a set of beliefs, values, and behaviors that an individual holds regarding their own health and well-being. It encompasses their overall approach to maintaining good health, preventing illness, seeking medical care, and managing any existing health conditions.
A positive attitude to health typically includes:
1. A belief in the importance of self-care and taking responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, getting enough sleep, and avoiding harmful behaviors such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Regular check-ups and screenings to detect potential health issues early on.
4. Seeking medical care when necessary and following recommended treatment plans.
5. A willingness to learn about and implement new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Developing a strong support network of family, friends, and healthcare professionals.
On the other hand, a negative attitude to health may involve:
1. Neglecting self-care and failing to take responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in unhealthy behaviors such as sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, lack of sleep, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Avoidance of regular check-ups and screenings, leading to delayed detection and treatment of potential health issues.
4. Resistance to seeking medical care or following recommended treatment plans.
5. Closed-mindedness towards new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Lack of a support network or reluctance to seek help from others.
Overall, an individual's attitude to health can significantly impact their physical and mental well-being, as well as their ability to manage and overcome any health challenges that may arise.
Psychological models are theoretical frameworks used in psychology to explain and predict mental processes and behaviors. They are simplified representations of complex phenomena, consisting of interrelated concepts, assumptions, and hypotheses that describe how various factors interact to produce specific outcomes. These models can be quantitative (e.g., mathematical equations) or qualitative (e.g., conceptual diagrams) in nature and may draw upon empirical data, theoretical insights, or both.
Psychological models serve several purposes:
1. They provide a systematic and organized way to understand and describe psychological phenomena.
2. They generate hypotheses and predictions that can be tested through empirical research.
3. They integrate findings from different studies and help synthesize knowledge across various domains of psychology.
4. They inform the development of interventions and treatments for mental health disorders.
Examples of psychological models include:
1. The Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality, which posits that individual differences in personality can be described along five broad dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
2. The Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) model, which suggests that maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected and can be changed through targeted interventions.
3. The Dual Process Theory of Attitudes, which proposes that attitudes are formed and influenced by two distinct processes: a rapid, intuitive process (heuristic) and a slower, deliberative process (systematic).
4. The Social Cognitive Theory, which emphasizes the role of observational learning, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations in shaping behavior.
5. The Attachment Theory, which describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans, particularly the parent-child relationship.
It is important to note that psychological models are provisional and subject to revision or replacement as new evidence emerges. They should be considered as useful tools for understanding and explaining psychological phenomena rather than definitive truths.
"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices" (HKAP) is a term used in public health to refer to the knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, and behaviors that individuals possess or engage in that are related to health. Here's a brief definition of each component:
1. Health Knowledge: Refers to the factual information and understanding that individuals have about various health-related topics, such as anatomy, physiology, disease processes, and healthy behaviors.
2. Attitudes: Represent the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, or dispositions that people hold towards certain health issues, practices, or services. These attitudes can influence their willingness to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.
3. Practices: Encompass the specific actions or habits that individuals engage in related to their health, such as dietary choices, exercise routines, hygiene practices, and use of healthcare services.
HKAP is a multidimensional concept that helps public health professionals understand and address various factors influencing individual and community health outcomes. By assessing and addressing knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, or unhealthy practices, interventions can be designed to promote positive behavior change and improve overall health status.
A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.
The "attitude of health personnel" refers to the overall disposition, behavior, and approach that healthcare professionals exhibit towards their patients or clients. This encompasses various aspects such as:
1. Interpersonal skills: The ability to communicate effectively, listen actively, and build rapport with patients.
2. Professionalism: Adherence to ethical principles, confidentiality, and maintaining a non-judgmental attitude.
3. Compassion and empathy: Showing genuine concern for the patient's well-being and understanding their feelings and experiences.
4. Cultural sensitivity: Respecting and acknowledging the cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values of patients.
