Preimplantation Diagnosis
Blastomeres
Prenatal Diagnosis
Aneuploidy
Pregnancy
Fertilization in Vitro
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Blastocyst
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Morula
Embryo Culture Techniques
Cleavage Stage, Ovum
Embryo, Mammalian
Oocytes
Embryo Transfer
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Delayed Diagnosis
Karyotyping of human oocytes by chromosomal analysis of the second polar bodies. (1/461)
This paper describes a method for obtaining metaphase chromosomes from human second polar bodies. The second polar body nucleus was injected into the cytoplasm of an enucleated oocyte, which is activated shortly after injection. When the polar body nucleus is transformed into a haploid pronucleus, treatment with okadaic acid was used to induce premature chromosome condensation. A total of 25 analysable chromosome plates were obtained from 38 polar bodies karyotyped using this technique. Whole chromosome painting was used to detect second polar bodies (and respectively, oocytes) with unbalanced translocations. In combination with the first polar body analysis, this technique may be useful in preimplantation genetic diagnosis for patients carrying maternal translocations. (+info)Preimplantation diagnosis by fluorescence in situ hybridization using 13-, 16-, 18-, 21-, 22-, X-, and Y-chromosome probes. (2/461)
PURPOSE: Our purpose was to select the proper chromosomes for preimplantation diagnosis based on aneuploidy distribution in abortuses and to carry out a feasibility study of preimplantation diagnosis for embryos using multiple-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the selected chromosomes of biopsied blastomeres. METHODS: After determining the frequency distribution of aneuploidy found in abortuses, seven chromosomes were selected for FISH probes. Blastomeres were obtained from 33 abnormal or excess embryos. The chromosome complements of both the biopsied blastomeres and the remaining sibling blastomeres in each embryo were determined by FISH and compared to evaluate their preimplantation diagnostic potential. RESULTS: Chromosomes (16, 22, X, Y) and (13, 18, 21) were selected on the basis of the high aneuploid prevalence in abortuses for the former group and the presence of trisomy in the newborn for the latter. Thirty-six (72%) of 50 blastomeres gave signals to permit a diagnosis. Diagnoses made from biopsied blastomeres were consistent with the diagnoses made from the remaining sibling blastomeres in 18 embryos. In only 2 of 20 cases did the biopsied blastomere diagnosis and the embryo diagnosis not match. CONCLUSIONS: If FISH of biopsied blastomere was successful, a preimplantation diagnosis could be made with 10% error. When a combination of chromosome-13, -16, -18, -21, -22, -X, and -Y probes was used, up to 65% of the embryos destined to be aborted could be detected. (+info)Prevention of age-related aneuploidies by polar body testing of oocytes. (3/461)
PURPOSE: We previously demonstrated that aneuploidy-free oocytes may be preselected by testing the first and second polar bodies removed from oocytes following their maturation and fertilization. The present paper describes the results of the application of the method in 659 in vitro fertilization cycles from patients of advanced maternal age. METHODS: Using micromanipulation techniques, 3943 oocytes were tested by polar body sampling and fluorescent on situ hybridization analysis using specific probes for chromosomes 13, 18, and 21. RESULTS: Fluorescent in situ hybridization results were available for 3217 (81.6%) of 3943 oocytes studied, of which 1388 (43.1%) had aneuploidies; 35.7% of the aneuploidies were of first meiotic division origin, and 26.1% of second meiotic division origin. Most errors in the first meiotic division were represented by chromatid malsegregation. The transfer of embryos deriving from 1558 of 1829 aneuploidy-free oocytes in 614 treatment cycles resulted in 131 clinical pregnancies and 88 healthy children born after confirmation of the polar body diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Polar body testing of oocytes provides an accurate and reliable approach for prevention of age-related aneuploidies in in vitro fertilization patients of advanced maternal age. (+info)Advantages of day 4 embryo transfer in patients undergoing preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy. (4/461)
PURPOSE: Following preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy, embryo transfer was executed on day 4, with the aim of providing more time for expanding from six to nine the number of diagnosed chromosomes per single cell (Group 2; 45 cycles). The results obtained were compared to those derived from conventional day 3 transfer (Group 1; 71 cycles). METHODS: For multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, two panels of probes were used: the first, specific for chromosomes XY, 13, 16, 18, and 21, was tested in all patients (Groups 1 and 2); the second was implemented only in Group 2 patients for the detection of chromosomes 14, 15, and 22. RESULTS: A total of 406 embryos underwent fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in Group 1, and 236 in Group 2. Comparable percentages of both chromosomal abnormalities (61% and 62%) and pregnancy and implantation rates (36% and 24.5% in Group 1, 41% and 23.6% in Group 2) resulted, regardless of the higher mean age in Group 2. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of the nine chromosomes which are most frequently associated with aneuploidy in humans could have an immediate impact on the rate of spontaneous abortions. Additional advantages are represented by the more accurate morphological evaluation of euploid embryos; the advanced compaction, which means that embryos are less exposed to damage during the transfer procedure; and the possibility of performing a reanalysis in cases where a fluorescence in situ hybridization diagnosis is not obtained. (+info)Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy: were we looking at the wrong chromosomes? (5/461)
