Prey capture in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus albifrons: sensory acquisition strategies and electrosensory consequences. (1/1866)
Sensory systems are faced with the task of extracting behaviorally relevant information from complex sensory environments. In general, sensory acquisition involves two aspects: the control of peripheral sensory surfaces to improve signal reception and the subsequent neural filtering of incoming sensory signals to extract and enhance signals of interest. The electrosensory system of weakly electric fish provides a good model system for studying both these aspects of sensory acquisition. On the basis of infrared video recordings of black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons) feeding on small prey (Daphnia magna) in the dark, we reconstruct three-dimensional movement trajectories of the fish and prey. We combine the reconstructed trajectory information with models of peripheral electric image formation and primary electrosensory afferent response dynamics to estimate the spatiotemporal patterns of transdermal potential change and afferent activation that occur during prey-capture behavior. We characterize the behavioral strategies used by the fish, with emphasis on the functional importance of the dorsal edge in prey capture behavior, and we analyze the electrosensory consequences. In particular, we find that the high-pass filter characteristics of P-type afferent response dynamics can serve as a predictive filter for estimating the future position of the prey as the electrosensory image moves across the receptor array. (+info)Neuromuscular control of prey capture in frogs. (2/1866)
While retaining a feeding apparatus that is surprisingly conservative morphologically, frogs as a group exhibit great variability in the biomechanics of tongue protraction during prey capture, which in turn is related to differences in neuromuscular control. In this paper, I address the following three questions. (1) How do frog tongues differ biomechanically? (2) What anatomical and physiological differences are responsible? (3) How is biomechanics related to mechanisms of neuromuscular control? Frog species use three non-exclusive mechanisms to protract their tongues during feeding: (i) mechanical pulling, in which the tongue shortens as its muscles contract during protraction; (ii) inertial elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under inertial and muscular loading; and (iii) hydrostatic elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under constraints imposed by the constant volume of a muscular hydrostat. Major differences among these functional types include (i) the amount and orientation of collagen fibres associated with the tongue muscles and the mechanical properties that this connective tissue confers to the tongue as a whole; and (ii) the transfer of intertia from the opening jaws to the tongue, which probably involves a catch mechanism that increases the acceleration achieved during mouth opening. The mechanisms of tongue protraction differ in the types of neural mechanisms that are used to control tongue movements, particularly in the relative importance of feed-forward versus feedback control, in requirements for precise interjoint coordination, in the size and number of motor units, and in the afferent pathways that are involved in coordinating tongue and jaw movements. Evolution of biomechanics and neuromuscular control of frog tongues provides an example in which neuromuscular control is finely tuned to the biomechanical constraints and opportunities provided by differences in morphological design among species. (+info)Effects of size, motility and paralysation time of prey on the quantity of venom injected by the hunting spider Cupiennius salei. (3/1866)
Previous experimental studies have shown that neotropical wandering spiders (Cupiennius salei) inject more venom when attacking larger crickets. It has been postulated that this is a consequence of predator-prey interactions during envenomation, which increase in intensity with the size of a given prey species. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis using anaesthetized crickets of different sizes that were moved artificially. Cupiennius salei was found (1) to inject more venom the greater the intensity of the struggling movement of the crickets (prey size kept constant); (2) to inject more venom the longer the duration of the struggling movement of the crickets (prey size and intensity of movement kept constant); and (3) to inject equal amounts into crickets of different size (duration and intensity of movement kept constant). These results indicate that C. salei alters the amount of venom it releases according to the size and motility of its prey. Venom expenditure depends mainly on the extent of the interactions with the prey during the envenomation process, whereas prey size is of minor significance. The regulation of venom injection in concert with behavioural adaptations in response to various types of prey minimizes the energetic cost of venom production, thus increasing the profitability of a given prey item. (+info)Lunar cycles in diel prey migrations exert a stronger effect on the diving of juveniles than adult Galapagos fur seals. (4/1866)
