Potassium
Potassium Channels
Potassium Channel Blockers
Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying
Potassium Deficiency
Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated
Potassium Isotopes
Potassium Chloride
Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels
Kv1.3 Potassium Channel
Potassium Iodide
Sodium
Membrane Potentials
Potassium Radioisotopes
Kv1.2 Potassium Channel
Shaw Potassium Channels
Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated
Hypokalemia
Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels
Molecular Structure
Potassium Citrate
NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction in salt-sensitive African Americans: antipressor and hemodynamic effects of potassium bicarbonate. (1/468)
In 16 African Americans (blacks, 14 men, 2 women) with average admission mean arterial pressure (MAP, mm Hg) 99.9+/-3.5 (mean+/-SEM), we investigated whether NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction attends salt sensitivity and, if so, whether supplemental KHCO3 ameliorates both conditions. Throughout a 3-week period under controlled metabolic conditions, all subjects ate diets containing 15 mmol NaCl and 30 mmol potassium (K+) (per 70 kg body wt [BW] per day). Throughout weeks 2 and 3, NaCl was loaded to 250 mmol/d; throughout week 3, dietary K+ was supplemented to 170 mmol/d (KHCO3). On the last day of each study week, we measured renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using renal clearances of PAH and inulin. Ten subjects were salt sensitive (SS) (DeltaMAP >+5%) and 6 salt resistant (SR). In NaCl-loaded SS but not SR subjects, RBF (mL/min/1.73 m2) decreased from 920+/-75 to 828+/-46 (P<0.05); filtration fraction (FF, %) increased from 19. 4+/- to 21.4 (P<0.001); and renal vascular resistance (RVR) (10(3)xmm Hg/[mL/min]) increased from 101+/-8 to 131+/-10 (P<0.001). In all subjects combined, DeltaMAP varied inversely with DeltaRBF (r =-0.57, P=0.02) and directly with DeltaRVR (r = 0.65, P=0.006) and DeltaFF (r = 0.59, P=0.03), but not with MAP before NaCl loading. When supplemental KHCO3 abolished the pressor effect of NaCl in SS subjects, RBF was unaffected but GFR and FF decreased. The results show that in marginally K+-deficient blacks (1) NaCl-induced renal vasoconstrictive dysfunction attends salt sensitivity; (2) the dysfunction varies in extent directly with the NaCl-induced increase in blood pressure (BP); and (3) is complexly affected by supplemented KHCO3, GFR and FF decreasing but RBF not changing. In blacks, NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction may be a pathogenetic event in salt sensitivity. (+info)Common components of patch-clamp internal recording solutions can significantly affect protein kinase A activity. (2/468)
Common components of whole-cell internal recording solutions were tested both in vitro and in patch-clamp experiments for their effects on the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Potassium fluoride (KF), 440 mM trimethylamine chloride and exclusion of bovine serum albumin (BSA) decreased the activity of the enzyme, while ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and the potassium salts of aspartate, gluconate, methylsulfate and monobasic phosphate increased its activity. Addition of KF to the internal solution produced a hyperpolarizing shift in the V1/2 of Ih channel activation, consistent with the KF-induced reduction of protein kinase A activity. Therefore, consideration of the composition of internal solutions is warranted when studying channel physiology by patch-clamp techniques. (+info)Ku antigen-DNA conformation determines the activation of DNA-dependent protein kinase and DNA sequence-directed repression of mouse mammary tumor virus transcription. (3/468)
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) transcription is repressed by DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) through a DNA sequence element, NRE1, in the viral long terminal repeat that is a sequence-specific DNA binding site for the Ku antigen subunit of the kinase. While Ku is an essential component of the active kinase, how the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK (DNA-PKcs) is regulated through its association with Ku is only beginning to be understood. We report that activation of DNA-PKcs and the repression of MMTV transcription from NRE1 are dependent upon Ku conformation, the manipulation of DNA structure by Ku, and the contact of Ku80 with DNA. Truncation of one copy of the overlapping direct repeat that comprises NRE1 abrogated the repression of MMTV transcription by Ku-DNA-PKcs. Remarkably, the truncated element was recognized by Ku-DNA-PKcs with affinity similar to that of the full-length element but was unable to promote the activation of DNA-PKcs. Analysis of Ku-DNA-PKcs interactions with DNA ends, double- and single-stranded forms of NRE1, and the truncated NRE1 element revealed striking differences in Ku conformation that differentially affected the recruitment of DNA-PKcs and the activation of kinase activity. (+info)Dual pathways for regulation of root branching by nitrate. (4/468)
Root development is extremely sensitive to variations in nutrient supply, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. We have investigated the processes by which nitrate (NO3-), depending on its availability and distribution, can have both positive and negative effects on the development and growth of lateral roots. When Arabidopsis roots were exposed to a locally concentrated supply of NO3- there was no increase in lateral root numbers within the NO3--rich zone, but there was a localized 2-fold increase in the mean rate of lateral root elongation, which was attributable to a corresponding increase in the rate of cell production in the lateral root meristem. Localized applications of other N sources did not stimulate lateral root elongation, consistent with previous evidence that the NO3- ion is acting as a signal rather than a nutrient. The axr4 auxin-resistant mutant was insensitive to the stimulatory effect of NO3-, suggesting an overlap between the NO3- and auxin response pathways. High rates of NO3- supply to the roots had a systemic inhibitory effect on lateral root development that acted specifically at the stage when the laterals had just emerged from the primary root, apparently delaying final activation of the lateral root meristem. A nitrate reductase-deficient mutant showed increased sensitivity to this systemic inhibitory effect, suggesting that tissue NO3- levels may play a role in generating the inhibitory signal. We present a model in which root branching is modulated by opposing signals from the plant's internal N status and the external supply of NO3-. (+info)Stimulation of peroxidase activity by decamerization related to ionic strength: AhpC protein from Amphibacillus xylanus. (5/468)
