Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of PREGNANCY.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the FALLOPIAN TUBES, known as TUBAL PREGNANCY. They can be in other locations, such as UTERINE CERVIX; OVARY; and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL).

Soluble HLA-G influences the release of cytokines from allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells in culture. (1/69)

Exquisitely regulated cytokine balance during early pregnancy is thought to be necessary for promoting survival of the fetal allograft. Our previous studies have demonstrated that membrane-bound human leukocyte antigen (mHLA-G) expressed on trophoblasts is one of the key factors in regulating cytokine balance by shifting the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 polarization, a favourable milieu for the maintenance of pregnancy. Given that trophoblasts secrete soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G), we examined its biological roles in comparison with mHLA-G. We cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with either the HLA-A and -B-deficient B lymphoblast cell line (721.221 cells) or the same cell line transfected with mHLA-G (721.221-G1 cells), in the presence or absence of recombinant sHLA-G. Cytokine concentrations in the culture media were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In contrast to mHLA-G protein, sHLA-G stimulated the release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma, whereas it reduced the release of interleukin (IL)-3, regardless of the presence of the presence of a stimulatory effect of the mHLA-G-expressing cells. Although mHLA-G reduced the release of IL-4, sHLA-G did not have any effect. Conversely, sHLA-G stimulated the release of IL-10 whereas mHLA-G was without effect. These results suggest that sHLA-G regulates the release of cytokines from PBMC chiefly by counterbalancing mHLA-G, and thereby may play a role in maintaining pregnancy.  (+info)

Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms and the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss. (2/69)

The aetiology of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) remains unclear, but it may be related to a possible genetic predisposition together with involvement of environmental factors. We examined the relation between RPL and polymorphisms in two genes, glutathione S-transferases (GST) M1 and T1, which are involved in the metabolism of a wide range of environmental toxins and carcinogens. A case-control study of 115 cases with RPL and 160 controls was conducted. All cases and controls were women resident in Sapporo, Japan and the surrounding area. They were genotyped for polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 using PCR-based methods. We found that 65.2% of the cases with RPL and 45.6% of the controls had the GSTM1 null genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.36-3.66]. On the other hand, 47.0% of the cases and 49.4% of the controls had the GSTT1 null genotype (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.58-1.55). The results suggest that women with GSTM1 null polymorphism may therefore have an increased risk of RPL.  (+info)

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and bovine interferon-tau modify phorbol ester-induced secretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha and expression of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 and phospholipase-A2 in bovine endometrial cells. (3/69)

Embryonic mortality in cattle may occur because of inadequate inhibition of uterine secretion of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha mediated by bovine interferon-tau (bIFN-tau). The objectives of the present study were to determine whether polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit secretion of PGF2alpha from bovine endometrial cells induced by stimulating protein kinase C with phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate (PDBu) and to investigate possible mechanisms of action. Confluent cells were exposed for 24 h to 100 microM of linoleic, arachidonic (AA; C20:4, n-6), linolenic (LNA; C18:3, n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA; C20:5, n-3), or docosahexaenoic (DHA; C22:6, n-3) acid. After incubation, cells were washed and stimulated with PDBu. The EPA, DHA, and LNA attenuated secretion of PGF2alpha in response to PDBu. The EPA and DHA were more potent inhibitors than LNA. The EPA inhibited secretion of PGF2alpha at 6.25 microM. Secretion of PGF2alpha in response to PDBu decreased with increasing incubation time with EPA. Both bIFN-tau and EPA inhibited secretion of PGF2alpha, and their inhibitory effects were additive. The bIFN-tau, but not EPA, reduced the abundance of PG endoperoxide synthase-2 (PGHS-2) mRNA. Incubation with 100 microM EPA, DHA, or AA for 24 h followed by treatment with PDBu did not affect concentrations of PGHS-2 and phospholipase A2 proteins. The EPA and DHA inhibit secretion of PGF2alpha through a mechanism different from that of bIFN-tau. The effect of EPA on PGF2alpha secretion may be caused by competition with AA for PGHS-2 activity or reduction of PGHS-2 activity. The use of EPA and DHA to inhibit uterine secretion of PGF2alpha and to improve embryonic survival in cattle warrants further investigation.  (+info)

Possible expansion of "Window of Implantation" in pseudopregnant mice: time of implantation of embryos at different stages of development transferred into the same recipient. (4/69)

Blastocyst implantation and successful establishment of pregnancy require delicate interactions between the embryo and maternal environment. It is believed that the growth of transferred embryos of different ages is synchronized during preimplantation development and that such embryos are implanted in the uterus at the same time. To define the time of synchronization for developing embryos of different ages, embryos at two different stages of development were transferred separately into the oviducts of the same recipient. We then examined the subsequent development of the embryos at various time intervals after transfer. Pronucleus (PN) stage eggs were transferred separately to the right or left oviduct of recipients on Day 0, while eight-cell embryos (8C) were transferred to the other oviduct. For 8C, 5%, 63%, and 74% of transferred embryos were implanted in the uterus at 42, 66, and 90 h posttransfer, respectively. In contrast, none of the transferred PN was implanted until 90 h posttransfer. At 90 h posttransfer, 59% of the PN had successfully implanted. Histological examination revealed that developmental stage of the embryos in both groups synchronized around 162 h posttransfer, even though the implantation was accelerated in 8C compared with PN. Our results indicate that embryos of advanced stage transferred to the oviduct implant in the uterus in advance of younger embryos and that the uterine development is synchronized at the neural plate, presomite stage. Our results strongly suggest that uterine receptivity for implantation is expandable in pseudopregnant mice.  (+info)

