Posterior Cerebral Artery
Infarction, Posterior Cerebral Artery
Circle of Willis
Cerebral Angiography
Middle Cerebral Artery
Cerebral Infarction
Cerebral Arterial Diseases
Hemianopsia
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
Intracranial Aneurysm
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Basilar Artery
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
Vertebral Artery
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Aneurysm, Ruptured
Occipital Lobe
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Brain Ischemia
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Dyslexia, Acquired
Blood Flow Velocity
Carotid Artery, Internal
Embolization, Therapeutic
Ophthalmoplegic Migraine
Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency
Moyamoya Disease
Tonic Pupil
Brain
Amobarbital
Anisocoria
Echoencephalography
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Oculomotor Nerve Diseases
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Eclampsia
Angiography, Digital Subtraction
Cerebrovascular Disorders
Hemiplegia
Collateral Circulation
Cerebral Revascularization
Vasoconstriction
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis
Carotid Arteries
Pulmonary Artery
Treatment Outcome
Stroke
Carotid Stenosis
Vasodilation
Thalamus
Temporal Lobe
Retrospective Studies
Cerebral Palsy
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Follow-Up Studies
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Mesenteric Arteries
Artifacts
Reference Values
Infarction, Anterior Cerebral Artery
Brain Edema
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Temporal Arteries
Analysis of slipstream flow in two ruptured intracranial cerebral aneurysms. (1/107)
Replicas of ruptured posterior communicating and basilar artery aneurysms were created from cadaveric specimens and then were placed in a circuit of pulsating non-Newtonian fluid. Individual fluid slipstreams were opacified with isobaric dyes, and images were recorded on film. The slipstreams entered the distal aneurysm neck with impact against the distal lateral wall of the aneurysm. They then swirled slowly in a reverse vortical pattern within the aneurysm sac. Fluid exited the aneurysm at the proximal neck. The flow pattern clearly shows the impact zone of entering slipstreams (the point of aneurysm rupture) and provides information pertaining to aneurysm growth and formation. (+info)Diagnostic impact of cerebral transit time in the identification of microangiopathy in dementia: A transcranial ultrasound study. (2/107)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The diagnosis and quantification of microangiopathy in dementia is difficult. The assessment of small-vessel disease requires expensive and sophisticated nuclear medicine techniques. This study was performed to identify microangiopathy related to the integrity of cerebral microcirculation by sonographic measurements (arteriovenous cerebral transit time [cTT]). METHODS: We performed transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in 40 patients with vascular dementia, 20 patients with Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body disease, and 25 age-matched controls. The clinical diagnosis was established by history of dementia and neuroimaging findings. Cognitive impairment was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale. cTT is defined as the time required by an ultrasound contrast agent to pass from a cerebral artery to a vein. This was measured by recording the power-Doppler intensity curves in the P2 segment of the posterior cerebral artery and the vein of Galen. Previous studies have shown a prolongation of cTT in patients with cerebral microangiopathy. RESULTS: cTT was substantially prolonged in patients with vascular dementia (5.8 seconds; 25th percentile 4.5; 75th percentile 7.5; U test, P<0.001) compared with controls (3.1 seconds; 2.3; 3.4) but not in patients with degenerative dementia (3.7 seconds; 3.7; 4.2). In patients with vascular dementia, cTT was significantly correlated with cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: cTT may be useful tool to disclose small-vessel disease in demented patients. Examination is noninvasive and quickly performed. It may be also useful in follow-up examinations in patients undergoing therapy. (+info)Oxidized low-density lipoprotein enhances myogenic tone in the rabbit posterior cerebral artery through the release of endothelin-1. (3/107)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral arteries develop stretch-induced myogenic tone, which plays an important role in the regulation of blood flow to the brain. Although the effect of oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) on many aspects of the vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell function have been extensively investigated, its influence on myogenic activity has not been studied. METHODS: The effect of Ox-LDL on the myogenic tone that develops in the perfused rabbit posterior