PURPOSE: Our purpose was to study aneuploidy frequencies of chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 7, 14, 15, 17, 18, and 22 in cleavage-stage embryos. These frequencies were compared to spontaneous abortion data to determine differences in survival rate of their aneuploidies. METHODS: One hundred ninety-four embryos were analyzed with multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. Embryos were divided into three maternal age groups: 20 to 34.9 years, (2) 35 to 39.9 years, and (3) 40 years and older. Embryos were also divided into two developmental and morphological groups; arrested and nonarrested embryos. RESULTS: The rate of aneuploidy was 14.51%, 14.10%, and 31.48% for age groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P < 0.005). The chromosomes most frequently involved in aneuploidy events were 22, 15, 1, and 17. CONCLUSIONS: The chromosomes most involved in spontaneous abortions are not necessarily the ones causing a decrease in implantation rates with maternal age. Other aneuploidies, such as for chromosomes 1 and 17, may seldom implant or die shortly after implantation. (+info)Patient-specific probes for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of structural and numerical aberrations in interphase cells. (6/461)
PURPOSE: Our purpose was to evaluate the utility of translocation breakpoint-spanning DNA probes for prenatal genetic diagnosis of structural and numerical chromosome aberrations in interphase cells. METHODS: Breakpoint-spanning translocation probes were isolated from large insert DNA libraries and labeled so that the breakpoint regions were stained in different colors. Hybridization conditions were optimized using blastomeres biopsied from donated embryos. Probes were then applied to analyze patient blastomeres. RESULTS: We prepared translocation breakpoint-specific probes for 18 in vitro fertilization patients. Here, we describe the preparation of probes for two patients carrying balanced translocations involving chromosome 11 [t(11;22)(q23;q11), t(6;11)(p22.1;p15.3)]. The breakpoint cloning procedure could be accomplished in about 3-5 weeks. Additional time was needed to optimize probes. Application of probes demonstrated numerical as well as structural abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Breakpoint-spanning probes allow chromosome analysis in interphase cells as required for preimplantation genetic diagnosis screening of blastomeres. (+info)Accuracy of preimplantation diagnosis of single-gene disorders by polar body analysis of oocytes. (7/461)
PURPOSE: A number of pitfalls in single-cell DNA analysis, including undetected DNA contamination, undetected allele drop out, and preferential amplification, may lead to misdiagnosis in preimplantation genetic diagnosis of single-gene disorders. METHODS: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis was performed by sequential first and second polar body analysis of oocytes in 26 couples at risk for having children with various single-gene disorders. Mutant genes were amplified simultaneously with linked polymorphic markers, and only embryos resulting from the mutation-free oocytes predicted by polar body analysis with confirmation by polymorphic marker testing were transferred back to patients. RESULTS: Overall 529 oocytes from 48 clinical cycles (26 patients) were tested, resulting in the transfer of 106 embryos in 44 clinical cycles. As many as 46 (9.6%) instances of allele dropout were observed, the majority (96%) of which were detected. Seventeen unaffected pregnancies were established, of which nine resulted in the birth of an unaffected child, and the rest are ongoing. CONCLUSIONS: A high accuracy of preimplantation genetic diagnosis of single-gene disorders is achieved by application of sequential analysis of the first and second polar body and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. (+info)Preimplantation genetic diagnosis using fluorescent polymerase chain reaction: results and future developments. (8/461)
PURPOSE: Fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a multipurpose technique that can be used for diagnosing sex, single-gene defects, and trisomies as well as determining DNA fingerprints from single cells. However, its effectiveness must be assessed before clinical preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) application. METHODS: Single and multiplex fluorescent PCR was applied to single cells and blastomeres. RESULTS: Fluorescent PCR can be used to diagnose sex from blastomeres and has been successfully applied in a clinical PGD sexing program resulting in a confirmed pregnancy. A further major advantage of fluorescent PCR is the ability to multiplex, providing multiple diagnoses and DNA fingerprints with a high reliability (approximately 75% for trisomy, 86% for DNA fingerprint) and good accuracy (70-80%). Allele dropout in multiplex PCR is approximately 20% per allele and does not appear to be associated with the fragment size. CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescent PCR is a powerful technique for PGD, and the effects of allele dropout must be considered, particularly in multiplex PCR. (+info)Preimplantation Diagnosis (PID) is a genetic testing procedure performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), before they are implanted in the uterus. The purpose of PID is to identify genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities in the embryos, allowing only those free of such issues to be transferred to the uterus, thereby reducing the risk of passing on genetic diseases to offspring. It involves biopsying one or more cells from an embryo and analyzing its DNA for specific genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities. PID is often recommended for couples with a known history of genetic disorders or those who have experienced multiple miscarriages or failed IVF cycles.