Expression of membrane-bound HLA-G at the maternal-fetal interface is not associated with pregnancy maintenance among patients with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss. (5/69)

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has many known aetiologies. However, using current diagnostic testing, a large fraction of recurrent pregnancy losses remain unexplained. Many of these may have immune underpinnings. HLA-G is a non-classical MHC class I product whose fairly restricted expression at the maternal-fetal interface suggests a role in successful embryonic implantation and/or subsequent pregnancy maintenance. The study of immune-mediated RPL should be enhanced by comparing groups of idiopathic RPL patients with normal fetal chromosomes to RPL patients with known chromosomal abnormalities in their index pregnancies. We hypothesized that if alteration of HLA-G expression at the maternal-fetal interface were associated with immune-mediated RPL, such changes might be detectable using these comparisons. HLA-G protein expression at the maternal-fetal interface in maternal and gestational age-matched women with history of idiopathic RPL and normal male fetuses were compared with expression in RPL patients with known fetal trisomy 16 in their index pregnancy. We detected no significant quantitative differences in the levels of HLA-G between these groups of RPL patients. Within the limitations of this study, we conclude that HLA-G expression is not a major immunological determinant of pregnancy maintenance among patients with idiopathic RPL.  (+info)

Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the female reproductive system in rats. (6/69)

Parenteral application of the active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, has been anticipated to have remarkable efficacy in secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, in a reproduction seg. I study in rats, poor reproductive performance was reflected in a decrease in the number of matings, implantations and live births. These changes were though reversible after treatment with the compound was discontinued. In order to clarify the mechanism of these reversible toxicities, the following were examined in female rats treated with the D3 metabolite: 1. effect on the estrous cycle (no treatment for 2 weeks, treatment for 3 weeks and recovery for 2 weeks), and 2. effect on the maintenance of pregnancy (treatment for 2 weeks before mating and during the gestation period). In both groups, the levels of calcium, calcitonin, PTH and progesterone in serum were measured, and histopathological examination of the thyroid, parathyroid, ovary and uterus was carried out. The following results were observed: 1) disturbance of the estrous cycle, 2) hypofunctional changes in the corpus luteum in the ovary, and the epithelium, endometrium and uterine gland in the uterus with a decrease in the serum progesterone level and 3) hypercalcemia with a decrease in calcitonin or PTH levels in serum with morphological changes including atrophy and cyst-formation in the parathyroid. However, the above changes were reversible, and recovery was observed after administration of the compound was discontinued. These results indicate that the hypercalcemia caused by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 disrupts endocrinological homeostasis which in turn temporarily disrupts the female reproductive system. Furthermore, it was suggested that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 itself directly influences on endocrinological organs (hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroid and thyroid) and reproductive organs (ovary and uterus).  (+info)

Fetal and maternal transforming growth factor-beta 1 may combine to maintain pregnancy in mice. (7/69)

One of the mysteries of pregnancy is why a mother does not reject her fetuses. Cytokine-modulation of maternal-fetal interactions is likely to be important. However, mice deficient in transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF beta 1) and other cytokines are able to breed, bringing this hypothesis into question. The phenotype of TGF beta 1 null-mutant mice varies with genetic background. We report here that, in outbred mice, the loss of TGF beta 1-deficient embryos is influenced by the parity of their mother. This is consistent with the loss of mutants being due to immune rejection. An inbred line of TGF beta 1(+/-) mice that supported TGF beta 1-deficient fetuses had high levels of TGF beta 1 in their plasma. Analysis of the amniotic fluids in this line indicated that biologically relevant levels of maternal TGF beta 1 were present in the TGF beta 1(-/-) fetuses. These data are consistent with maternal and fetal TGF beta 1 interacting to maintain pregnancy, within immune-competent mothers.  (+info)

Depletion of CD8+ cells abolishes the pregnancy protective effect of progesterone substitution with dydrogesterone in mice by altering the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile. (8/69)

One of the most remarkable immunological regulations is the maternal immune tolerance toward the fetal semiallograft during pregnancy, which has been referred to as immunity's pregnant pause. Rejection of the semiallogeneic trophoblast cells must be selectively inhibited and pathways presumably include Th2 cytokines unopposed by Th1 cytokines. Steroid hormones, including progesterone, have similar effects. Low levels of progesterone and Th2 cytokines and high levels of Th1 cytokines are attributable for increased abortions in mammalians, which may be triggered by psychoemotional stress. Thus, the aim of the present study was to provide experimental evidence for the mechanism involved in the mediation of immune responses by endocrine signals during pregnancy and stress-triggered pregnancy failure. DBA/2J-mated CBA/J female mice were randomized in three groups: 1) control females, 2) mice exposed to stress on gestation day 5.5, and 3) mice exposed to stress and substituted with dydrogesterone, a progestogen with a binding profile highly selective for the progesterone receptor on gestation day 5.5. On gestation days 7.5, 9.5, and 10.5, mice of each group were sacrificed, and the frequency of CD8(+) cells and cytokine expression (IL-4, IL-12, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) in blood and uterus cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Additionally, some mice were depleted of CD8 cells by injection of mAb. We observed that progesterone substitution abrogated the abortogenic effects of stress exposure by decreasing the frequency of abortogenic cytokines. This pathway was exceedingly CD8-dependent, because depletion of CD8 led to a termination of the pregnancy protective effect of progesterone substitution.  (+info)