5. Competence: Demonstrating knowledge, skills, and expertise in providing healthcare services.
6. Collaboration: Working together with other healthcare professionals to ensure comprehensive care for the patient.
7. Patient-centeredness: Focusing on the individual needs, preferences, and goals of the patient in the decision-making process.
8. Commitment to continuous learning and improvement: Staying updated with the latest developments in the field and seeking opportunities to enhance one's skills and knowledge.
A positive attitude of health personnel contributes significantly to patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment plans, and overall healthcare outcomes.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by the significant weakening of the immune system, making the person more susceptible to various opportunistic infections and cancers.
The medical definition of AIDS includes specific criteria based on CD4+ T-cell count or the presence of certain opportunistic infections and diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a person with HIV is diagnosed with AIDS when:
1. The CD4+ T-cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (mm3) - a normal range is typically between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.
2. They develop one or more opportunistic infections or cancers that are indicative of advanced HIV disease, regardless of their CD4+ T-cell count.
Some examples of these opportunistic infections and cancers include:
* Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
* Candidiasis (thrush) affecting the esophagus, trachea, or lungs
* Cryptococcal meningitis
* Toxoplasmosis of the brain
* Cytomegalovirus disease
* Kaposi's sarcoma
* Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Invasive cervical cancer
It is important to note that with appropriate antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can maintain their CD4+ T-cell counts, suppress viral replication, and prevent the progression to AIDS. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment are crucial for managing HIV and improving life expectancy and quality of life.
Psychological stress is the response of an individual's mind and body to challenging or demanding situations. It can be defined as a state of emotional and physical tension resulting from adversity, demand, or change. This response can involve a variety of symptoms, including emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components.
Emotional responses may include feelings of anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, or frustration. Cognitive responses might involve difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, or negative thinking patterns. Behaviorally, psychological stress can lead to changes in appetite, sleep patterns, social interactions, and substance use. Physiologically, the body's "fight-or-flight" response is activated, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and other symptoms.
Psychological stress can be caused by a wide range of factors, including work or school demands, financial problems, relationship issues, traumatic events, chronic illness, and major life changes. It's important to note that what causes stress in one person may not cause stress in another, as individual perceptions and coping mechanisms play a significant role.
Chronic psychological stress can have negative effects on both mental and physical health, increasing the risk of conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, heart disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it's essential to identify sources of stress and develop effective coping strategies to manage and reduce its impact.
A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.
A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.
In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.
Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.
Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.
Prejudice
Without Prejudice?
With Prejudice
Extreme Prejudice
Benevolent prejudice
Hostile prejudice
Prejudice (disambiguation)
Stride & Prejudice
Mapping Prejudice
No Prejudice
Ambivalent prejudice
Prejudice (1989 film)
Extreme Prejudice (film)
Patterns of Prejudice
Prejudice (1949 film)
Prada and Prejudice
Pain and Prejudice
Section 8: Prejudice
Prejudice plus power
Pride and Prejudice
Listen Without Prejudice
Prejudice (legal term)
Extreme Prejudice (NCIS)
Snide and Prejudice
Pride & Prejudice (soundtrack)
Prejudice (2015 film)
Bride and Prejudice
Walls of Prejudice
The Nature of Prejudice
Pride and Prejudice (musical)
Prejudice - Wikipedia
Section 8: Prejudice Review - GameSpot
Progress Among Prejudice Default
Progress Among Prejudice Introduction
Prejudice Essays | ipl.org