Blastomeres are early stage embryonic cells that result from the initial rounds of cell division in a fertilized egg, also known as a zygote. These cells are typically smaller and have a more simple organization compared to more mature cells. They are important for the normal development of the embryo and contribute to the formation of the blastocyst, which is an early stage embryonic structure that will eventually give rise to the fetus. The process of cell division that produces blastomeres is called cleavage.
Prenatal diagnosis is the medical testing of fetuses, embryos, or pregnant women to detect the presence or absence of certain genetic disorders or birth defects. These tests can be performed through various methods such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, or ultrasound. The goal of prenatal diagnosis is to provide early information about the health of the fetus so that parents and healthcare providers can make informed decisions about pregnancy management and newborn care. It allows for early intervention, treatment, or planning for the child's needs after birth.
Embryonic development is the series of growth and developmental stages that occur during the formation and early growth of the embryo. In humans, this stage begins at fertilization (when the sperm and egg cell combine) and continues until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy. During this time, the fertilized egg (now called a zygote) divides and forms a blastocyst, which then implants into the uterus. The cells in the blastocyst begin to differentiate and form the three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These germ layers will eventually give rise to all of the different tissues and organs in the body.
Embryonic development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the coordinated interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is characterized by rapid cell division, migration, and differentiation, as well as programmed cell death (apoptosis) and tissue remodeling. Abnormalities in embryonic development can lead to birth defects or other developmental disorders.
It's important to note that the term "embryo" is used to describe the developing organism from fertilization until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy in humans, after which it is called a fetus.
Aneuploidy is a medical term that refers to an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of cells that contain genetic information in the form of genes.
In humans, the normal number of chromosomes in a cell is 46, arranged in 23 pairs. Aneuploidy occurs when there is an extra or missing chromosome in one or more of these pairs. For example, Down syndrome is a condition that results from an extra copy of chromosome 21, also known as trisomy 21.
Aneuploidy can arise during the formation of gametes (sperm or egg cells) due to errors in the process of cell division called meiosis. These errors can result in eggs or sperm with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which can then lead to aneuploidy in the resulting embryo.
Aneuploidy is a significant cause of birth defects and miscarriages. The severity of the condition depends on which chromosomes are affected and the extent of the abnormality. In some cases, aneuploidy may have no noticeable effects, while in others it can lead to serious health problems or developmental delays.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
Fertilization in vitro, also known as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), is a medical procedure where an egg (oocyte) and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization. The fertilized egg (embryo) is then transferred to a uterus with the hope of establishing a successful pregnancy. This procedure is often used when other assisted reproductive technologies have been unsuccessful or are not applicable, such as in cases of blocked fallopian tubes, severe male factor infertility, and unexplained infertility. The process involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer. In some cases, additional techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) may be used to increase the chances of success.
Inborn genetic diseases, also known as inherited genetic disorders, are conditions caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA that are present at conception. These abnormalities can include mutations, deletions, or rearrangements of genes or chromosomes. In many cases, these genetic changes are inherited from one or both parents and may be passed down through families.
Inborn genetic diseases can affect any part of the body and can cause a wide range of symptoms, which can vary in severity depending on the specific disorder. Some genetic disorders are caused by mutations in a single gene, while others are caused by changes in multiple genes or chromosomes. In some cases, environmental factors may also contribute to the development of these conditions.
Examples of inborn genetic diseases include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Huntington's disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Down syndrome. These conditions can have significant impacts on an individual's health and quality of life, and many require ongoing medical management and treatment. In some cases, genetic counseling and testing may be recommended for individuals with a family history of a particular genetic disorder to help them make informed decisions about their reproductive options.
A blastocyst is a stage in the early development of a fertilized egg, or embryo, in mammals. It occurs about 5-6 days after fertilization and consists of an outer layer of cells called trophoblasts, which will eventually form the placenta, and an inner cell mass, which will give rise to the fetus. The blastocyst is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. This stage is critical for the implantation of the embryo into the uterine lining.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.
The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.
In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
In situ hybridization, fluorescence (FISH) is a type of molecular cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes through the use of fluorescent probes. This technique allows for the direct visualization of genetic material at a cellular level, making it possible to identify chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, duplications, translocations, and other rearrangements.
The process involves denaturing the DNA in the sample to separate the double-stranded molecules into single strands, then adding fluorescently labeled probes that are complementary to the target DNA sequence. The probe hybridizes to the complementary sequence in the sample, and the location of the probe is detected by fluorescence microscopy.
FISH has a wide range of applications in both clinical and research settings, including prenatal diagnosis, cancer diagnosis and monitoring, and the study of gene expression and regulation. It is a powerful tool for identifying genetic abnormalities and understanding their role in human disease.