In our study of the development of diving in Galapagos fur seals, we analysed changes in diving activity and body mass trends over the lunar cycle. Based on previously observed lunar cycles in colony attendance patterns, we hypothesized a greater impact of prey migrations of deep scattering layer organisms on younger fur seals. Using electronic dive recorders, we determined that seals dived less and deeper on moonlit nights than at new moon, and incurred body mass losses. These changes in foraging over the lunar cycle correlate with the suppression of the vertical migration of prey by lunar light. All effects were more pronounced in juveniles than adult females, with greater relative mass loss during full moon, which must (i) negatively affect long-term juvenile growth rates, (ii) lengthen periods of maternal dependence, and (iii) contribute to the lowest reproductive rate reported for seals. This underlines the importance of studying ontogeny in order to understand life histories, and for determining the susceptibility of animal populations to fluctuations in food availability. (+info)A trade-off between energy intake and exposure to parasites in oystercatchers feeding on a bivalve mollusc. (5/1866)
Models of animal dispersion between habitat patches that differ in resource density assume that animals maximize their fitness by maximizing the rate at which they consume resources. How valid is this assumption? Studies on wading birds have been central to the application of dispersion models to predator-prey systems. However, these birds do not always attempt to maximize their rate of energy intake, implying that maximization involves costs as well as benefits. Overwintering oystercatchers feeding on cockles in the Burry Inlet, South Wales, do not consume the larger more energetically profitable cockles even though consuming these prey would increase their rate of energy intake. This paper tests the hypothesis that maximizing energy intake involves a trade-off with exposure to helminth parasites. Cockles are important intermediate hosts for helminth parasites, for which oystercatchers are the definitive host. The helminth intensity of cockles increased significantly with cockle size. A functional response model was used to examine how size selection by the birds influenced energy intake and the ingestion rate of parasites. To maximize energy intake birds should selectively consume the larger size classes, but to minimize the ingestion rate of parasites they should consume the smallest size classes. In the wild, birds selectively consumed intermediate size classes, which could represent a compromise between these conflicting demands. The implications for animal dispersion models are discussed. (+info)Electrolocation-communication discharges of the fish Gymnotus carapo L. (Gymnotidae: Gymnotiformes) during behavioral sleep. (6/1866)
Technical problems have hampered the study of sleep in teleosts. The electrical discharges of Gymnotus carapo L. (Gymnotidae: Gymnotiformes) were monitored to evaluate their ease and reliability as parameters to study sleep. The discharges were detected by electrodes immersed in a glass aquarium and were recorded on a conventional polygraph. G. carapo showed conspicuous signs of behavioral sleep. During these periods, opercular beat rates were counted, electric discharges recorded, and the "sharp discharge increase" (SDI) of the orienting reflex was investigated. All 20 animals monitored maintained electrical discharges during behavioral sleep. The discharge frequencies during sleep (50.3 +/- 10.4 Hz) were not significantly different from those observed when the fish was awake and inactive (57.2 +/- 12.1 Hz) (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test, P>0.05). However, the SDI, which was prevalent in the awake fish, was not observed during periods of behavioral sleep. Additional observations showed that the species had cannibalistic habits. When presented with electrical discharges from a conspecific, the sleeping fish showed an initial decrease or pause in discharge frequency, while the awake fish did not have this response. We conclude that the electrical discharges of G. carapo were not conspicuous indicators of behavioral sleep. Discharges may have been maintained during sleep for sensory purposes, i.e., conspecific detection and avoidance of cannibalistic attacks. (+info)Accommodation in the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). (7/1866)