AhpC protein, purified from Amphibacillus xylanus with a molecular mass of 20.8 kDa, protects cells against oxidation damage. The enzyme catalyses the reduction of hydroperoxides in cooperation with the 55 kDa flavoprotein, A. xylanus NADH oxidase (NADH oxidase-AhpC system). A. xylanus AhpC has two disulfide linkages between monomers and can act in the homodimer form. Gel-filtration column chromatography and dynamic light scattering (DLS) suggest that A. xylanus AhpC also forms a large oligomeric assembly (10-12 mers). A. xylanus AhpC was crystallized and X-ray diffraction data were collected to 3.0 A. The self-rotation function revealed fivefold and twofold axes located perpendicularly to each other, suggesting that the molecular assembly of A. xylanus AhpC is composed of ten monomers. The oligomerization of A. xylanus AhpC is affected by ionic strength in the DLS measurements. The H(2)O(2) reductase activity of the A. xylanus NADH oxidase-AhpC system is also affected by ionic strength, and it was found that the decamerization of AhpC might be required for the activation of the NADH oxidase-AhpC system. (+info)Kidney cortex cells derived from SV40 transgenic mice retain intrinsic properties of polarized proximal tubule cells. (6/468)
BACKGROUND: We have developed a nontransformed immortalized mice kidney cortex epithelial cell (MKCC) culture from a mouse transgenic for a recombinant plasmid adeno-SV40 (PK4). Methods and Results. After 12 months in culture, the immortalized cells had a stable homogeneous epithelial-like phenotype, expressed simian virus 40 (SV40) T-antigen, but failed to induce tumors after injection in nude mice. Epithelium exhibited polarity with an apical domain bearing many microvilli separated from lateral domains by junctional complexes with ZO1 protein. The transepithelial resistance was low. A Na-dependent glucose uptake sensitive to phlorizin and a Na-dependent phosphate uptake sensitive to arsenate were present. Western blot analysis of membrane fractions showed that anti-Na-Pi antiserum reacted with a 87 kD protein. The Na/H antiporters NHE-1, NHE-2, and NHE-3 mRNAs were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The corresponding proteins with molecular weights of 111, 81, and 75 kD, respectively, could be detected by Western blot and were shown to be functional. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) induced a tenfold increase in cAMP and reduced the Na-dependent phosphate uptake and NHE-3 activity, as observed in proximal tubule cells. Isoforms alpha, delta, epsilon, and zeta of protein kinase C (PKC) were present in the cells. Angiotensin II (Ang II) elicited a translocation of the PKC-alpha toward the basolateral and apical domains. CONCLUSION: Thus, the MKCC culture retains the structural and functional properties of proximal tubular cells. To our knowledge, it is the first cell culture obtained from transgenic mice that exhibits the NHE-3 antiporter and type II Na-Pi cotransporter. MKCCs also display functional receptors for PTH and Ang II. Thus, MKCCs offer a powerful in vitro system to study the cellular mechanisms of ion transport regulation in proximal epithelium. (+info)Reduction of the nociceptive response to gastric distension by nitrate ingestion in rats. (7/468)
BACKGROUND: Dietary nitrates are known to produce nitric oxide in the stomach, which may influence gastric function. AIM: To investigate whether nitrate ingestion modifies gastric sensitivity to distension through a mechanism involving nitric oxide production. METHODS: Nociception, associated with gastric distension ranging from 10 to 40 mmHg, was assessed in anaesthetized rats by the amplitude of cardiovascular depressor responses. Gastric volume corresponding to each distension was recorded. The following intragastric administrations (1 mL) were performed before distension: water (control), KNO3, NaNO3, KCl, NaCl (all at 0.1 mmol/kg), standard food (0.5 g), sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor (5 mg/kg), and haemoglobin, a nitric oxide scavenger (150 mg/kg) given either with water or KNO3. RESULTS: In controls, the fall in blood pressure increased from 7.8 +/- 2.0 to 31.6 +/- 2. 7 mmHg at distending pressures from 10 to 40 mmHg, respectively. KNO3 significantly reduced the amplitude of blood pressure response for the highest distending pressures (35 and 40 mmHg), while KCl induced a reduction in blood pressure response at all gastric pressures. NaNO3 and NaCl did not induce significant changes in distension-induced depressor responses. Administration of 0.5 g of standard food or sodium nitroprusside reproduced the effect of KNO3, which was reversed by haemoglobin. None of the compounds modified the gastric pressure-volume relationship, except KNO3, which increased gastric volume for the lowest distending pressures, and haemoglobin, which reduced the volume for the highest pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of potassium nitrate reduces the sensitivity to gastric distension, through a mechanism involving nitric oxide. (+info)Escherichia coli TEM1 beta-lactamase in CTAB reverse micelles: exchange/diffusion-limited catalysis. (8/468)
We report kinetic data of penicillin hydrolysis catalyzed by beta-lactamase entrapped in reverse micelles formed with cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), n-octane, hexanol and aqueous buffer. The K(cat) of this diffusion-limited reaction can be improved in aqueous buffer by a factor of 1.1-1.2 just by increasing the phosphate buffer concentration from 50 to 100 mM. In reverse micelles, increasing the buffer concentration has little effect on K(cat) when the size of the empty micelle is below the size of the protein. However, in larger micelles, the effect is enhanced and the K(cat) improves several fold, changing the form of the curve of K(cat) versus Wo from bell-shaped to almost hyperbolic. The results indicate that micellar exchange and internal diffusion may limit the reaction in reverse micelles and provide further evidence that the form of the curve depends on other factors besides the relationship between the size of the enzyme and that of the empty reverse micelle. (+info)Potassium compounds refer to substances that contain the element potassium (chemical symbol: K) combined with one or more other elements. Potassium is an alkali metal that has the atomic number 19 and is highly reactive, so it is never found in its free form in nature. Instead, it is always found combined with other elements in the form of potassium compounds.