A morula is a term used in embryology, which refers to the early stage of development in mammalian embryos. It is formed after fertilization when the zygote (a single cell resulting from the fusion of sperm and egg) undergoes several rounds of mitotic divisions to form a solid mass of 16 or more cells called blastomeres. At this stage, the cells are tightly packed together and have a compact, mulberry-like appearance, hence the name "morula" which is derived from the Latin word for "mulberry."
The morula stage typically occurs about 4-5 days after fertilization in humans and is marked by the beginning of blastulation, where the cells start to differentiate and become organized into an outer layer (trophoblast) and an inner cell mass. The trophoblast will eventually form the placenta, while the inner cell mass will give rise to the embryo proper.
It's important to note that the morula stage is a transient phase in embryonic development, and it represents a critical period of growth and differentiation as the embryo prepares for implantation into the uterine wall.
Embryo culture techniques refer to the methods and procedures used to maintain and support the growth and development of an embryo outside of the womb, typically in a laboratory setting. These techniques are often used in the context of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).
The process typically involves fertilizing an egg with sperm in a laboratory dish and then carefully monitoring and maintaining the resulting embryo in a specialized culture medium that provides the necessary nutrients, hormones, and other factors to support its development. The culture medium is usually contained within an incubator that maintains optimal temperature, humidity, and gas concentrations to mimic the environment inside the body.
Embryologists may use various embryo culture techniques depending on the stage of development and the specific needs of the embryo. For example, some techniques involve culturing the embryo in a single layer, while others may use a technique called "co-culture" that involves growing the embryo on a layer of cells to provide additional support and nutrients.
The goal of embryo culture techniques is to promote the healthy growth and development of the embryo, increasing the chances of a successful pregnancy and live birth. However, it's important to note that these techniques are not without risk, and there are potential ethical considerations surrounding the use of ART and embryo culture.
The cleavage stage of an ovum, also known as a fertilized egg, refers to the series of rapid cell divisions that occur after fertilization. During this stage, the single cell (zygote) divides into multiple cells, forming a blastomere. This process occurs in the fallopian tube and continues until the blastocyst reaches the uterus, typically around 5-6 days after fertilization. The cleavage stage is a critical period in early embryonic development, as any abnormalities during this time can lead to implantation failure or developmental defects.
A zygote is the initial cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg, also known as an oocyte. This occurs in the process of human reproduction and marks the beginning of a new genetic identity, containing 46 chromosomes - 23 from the sperm and 23 from the egg. The zygote starts the journey of cell division and growth, eventually developing into a blastocyst, then an embryo, and finally a fetus over the course of pregnancy.
Embryonic and fetal development is the process of growth and development that occurs from fertilization of the egg (conception) to birth. The terms "embryo" and "fetus" are used to describe different stages of this development:
* Embryonic development: This stage begins at fertilization and continues until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy. During this time, the fertilized egg (zygote) divides and forms a blastocyst, which implants in the uterus and begins to develop into a complex structure called an embryo. The embryo consists of three layers of cells that will eventually form all of the organs and tissues of the body. During this stage, the basic structures of the body, including the nervous system, heart, and gastrointestinal tract, begin to form.
* Fetal development: This stage begins at the end of the 8th week of pregnancy and continues until birth. During this time, the embryo is called a fetus, and it grows and develops rapidly. The organs and tissues that were formed during the embryonic stage continue to mature and become more complex. The fetus also begins to move and kick, and it can hear and respond to sounds from outside the womb.
Overall, embryonic and fetal development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the coordinated growth and differentiation of cells and tissues. It is a critical period of development that lays the foundation for the health and well-being of the individual throughout their life.
A mammalian embryo is the developing offspring of a mammal, from the time of implantation of the fertilized egg (blastocyst) in the uterus until the end of the eighth week of gestation. During this period, the embryo undergoes rapid cell division and organ differentiation to form a complex structure with all the major organs and systems in place. This stage is followed by fetal development, which continues until birth. The study of mammalian embryos is important for understanding human development, evolution, and reproductive biology.
Embryo implantation is the process by which a fertilized egg, or embryo, becomes attached to the wall of the uterus (endometrium) and begins to receive nutrients from the mother's blood supply. This process typically occurs about 6-10 days after fertilization and is a critical step in the establishment of a successful pregnancy.
During implantation, the embryo secretes enzymes that help it to burrow into the endometrium, while the endometrium responds by producing receptors for the embryo's enzymes and increasing blood flow to the area. The embryo then begins to grow and develop, eventually forming the placenta, which will provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus throughout pregnancy.
Implantation is a complex process that requires precise timing and coordination between the embryo and the mother's body. Factors such as age, hormonal imbalances, and uterine abnormalities can affect implantation and increase the risk of miscarriage or difficulty becoming pregnant.
An oocyte, also known as an egg cell or female gamete, is a large specialized cell found in the ovary of female organisms. It contains half the number of chromosomes as a normal diploid cell, as it is the product of meiotic division. Oocytes are surrounded by follicle cells and are responsible for the production of female offspring upon fertilization with sperm. The term "oocyte" specifically refers to the immature egg cell before it reaches full maturity and is ready for fertilization, at which point it is referred to as an ovum or egg.