cerebral artery at intramural pressures between 40 and 90 mm Hg was examined. RESULTS: Ox-LDL (10 microg/mL) significantly enhanced myogenic tone by 21.4+/-6.1% to 28.5+/-1.8% at 60 to 90 mm Hg pressure (P<0.05) but had no influence on norepinephrine- (0.5 to 1 micromol/L) and KCl (20 mmol/L)-induced constriction. Ox-LDL was effective whether the artery was exposed to it from the intraluminal or the extraluminal surface. Lysophosphatidylcholine (10 micromol/L), a lipid component of Ox-LDL, had an equivalent potentiating effect. Native LDL (100 microg/mL) was inactive. The myogenic tone-potentiating effect of Ox-LDL was abolished by endothelium removal but was not influenced by the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (50 micromol/L). This effect was reversed by the endothelin-1 (ET-1) antagonist BQ-123 (1 micromol/L). This concentration blocked 1 to 3 nmol/L ET-1-induced constriction without altering constriction induced by 40 mmol/L KCl. The potentiating effect was suppressed by the specific protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine (1 micromol/L). CONCLUSIONS: Ox-LDL enhances myogenic tone through the release of ET-1 from the endothelium of the rabbit posterior cerebral artery. (+info)Distal calcarine fusiform aneurysm: a case report and review of literature. (4/107)
A 50 year old female who was operated for atrial septal defect 8 years back, presented with clinical features suggestive of subarachnoid haemorrhage (grade I, Hunt and Hess). CT scan of brain revealed haemorrhage in all the supratentorial basal cisterns, sylvian cistern and small haematoma in the left occipital lobe. Conventional CT and MR angiography revealed aneurysm in relation to distal part of the calcarine branch of the left posterior cerebral artery (PCA). Left occipital craniotomy in prone position followed by deep dissection in the occipital lobe showed fusiform aneurysm of the distal part of the calcarine branch. PCA aneurysms constitute only 0.2 to 1% of all intracranial aneurysms and among them distal PCA aneurysms are most rare, constituting only 1.3%. They too are mostly seen at the bifurcation of the PCA. The present case however, is unique in the sense that it has developed as a fusiform aneurysm in the distal part of the calcarine branch. To the best of our knowledge this is rare among the rarest. (+info)Coupling of Ca(2+) to CREB activation and gene expression in intact cerebral arteries from mouse : roles of ryanodine receptors and voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. (5/107)
Pathological changes of the vasculature are characterized by changes in Ca(2+) handling and alterations in gene expression. In neurons and other cell types, [Ca(2+)](i) often drives changes in gene expression. However, the relationship between Ca(2+) signaling and gene expression in vascular smooth muscle is not well understood. This study examines the ability of Ca(2+) influx through voltage-dependent, L-type Ca(2+) channels (VDCCs) and Ca(2+) release through ryanodine receptors (RyRs) to activate the transcription factor, cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), and increase c-fos levels in intact cerebral arteries. Membrane depolarization increased the fraction of nuclei staining for phosphorylated CREB (P-CREB) and levels of c-fos mRNA in intact mouse cerebral arteries. Ryanodine, which inhibits RyRs, increased P-CREB staining and c-fos levels. Forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase, and sodium nitroprusside, an NO donor, increased P-CREB and c-fos levels. Nisoldipine, an inhibitor of VDCCs, reversed the effects of depolarization and ryanodine on P-CREB and c-fos levels, but not the effects of forskolin or sodium nitroprusside. Inhibition of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) blocked increases in P-CREB and c-fos levels seen with membrane depolarization, suggesting that CaM kinase has an important role in the pathway leading from Ca(2+) influx to CREB-mediated changes in c-fos levels. Our data suggest that membrane depolarization increases [Ca(2+)](i) through activation of VDCCs, leading to increased P-CREB and c-fos, and that RyRs have a profound effect on this pathway by indirectly regulating Ca(2+) entry through VDCCs. These results provide the first evidence of Ca(2+) regulation of CREB and c-fos in arterial smooth muscle. (+info)Hemodynamic changes around cerebral arteriovenous malformation before and after embolization measured with PET. (6/107)
To estimate the changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) around cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) before and after embolization, 6 patients with AVM were sequentially examined with positron emission tomography (PET). PET depicted the remodeling of rCBF in the ipsilateral hemisphere of AVM after embolization. Decrease of rCBF in the ipsilateral hemisphere was also detected in patients with focal symptoms before embolization, and improvement of clinical symptoms after embolization corresponded to disappearance of rCBF decrease. PET can detect hemodynamic changes after embolization, and has a possibility to estimate the effect of embolization in patients with AVM. (+info)Radiation-induced cerebrovasculopathy of the distal middle cerebral artery and distal posterior cerebral artery--case report. (7/107)