Potassium compounds can be ionic or covalent, depending on the properties of the other element(s) with which it is combined. In general, potassium forms ionic compounds with nonmetals and covalent compounds with other metals. Ionic potassium compounds are formed when potassium donates one electron to a nonmetal, forming a positively charged potassium ion (K+) and a negatively charged nonmetal ion.
Potassium compounds have many important uses in medicine, industry, and agriculture. For example, potassium chloride is used as a salt substitute and to treat or prevent low potassium levels in the blood. Potassium citrate is used to treat kidney stones and to alkalinize urine. Potassium iodide is used to treat thyroid disorders and to protect the thyroid gland from radioactive iodine during medical imaging procedures.
It's important to note that some potassium compounds can be toxic or even fatal if ingested in large quantities, so they should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Potassium is a essential mineral and an important electrolyte that is widely distributed in the human body. The majority of potassium in the body (approximately 98%) is found within cells, with the remaining 2% present in blood serum and other bodily fluids. Potassium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including:
1. Regulation of fluid balance and maintenance of normal blood pressure through its effects on vascular tone and sodium excretion.
2. Facilitation of nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction by participating in the generation and propagation of action potentials.
3. Protein synthesis, enzyme activation, and glycogen metabolism.
4. Regulation of acid-base balance through its role in buffering systems.
The normal serum potassium concentration ranges from 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter) or mmol/L (millimoles per liter). Potassium levels outside this range can have significant clinical consequences, with both hypokalemia (low potassium levels) and hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) potentially leading to serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and respiratory failure.
Potassium is primarily obtained through the diet, with rich sources including fruits (e.g., bananas, oranges, and apricots), vegetables (e.g., leafy greens, potatoes, and tomatoes), legumes, nuts, dairy products, and meat. In cases of deficiency or increased needs, potassium supplements may be recommended under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Potassium channels are membrane proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the electrical excitability of cells, including cardiac, neuronal, and muscle cells. These channels facilitate the selective passage of potassium ions (K+) across the cell membrane, maintaining the resting membrane potential and shaping action potentials. They are composed of four or six subunits that assemble to form a central pore through which potassium ions move down their electrochemical gradient. Potassium channels can be modulated by various factors such as voltage, ligands, mechanical stimuli, or temperature, allowing cells to fine-tune their electrical properties and respond to different physiological demands. Dysfunction of potassium channels has been implicated in several diseases, including cardiac arrhythmias, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Potassium channel blockers are a class of medications that work by blocking potassium channels, which are proteins in the cell membrane that control the movement of potassium ions into and out of cells. By blocking these channels, potassium channel blockers can help to regulate electrical activity in the heart, making them useful for treating certain types of cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms).
There are several different types of potassium channel blockers, including:
1. Class III antiarrhythmic drugs: These medications, such as amiodarone and sotalol, are used to treat and prevent serious ventricular arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms that originate in the lower chambers of the heart).
2. Calcium channel blockers: While not strictly potassium channel blockers, some calcium channel blockers also have effects on potassium channels. These medications, such as diltiazem and verapamil, are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), angina (chest pain), and certain types of arrhythmias.
3. Non-selective potassium channel blockers: These medications, such as 4-aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium, have a broader effect on potassium channels and are used primarily in research settings to study the electrical properties of cells.
It's important to note that potassium channel blockers can have serious side effects, particularly when used in high doses or in combination with other medications that affect heart rhythms. They should only be prescribed by a healthcare provider who is familiar with their use and potential risks.
Inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir) are a type of potassium channel that allow for the selective passage of potassium ions (K+) across cell membranes. The term "inwardly rectifying" refers to their unique property of allowing potassium ions to flow more easily into the cell (inward current) than out of the cell (outward current). This characteristic is due to the voltage-dependent blockage of these channels by intracellular magnesium and polyamines at depolarized potentials.
These channels play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including:
1. Resting membrane potential maintenance: Kir channels help establish and maintain the negative resting membrane potential in cells by facilitating potassium efflux when the membrane potential is near the potassium equilibrium potential (Ek).
2. Action potential repolarization: In excitable cells like neurons and muscle fibers, Kir channels contribute to the rapid repolarization phase of action potentials, allowing for proper electrical signaling.
3. Cell volume regulation: Kir channels are involved in regulating cell volume by mediating potassium influx during osmotic stress or changes in intracellular ion concentrations.
4. Insulin secretion: In pancreatic β-cells, Kir channels control the membrane potential and calcium signaling necessary for insulin release.
5. Renal function: Kir channels are essential for maintaining electrolyte balance and controlling renal tubular transport in the kidneys.
There are several subfamilies of inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir1-7), each with distinct biophysical properties, tissue distributions, and functions. Mutations in genes encoding these channels can lead to various human diseases, including cardiac arrhythmias, epilepsy, and Bartter syndrome.
Dietary Potassium is a mineral and an essential electrolyte that is required in the human body for various physiological processes. It is primarily obtained through dietary sources. The recommended daily intake of potassium for adults is 4700 milligrams (mg).
Potassium plays a crucial role in maintaining normal blood pressure, heart function, and muscle and nerve activity. It also helps to balance the body's fluids and prevent kidney stones. Foods that are rich in dietary potassium include fruits such as bananas, oranges, and melons; vegetables such as leafy greens, potatoes, and tomatoes; legumes such as beans and lentils; dairy products such as milk and yogurt; and nuts and seeds.
It is important to maintain a balanced intake of dietary potassium, as both deficiency and excess can have negative health consequences. A deficiency in potassium can lead to muscle weakness, fatigue, and heart arrhythmias, while an excess can cause hyperkalemia, which can result in serious cardiac complications.