Ectogenesis is a theoretical concept in medical and reproductive biology that refers to the development of an organism outside of the body, typically referring to the growth and development of a fetus or embryo in an artificial environment, such as an external womb or an artificial uterus. This concept is still largely speculative and not currently possible with existing technology. It raises various ethical, legal, and social questions related to pregnancy, reproduction, and the nature of parenthood.
"Sex preselection," also known as "gender selection" or "family balancing," is the process of influencing the sex of an offspring before birth. It can be achieved through various methods, including preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in conjunction with in vitro fertilization (IVF), sperm sorting techniques, and embryo manipulation.
PGD is a technique where one or more cells are taken from an embryo created through IVF and tested for genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities. During this process, the sex of the embryo can also be determined. Only embryos of the desired sex are then transferred to the uterus for implantation.
Sperm sorting techniques involve separating X-chromosome-bearing sperm (which produce female offspring) from Y-chromosome-bearing sperm (which produce male offspring). The sorted sperm can then be used for artificial insemination or IVF.
It's important to note that sex preselection is a controversial topic due to ethical considerations and legal restrictions in some countries.
Embryo transfer is a medical procedure that involves the transfer of an embryo, which is typically created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), into the uterus of a woman with the aim of establishing a pregnancy. The embryo may be created using the intended parent's own sperm and eggs or those from donors. After fertilization and early cell division, the resulting embryo is transferred into the uterus of the recipient mother through a thin catheter that is inserted through the cervix. This procedure is typically performed under ultrasound guidance to ensure proper placement of the embryo. Embryo transfer is a key step in assisted reproductive technology (ART) and is often used as a treatment for infertility.
Developmental gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the activation or repression of specific genes during embryonic and fetal development. These regulatory mechanisms ensure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right cells, and at appropriate levels to guide proper growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of an organism.
Developmental gene expression regulation is a complex and dynamic process involving various molecular players, such as transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, non-coding RNAs, and signaling molecules. These regulators can interact with cis-regulatory elements, like enhancers and promoters, to fine-tune the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development.
Dysregulation of developmental gene expression can lead to various congenital disorders and developmental abnormalities. Therefore, understanding the principles and mechanisms governing developmental gene expression regulation is crucial for uncovering the etiology of developmental diseases and devising potential therapeutic strategies.
Delayed diagnosis is a term used in the medical field to describe a situation where a medical condition or disease was not diagnosed in a timely manner, despite the patient having sought medical attention and presented with symptoms that should have led to an earlier diagnosis. This can occur due to various reasons such as failure to recognize symptoms, misinterpretation of test results, lack of appropriate follow-up care, or communication breakdowns between healthcare providers and patients.
A delayed diagnosis can result in worsening of the medical condition, increased severity of symptoms, decreased treatment options, and potentially poorer outcomes for the patient. It may also lead to additional medical expenses, longer recovery times, and emotional distress for the patient and their family members. In some cases, a delayed diagnosis may be considered medical malpractice if it can be shown that the healthcare provider failed to meet the standard of care required in diagnosing the condition.
Early diagnosis refers to the identification and detection of a medical condition or disease in its initial stages, before the appearance of significant symptoms or complications. This is typically accomplished through various screening methods, such as medical history reviews, physical examinations, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Early diagnosis can allow for more effective treatment interventions, potentially improving outcomes and quality of life for patients, while also reducing the overall burden on healthcare systems.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Preimplantation genetic haplotyping
Elective genetic and genomic testing
Hypogammaglobulinemia
CYLD cutaneous syndrome
Designer baby
Tay-Sachs disease
German Ethics Council
Prevention of Tay-Sachs disease
Choroideremia
Adam Nash (savior sibling)
Sex selection
Ocular albinism late onset sensorineural deafness
Pre-conception counseling
Assisted reproductive technology
Mark Henaghan
Embryo
In vitro fertilisation
New eugenics
Phakomatosis
The Gene: An Intimate History
Polar body biopsy
Sperm sorting
Termination for medical reasons
FANCA
Pentasomy X
Fanconi anemia
Trisomy X
Transfusion-dependent anemia
Human leukocyte antigen
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis - Wikipedia
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Program
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Overview, Indications and Conditions, Process
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"Thinking Outside the Box: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, In Vitro " by Christian J. Sorensen
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Lecture by Dr Jorge Ten, Current Assessment of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis.