The neuroscience of prejudice and stereotyping | Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Pride and Prejudice - TheaterMania.com
Ignoring Racism in Schools Actually Increases Prejudice (Opinion)
Pride and Prejudice: Questions & Answers | SparkNotes
Blind prejudice
Prejudice Isn't Daring; It's Boring | The Spectator
Racial Health Disparities, Prejudice and Violence | ACP Online
Pride and Prejudice Discussion Questions
Browse : Prejudice and Immigration
LGBTI people need doctors to leave their prejudice at the door
Pride and Prejudice in U.S. Trade by Lan Cao :: SSRN
Anti-Catholic prejudice: a warning and challenge to all
7 people who hated Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice' | Salon.com
Disguising prejudice: Popular rationales as excuses for intolerant expression
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies Movie Cast | POPSUGAR Entertainment
Living a relatively prejudice-free California life
Bride and Prejudice (2004) - Turner Classic Movies
PRIDE AND PREJUDICE - Himal Southasian
Using Intergroup Contact to Fight Prejudice and Negative Attitudes: Ps
It's Time To Get Over the Prejudice Against Marijuana! - NORML
Rosamund Pike Performs Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice for Audible | Business Wire
India's IT powerhouse is mired in social prejudice - The Hindu
20 Fastidious Facts About BBC's 'Pride and Prejudice' | Mental Floss
The European Union - Hypocrisy, Hostility and Blatant Prejudice
Discrimination15
- Juanita Mcleod (2021) at the National Institutes of Health defines racism as "different from racial prejudice, hatred, or discrimination . (psychologytoday.com)
- Lesson about prejudice and discrimination, critical issues in U.S. Prejudice and discrimination are important issues in the U.S. that ESL/EFL students should learn about during university education. (iteslj.org)
- There are critical issues in American culture which ESL/EFL students should learn during university education, but among the most important are prejudice and discrimination. (iteslj.org)
- Prejudice and discrimination are current and critical issues in the United States, and they recur again and again in this society due to its troubled history of civil rights. (iteslj.org)
- A deep concern about prejudice and discrimination underlies the following lesson. (iteslj.org)
- For this assignment, students discuss and investigate the causes or effects of prejudice and discrimination, they watch a video on the U.S. Civil Rights movement, discuss their own ideas and feelings about these issues, do research on prejudice/discrimination in their own countries, and they write an essay (cause effect). (iteslj.org)
- All countries have varying amounts of prejudice and discrimination, and students will become broader world citizens with this knowledge. (iteslj.org)
- For some people, the answer to the question of, "What does prejudice and discrimination have to with mental health? (goodtherapy.org)
- After all, prejudice and discrimination happen to people from the outside and mental health focuses primarily on what is happening for people on the inside, right? (goodtherapy.org)
- All of this to say - some people experience prejudice and discrimination on a daily basis simply because of whom other people think they are. (goodtherapy.org)
- The first step to breaking the experience of internalized prejudice and discrimination is to notice when it's happening. (goodtherapy.org)
- Faces Change, but Immigrant Prejudice Remains includes historical photographs that connect today's xenophobia to that of the past, establishing a consistent narrative of discrimination in the United States directed towards Asian, brown, Black, and Indigenous folx. (nyu.edu)
- Discrimination is behavior that follows from prejudice. (films.com)
- Moral prejudice by a person or not speak about race and discrimination custom in society. (djrobswift.com)
- Bias, discrimination and prejudice have been present since the birth of modern science during the Enlightenment, the 18th century period heralded for rationality. (nih.gov)
Stereotypes7
- Some people seem to have already settled on their emotional responses without even hearing the music, by drawing on prejudices or stereotypes around particular genres of music," says lead researcher Dr Susino. (edu.au)
- Understand that people have negative attitudes and what is meant by prejudice and stereotypes. (equalityhumanrights.com)
- Be aware of the negative consequences of prejudice and stereotypes. (equalityhumanrights.com)
- Addressing prejudice-based bullying and challenging stereotypes in education is a priority for the Commission because education plays a key role in determining an individual's life chances. (equalityni.org)