Potassium deficiency, also known as hypokalemia, is a condition characterized by low levels of potassium (
Voltage-gated potassium channels are a type of ion channel found in the membrane of excitable cells such as nerve and muscle cells. They are called "voltage-gated" because their opening and closing is regulated by the voltage, or electrical potential, across the cell membrane. Specifically, these channels are activated when the membrane potential becomes more positive, a condition that occurs during the action potential of a neuron or muscle fiber.
When voltage-gated potassium channels open, they allow potassium ions (K+) to flow out of the cell down their electrochemical gradient. This outward flow of K+ ions helps to repolarize the membrane, bringing it back to its resting potential after an action potential has occurred. The precise timing and duration of the opening and closing of voltage-gated potassium channels is critical for the normal functioning of excitable cells, and abnormalities in these channels have been linked to a variety of diseases, including cardiac arrhythmias, epilepsy, and neurological disorders.
Potassium isotopes refer to variants of the element potassium that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei, while having the same number of protons, which defines the element. The most common and stable potassium isotope is potassium-39 (39K), which contains 19 neutrons and 20 protons. However, there are also other naturally occurring potassium isotopes, including potassium-40 (40K) with 21 neutrons and potassium-41 (41K) with 22 neutrons.
Potassium-40 is a radioactive isotope that undergoes both beta decay and electron capture, making it useful for various scientific applications such as dating rocks and determining the age of archaeological artifacts. It has a half-life of approximately 1.25 billion years.
In medical contexts, potassium isotopes may be used in diagnostic tests or therapeutic procedures, such as positron emission tomography (PET) scans, where radioactive potassium-40 or other radioisotopes are introduced into the body to help visualize and diagnose various conditions. However, it's important to note that the use of potassium isotopes in medical settings is relatively rare due to the availability of other more commonly used radioisotopes.
Potassium chloride is an essential electrolyte that is often used in medical settings as a medication. It's a white, crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water and has a salty taste. In the body, potassium chloride plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction.
Medically, potassium chloride is commonly used to treat or prevent low potassium levels (hypokalemia) in the blood. Hypokalemia can occur due to various reasons such as certain medications, kidney diseases, vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating. Potassium chloride is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquids, and it's usually taken by mouth.
It's important to note that potassium chloride should be used with caution and under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as high levels of potassium (hyperkalemia) can be harmful and even life-threatening. Hyperkalemia can cause symptoms such as muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, and cardiac arrest.
The Shaker superfamily of potassium channels, also known as Kv channels (voltage-gated potassium channels), refers to a group of ion channels that are responsible for the selective transport of potassium ions across the cell membrane. These channels are crucial for regulating the electrical excitability of cells, particularly in neurons and muscle cells.
The Shaker superfamily is named after the Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) gene shaker, which was the first voltage-gated potassium channel to be identified and cloned. The channels in this family share a common structure, consisting of four subunits that each contain six transmembrane domains. The fourth domain contains the voltage sensor, which responds to changes in membrane potential and triggers the opening or closing of the channel pore.
The Shaker superfamily is further divided into several subfamilies based on their sequence similarity and functional properties. These include the Shaw, Shab, and Shal subfamilies, among others. Each subfamily has distinct biophysical and pharmacological properties that allow for selective activation or inhibition by various drugs and toxins.
Overall, the Shaker superfamily of potassium channels plays a critical role in maintaining the electrical excitability of cells and is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and hormone secretion.
The Kv1.3 potassium channel is a type of voltage-gated potassium channel that is widely expressed in various tissues, including immune cells such as T lymphocytes. It plays a crucial role in regulating the electrical activity of cells and controlling the flow of potassium ions across the cell membrane.
Kv1.3 channels are composed of four pore-forming alpha subunits, each containing six transmembrane domains. These channels open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential, allowing potassium ions to flow out of the cell when the channel is open. This movement of ions helps to restore the resting membrane potential and regulate the excitability of the cell.
In T lymphocytes, Kv1.3 channels are involved in the regulation of calcium signaling and activation of immune responses. They play a critical role in maintaining the membrane potential and controlling the release of calcium from intracellular stores, which is necessary for T-cell activation and proliferation. Inhibition or blockade of Kv1.3 channels has been shown to suppress T-cell activation and could have potential therapeutic implications in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection.
Potassium iodide is an inorganic, non-radioactive salt of iodine. Medically, it is used as a thyroid blocking agent to prevent the absorption of radioactive iodine in the event of a nuclear accident or radiation exposure. It works by saturating the thyroid gland with stable iodide, which then prevents the uptake of radioactive iodine. This can help reduce the risk of thyroid cancer and other thyroid related issues that may arise from exposure to radioactive materials. Potassium iodide is also used in the treatment of iodine deficiency disorders.
Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that is necessary for human health. In a medical context, sodium is often discussed in terms of its concentration in the blood, as measured by serum sodium levels. The normal range for serum sodium is typically between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).
Sodium plays a number of important roles in the body, including:
* Regulating fluid balance: Sodium helps to regulate the amount of water in and around your cells, which is important for maintaining normal blood pressure and preventing dehydration.
* Facilitating nerve impulse transmission: Sodium is involved in the generation and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system, which is necessary for proper muscle function and coordination.
* Assisting with muscle contraction: Sodium helps to regulate muscle contractions by interacting with other minerals such as calcium and potassium.
Low sodium levels (hyponatremia) can cause symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma, while high sodium levels (hypernatremia) can lead to symptoms such as weakness, muscle cramps, and seizures. Both conditions require medical treatment to correct.
Membrane potential is the electrical potential difference across a cell membrane, typically for excitable cells such as nerve and muscle cells. It is the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell, created by the selective permeability of the cell membrane to different ions. The resting membrane potential of a typical animal cell is around -70 mV, with the interior being negative relative to the exterior. This potential is generated and maintained by the active transport of ions across the membrane, primarily through the action of the sodium-potassium pump. Membrane potentials play a crucial role in many physiological processes, including the transmission of nerve impulses and the contraction of muscle cells.