Pregnancy maintenance refers to the ongoing process and care required to support and sustain a healthy pregnancy until childbirth. This includes regular prenatal check-ups to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, proper nutrition, regular exercise, and avoiding harmful behaviors such as smoking or consuming alcohol. In some cases, pregnancy maintenance may also include medical interventions such as hormone treatments or bed rest. The goal of pregnancy maintenance is to ensure the best possible outcome for both the mother and the baby.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

"Animal pregnancy" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, in biological terms, animal pregnancy refers to the condition where a fertilized egg (or eggs) implants and develops inside the reproductive tract of a female animal, leading to the birth of offspring (live young).

The specific details of animal pregnancy can vary widely between different species, with some animals exhibiting phenomena such as placental development, gestation periods, and hormonal changes that are similar to human pregnancy, while others may have very different reproductive strategies.

It's worth noting that the study of animal pregnancy and reproduction is an important area of biological research, as it can provide insights into fundamental mechanisms of embryonic development, genetics, and evolution.

Ectopic pregnancy is a type of abnormal pregnancy that occurs outside the uterine cavity. The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is the fallopian tube, accounting for about 95% of cases. This condition is also known as tubal pregnancy. Other less common sites include the ovary, cervix, and abdominal cavity.

In a normal pregnancy, the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and implants itself in the lining of the uterus. However, in an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants and starts to develop somewhere other than the uterus. The growing embryo cannot survive outside the uterus, and if left untreated, an ectopic pregnancy can cause life-threatening bleeding due to the rupture of the fallopian tube or other organs.

Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy may include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, shoulder pain, lightheadedness, fainting, and in severe cases, shock. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, ultrasound, and blood tests to measure the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy.

Treatment for ectopic pregnancy depends on several factors, including the location, size, and growth rate of the ectopic mass, as well as the patient's overall health and desire for future pregnancies. Treatment options may include medication to stop the growth of the embryo or surgery to remove the ectopic tissue. In some cases, both methods may be used together. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications and improve the chances of preserving fertility in future pregnancies.