- Without meaningful and effective tackling of the type of bullying that is motivated by someone's membership of an equality group, prejudice and stereotypes will continue to perpetuate harm on young people. (equalityni.org)
- Our goal is to address prejudice-based bullying and to challenge stereotypes in education, and action is needed from the Department of Education, the Education Authority, staff and Boards of Governors in schools, and others. (equalityni.org)
- As you think about 'reaching out' this Anti-Bullying week, have a look at our priorities for Tackling Bullying and Challenging Stereotypes , to inform your own work on addressing prejudice-based bullying. (equalityni.org)
Racial prejudice4
- First of all, racial prejudice is the most momentous one, which was also one of the main theme of the story. (ipl.org)
- Harper Lee's stance on racial prejudice is that it is a foolish practice, no matter who does it. (ipl.org)
- Term papers, term racial prejudice for jane austen is one is the employment patterns essay. (djrobswift.com)
- First published in our best for over 95, 500, 1996 racial prejudice 2005 prejudice: in america. (djrobswift.com)
Jane Austen's Pride3
- Given the number of times that filmmakers have found opportunity to adapt Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice , dating back to 1938, you'd think that Burr Steers' movie would jam zombies into very available moment in the story - if not just to differentiate the retelling - but that isn't what Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is about at all. (cinemablend.com)
- Director Joe Wright's vision of Jane Austen's Pride & Prejudice is sitting pretty with a massive eight nods, including British Director Of The Year, British Film Of The Year and British Actress Of The Year for its star Keira Knightley. (gamesradar.com)
- Pride and Prejudice: Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice has delighted readers for nearly two hundred years. (exampleessays.com)
Pride and Prejudice and Zom5
- In the vein of movies like Snakes on a Plane and Bad Santa , Burr Steers' Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is a film that very much tells you what it's all about with its title: it's Jane Austen's classic romantic tale retold with a bit of Walking Dead action. (cinemablend.com)
- To the movie's credit, it does take steps in establishing its own unique take on "zombie science" - establishing that they can retain their humanity and speech, but start losing it as they consume human brains - but the root problem with Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is that it neglects its genre-ness instead of fully embracing it. (cinemablend.com)
- While most of Pride and Prejudice and Zombies takes itself very seriously, Smith's performance as a quirky, awkward twit provides a much needed and wonderful spark that makes you smile every time he is on screen. (cinemablend.com)
- In a result that few could have seen coming, Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is weirdly a better fit for the Jane Austen crowd than those going in to expect tons of enthusiastic bloodletting and badass zombie action. (cinemablend.com)
- Recently we have seen the rather wacky Pride and Prejudice and Zombies , currently in my to-read bookcase, among other takes such as the three-part drama Lost in Austen , following an Austen fan as she steps through a door in her bathroom into the world of Elizabeth Bennet. (allisonandbusby.com)
Implicit3
- We did see that the people who had watched 'Little Mosque' were a lot more positive towards Muslims both on explicit and implicit measures of prejudice and we did find that those effects held five weeks later. (berkeley.edu)
- Most people do not recognize that they have implicit prejudices. (films.com)
- A professor designs a test that reveals people's implicit prejudices. (films.com)
Racism7
- At the time, theorists viewed prejudice as pathological and they thus looked for personality syndromes linked with racism. (wikipedia.org)
- Her theory defines prejudices as being social defences, distinguishing between an obsessional character structure, primarily linked with anti-semitism, hysterical characters, primarily associated with racism, and narcissistic characters, linked with sexism. (wikipedia.org)
- The American Psychological Association says racism is "a form of prejudice that assumes that the members of racial categories have distinctive characteristics and that these differences result in some racial groups being inferior to others. (psychologytoday.com)
- The Australian Human Rights Commission says racism is "more than just prejudice in thought or action. (psychologytoday.com)
- 184 990 essays essay on racism may 2005 prejudice essay ever work through a question arising from cucumbermaan. (djrobswift.com)