We have studied natural accommodation in the eye of six specimens of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) as they were fed with fish and shrimp. Using infrared photoretinoscopy, we observed (1) that the resting refractive state of the cuttlefish was emmetropic or slightly hyperopic, (2) that accommodation took place only a fraction of a second before a strike and (3) that accommodation focused selectively only in the frontal visual field while no change in refraction could be measured in the lateral field of view. Accommodation was bilateral and amounted to approximately 5 diopters (the reciprocal of the focal length expressed in meters). Simultaneously, the eyes converged. It appears that, as in most teleost fishes, accommodation in the cuttlefish involves a movement of the crystalline lens perpendicular to the axis of the eye. In histological sections, we observed the position and arrangement of the ciliary muscles, confirming earlier anatomical descriptions, and developed a model of how accommodation could be achieved. (+info)Role of prey-capture experience in the development of the escape response in the squid Loligo opalescens: a physiological correlate in an identified neuron. (8/1866)
Although extensively used for biophysical studies, the squid giant axon system remains largely unexplored in regard to in vivo function and modulation in any biologically relevant context. Here we show that successful establishment of the recruitment pattern for the giant axon in the escape response elicited by a brief electrical stimulus depends on prey-capture experience early in life. Juvenile squid fed only slow-moving, easy-to-capture prey items (Artemia salina) develop deficits in coordinating activity in the giant axon system with that of a parallel set of non-giant motor axons during escape responses. These deficits are absent in cohorts fed fast-moving, challenging prey items (copepods). These results suggest that the acquisition of inhibitory control over the giant axon system is experience-dependent and that both prey-capture and escape behavior depend on this control. (+info)In the context of mental health and psychology, "predatory behavior" is not a term that is commonly used as a medical diagnosis or condition. However, it generally refers to aggressive or exploitative behavior towards others with the intention of taking advantage of them for personal gain or pleasure. This could include various types of harmful behaviors such as sexual harassment, assault, stalking, bullying, or financial exploitation.
In some cases, predatory behavior may be associated with certain mental health conditions, such as antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy, which are characterized by a disregard for the rights and feelings of others. However, it's important to note that not all individuals who engage in predatory behavior have a mental health condition, and many people who do may not necessarily exhibit these behaviors.
If you or someone else is experiencing harm or exploitation, it's important to seek help from a trusted authority figure, such as a healthcare provider, law enforcement officer, or social worker.
Siphonophorae
Wahweap Formation
Acristavus
Diabloceratops
African civet
Lepidoptera
Dileptus
Philodromus rufus
Church membership council
Star Wars Battlefront II (2017 video game)
Argiope argentata
White ghost catshark
Predatory dinoflagellate
Vampirococcus
Formica archboldi
Herding dog
Edmontosaurus
Hadrosauridae
Deinonychus
Cyrtophora citricola
Ceratopogonidae
Ant mimicry
Father Chrysanthus
Great white shark
IEX
Tyrannosaurus
Cyrtophora moluccensis
Tyrannosauridae
Paleolithic
Teratornis
Hudsonville man gets prison for online 'predatory behavior' | WOODTV.com
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In a Golden Age of Cancer Care, PBMs Are Holding Us Back | MedPage Today
George Takei: Don't equate Kevin Spacey's predatory behavior with his sexuality - DeadState
Texas House Unanimously Expels Rep. Bryan Slaton for 'Predatory Behavior' - Texas Scorecard
NFT Lending Is Trending, Raising Concerns of 'Predatory' Platform Behavior - unitynews.net
Do Wheel Bugs Fly? Uncovering the Truth about These Intriguing Insects - What's That Bug?
Paul: Lewinsky affair predatory, Dem's war on women - UPI.com
Southwest to launch new service from Long Beach to Oakland - Los Angeles Times
Predatory Landlords - Off Campus Resource Center
Keeping cats indoors: How to ensure your cat is happy, according to science
Bolas Spider: All You Need to Know in a Nutshell - What's That Bug?
Siphonophorae - Wikipedia
George Conway claims he barely knew Lincoln Project co-founder accused of predatory behavior | Gregg Jarrett
Student Loan Crackdown: White House on Hunt for Predatory Behavior from Schools - Why It Benefits Students - GOBankingRates -...