Medical therapy and health maintenance for transgender men: a guide for health care providers. Lyon-Martin Women's Health ... Pregnancy is possible for transgender men who retain functioning ovaries and a uterus, such as in the case of Thomas Beatie. ... Unintended pregnancies by non-binary people on testosterone therapy may be more common if they are on a low dose of ... Transgender pregnancy is the gestation of one or more embryos or fetuses by transgender people. As of 2023, the possibility is ...
The recommended maintenance dose of thyroxine in pregnancy is about 2.0-2.4 µg/kg daily. Thyroxine requirements may increase in ... Hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease may worsen in the first trimester of pregnancy, remit in later pregnancy, and ... "Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving maternal and ... Thyroid disease in pregnancy can affect the health of the mother as well as the child before and after delivery. Thyroid ...
These differences appear to have a significant effect on the maintenance of a healthy, normal weight. As a result of this ... more likely to smoke during pregnancy than those whose pregnancies were intended. Smoking during pregnancy can lead to a ... There is limited evidence that smoking reduces the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension, but not when the pregnancy is ... June 2010). "Smoking and smoking cessation during early pregnancy and its effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes and fetal growth ...
Data from several pregnancy registries showed that children exposed to oxcarbazepine during pregnancy had a low risk of ... Oxcarbazepine used in conjunction with lithium has been shown to be effective in the maintenance phase. It may be beneficial in ... pregnancy category D). Oxcarbazepine should only be used during pregnancy if the benefits justify the risks. Pregnant women on ... "Oxcarbazepine Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Retrieved 13 April 2019. Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de ...
In pregnancy, higher levels of estrogen make a woman more likely to develop a yeast infection. During pregnancy, the Candida ... August 2004). "Maintenance fluconazole therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis". The New England Journal of Medicine. ... Candidal vulvovaginitis in pregnancy should be treated with intravaginal clotrimazole or nystatin for at least 7 days. All are ... Ratcliffe SD, Hall RE, Rubeor A, Coco A, Cohen D (2008). "Section A: Infections in Pregnancy". In Ratcliffe SD, Baxley EG, ...
Phung, Jason; Paul, Jonathan; Smith, Roger (2020). "Maintenance of Pregnancy and Parturition". Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal ... 12-. ISBN 978-3-319-43139-0. Byrns MC (January 2014). "Regulation of progesterone signaling during pregnancy: implications for ...
... maintenance of normal cardiac function (ID 166),... maintenance of normal blood circulation (ID 216)... pursuant to Article 13( ... Rumbold A, Ota E, Hori H, Miyazaki C, Crowther CA (September 2015). "Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy". The Cochrane ... Antioxidant vitamins as dietary supplements have been proposed as having benefits if consumed during pregnancy. For the ... to carry a pregnancy', with the ending -ol signifying its status as a chemical alcohol. α-Tocopherol is the main source found ...
... growth and uterine development finish with nothing to replace them and the pregnancy is lost. Pregnancy maintenance relies on ... Maternal recognition of pregnancy is a crucial aspect of carrying a pregnancy to full term. Without maternal recognition to ... However, if pregnancy is established, luteolysis is evaded via maternal recognition of pregnancy because high levels of ... Maternal recognition of pregnancy differs between species, however they all include a signal to prevent luteolysis, which then ...
After his death, the legislature created a program called the "Senator Stan Clark pregnancy maintenance initiative program, the ... "65-1,159a. Senator Stan Clark pregnancy maintenance initiative program; objectives; grants; annual report to legislature". ... to not-for-profit organizations for programs that provide services for women which enable them to carry their pregnancies to ...
Scholl, T. O., Hediger, M. L., Schall, J. I., Khoo, C. S., & Fischer, R. L. (1994). Maternal growth during pregnancy and the ... McDade, T. W., Reyes‐García, V., Tanner, S., Huanca, T., & Leonard, W. R. (2008). Maintenance versus growth: investigating the ...
Increased numbers of Tregs are found during normal pregnancy. In both mouse models and humans diminished numbers of Tregs were ... Other factors that contribute to the maintenance of immune privilege include: low expression of classical MHC class Ia ... A better understanding of the immunology of pregnancy may lead to the discovery of reasons for miscarriage.[citation needed] ... Ziv, Y.et al (2006). Nature Neuroscience, Immune cells contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning ...
The recommended daily level during pregnancy is 8,000 IU.) † Numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service ( ... NOTE: Retinol/retinyl esters arerequired and essential for maintenance of normal reproductive function. ...
It can be easily placed by a physician in a short period of time, and no additional maintenance measures are required. LARC can ... This is to prevent unintended pregnancy and reduce the risk of abortion and short-interval pregnancy, which may increase the ... Sex after pregnancy is often delayed for several weeks or months, and may be difficult and painful for women. Painful ... "Sex after pregnancy: Let your body set the pace". Mayo Clinic. 30 May 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-12-12. Retrieved ...
"The significance of the human corpus luteum in pregnancy maintenance. I. Preliminary studies". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 112 (8 ... The main function of hCG is to sustain the ovarian corpus luteum during pregnancy past the time it would normally decay as part ... In this trial 20 women who were known to have at least 1 prior pregnancy were injected with their husband's semen, and no ... Tandon, A; C Das; BL Jaikhani; GP Talwar (1981). "Efficacy of antibodies generated by PR-b-hCG-TT to terminate pregnancy in ...
"Circadian clock mutation disrupts estrous cyclicity and maintenance of pregnancy". Current Biology. 14 (15): 1367-1373. doi: ... In mice, Clock has been implicated in sleep disorders, metabolism, pregnancy, and mood disorders. Clock mutant mice sleep less ... Furthermore, Clock mutants demonstrate disrupted estrous cycles and increased rates of full-term pregnancy failure. Mutant ...
... lottery funds for the rehabilitation and preventive maintenance of covered bridges and a study for assessing the health of the ... school curriculum to encourage sexual abstinence to reduce teen pregnancy; ...