- Racism and prejudice contribute to and worsen these barriers to care, making it harder to receive quality care. (cdc.gov)
- Everyone can help improve care for people with sickle cell anemia by taking steps to address racism and prejudice. (cdc.gov)
Zombies3
- Pride and Prejudice is great, even without zombies. (deviantart.com)
- Pride & Prejudice & Zombies: Dreadfully Ever After, the Book Trailer! (quirkbooks.com)
- Pride & Prejudice & Zombies: Dreadfully Ever After hit stores on Tuesday, and we've got a stellar book trailer to go along with launch. (quirkbooks.com)
Darcy7
- Of course, in this version of the story, that independent life is dedicated to the deadly arts and zombie killing, and the antagonistic romantic hero, Mr. Darcy (Sam Riley), is a cold-blooded hunter of the undead who retains his social prejudices against the Bennet family while harboring some of his own dark secrets. (cinemablend.com)
- Pride and Prejudice Literary Essay The novel Pride and Prejudice, written by Jane Austen, is widely known as the development story of Miss Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Fitz William Darcy and how these characters represent society. (ipl.org)
- Elizabeth and Darcy begin with a mutual distaste for each other, due to Darcy's pride in his social economic status and Elizabeth's prejudice that she holds over aristocratic members of society. (ipl.org)
- In the novel "Pride and Prejudice," by Jane Austen emphasizes the idea of "thoughtful laugher," through the relationship of Elizabeth and Darcy. (ipl.org)
- It is at this ball that Elizabeth's prejudices are formed towards Darcy. (exampleessays.com)
- Both pride and prejudice stand in the way of relationships, as illustrated by Darcy and Elizabeth. (exampleessays.com)
- Few of us can ever un-see the iconic image of Colin Firth as Mr Darcy slowly emerging, dripping wet, from a lake in the BBC adaptation of Pride and Prejudice . (allisonandbusby.com)
Gordon Allport2
- In 1954, Gordon Allport, in his classic work The Nature of Prejudice, linked prejudice to categorical thinking. (wikipedia.org)
- The assignment revolves around an excellent article by Gordon Allport called, "Prejudice and the Individual," which is a 7-page chapter in The Black American Reference Book (1976, p. 515-521). (iteslj.org)
Anti-prejudice1
- She adds that unlike many other studies of anti-prejudice measures, her team made sure to measure the longer-term effects. (berkeley.edu)
Bias3
- In a WebMD/Medscape survey report produced with STAT, "Patient Prejudice: When Credentials Aren't Enough," we explore how often patients express bias toward doctors and what the effects are on clinical care. (medscape.com)
- Please note this is BIAS or prejudice against Hindus or Hinduism and has nothing to do with hatred or fear. (surveymonkey.com)
- Aggregating data from multiple measures of bias using a variety of methods in three different countries over a period of 8 years, we found a small but significant negative relationship between accuracy and prejudice that was homogeneous across the samples tested. (researchgate.net)
Judgment2
- Because prejudice, or the judgment of other groups, will always exist, one can hope that people make efforts to unlearn prejudicial behaviors. (films.com)
- confirmed a small but significant negative correlation between anti-homosexual prejudice and judgment performance of sexual orientation, both the strength (e.g. (researchgate.net)
Muslims1
- Both Sikhs and Muslims are easily identifiable by their apparel, and are easy targets for prejudiced people. (films.com)
Consequences1
- The destructive consequences of religious prejudice are thus of great concern to the Bahá'í community. (bahai-library.com)
Ethnic3
- This theory posits that contact between different (ethnic) groups can reduce prejudices against those groups. (wikipedia.org)
- People with low cognitive ability tended to express prejudice towards groups perceived as liberal and unconventional (e.g., atheists, gays and lesbians), as well as groups of people perceived as having low choice over group membership (e.g., ethnic minorities). (scienceblog.com)
- In high schools and colleges prejudice flourishes, often because ethnic groups segregate themselves. (films.com)
Defines1
- Auestad (2015) defines prejudice as characterized by "symbolic transfer", transfer of a value-laden meaning content onto a socially-formed category and then on to individuals who are taken to belong to that category, resistance to change, and overgeneralization. (wikipedia.org)
Feelings2
- In the 1970s, research began to show that prejudice tends to be based on favoritism towards one's own groups, rather than negative feelings towards another group. (wikipedia.org)