Potassium radioisotopes refer to unstable isotopes or variants of the element potassium that emit radiation as they decay towards a stable form. A common example is Potassium-40 (40K), which occurs naturally in small amounts in potassium-containing substances. It decays through beta decay and positron emission, as well as electron capture, with a half-life of approximately 1.25 billion years.
Radioisotopes like 40K have medical applications such as in dating archaeological artifacts or studying certain biological processes. However, exposure to high levels of radiation from potassium radioisotopes can be harmful and potentially lead to health issues like radiation sickness or cancer.
The Kv1.2 potassium channel is a type of voltage-gated potassium channel that is widely expressed in the nervous system and other tissues. It is composed of four pore-forming α subunits, each of which contains six transmembrane domains and a voltage-sensing domain. These channels play important roles in regulating neuronal excitability, repolarization of action potentials, and controlling neurotransmitter release.
Kv1.2 channels are activated by membrane depolarization and mediate the rapid efflux of potassium ions from cells, which helps to restore the resting membrane potential. They can also be modulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and pharmacological agents, making them targets for therapeutic intervention in a variety of neurological disorders.
Mutations in the KCNA2 gene, which encodes the Kv1.2 channel, have been associated with several human diseases, including episodic ataxia type 1, familial hemiplegic migraine, and spinocerebellar ataxia type 13. These mutations can alter channel function and lead to abnormal neuronal excitability, which may contribute to the symptoms of these disorders.
Shaw potassium channels, also known as KCNA4 channels, are a type of voltage-gated potassium channel that is encoded by the KCNA4 gene in humans. These channels play a crucial role in regulating the electrical excitability of cells, particularly in the heart and nervous system.
Shaw channels are named after James E. Shaw, who first identified them in 1996. They are composed of four subunits that arrange themselves to form a central pore through which potassium ions can flow. The channels are activated by depolarization of the cell membrane and help to repolarize the membrane during action potentials.
Mutations in the KCNA4 gene have been associated with various cardiac arrhythmias, including familial atrial fibrillation and long QT syndrome type 3. These conditions can cause irregular heart rhythms and may increase the risk of sudden cardiac death. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of Shaw potassium channels is important for developing therapies to treat these disorders.
The KCNQ1 potassium channel, also known as the Kv7.1 channel, is a voltage-gated potassium ion channel that plays a crucial role in the regulation of electrical excitability in cardiac myocytes and inner ear epithelial cells. In the heart, it helps to control the duration and frequency of action potentials, thereby contributing to the maintenance of normal cardiac rhythm. Mutations in the KCNQ1 gene can lead to various cardiac disorders, such as long QT syndrome type 1 and familial atrial fibrillation. In the inner ear, it helps regulate potassium homeostasis and is essential for hearing and balance functions. Dysfunction of this channel has been linked to deafness and balance disorders.
Calcium-activated potassium channels are a type of ion channel found in the membranes of cells. These channels are activated by an increase in intracellular calcium levels and play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including electrical excitability, neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion, and vascular tone.
Once activated, calcium-activated potassium channels allow potassium ions (K+) to flow out of the cell, which can lead to membrane hyperpolarization or stabilization of the resting membrane potential. This process helps control the frequency and duration of action potentials in excitable cells such as neurons and muscle fibers.
There are several subtypes of calcium-activated potassium channels, including:
1. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels: These channels have a large single-channel conductance and are activated by both voltage and intracellular calcium. They play essential roles in regulating vascular tone, neurotransmitter release, and neuronal excitability.
2. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels: These channels have a smaller single-channel conductance and are primarily activated by intracellular calcium. They contribute to the regulation of neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release.
3. Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium (IK) channels: These channels have an intermediate single-channel conductance and are activated by both voltage and intracellular calcium. They play a role in regulating epithelial ion transport, smooth muscle cell excitability, and neurotransmitter release.
Dysfunction of calcium-activated potassium channels has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as hypertension, epilepsy, chronic pain, and neurological disorders.
Hypokalemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low potassium levels in the blood, specifically when the concentration falls below 3.5 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). Potassium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate heart function, nerve signals, and muscle contractions.
Hypokalemia can result from various factors, including inadequate potassium intake, increased potassium loss through the urine or gastrointestinal tract, or shifts of potassium between body compartments. Common causes include diuretic use, vomiting, diarrhea, certain medications, kidney diseases, and hormonal imbalances.
Mild hypokalemia may not cause noticeable symptoms but can still affect the proper functioning of muscles and nerves. More severe cases can lead to muscle weakness, fatigue, cramps, paralysis, heart rhythm abnormalities, and in rare instances, respiratory failure or cardiac arrest. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and replenishing potassium levels through oral or intravenous (IV) supplementation, depending on the severity of the condition.
Ether-à-go-go (EAG) potassium channels are a type of voltage-gated potassium channel that are widely expressed in the heart, brain, and other tissues. They are named after the ethereal dance movements observed in fruit flies with mutations in these channels.
EAG potassium channels play important roles in regulating electrical excitability and signaling in excitable cells. In the heart, they help to control the duration of the action potential and the refractory period, which is critical for maintaining normal heart rhythm. In the brain, they are involved in regulating neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release.
Mutations in EAG potassium channels have been associated with various human diseases, including cardiac arrhythmias, epilepsy, and bipolar disorder. The medical definition of "Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels" refers to the genetic components that make up these channels and their role in physiological processes and disease states.
Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.
Potassium citrate is a medication and dietary supplement that contains potassium and citrate. Medically, it is used to treat and prevent kidney stones, as well as to manage metabolic acidosis in people with chronic kidney disease. Potassium citrate works by increasing the pH of urine, making it less acidic, which can help to dissolve certain types of kidney stones and prevent new ones from forming. It is also used as an alkalizing agent in the treatment of various conditions that cause acidosis.
In addition to its medical uses, potassium citrate is also found naturally in some fruits and vegetables, such as oranges, grapefruits, lemons, limes, and spinach. It is often used as a food additive and preservative, and can be found in a variety of processed foods and beverages.