Violence Law; the Combating of the Rape Law; the Child Maintenance Law; and the Married Persons' Equality Law, for women and ... Teenage Pregnancies, etc. During 2012, 2013, and 2014, under her leadership, the "Professional Management Review" (PMR), based ... Articles with multiple maintenance issues, EngvarB from September 2014, Use dmy dates from September 2014, Articles with hCards ...
Apgar, Jean (1970-04-01). "Effect of Zinc Deficiency on Maintenance of Pregnancy in the Rat". The Journal of Nutrition. 100 (4 ... "Effect of Zinc Deficiency on Maintenance of Pregnancy in the Rat" (1970) "Effect of a Low Zinc Diet during Gestation on ... Apgar, Jean; Kramer, T. R.; Smith, J. Cecil (1995-04-01). "Marginal vitamin A intake during pregnancy in Guinea pigs: effect on ... Apgar, Jean; Fitzgerald, James A. (1985-06-01). "Effect on the Ewe and Lamb of Low Zinc Intake throughout Pregnancy". Journal ...
Maintenance of healthy weight and exercising before pregnancy assist in prevention. Gestational diabetes is treated with a ... based on the results of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study. These were ... or may have developed diabetes coincidentally with pregnancy. Whether symptoms subside after pregnancy is also irrelevant to ... and lifestyle changes between pregnancies may lower their chances of having gestational diabetes again in future pregnancies. ...
... luteal development and pregnancy maintenance in elephants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1743 ... Determining pregnancy status can be difficult due to the animal's large belly. The female's mammary glands occupy the space ... The relatively long pregnancy is supported by several corpus luteums and gives the foetus more time to develop, particularly ...
Jones, H. E., O'Grady, K. E., Malfi, D., & Tuten, M. (2008). Methadone maintenance vs. methadone taper during pregnancy: ... Johnson, R. E., Jones, H. E., & Fischer, G. (2003). Use of buprenorphine in pregnancy: patient management and effects on the ... Jones co-authored Treating Women with Substance Use Disorders During Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Approach to Caring for Mother ... Jones, Hendrée E. Treating women with substance use disorders during pregnancy : a comprehensive approach to caring for mother ...
In addition it is odorless or pleasant to inhale; safe for all ages and in pregnancy; not metabolised; rapid in onset and ... The ideal volatile anaesthetic agent offers smooth and reliable induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia with minimal ...
Generally speaking, maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder continues long after symptom control has been achieved. Following ... Galbally M, Roberts M, Buist A (November 2010). "Mood stabilizers in pregnancy: a systematic review". The Australian and New ... "Now Approved: ZYPREXA for maintenance therapy for bipolar disorder". www.zyprexa.com. Tohen M, Greil W, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS ... In light of recent evidence, olanzapine (Zyprexa) has been FDA approved as an effective monotherapy for the maintenance of ...
Knowledge of a proper diet, development of the fetus, signs and symptoms of pregnancy complications and certain pregnancy ... The Health Promotion and Maintenance category makes up about 12 percent of the NCLEX examination. Questions under this category ... Like the section on Health Promotion and Maintenance, the Psychosocial Integrity category constitutes approximately 12 percent ... This makes it necessary to understand all components of a patient's pregnancy. ...
The corpus luteum is essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in females. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, ... which is a steroid hormone responsible for the decidualization of the endometrium (its development) and maintenance, ...
"Role of HERV-W syncytin-1 in placentation and maintenance of human pregnancy". Appl. Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 17 (4): 319- ...
Exercise in excessively high temperatures has been suggested as being detrimental to pregnancy maintenance during the embryonic ... Mares can be used for riding or driving during most of their pregnancy. Exercise is healthy, though should be moderated when a ... The most dramatic fetal development occurs in the last 3 months of pregnancy when 60% of fetal growth occurs. Colts are carried ... True implantation - invasion into the endometrium of any sort - does not occur until about day 35 of pregnancy with the ...
A child maintenance allowance is paid when a court-ordered maintenance payment for a child of divorced parents was not being ... A maternity benefit, based on legislation of the 1930s, was paid for each pregnancy. It came either as a grant or as a much ... It was withheld if the mother did not visit a clinic by the fifth month of pregnancy. In addition to the above measures that ... Financial aid to families with children comes in the form of child allowances, child care and maintenance allowances, and ...
... blocking of estrogen production leads to pregnancy loss, suggesting estradiol has a role in the maintenance of pregnancy. ... During pregnancy, estradiol increases due to placental production. The effect of estradiol, together with estrone and estriol, ... During pregnancy, high levels of estrogens, namely estradiol, increase coagulation and the risk of venous thromboembolism. ... It is also important in the development and maintenance of female reproductive tissues such as the mammary glands, uterus and ...
... to prevent and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies; and to encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent ... out-of-wedlock pregnancies and establish annual numerical goals for preventing and reducing the incidence of these pregnancies ... "maintenance of effort" (MOE) requirement on basic assistance to meet the essential needs of families with children, and just ... and encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families. Since these four goals are deeply general, "states can use ...
... and consequences of endocannabinoids in human pregnancy. In these studies, we measured the levels of the endocannabinoid ... is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, little is known about the biochemistry, physiology, ... Plasma levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide in women--a potential role in pregnancy maintenance and labor? J Clin ... Although exposure to exocannabinoids (e.g. marijuana) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, little is known about the ...
Breastfeeding Initiation and Maintenance. Breastfeeding Outcomes. Breastfeeding is an important outcome to study not only ... Diet during pregnancy and levels of maternal pregnancy hormones in relation to the risk of breast cancer in the offspring. ... Pre-pregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy in relation to preterm delivery subtypes. Acta Obstetricia et ... aWeight gain during pregnancy projected to 40 weeks gestation.. bAdjusted for race, maternal age at pregnancy, maternal ...