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Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
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Vitro fertilization8
- Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a technique used to identify chromosomal genetic abnormalities in embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before pregnancy. (medscape.com)
- The use of preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), formerly known as preimplantation genetic screening or PGS, has increased in recent years, now encompassing an estimated 40% of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles in the United States. (medscape.com)
- After in vitro fertilization, but before transfer to the uterus, preimplantation genetic screening is done to check for the correct number of chromosomes. (mainlinehealth.org)
- However, the same concerns underlying this debate over eugenic abortions apply with equal force to preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) coupled with in vitro fertilization. (wm.edu)
- Christian J. Sorensen, Thinking Outside the Box: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, In Vitro Fertilization, and Disability Screening in the Wake of Box v. Planned Parenthood , 31 Wm. (wm.edu)
- Dr. Rosario Isasi, Dr. Erika Kleiderman, and Dr. Bartha Maria Knoppers suggest, in an open-access "Perspectives" article in the journal Science, that policy-makers could be guided by the model that has served to develop policies governing pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) after in vitro fertilization. (bioquicknews.com)
- In some circumstances, an individual or a couple may use the results of genetic testing and consider prenatal testing or in vitro fertilization (IVF) technology with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to avoid recurrence in their children. (aao.org)
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is defined as the genetic screening of cells from an embryo created through in vitro fertilization and prior to being transferred into the womb. (uni-hamburg.de)
Embryos29
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) is the genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation (as a form of embryo profiling), and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
- The term preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) refers to the set of techniques for testing whether embryos (obtained through IVF/ICSI) have abnormal chromosomes' number. (wikipedia.org)
- The procedures may also be called preimplantation genetic profiling to adapt to the fact that they are sometimes used on oocytes or embryos prior to implantation for other reasons than diagnosis or screening. (wikipedia.org)
- Since the biopsy was to be performed on day three, the first diagnoses were all performed in one day, with transfer of the embryos late on day three. (wikipedia.org)
- The Fertility Center at Massachusetts General Hospital offers preimplantation genetic testing (PGD) that helps detect and prevent serious and life-threatening genetic diseases in embryos. (massgeneral.org)
- Preimplantation genetic testing is an umbrella term that refers to the assessment of embryos prior to implantation or pregnancy. (medscape.com)
- Only healthy and normal embryos are transferred into the mother's uterus, thus diminishing invasive prenatal diagnoses, late pregnancy termination, or the birth of a child with a serious genetic disease. (medscape.com)
- A key breakthrough in modern laboratory medicine, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) detects genetic abnormalities that cause birth defects or fatal illnesses, allowing embryos to be chosen before being implanted into a uterus, thereby avoiding selective pregnancy terminations. (aacc.org)
- More recently, with preimplantation genetic screening, embryos are tested to determine whether they have the normal complement of 46 chromosomes. (aacc.org)
- That was reason enough to choose PGD - or preimplantation genetic diagnosis for her embryos. (conceivingconcepts.com)
- As a world leader in embryo screening, Main Line Health provides preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) to help identify the embryos with the greatest potential. (mainlinehealth.org)
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis determines which embryos carry or are affected by specific genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis or Tay Sachs disease. (mainlinehealth.org)
- After preimplantation genetic screening, only those embryos with the correct number of chromosomes are transferred to the uterus. (mainlinehealth.org)
- Preimplantation genetic screening can also show which embryos are male and which are female, so you're able to choose the gender of the embryos you want to implant, if you wish. (mainlinehealth.org)
- Another application of PGT-M is preimplantation genetic diagnosis for human leukocyte antigen (PGD-HLA), which, in addition to identifying unaffected embryos, also characterizes the embryos that are HLA compatible with an existing affected child requiring a hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). (thalassaemia.org.cy)
- Is the Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis of Embryos Being Oversold? (labroots.com)
- This article focuses on the patentability of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), which provides a means to test embryos generated by in vitro fertilisation (IVF) for a variety of inherited diseases, allowing the doctor to select only those without the defect for implantation in the uterus. (manchester.ac.uk)
- In Switzerland, as of 1.9.2017, it is possible to examine the chromosomes of individual embryos through preimplantation genetic screening (PGS=PIGS). (kinderwunschzentrum.ch)
- The preimplantation genetic screening is extremely beneficial, as the selection of chromosomally healthy embryos increases the likelihood of pregnancy per embryo inserted into the uterus, as well as decreasing the risk of miscarriage. (kinderwunschzentrum.ch)
- It is necessary to take a cell sample from each of the patient embryos in order to perform a preimplantation genetic diagnosis. (clinicatlas.com)
- Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD ) is the genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation (as a form of embryo profiling), and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization. (halalmedtour.com)
- Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis or PGD can help in distinguishing embryos which are healthy from embryos that are affected with the specific genetic disease, thus allowing such couples to have disease free babies. (ivfgangaram.in)