It's important to note that taking too much potassium citrate can lead to high levels of potassium in the blood, which can be dangerous. Therefore, it is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and talk to your doctor before taking this medication if you have any medical conditions or are taking any other medications.
Tandem pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are a subfamily of potassium channels that contain two pore-forming domains in a single polypeptide chain. These channels are also known as "double-barreled" or "leak" potassium channels because they provide a background leak conductance for potassium ions across the cell membrane. They are involved in regulating the resting membrane potential and excitability of cells, and are targets for various therapeutic agents. Examples of K2P channels include TREK, TRAAK, TASK, TWIK, and THIK families.
Potassium carbonate
Potassium sulfate
Potassium bicarbonate
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium bisulfate
Potassium
Mannheim process
Potassium chloride
Schlosser's base
Potassium dichromate
Potassium nitride
Flame projector
Potassium adipate
Potassium ascorbate
Potassium fumarate
Polonium
Sodium hydrosulfide
Phosphite anion
Electride
Intercalation (chemistry)
Potassium chromate
Potassium phthalimide
Potassium cyanide
Potassium tellurite
Potassium ozonide
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Nitrate4
- in condensed aerosol fire suppression, although as the byproduct of potassium nitrate. (wikipedia.org)
- Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound. (colgate.com)
- Calcination of a lead compound (oxide, nitrate or lead white) with an antimony compound (oxide, sulfide or potassium antimonate). (webexhibits.org)
- Therefore, the aim of this clinical study was to assess the effects of a 4% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent containing potassium nitrate, sodium and calcium fluoride on color change, whitening maintenance, tooth sensitivity, and patient's satisfaction. (bvsalud.org)
Chloride22
- Some of the important compounds of Sodium are Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Hydroxide, and Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate. (toppr.com)
- Is aluminum chloride a covalent or ionic compound? (answers.com)
- Aluminum chloride is an ionic compound because aluminum is a metal and chlorine is a nonmetal. (answers.com)
- In an alternative method, potassium chloride is treated with carbon dioxide in the presence of an organic amine to give potassium bicarbonate, which is then calcined: 2 KHCO3 → K2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (historically) for soap, glass, and dishware production as a mild drying agent where other drying agents, such as calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate, may be incompatible. (wikipedia.org)
- 17. When an ionic compound like potassium chloride is formed, which part of the reaction will release the most energy? (tutorbin.com)
- What is potassium chloride, and what are its benefits? (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Potassium chloride is a supplement that can treat low potassium levels or hypokalemia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- What is potassium chloride? (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Potassium chloride is a salt-like metal compound that contains potassium and chloride. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A person can purchase potassium chloride online or in health stores. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People can use potassium chloride to treat low potassium levels or hypokalemia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In these instances, a person can use potassium chloride as a supplement to increase their potassium intake. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Potassium chloride is available by prescription as an extended-release tablet. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In more severe cases, healthcare professionals can administer potassium chloride intravenously through a tube into the vein. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A person should consult a doctor before giving potassium chloride to babies and children under 16 years of age. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A person should not take potassium chloride if they take medications that increase excess potassium. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People with chronic kidney disease should also avoid taking potassium chloride, as their kidneys might be unable to expel excess potassium from the blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People who take potassium chloride may risk consuming too much potassium, resulting in hyperkalemia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- If someone suspects they have taken too much potassium chloride, they should seek medical attention. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Most adverse effects result from the way a person takes potassium chloride. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+]. (google.com)
- It is a negatively charged ion that is commonly found in compounds such as sodium chloride (table salt). (proprofs.com)
Calcium2
- The chemical formula CaS represents calcium sulfide, which is a compound made up of one calcium atom and one sulfur atom. (proprofs.com)
- Flame test for calcium compounds. (chemguide.co.uk)
Fertilizer3
- A clean method for gallium recovery and the coproduction of silica-potassium compound fertilizer and zeolite F from brown corundum fly ash. (bvsalud.org)
- This study proposes a comprehensive utilization method of BCFA that combines hydrothermal leaching and alkali regeneration to extract Ga efficiently while producing silica - potassium compound fertilizer (SPCF) and zeolite F. By utilizing the transformation of phase and structure in the hydrothermal leaching process, Ga extraction is efficiently achieved. (bvsalud.org)
- and compound fertilizer products with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. (yahoo.com)
Inorganic compound3
- We are a trusted name of the industry as a manufacturer and exporter of Sodium Bromate which is actually an inorganic compound and the sodium salt of Bromic Acid. (modychemi.com)
- Potassium carbonate is the inorganic compound with the formula K2CO3. (wikipedia.org)
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH), commonly known as caustic potash, is an inorganic compound with a strongly alkaline base. (marchpump.com)
Sodium and potassium5
- Let us get to know more about the compounds of sodium and potassium. (toppr.com)
- The compounds of sodium and potassium are as useful as the elements. (toppr.com)
- Before learning about the compounds of sodium and potassium. (toppr.com)
- Let's study the compounds of sodium and potassium respectively now. (toppr.com)