- This scene thoroughly portrays the society to which they belong, as well as the pride, prejudice, and general feelings of superiority of many of the characters. (exampleessays.com)
Perceptions1
- Pride leads to narrow-mindedness while prejudice leads to false perceptions of others. (exampleessays.com)
Foolish1
- It is a pitch-perfect piece of social commentary, brilliantly dissecting the foolish, class-based prejudices of its characters, from the too-proud Mr. ... Aside from the priceless gossiping, Pride and Prejudice brings what many readers look form a happy ending, and most of all, true love. (exampleessays.com)
Social3
- Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact. (scienceblog.com)
- In Jane Austen's novel, Pride and Prejudice, a majority of the scenes took place at some type of social gathering where the characters were all brought together. (exampleessays.com)
- Social Atmosphere Portrayed through the Ball Scene Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, contains numerous scenes involving parties or other social occasions. (exampleessays.com)
Healthcare1
- After death, 2009 filed under healthcare introductory summaries and prejudice. (djrobswift.com)
Civilization1
- Loading unsubscribe from you with almost every civilization and prejudice quotes. (djrobswift.com)
People15
- he believed that people with authoritarian personalities were the most likely to be prejudiced against groups of lower status. (wikipedia.org)
- I think this callousness has given people who do have prejudices a seat at the table. (pastemagazine.com)
- Many people consider a 'racist' to be someone who is racially prejudiced, contrary to standard definitions. (psychologytoday.com)
- Very few people are immune to expressing prejudice, especially prejudice towards people they disagree with," says lead author Mark Brandt (Tilburg University, Netherlands). (scienceblog.com)
- Brandt and Jarrett Crawford (The College of New Jersey) analyzed data from 5914 people in the United States that includes a measure of verbal ability and prejudice towards 24 different groups. (scienceblog.com)
- There are a variety of belief systems and personality traits that people often think protect them from expressing prejudice," says Brandt. (scienceblog.com)
- In our prior work we found that people high and low in the personality trait of openness to experience show very consistent links between seeing a group as 'different from us' and expressing prejudice towards that group. (scienceblog.com)
- Whereas prior work by others found that people with low cognitive ability express more prejudice, we found that this is limited to only some target groups," says Brandt. (scienceblog.com)
- For these groups, people with high levels of cognitive ability expressed more prejudice. (scienceblog.com)
- So, cognitive ability also does not seem to make people immune to expressing prejudice. (scienceblog.com)
- The prejudice presented is against people such as Tom Robinson, Atticus Finch, and Boo Radley. (ipl.org)
- Can Education Reduce Prejudice against LGBT People? (tcf.org)
- Prejudice-based bullying can have wide ranging effects on young people, which may continue into adulthood. (equalityni.org)
- Our 2017 Statement on Key Inequalities in Education highlighted that prejudice-based bullying is a persistent problem for young people from certain equality groups. (equalityni.org)
- Prejudice is an unwarranted attitude about a group of people. (films.com)
Sexual2
- reported a negative correlation between accurate perception of sexual orientation and self-reported prejudice against homosexual individuals, it is unclear whether the same relationship would appear when targets feature nothing but verbal sexual orientation cues. (researchgate.net)
- We propose that feminine gay men are targets of essentialist beliefs that cast them as less natural and more entitative than masculine gay men, and that this pattern of low-naturalness/high-entitativity beliefs fuels increased sexual prejudice toward, and discomfort with, feminine gay men. (nih.gov)
20161
- During his Apostolic Visit to Armenia on June 25, 2016, Pope Francis at an ecumenical encounter in Yerevan said that "only love can erase prejudices and make us see that openness to our brothers and sisters can purify and elevate our own convictions. (catholicculture.org)
Essay2
- Good thesis statements and prejudice and prejudice research documents and classist practices and marriage in particular, 2017 essay. (djrobswift.com)
- Perfect for jane http://mspaculova.cz/essay-in-a-day does not much prejudice 2. (djrobswift.com)
Occurs1
- It occurs when this prejudice-whether individual or institutional-is accompanied by the power to discriminate against, oppress, or limit the rights of others. (psychologytoday.com)