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a treatment that allows for genetic testing of embryos prior to embryo transfer. (coastalfertilityspecialists.com)
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has the advantage of enabling selection of unaffected embryos through testing prior to implantation. (aao.org)
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a prevention technique used in assisted reproduction in order to detect abnormalities in the genetic material of embryos. (invitra.com)
- In the late 1990s, 1 the development of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (or PGD) made it possible to test in vitro fertilised (IVF) embryos for known genetic diseases and select only unaffected embryos for implantation. (bmj.com)
- To help achieve this, preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), also known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), is an option to test embryos prior to transfer. (roundrockfertility.com)
- The prognosis for IVF is a necessary procedure to inspect the medical condition of the embryos by preimplantation genetic testing methods. (mordorintelligence.com)
- To perform preimplantation testing, a small number of cells are taken from these embryos and tested for certain genetic changes. (medlineplus.gov)
Embryo12
- Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis is not simply one test, but a combination of techniques administered by highly skilled embryologists, scientists who specialize in embryo development. (conceivingconcepts.com)
- Whether or not Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis does damage to the embryo may very well be up to the person in the back of the lab. (conceivingconcepts.com)
- Preimplantation genetic screening is a test done to determine if an embryo has normal chromosomes. (mainlinehealth.org)
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was first carried out at the Hammersmith Hospital in London by Robert Winston and Alan Handyside, who developed a way of determining the sex of the human embryo before implantation, thereby reducing the risk of X linked disease. (bmj.com)
- It will enable the clinician to understand better the complexity of the task facing the laboratory professionals when a patient is referred for genetic diagnosis before the embryo implants. (bmj.com)
- CCS, also known as preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), allows fertility specialists to identify a chromosomally balanced embryo for transfer with 98% certainty. (genesis-fertility.com)
- Of these sites, 76% described testing for single-gene diseases, but fewer mentioned risks of missing target diagnoses (35%) or risks for loss of embryo (18%), and 14% described PGD as new or controversial. (columbia.edu)
- In addition, he reviews the new methods for the detection of genetic and chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo which allows a more comprehensive, efficient and reproducible diagnosis. (institutobernabeu.com)
- Because of the high proportion of consanguineous marriages in our country, it is very important to diagnose such diseases in the prenatal period (prenatal diagnosis) and even in the embryo stage (preimplantation diagnosis). (clinicatlas.com)
- Classically PGD is used for couples with a family or personal history of a genetic disorder, however, newer techniques referred to as preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) are available to assist chromosomally normal couples with embryo selection prior to embryo transfer. (coastalfertilityspecialists.com)
- This region is then sequenced to provide a reliable diagnosis of the status of the genetic mutation in each embryo. (aao.org)
- It is an embryo biopsy-free, preimplantation genetic aneuploidy screening test. (mordorintelligence.com)
Prenatal diagnosis7
- PGD is considered in a similar fashion to prenatal diagnosis. (wikipedia.org)
- It is an attractive means of preventing heritable genetic disease, thereby eliminating the dilemma of pregnancy termination following unfavorable prenatal diagnosis. (medscape.com)
- An accepted and widely adopted approach to reduce the number of new cases involves carrier-screening programs, with the option of prenatal diagnosis (PND) or preimplantation diagnosis (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disease, PGT-M) for carrier couples. (thalassaemia.org.cy)
- Finally, future prospects related to developments in noninvasive prenatal diagnosis are discussed. (thalassaemia.org.cy)
- Prenatal diagnosis (PND) with amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) for biochemically identifiable disorders (eg, Tay-Sachs disease, many mucopolysaccharidoses, and more than 100 other diseases) is useful in the proper genetic scenarios. (aao.org)
- Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis: This test helps in establishing the fetal genotype. (novaivffertility.com)
- Invasive prenatal diagnosis: The tests involved in this type of diagnosis are amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling and fetal blood sampling procedures. (novaivffertility.com)
Called preimplantation genetic1
- Preimplantation testing, also called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), is a specialized technique that can reduce the risk of having a child with a particular genetic or chromosomal disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
Aneuploidy3
- PGS was renamed preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy (PGD-A) by Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis International Society (PGDIS) in 2016. (wikipedia.org)
- Results of screening with preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy (PGD-A) have been mixed. (medscape.com)
- Moreover, PGD with next-generation sequencing (NGS) provide new possibilities for diagnosis and new parameters for evaluation in, for example, aneuploidy screening. (invictagenetics.com)
Couples2
- Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is recommended when couples risk transmitting a known genetic abnormality to their children. (medscape.com)
- Some forms of ART may be used with regard to fertile couples for genetic purpose (see preimplantation genetic diagnosis ). (wikipedia.org)
Chromosome1
- In terms of diseases related to the X chromosome, if the mentioned disease's genetic diagnosis can not be done directly, embryonal sex determination is done. (clinicatlas.com)
Infertility2
- For others, the diagnosis comes as an unexpected, incidental finding, the result of routine infertility pre-conceptional testing. (massgeneral.org)