- Flame tests for lithium, sodium and potassium compounds. (chemguide.co.uk)
Hydroxide9
- It is manufactured by passing bromine through a solution of potassium hydroxide. (modychemi.com)
- Potassium lye (which in this case can alternatively be called potash), a substance which contains potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and potassium hydroxide, was historically produced by dissolving the lye found in the wooden ashes inside of water for approximately one day, disposing of the undissolved ashes, and then drying/evaporating the remaining liquid. (wikipedia.org)
- Seeking a pump for the chemical Potassium Hydroxide, March Pumps has many choices! (marchpump.com)
- From 5 GPM to 200 GPM, March Pumps has a pump for Potassium Hydroxide for any application. (marchpump.com)
- If pumping the chemical Potassium Hydroxide at room temperature, it is recommended to go with a centrifugal sealless magnetic drive chemical pump made up of Polypropylene or Ryton Plastic, Stainless Steel, Teflon O-Ring, and Carbon or Ryton/Teflon/Carbon Combination Bushing. (marchpump.com)
- Potassium hydroxide is easily dissolved in water producing a highly exothermic reaction. (marchpump.com)
- Less than 1 million tons potassium hydroxide are produced annually. (marchpump.com)
- The chemical Potassium Hydroxide can also be heavy depending on the concentration and temperature. (marchpump.com)
- Higher concentrations and higher temperatures of the chemical Potassium Hydroxide, together or by themselves, may make the pumps listed above unsuitable. (marchpump.com)
Antimony3
- This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of nine agents: cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide or other metal alloys), soluble cobalt(II) salts, cobalt(II) oxide, cobalt(II,III) oxide, cobalt(II) sulfide, other cobalt(II) compounds, trivalent antimony, pentavalent antimony, and weapons-grade tungsten (with nickel and cobalt) alloy. (who.int)
- Some pentavalent antimony compounds are used to treat leishmaniasis. (who.int)
- Cobalt(II,III) oxide, cobalt(II) sulfide, other cobalt(II) compounds, and pentavalent antimony were each evaluated as not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3) . (who.int)
Sulfate1
- a mineral, a hydrous sulfate of potassium and aluminum, KAl 3 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 , commonly occurring in fine-grained masses. (dictionary.com)
Ionic compound7
- Does chlorine and iodine make an ionic compound? (answers.com)
- Which element is likely to form an ionic compound with chlorine iodine cesium helium or iron? (answers.com)
- How would Ca and Cl would make an ionic compound? (answers.com)
- The ionic compound would be CaCl2 to ensure a neutral charge for the whole compound. (answers.com)
- The ion for Potassium has a charge of 1+.The ion for Iodine has a charge of 1-.This means that in order to make the overall charge of a unit of a compound of Potassium and Iodine, there must be one atom of Potassium and one atom of Iodine.Therefore, when K+ and I- are bonded, they make the ionic compound of KI. (answers.com)
- Sr donates electrons to Cl to make an crystalline ionic compound. (answers.com)
- When a metal and a nonmetal are combined they make up an ionic compound. (answers.com)
Salts1
- Potassium carbonate is the primary component of potash and the more refined pearl ash or salts of tartar. (wikipedia.org)
Permanganate1
- Potassium permanganate is a chemical compound commonly used as a disinfectant and oxidizing agent. (proprofs.com)
Amounts of potassium2
- With modern observation, this process would produce greater yields if done with the ashes of banana peels due to their increased amounts of potassium carbonate. (wikipedia.org)
- The body can lose excessive amounts of potassium through vomiting and diarrhea. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Carbonate3
- Potassium carbonate is mainly used in the production of soap and glass. (wikipedia.org)
- German gingerbread recipes often use potassium carbonate as a baking agent, although in combination with hartshorn. (wikipedia.org)
- The process of adding potassium carbonate to cocoa powder is usually called "Dutching" (and the products referred to as Dutch-processed cocoa powder), as the process was first developed in 1828 by Dutchman Coenraad Johannes van Houten. (wikipedia.org)
Cyanide8
- Potassium cyanide releases hydrogen cyanide gas, a highly toxic chemical asphyxiant that interferes with the body's ability to use oxygen. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to potassium cyanide can be rapidly fatal. (cdc.gov)
- Potassium cyanide is used commercially for fumigation, electroplating, and extracting gold and silver from ores. (cdc.gov)
- Potassium cyanide absorbs water from air (is hygroscopic or deliquescent). (cdc.gov)
- Indoor Air: Potassium cyanide can be released into indoor air as fine droplets, liquid spray (aerosol), or fine particles. (cdc.gov)
- Water: Potassium cyanide can be used to contaminate water. (cdc.gov)
- Agricultural: If potassium cyanide is released as fine droplets, liquid spray (aerosol), or fine particles, it has the potential to contaminate agricultural products. (cdc.gov)
- Potassium cyanide can affect the body by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. (cdc.gov)
Hydrogen peroxide1
- and (by direct contact) compounds containing aspirin, hydrogen peroxide, or phenol. (medscape.com)
Aluminum2
- Potassium fluoroaluminate is a by-product from the production of aluminum, titanium and boron wires and is widely used. (sodium-cryolite.com)
- alunite is a potassium-aluminum sulphate, which differs from sericite in that sulphur takes the place of silicon. (dictionary.com)
Iodine3
- What kind of atoms make up the compound iodine? (answers.com)
- Iodine is not a compound. (answers.com)
- What elements make up the compound potassium iodine? (answers.com)
Carbon1
- Graphite occurs in metamorphic rocks as a result of the reduction of sedimentary carbon compounds during metamorphism . (wikipedia.org)
Chemical8
- Scientific hazard lists sometimes specify a chemical group (such as trimethyltin compounds) without a defined list of CASRNs. (pharosproject.net)
- Quiz: Can You Recognize These Chemical Compounds? (proprofs.com)
- The chemical formula Fe2O3 represents a compound composed of two iron (Fe) atoms and three oxygen (O) atoms. (proprofs.com)
- The chemical formula AuP indicates a compound composed of gold and phosphorus. (proprofs.com)
- This naming convention follows the rules of chemical nomenclature, where Roman numerals are used to indicate the oxidation state of the metal in the compound. (proprofs.com)
- The chemical formula P2Cl5 indicates that there are two phosphorus atoms and five chlorine atoms in the compound. (proprofs.com)
- Therefore, the correct name for this chemical formula is diphosphorus pentachloride, as it accurately describes the composition of the compound. (proprofs.com)