Care Net Pregnancy Center of Tri-Counties, aka: Crisis Pregnancy Center of Northern California ... web design & maintenance by: Kierannas. ...
... pregnancy, testis, embryo, mechanisms of hormone action, behavior and reproductive technology ... Pregnancy. Dynamic Changes in Gene Expression along the Rat Epididymis. Author: Kathryn M. Jervis, Bernard Robaire. Biology of ... Selection and Maintenance of the Dominant Follicle: An Introduction. Author: J.E. Fortune. Biology of Reproduction, Volume 65, ... Cancellous and Cortical Bone Mechanical Properties and Tissue Dynamics During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Postlactation in the ...
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / diagnosis* * Surveys and Questionnaires / standards* * Young Adult ... Identifying Insomnia in Early Pregnancy: Validation of the Insomnia Symptoms Questionnaire (ISQ) in Pregnant Women J Clin Sleep ... Conclusions: Insomnia is a health problem for many pregnant women at all stages in pregnancy. These data support the validity ... Identification of insomnia in pregnancy is vital given the strong connection between insomnia and the incidence of depression, ...
Insufficient evidence that progestogen maintenance prolongs pregnancy after preterm labor answers are found in the EE+ POEM ... pregnancy_after_preterm_labor. Insufficient evidence that progestogen maintenance prolongs pregnancy after preterm labor. In: ... "Insufficient Evidence That Progestogen Maintenance Prolongs Pregnancy After Preterm Labor." EE+ POEM Archive, John Wiley & Sons ... Insufficient evidence that progestogen maintenance prolongs pregnancy after preterm labor. (2019). In Barry, H., Ebell, M. H., ...
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Both intervention and control participants received usual care and leaflets on diet and physical activity in pregnancy. Mean ( ... Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299: ... Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome: a study of 287,213 pregnancies in London. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1175- ... Secondary objectives were to examine the impact of the intervention on pregnancy weight gain; complications (during pregnancy ...
The aim of this study was to determine the range of protein Z in normal pregnancies at different gestational weeks in a cross- ... The aim of this study was to determine the range of protein Z in normal pregnancies at different gestational weeks in a cross- ... In summary, our data show a progressive increase in protein Z levels with gestational age in normal pregnancies and a return to ... In summary, our data show a progressive increase in protein Z levels with gestational age in normal pregnancies and a return to ...
Daily Maintenance: Take 1 tablet daily. Servings Per Container: 60. Nutrient. Amount Per Serving. % Daily Value for pregnant ... How far along in my pregnancy do I take this? It is recommended that you take a prenatal vitamin throughout your entire ... Once pregnancy is achieved, wed recommend you discontinue FertilAid and switch to the Peapod Prenatal Vitamin. ... Must I "wean" off of FertilAid or FertileCM by reducing dosage before taking PeaPod Prenatal once pregnancy is confirmed? ...
Delay in pregnancy or not able to conceive? Solve such concerns with delay in child birth and get the world best happens in ... Delay in pregnancy or not able to conceive? Solve such concerns with delay in child birth and get the world best happens in ... Instant solution for your pregnancy problems with Delay in child birth astrology. shared by astrologytabij1994 on Sep 08 ...
Budesonide induction and maintenance therapy for Crohns disease during pregnancy. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009 Jan;15(1):25-8. ... Effect of Pregnancy on the Course of IBD. Risk of relapse during pregnancy in IBD women with stable disease is approximately 30 ... Drug Safety in Pregnancy. Many women with IBD will stop their medication before or during pregnancy because of their concerns ... Management during Pregnancy. The risk of adverse outcomes is increased in woman with IBD during the pregnancy, even if their ...
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  • Women with amenorrhea and low body weight resulting from eating disorders often can conceive.13 There's accumulating evidence suggesting that anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are associated with an increased risk of unplanned pregnancies and birth complications.3,13 One explanation is that women may assume that because they have amenorrhea they can't get pregnant and may choose not to use contraception. (todaysdietitian.com)
  • Once the diagnosis of diabetes is established in a pregnant woman, continued testing for glycemic control and diabetic complications is indicated for the remainder of the pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Each year, around 500 000 women die from pregnancy-related complications. (who.int)
  • Chronic conditions resulting from some of these pregnancy complications are chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy and obstetric fistula. (who.int)
  • Opportunistic infections are common, while perinatal outcome is also poor with increased frequencies of abortions, ectopic pregnancies and other complications. (who.int)
  • A completely plant-based diet is suitable during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood, provided that it is well-planned. (mdpi.com)
  • We follow through the pregnancy process, studying how the female body adapts to pregnancy and lactation. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy is associated with significant maternal morbidity, including severe hemorrhage, need for the blood transfusion and hysterectomy. (bvsalud.org)
  • There is no universally adopted management protocol for cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy, but surgical management generally has a higher success rate than medical management. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, there remains a lack of high-quality evidence regarding what is the best surgical treatment option for cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy, and therefore it is essential that clinicians provide tailored management to patients considering the presenting symptoms and local expertise with various surgical techniques. (bvsalud.org)
  • We assessed the efficacy of oral gefitinib with methotrexate, versus methotrexate alone, to treat tubal ectopic pregnancy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Participants diagnosed with tubal ectopic pregnancy were administered a single dose of intramuscular methotrexate (50 mg/m2) and randomised (1:1 ratio) to 7 days of additional oral gefitinib (250 mg daily) or placebo. (bvsalud.org)
  • The primary outcome, analysed by intention to treat, was surgical intervention to resolve the ectopic pregnancy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Secondary outcomes included time to resolution of ectopic pregnancy and serious adverse events. (bvsalud.org)