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is well established method for treatment of genetic problems associated with infertility. (invictagenetics.com)
Muscular Dystrophy1
- Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis is most frequently recommended for patients who are at risk for genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs disease, muscular dystrophy, and sickle cell anemia. (conceivingconcepts.com)
Pregnancy termination1
- As a first-trimester procedure, CVS allows earlier diagnosis and can lead to earlier and thus safer pregnancy termination. (aao.org)
Centers1
- However, under certain circumstances, it is permitted in authorized centers for preimplantation genetic diagnosis. (uni-hamburg.de)
Screening2
- Preimplantation Genetic Screening and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: What is it? (roundrockfertility.com)
- The Centre for Genetics Education offers an overview of prenatal testing , as well as fact sheets about preimplantation genetic diagnosis , screening tests during pregnancy, and diagnostic tests during pregnancy . (medlineplus.gov)
20211
- The NCBI article published in October 2021 mentioned preimplantation genetic testing and embryologist specialization provided safety and assisted reproduction process have not negatively impacted patients with a previous record of COVID-19 infection. (mordorintelligence.com)
Abnormal1
- The early part covers normal and abnormal preimplantation development, from oocyte maturation onwards. (bmj.com)
Genome1
- Searching the entire genome will often allow a diagnosis to be made. (nature.com)
Invasive2
- Prenatal procedures that provide a definitive diagnosis of genetic disorders are invasive and involve some fetal risk. (msdmanuals.com)
- References Prenatal procedures that provide a definitive diagnosis of genetic disorders are invasive and involve some fetal risk. (msdmanuals.com)
Patients3
- Dr. Irene Souter discusses preimplantation genetic testing with patients. (massgeneral.org)
- Such risk of pre-natal complications in the infected patients boosted the demand for preimplantation genetic testing during the pandemic. (mordorintelligence.com)
- Utility of polygenic scores for differentiating diabetes diagnosis among patients with atypical phenotypes of diabetes. (medscape.com)
Assessment1
- Lecture by Dr Jorge Ten, Current Assessment of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis. (institutobernabeu.com)
Burden1
- Thus, increased demand for earlier diagnosis and government initiatives to control the healthcare burden will likely drive the preimplantation genetic testing market. (mordorintelligence.com)
Exclusion1
- Odell-West, A 2007, ' Preimplantation genetic diagnosis, the 'medical exclusion' and the biotechnology directive ', Medical Law International , vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 239-250. (manchester.ac.uk)
Fetal1
- Incluye la cefalopelvimetrÃa (medida del tamaño de la cabeza fetal en relación con la capacidad pélvica materna), una guÃa pronóstica para el manejo del TRABAJO DE PARTO asociado a desproporción. (bvsalud.org)
Outcomes1
- Dr Ten's presentation represents an update of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and assesses the clinical outcomes which can be expected. (institutobernabeu.com)
Treatment3
- Learn more about PI, including the various diagnoses and treatment options. (primaryimmune.org)
- MedicineNet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. (medicinenet.com)
- The temptation to order a barrage of random tests must be avoided, as most of these will be unnecessary and not lead to a specific diagnosis or treatment. (co.ke)
Examine1
- Objective: To examine information on preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) presented on IVF clinic websites. (columbia.edu)
Diseases5
- To the persons who have risk in terms of some single gene diseases, which its diagnosis is possible, such as Familial Mediterranean anemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Cystic fibrosis, SMA. (clinicatlas.com)
- It is possible to determine pre-implantation period diagnoses of all single gene diseases that can be recognized in postnatal or prenatal period. (clinicatlas.com)
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of single gene diseases depend on single-cell DNA analysis. (clinicatlas.com)
- In addition to diseases in our panel, we are able to design PGD at our center for every genetic disease which its diagnosis is possible. (clinicatlas.com)
- WGA (complete sequence analysis) is also expected to play a role in healthcare, specifically in the diagnosis of diseases for which the genetic background is not yet (or insufficiently) clear. (nature.com)
Clinical2
- Introduction: The growing number in the clinical applications of genomic diagnosis advances and drug development from the identification of new molecular targets raise the need to promote related competencies in health professionals. (researchgate.net)
- TBX5 genotyping has high sensitivity and specificity for Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) if stringent diagnostic criteria are used in assigning the clinical diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Offers2
- If you or your partner, or both of you, are carriers of a specific genetic disease, preimplantation genetic diagnosis offers a way to reduce your chances of having a child with that disease. (mainlinehealth.org)
- The University of Pennsylvania offers an explanation of preimplantation genetic diagnosis . (medlineplus.gov)
Diagnostic3
- Diagnostic testing: Molecular or cytogenetic testing is often done to confirm a genetic diagnosis. (novaivffertility.com)
- Diagnostic pré-implantatoire: dix ans d'expérience en région parisienne: impasse actuelle et solutions à venir. (bvsalud.org)
- Assessments of chloride and potassium balance in urine could serve as an additional diagnostic tool for the differential diagnosis of thiazide-associated hyponatremia. (medscape.com)
Selection1
- Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis is 99% accurate for sex selection. (conceivingconcepts.com)
Analysis1
- Biological information analysis revealed the mutation was pathogenic and preimplantation genetic diagnosis was adopted. (researchsquare.com)
Years2
- Our team of world-class experts and scientists has been developing the innovative methods of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for over 13 years. (invictagenetics.com)
- Ten years' experience of preimplantation genetic diagnosis in Paris: remaining obstacles and potential solutions]. (bvsalud.org)