- What is the chemical compound formula for Sodium bisulfate? (proprofs.com)
India2
- Potassium Salt product price in India ranges from 1 to 1,50,000.0 INR and minimum order requirements from 1 to 5,000. (tradeindia.com)
- Discover 63 products from Potassium F Humate manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and dealers across India. (tradeindia.com)
Igneous rocks1
- It occurs in volcanic igneous rocks and is a source of potassium and aluminium compounds. (dictionary.com)
Formula4
- What is the formula for the ionic compounds K and I? (answers.com)
- Its formula is KMnO4, which indicates that it consists of one potassium atom (K), one manganese atom (Mn), and four oxygen atoms (O). The correct answer, KMnO4, represents the correct combination of these elements in the compound. (proprofs.com)
- Sodium bisulfate is a compound formed by the combination of sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), sulfur (S), and oxygen (O). The formula NaHSO4 represents the correct combination of these elements in the compound. (proprofs.com)
- MONO POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE Molecular formula: KH2PO4 Molecular weight: 136.09 Properties: white crystal. (ecplaza.net)
Salt6
- Potassium benzoate ( E212 ), the potassium salt of benzoic acid, is a food preservative that inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria. (agarwallife.co.in)
- Physical properties: Cryolite is a kind of complex compound or double salt of NaF and AIF3. (sodium-cryolite.com)
- Whether you're looking for Heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid potassium salt, Sodium Diethyl Dithiophosphate, Potassium Salt of Phosphorous Acid etc, you can explore and find the best products from Tradeindia. (tradeindia.com)
- We offer a wide range of Potassium Salt selections in various locations including Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Kalyan and many more. (tradeindia.com)
- A diet high in potassium can help reduce some of the harmful effects salt has on blood pressure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Oral administration of the potassium salt remarkably improved the plasma glucose levels of female Zucker diabetic fatty rats at 1 mg/kg. (rcsb.org)
Cation1
- The size of the cation of potassium is smaller than its atom since it loses its electron. (toppr.com)
Diuretics1
- People who take potassium-sparing diuretics , thiazide diuretics and ACE inhibitors may also be at risk of ingesting too little potassium. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Commonly1
- This ion is commonly found in compounds such as potassium iodide (KI) and sodium iodide (NaI). (proprofs.com)
Phosphorus1
- The correct answer, "Gold (III) phosphide," suggests that the gold in the compound is in its +3 oxidation state, while phosphide refers to the phosphorus ion with a -3 charge. (proprofs.com)
Acidic4
- Acidic foods and beverages such as fruit juice (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbonic acid), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), and pickles (vinegar) may be preserved with potassium benzoate. (agarwallife.co.in)
- It is not suitable for acidic compounds, but can be useful for drying an organic phase if one has a small amount of acidic impurity. (wikipedia.org)
- Dissolve in water, the aqueous solution is acidic, insoluble in alcohol, When heated to 400℃, it melts into transparent liquid, after cooling, curing into opaque glassy potassium. (ecplaza.net)
- Soluble in water (83.5g/100ml water at 90 ℃), the aqueous solution is acidic, and the pH value of 1% potassium dihydrogen. (ecplaza.net)
Magnesium1
- Legumes tend to be high in fiber, and some are also high in iron, magnesium, and potassium. (healthline.com)
Electrons2
- Iron (III) oxide is the correct name for this compound because Fe has a +3 oxidation state in this compound, indicating that it has lost three electrons. (proprofs.com)
- This positive charge is due to the fact that potassium has one more proton than it has electrons. (proprofs.com)
Metals1
- Metals form ionic compounds with non metals. (answers.com)
Concentration1
- In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for the dermal toxicity of chromium , differential gene expression profiles of human skin fibroblasts exposed to a cytotoxic concentration of hexavalent potassium dichromate [Cr(VI)] were studied. (cdc.gov)
Cobalt1
- In this process, natural gas is combined with air and then introduced into a chamber along with a catalyst, usually a compound containing cobalt or iron . (howstuffworks.com)
Crystals1
- Along with this, we also hold expertise in manufacturing Potassium Bromate, bromate of potassium which is generally in the form of white crystals. (modychemi.com)
Chlorides1
- The two most important compounds of Potassium are Potassium Fluoride and Potassium chlorides. (toppr.com)
Powder1
- Whether you're looking for Fulvic Acid powder, Super Potassium Humate Shiny Crystal, Super Potassium Humate F Shiny Flakes etc, you can explore and find the best products from Tradeindia. (tradeindia.com)
Colour2
- These proteins were added to a red and a white wine, in order to evaluate its effect on colour, phenolic compounds and sensory attributes. (oeno-one.eu)
- Typical flame colour for a copper compound. (chemguide.co.uk)
Urine1
- These figures do not apply to those who release more or less potassium through urine, for example, due to kidney problems or medications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Medications1
- Compounded chewable and liquid medications will automatically be made with chicken flavor. (1800petmeds.com)
Products1
- Active ingredients in EPA-registered tick toxicant or repellent products often represent synthetic compounds (e.g. (cdc.gov)
Composition2
- Here I investigate the effects of subunit composition on toxin blocking affinity, using three members of the Shaker subfamily of potassium channel α-subunits (Kv1.1, Kv1.2 and Kv1.4), which are known to form heteromultimers in vivo, in the Xenopus oocyte expression system. (aspetjournals.org)
- The data suggest that subunit composition of potassium channels can have a large effect on toxin block and that different toxins yield strikingly diverse results with the same pair of subunits, even when they are nearly identical in blocking affinity for the toxin-sensitive subunit. (aspetjournals.org)
Mineral1
- Potassium is a mineral present in most human cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Origin2
- Most compounds allowable as active ingredients are readily understood by the public to be of natural origin. (cdc.gov)
- and various carbamates and pyrethroids to kill host-seeking ticks) but can also be compounds of natural origin in the case of repellents (citronella, citronella oil, and oil of lemon eucalyptus) ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Vegetables1
- Dietary sources of potassium include leafy green vegetables and other fresh foods. (medicalnewstoday.com)