  • This is particularly important in the first trimester when many pregnancies have not been discovered yet. (wikipedia.org)
  • Surprisingly, many studies show that eating disorder symptoms improve during pregnancy, or at least during the second trimester.4,5 This may be due to a combination of hormonal changes, a sense of responsibility and care for the developing fetus, a level of acceptance of the body's changes, and/or a perceived permission to eat and respond to the body's needs. (todaysdietitian.com)
  • she returned for next pregnancy in the second trimester, with both twins crawling at her sides, Hepatitis B surface antigen had turned negative. (scirp.org)
  • This has led to the belief that pregnancy may be a time for women with eating disorders to learn healthful eating behaviors and discontinue those that may be harmful to themselves and their unborn children. (todaysdietitian.com)
  • RDs are likely to encounter women seeking care for nutrition advice and weight management before, during, and after pregnancy and therefore are in a prime position to screen for eating disorders and provide nutritional support and appropriate referrals for care and treatment. (todaysdietitian.com)
  • A variety of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors contribute to the onset and maintenance of eating disorders. (todaysdietitian.com)
  • Since women with eating disorders may struggle with fertility, it's been suggested they may be more likely to seek infertility treatment, thus increasing the number of women who are pregnant and suffering from an eating disorder.12 However, while some women with eating disorders may struggle with infertility, pregnancy with an eating disorder is still possible. (todaysdietitian.com)
  • To map the diverse scientific evidence on nursing diagnoses c o p i n g R and interventions in women with pregnancy hypertensive disorders under Primary Health Care. (bvsalud.org)
  • Associations between maternal plasma measurements of inflammatory markers and urinary levels of phenols and parabens during pregnancy: a repeated measures study. (cdc.gov)
  • Background: Maternal immune system regulation is critical for maintenance of a healthy pregnancy and fetal development. (cdc.gov)
  • 3. Maternal mortality1 is defined as the death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of the pregnancy. (who.int)
  • Protein Z deficiency has recently been reported in women with unexplained early fetal losses, and antibodies to protein Z can contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes. (uzh.ch)
  • These findings have implications for fetal development and reproductive outcomes, and emphasize the need for further research on immunological mechanisms of phenol and paraben action during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
  • Delay in pregnancy or not able to conceive? (visual.ly)
  • Many trans men who had planned pregnancies were able to conceive within six months of stopping testosterone. (wikipedia.org)
  • False negative pregnancy test results can be frustrating for those trying to conceive or confirm their pregnancy. (dane101.com)
  • Many times, a transplanted organ normalizes a woman's hormonal imbalance and restores fertility, thus offering the prospect of pregnancy and providing many women with end-stage organ disease a chance to conceive and bear children. (medscape.com)
  • Novel pathways for implantation and establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals. (tamu.edu)
  • Given the fact that pregnant and/or breastfeeding IBD patients are excluded from clinical studies the evidence on many questions related to pregnancy and postpartum period is limited. (karger.com)
  • Early nutrition and lifestyle before and during pregnancy, breastfeeding, infancy, and early childhood can affect the risk of developing common non-communicable diseases during adulthood such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. (mdpi.com)
  • Ectopic pregnancies occur when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in one of the fallopian tubes. (dane101.com)
  • The Pregnant Office Chair is a chair designed specifically for pregnant individuals who may experience discomfort or difficulty sitting for long periods of time due to the physical changes that occur during pregnancy. (lavalove.org)
  • The primary study objective was to assess whether a theory-based weight management intervention for pregnant women with obesity, which starts during pregnancy and continues into the postpartum period, was effective in reducing women's body mass index (BMI) 12 months after giving birth. (nature.com)
  • Previous studies of pregnancies in women suggest that high levels of endogenous androgens are associated with reduced birth weight, although it is unclear how prior testosterone in a childbearing trans person may affect birth weight. (wikipedia.org)
  • But it's worth noting that several of the eligible brands are behind some of our 2022 Pregnancy-Safe Beauty Award Winners . (whattoexpect.com)
  • The normal increase of protein Z during pregnancy may balance the increase of clotting factors to protect pregnant women from thrombosis. (uzh.ch)
  • There could be several factors contributing to false-negative pregnancy tests. (dane101.com)
  • This prenatal vitamin supplies 100% or more Daily Value of the vitamins and minerals most vital for ensuring pregnancy wellness, including iron, vitamin C, and folic acid (as methylfolate) - important in preventing neural tube birth defects. (fairhavenhealth.com)
  • Once pregnancy is achieved, we'd recommend you discontinue FertilAid and switch to the Peapod Prenatal Vitamin. (fairhavenhealth.com)
  • Plasma levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide in women--a potential role in pregnancy maintenance and labor? (nih.gov)
  • Insomnia is a health problem for many pregnant women at all stages in pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • Regardless of prior hormone replacement therapy (HRT) treatments, the progression of pregnancy and birthing procedures are typically the same as those of cisgender women. (wikipedia.org)
  • We demonstrate that these adaptations are precisely timed, reflecting an immune clock of pregnancy in women delivering at term. (altmetric.com)
  • Women with prediabetes identified before pregnancy should be considered at extremely high risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • It doesn't mean that only women who are pregnant can become ill from Zika but we do know that the consequences of pregnancy affected by Zika is of real concern and that's why we're so focused on this particular population group. (cdc.gov)
  • Equally difficult is getting supplies, parts and maintenance of the specialized equipment this referral hospital uses to treat and save the lives of women with high-risk pregnancies and their babies. (who.int)