Remains1
- Delivers a powerful reminder that prejudice remains both widespread and insidious, and offers examples of the important ongoing work of sowing tolerance. (films.com)
Religious4
- On the Bahá'í community's perspective on religious prejudice and what action it is taking to address this issue in the world. (bahai-library.com)
- The Universal House of Justice has received your email letter of 24 March 2017 … regarding a query you have received about the Bahá'í community's perspective on religious prejudice and what action it is taking to address this issue in the world. (bahai-library.com)
- At the same time, Bahá'u'lláh offers a stark warning about the pernicious effects of religious prejudice, stating that "religious fanaticism and hatred are a world-devouring fire, whose violence none can quench. (bahai-library.com)
- Religious prejudice forms a formidable barrier to the progress and well-being of humanity. (bahai-library.com)
Belong1
- The term 'bigot' refers to individuals who are prejudiced against others because they belong to a disliked group. (psychologytoday.com)
Beliefs1
- Study 2 replicated the effects of gay men's gender expression on essentialist beliefs, and demonstrated that feminine gay men arouse more prejudice and discomfort than masculine gay men because they are perceived as socially constructed (low in naturalness) and deeply homogeneous (high in entitativity). (nih.gov)
Rational1
- She prides herself on not being prejudice in judging and rational in the judgement of others. (exampleessays.com)
Research4
- The first psychological research conducted on prejudice occurred in the 1920s. (wikipedia.org)
- These studies, along with other research, led many psychologists to view prejudice as a natural response to races believed to be inferior. (wikipedia.org)
- Comprehensive research to establish, and track over time, the prevalence and nature of prejudice-based bullying, and to assess school compliance with the Addressing Bullying in Schools Act. (equalityni.org)
- Clear tips research writer and prejudice essays. (djrobswift.com)
Work2
- The anti-Semitic threats targeting our Jewish community and community centers are horrible and are painful, and a very sad reminder of the work that still must be done to root out hate and prejudice and evil," Trump said after touring the National Museum of African American History and Culture. (pastemagazine.com)
- Untested in this work, however, is the influence that individual differences in prejudice against gays and lesbians may exert upon perceivers' judgments. (researchgate.net)
Develop4
- 1. During the film, identify at least three different types of prejudice and explain how these prejudices help to develop the two key characters throughout their journeys in the film. (ipl.org)
- In the film "American History X", there are numerous prejudices to help to develop the two key characters throughout their journeys. (ipl.org)
- Children develop prejudices early in life. (films.com)
- On academic level prejudice may be ready to develop questions for free. (djrobswift.com)
Marriage1
- Pride and Prejudice is a story about young women looking to find marriage. (exampleessays.com)
Title1
- The title of Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, can be interpreted as a theme running throughout the movie. (exampleessays.com)
Group3
- A bigot is someone who is prejudiced against an individual because the individual belongs to a disliked group. (psychologytoday.com)
- When it comes to prejudice, it does not matter if you are smart or not, or conservative or liberal, each group has their own specific biases. (scienceblog.com)
- Victims of prejudice want to be judged individually for themselves, not as part of a group. (films.com)
Word1
- The word prejudice has been used since Middle English around the year 1300. (wikipedia.org)
Address1
- Support materials and opportunities in the curriculum to comprehensively address prejudice-based bullying. (equalityni.org)
Individual2
- This is shown throughout Pride and Prejudice and the path that each individual character takes. (ipl.org)
- This prejudice, along with many others, permeates the structures of society and is systematically impressed on individual and collective consciousness. (bahai-library.com)
Person1
- Is a racially prejudiced person a racist? (psychologytoday.com)
Reduce2
- He has attached conditions to it to promote positive contact and reduce prejudices. (wikipedia.org)
- They also performed a second experiment where they found that a simple, four-minute music video served as an effective treatment to reduce prejudice. (berkeley.edu)
Media1
- You can then explore prejudice through the media. (equalityhumanrights.com)