Can A Human Beat A Kangaroo? Human vs. Kangaroo - Being Human
Bursting neurons command consummatory feeding behavior and coordinated visceral receptivity in the predatory mollusk...
Determining the Ecological Impacts of the Invasive Land Planarian Bipalium kewense: An Analysis of Predatory Behavior and...
A predatory tale: Who's afraid of the thief? | Securelist
Rising GOP star Madison Cawthorn faces renewed scrutiny as sexual misconduct allegations resurface | Salon.com
Justin Mogilski PhD - USC Salkehatchie | University of South Carolina
Bee - Wikipedia
MN Revisor's Office
Behaviours1
- Reporters also asked President Smith for the B.N.T.U.'s position on allegations of predatory behaviours being displayed by teachers against children in the classroom. (channel5belize.com)
Cursorial1
- This spider shows still another predatory tactic: we have observed it catching cursorial prey outside its sheet web. (bvsalud.org)
Voracious1
- It was hypothesized that the land planarian B. kewense will significantly impact North Carolina ecosystems because of its reproductive capabilities and its voracious predatory habits. (nhsjs.com)
Hunt3
- The largest sharks ever to hunt in Earth's oceans may have gotten so big thanks to their predatory behavior in the womb, scientists report October 5 in Historical Biology. (thesaurus.com)
- Although the domesticated dog who shares our living spaces and affection may seem like a far cry from a predator, our dogs originated from wolves thousands of years ago and still have some of the predatory instincts that allowed their ancestors to hunt for meals. (vetstreet.com)
- The predatory chase may not result in injury, as many dogs will only complete the chasing sequence of the hunt and stop as soon as they catch up to the prey. (vetstreet.com)
Habits3
- To summarize, in this article section, we have explored the predatory nature, feeding habits, and movement capabilities of wheel bugs. (whatsthatbug.com)
- Based on its reproductive potential and predatory habits, it can be concluded that B. kewense is a high-risk invasive species to North Carolina. (nhsjs.com)
- On a superficial level, the predatory habits of the saber-toothed cat Smilodon would not seem to be especially mysterious. (nationalgeographic.com)
Wolves1
- Remember, our pet dogs are descended from wolves and still show predatory behaviors. (nps.gov)
Prey3
- To test the predatory behaviors of B. kewense , 15 specimens were placed in separate 669 mL containers along with one Eisenia fetida earthworm as a potential prey item. (nhsjs.com)
- For example, during playtime at the dog park, certain prey-like behavior from another dog can cause this play to morph into predatory behavior. (vetstreet.com)
- In either case, this prey-like behavior can trigger a response in the larger dog that can be dangerous for the smaller pup. (vetstreet.com)
Consequence2
- Mr. Slaton's predatory behavior merits such a consequence," said Phelan. (texasscorecard.com)
- For many years there had been great scarcity in both countries, a natural consequence of predatory warfare. (thesaurus.com)
Predators2
- Because biocrusts are slow-forming microbial communities that can take years to recover from predatory outbreaks, and increased temperatures and reduced rainfall resulting from climate change can make it even more difficult for biocrusts to recuperate from such disturbances, it is important to understand how predators like Cyanoraptor target key members of this ecological niche. (asm.org)
- Cyanoraptor is a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Chitinophagaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes, and it represents a new subgroup of prokaryotic predators, as it has no known relatives among other predatory prokaryotes. (asm.org)
Drift7
- Q. I've heard about "predatory drift" where dogs exhibit predatory behavior. (vetstreet.com)
- This behavior is what people mean when they refer to predatory drift. (vetstreet.com)
- In the context of the dog park, predatory drift most often occurs when two dogs of distinctly different sizes are interacting, or when two or more dogs gang up on a single dog. (vetstreet.com)
- While the risk of widespread predatory drift at the dog park is rare, pet parents with smaller dogs should be cautious and should supervise their dogs' interactions with larger dogs very carefully. (vetstreet.com)
- The greater the size difference between two dogs, the greater the risk of devastating consequences from predatory drift. (vetstreet.com)