  • The emphasis of the report Nutrition During Pregnancy (IOM, 1990) was on the short-term consequences of gestational weight gain (GWG). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Although reports show a good success rate of pregnancy in liver transplant recipients, these pregnancies carry high risk to the patient, fetus, and allograft and need to be closely monitored in specialized centers by an integrated team that includes a transplant hepatologist, a transplant surgeon, an obstetrician experienced in high-risk pregnancies, and a perinatologist or neonatologist. (medscape.com)
  • Pregnancy is possible for transgender men who retain functioning ovaries and a uterus, such as in the case of Thomas Beatie. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings suggest that successful pregnancy implantation and progression requires low levels of AEA. (nih.gov)
  • however, implantation is preceded by loss of expression of receptors for progesterone (PGR) so that progesterone most likely acts via PGR-positive stromal cells throughout pregnancy. (tamu.edu)
  • Even if you have conceived and implantation has occurred, it takes time for your body to start producing human chorionic gonadotrophin , which the pregnancy tests detect - usually around 12-14 days post-conception. (dane101.com)
  • Although exposure to exocannabinoids (e.g. marijuana) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, little is known about the biochemistry, physiology, and consequences of endocannabinoids in human pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • Additionally, patients experiencing amenorrhea (a common side effect of HRT) may experience additional challenges in identifying early pregnancies due to the lack of regular menstrual cycling that could indicate a pregnancy if missed, for example. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common reason for false-negative pregnancy tests is testing too early in the menstrual cycle. (dane101.com)
  • This could increase the risk of an unplanned pregnancy occurring upon the initial return of ovulation, before the first menstrual cycle. (todaysdietitian.com)
  • 100% Daily Value of the most vital nutrients for preconception and pregnancy wellness, including iodine, iron, and folic acid (as methylfolate). (fairhavenhealth.com)
  • These findings unravel the precise timing of immunological events occurring during a term pregnancy and provide the analytical framework to identify immunological deviations implicated in pregnancy-related pathologies. (altmetric.com)
  • Conclusions: Our findings can be organized into two thematic frameworks, one where concentrations of urinary phenols and parabens during pregnancy reflected a pro-inflammatory relationship with immunological biomarkers, and the other contrary theme - an anti-inflammatory relationship. (cdc.gov)
  • On the other hand, if you are not switching from a "creditable" coverage plan when you enroll in a new group plan - or had coverage from an overseas health insurer - your new insurer can refuse to pay for treatment of your pre-existing conditions for 12 months (except pregnancy, if the plan has maternity coverage) . (insure.com)
  • Although planned pregnancy after liver transplantation is relatively common, acute liver failure during pregnancy is very uncommon, and acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation during early stages of pregnancy is rare. (medscape.com)
  • Since then, the literature on the topic has expanded, and more information is now available on neonatal as well as long-term consequences of both inadequate and excessive GWG during pregnancy. (nationalacademies.org)
  • A pregnancy journal app lets expectant mothers record their experiences, emotions, milestones, and memories on any device. (jotform.com)
  • These eggs result in lower levels of hCG as compared to normal pregnancies resulting difficulties with detection due to lack of high amounts usually present. (dane101.com)
  • Key Nutrients for Preconception and Pregnancy Wellness in a Once Daily, Easy to Swallow Tablet. (fairhavenhealth.com)
  • The overarching concept is that optimizing the mother's health is critical for optimizing the health of the unborn child and benefit of continuing medical therapy in IBD during pregnancy outweighs possible risks in most instances. (karger.com)
  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance of variable degree with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence Central , evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/infoPOEMs/1315967/all/Insufficient_evidence_that_progestogen_maintenance_prolongs_pregnancy_after_preterm_labor. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Transgender pregnancy is the gestation of one or more embryos or fetuses by transgender people. (wikipedia.org)
  • Trans men may experience unintended pregnancy, especially if they miss doses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such issues include preconception counseling (eg, fertility issues, vaccinations, contraceptive options) and the timing of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • In summary, our data show a progressive increase in protein Z levels with gestational age in normal pregnancies and a return to normal levels around 6 to 12 weeks postpartum. (uzh.ch)
  • Identification of insomnia in pregnancy is vital given the strong connection between insomnia and the incidence of depression, cardiovascular disease, or immune dysregulation. (nih.gov)
  • The maintenance of pregnancy relies on finely tuned immune adaptations. (altmetric.com)
  • Using mass cytometry, the abundance and functional responses of all major immune cell subsets were quantified in serial blood samples collected throughout pregnancy. (altmetric.com)
  • Cell signaling-based Elastic Net, a regularized regression method adapted from the elastic net algorithm, was developed to infer and prospectively validate a predictive model of interrelated immune events that accurately captures the chronology of pregnancy. (altmetric.com)
  • This study was a non-blinded, cluster randomised trial of the healthy eating and lifestyle in pregnancy (HELP) intervention, with a concurrent process and health economic evaluation. (nature.com)
  • To determine if TTFields treatment at 200 kHz to the brain concomitantly with RT and TMZ in the treatment of GBM patients prolongs the overall survival of patients, compared to RT and TMZ treatments followed by TTFields and maintenance TMZ. (orlandohealth.com)
  • and explores the RD's role in eating disorder treatment during pregnancy. (todaysdietitian.com)
  • The primary surgical treatment modalities are suction evacuation versus resection of the pregnancy via multiple routes. (bvsalud.org)
  • During pregnancy, your placenta produces relaxin, a hormone that softens the cervix by promoting collagen degradation. (healthline.com)
  • The aim of this study was to determine the range of protein Z in normal pregnancies at different gestational weeks in a cross-sectional and a longitudinal setting. (uzh.ch)
  • It's normal for feet to get bigger during pregnancy . (healthline.com)