- Finally, predatory drift can be sparked by multiple dogs ganging up on a single dog. (vetstreet.com)
- Sticking to the size-recommended areas of a dog park is one way to safeguard against predatory drift, and to prevent possible injury to a small dog. (vetstreet.com)
Reproductive1
- Predatory whipspiders display advanced social behaviors and externally visible reproductive biology of immense complexity. (angelfire.com)
Dogs5
- A. The vast majority of dogs do not display predatory behavior toward other dogs. (vetstreet.com)
- But under the right circumstances, this behavior can be sparked in dogs who've never shown signs of it. (vetstreet.com)
- In domesticated dogs, predatory behavior manifests in play, such as engaging in a game of fetch, tug or chase. (vetstreet.com)
- However, there are dogs whose instinctive predatory behavior has resulted in attacks on smaller animals. (vetstreet.com)
- The grab-and-shake that most pet parents have seen their dogs do when grabbing a toy or a chew can also occur in a predatory situation, with the grab-and-shake having the potential to break a small dog's neck. (vetstreet.com)
Humans1
- Mantis shrimp or stomatopods, intrigue humans due to their beauty but also fierce predatory behavior. (lu.se)
Reputation2
- Cawthorn established a reputation for predatory behavior. (salon.com)
- In addition to being known for drugs, FIJI, two sources said, has a reputation for exceptionally predatory behavior towards girls. (thesaurus.com)
Exhibit2
- If the bear feels cornered or stands its ground to protect its food, it will exhibit defensive aggressive behavior. (mdwfp.com)
- Conduct-disordered youth exhibit a decreased dopamine response to reward and increased risk-taking behaviors related to abnormally disrupted frontal activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortices (OFC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) that worsens over time due to dysphoria activation of brain stress systems and increases in corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). (medscape.com)
Allegations1
- Allegations that these two men are abusive and predatory have gone on for years now. (thesaurus.com)
Sexually1
- Overview of Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders Paraphilic disorders are recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors that are distressing or disabling and that involve inanimate objects, children or nonconsenting. (msdmanuals.com)
Ecosystem1
- Through each life stage, wheel bugs are predatory, consuming pest insects and contributing to their ecosystem. (whatsthatbug.com)
Aggressive1
- Contrary to popular belief, this is not aggressive behavior of any kind and it is not getting ready to charge or attack. (mdwfp.com)
Ancestors1
- This same evolutionary scenario may have occurred within the vespoid wasps, where the pollen wasps evolved from predatory ancestors. (wikipedia.org)
Abusive2
- He sat in my living room and told me that he took issue with the essay's insistence that this behavior was predatory or abusive. (gamerswithjobs.com)
- This behavior is predatory and abusive. (gamerswithjobs.com)
Occurs1
- In conduct disorder, a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior occurs in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. (medscape.com)
Spoke2
- Good guys: tell me about a time you saw misogyny or predatory behavior in action and spoke up. (buzzfeed.com)
- House Speaker Dade Phelan, who had up until now been silent on the report, spoke shortly after the expulsion vote, calling Slaton's behavior "predatory. (texasscorecard.com)
Species1
- For the fission yeast, such predatory tactics can have big consequences, even driving two nearly identical strains toward becoming different species. (thesaurus.com)
Studying2
- Studying the principles of collective animal behavior has relevance to human engineering problems through the philosophy of biomimetics . (wikipedia.org)
- Studying the prevalence and behavior of Cyanoraptor in understudied locations will be an important piece of this microbiological puzzle. (asm.org)
Context1
- Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder in which feelings, thoughts, behaviors, and perceptions are altered in the context of episodes of mania and depression . (medscape.com)
Problems1
- As part of an ongoing series, dog trainer Mikkel Becker teaches you how to address common behavior problems at the dog park. (vetstreet.com)
Evolution1
- Evolution and Human Behavior, 40 , 365-374. (sc.edu)
Large4
- Some of the animals that went extinct were large predatory fish. (thesaurus.com)
- A large dog may run after a smaller dog in play-like fashion, but if the small dog continues to run away, the chasing can shift into predatory mode. (vetstreet.com)
- The large dog's chase behavior becomes more serious and intense in response, and can even result in a take-down of the small dog. (vetstreet.com)
- Collective animal behaviour is a form of social behavior involving the coordinated behavior of large groups of similar animals as well as emergent properties of these groups. (wikipedia.org)
Display1
- Quick snorts, or huffing sounds are also common during this type of behavior display. (mdwfp.com)
Years1
- based on clinical criteria, it is diagnosed only when the patient is ≥ 16 years and ≥ 5 years older than the child who is the target of the fantasies or behaviors. (msdmanuals.com)
Social2
- Support for the social and genetic function of aggregations, especially those formed by fish, can be seen in several aspects of their behavior. (wikipedia.org)
- Formal classification with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV ) defines the essential characteristics as "a persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate social norms are violated. (medscape.com)
Time3
- On Saturday, Twitter user @emrazz asked men to share a time they stood up to misogyny or predatory behavior. (buzzfeed.com)
- At the same time, anything more ludicrous than the manner in which they indulged their predatory tastes can scarcely be imagined. (thesaurus.com)
- These patterns of behavior are consistent over time. (medscape.com)
Disorder2
- Poor insight into one's disorder or behaviors and poor judgment accompany mania. (medscape.com)
- [ 7 ] This decrease in brain structure and functionality is also seen in youth with other diagnoses such as in cases of child abuse and neglect, causing reactive attachment disorder and temper dysregulation as well as schizophrenia, which makes careful attention to the differential of rule-breaking behaviors important for accurate diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Natural1
- Unfortunately, the very presence of pets in the park alters the natural behavior of native wildlife. (nps.gov)
Potential2
- Bipalium kewense (aka the hammerhead worm) is an invasive and predatory land planarian that has the potential to significantly alter native ecosystems in North Carolina (Choate & Dunn, 1998). (nhsjs.com)
- In North Carolina, there has been very little research on Bipalium kewense regarding its predatory behavior and potential ecological impacts. (nhsjs.com)
Women1
- As he says, most men are not predatory sex pests, trying to force themselves on women, get a hand up her skirt, or cop a feel. (thesaurus.com)
Account1
- A few studies evaluated the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis B, parainfluenza virus, and hepatitis C. Studies found a significantly higher prevalence of anti-hepatitis B virus antibodies in wastewater treatment plant workers, but other risk factors were not taken into account, such as sexual behavior, injection drug use, or possible exposure in the healthcare environment. (cdc.gov)
Students1
- The goal will be to identify deceptive or predatory practices that can hurt students. (allin1tool.tech)
History1
- T he New York Times released a bombshell report Sunday, detailing a history of alleged predatory behavior by the Lincoln Project's co-founder John Weaver. (thegreggjarrett.com)
Nature1
- Black bears, by nature, are not predatory. (mdwfp.com)
Problem1
- My problem lies in the behavior of these dragons. (stackexchange.com)
Include2
- Therefore, bipolar disorders are viewed as having a spectrum of symptoms that range from mild hypomania to the most extreme mania, which may include life-threatening behaviors, dysphoria, and psychotic features. (medscape.com)
- They may also include a decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts or a sense that thoughts are out of control, rapid and often pressured speech, increased goal-directed activities or projects, hypersexuality, reckless behaviors and risk-taking, and delusions of grandeur. (medscape.com)
General1
- Here's really your largest factor in terms of general behavior. (stackexchange.com)
Life1
- The fellow ill-treated her horribly, but he taught her everything in the way of the predatory life that was to be learnt. (thesaurus.com)
Individual1
- Individual differences in predatory intimate relationship behaviors. (sc.edu)
Politics1
- In Taxing choice: The predatory politics of fiscal discrimination. (who.int)