A 15-year-old girl underwent partial removal of a pituitary adenoma followed by local irradiation of the brain with a total of 70 Gy through two lateral opposing ports. Twenty years later, she experienced frequent transient ischemic attacks with left sensory disturbance. Cerebral angiography revealed stenoses of the right distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the right distal posterior cerebral artery without net-like vessels. There was a severe decrease of vasoreactivity in the right hemisphere. Right superficial temporal artery (STA)-MCA anastomosis was performed. Her neurological deficits were resolved and perfusion reserve capacity had markedly improved 6 months later. We recommend STA-MCA anastomosis in such cases. (+info)Flow modulation of pressure-sensitive tone in rat pial arterioles: role of the endothelium. (8/107)
BACKGROUND: Cerebral arteriolar tone is modulated in response to changes in transmural pressure and luminal flow. The effect of flow on the relation between pressure and diameter has not been fully evaluated in these vessels. This study was conducted to investigate this interaction and to determine the role of the endothelium in mediating it. METHODS: Rat pial arterioles from the territory of the posterior cerebral artery were mounted in a perfusion myograph. In some arterioles, the endothelium was removed by air perfusion. Diameters were recorded at pressures from 20 to 200 mmHg in the presence and absence of flow (10 microl/min). The response to flow (0-30 microl/min) was recorded at 60 and 120 mmHg. RESULTS: In the absence of flow, endothelium-intact arterioles demonstrated tone at distending pressures between 40 and 140 mmHg. In the presence of flow, tone did not develop until pressure exceeded 100 mmHg, and the vessels remained active at pressures up to 200 mmHg. Endothelium-denuded arterioles developed tone at the same pressure when perfused as when unperfused, but perfused vessels were able to maintain active tone at higher pressures. At 60 mmHg, flow caused dilation if the endothelium was intact and constriction if it had been removed. At 120 mmHg, flow caused constriction. Endothelium-dependent flow-relaxation was inhibited by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10(-5) M) and abolished by indomethacin (10(-5) M). CONCLUSION: Flow inhibits the development of pial arteriolar tone at low intraluminal pressures through endothelium-dependent mechanisms. Conversely, perfusion extends the upper limit of the myogenically regulated pressure range through endothelium-independent activation of arteriolar smooth muscle contraction. (+info)The Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) is one of the major arteries that supplies blood to the brain. It is a branch of the basilar artery, which is formed by the union of the two vertebral arteries. The PCA supplies oxygenated blood to the occipital lobe (responsible for visual processing), the temporal lobe (involved in auditory and memory functions), and the thalamus and midbrain (relay station for sensory and motor signals).
The PCA has two segments: the precommunicating segment (P1) and the postcommunicating segment (P2). The P1 segment runs posteriorly along the cerebral peduncle, while the P2 segment courses around the midbrain to reach the occipital lobe.
Atherosclerosis, embolism, or other vascular conditions can affect the PCA and lead to a variety of neurological symptoms, including visual loss, memory impairment, and difficulty with language processing.
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarction refers to the death of brain tissue in the region of the brain supplied by the posterior cerebral artery due to insufficient blood supply. The PCA supplies blood to the occipital lobe (responsible for vision), parts of the temporal lobe, and other structures in the brain.
PCA infarction can result from various conditions that cause a blockage or reduction of blood flow in the PCA, such as embolism (a clot or debris traveling from another part of the body), thrombosis (a blood clot forming within the artery), or dissection (tearing of the artery wall). Symptoms of PCA infarction may include visual loss or disturbances, memory problems, language impairment, and other neurological deficits, depending on the extent and location of the infarction.
Cerebral arteries refer to the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the brain. These arteries branch off from the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries, which combine to form the basilar artery. The major cerebral arteries include:
1. Anterior cerebral artery (ACA): This artery supplies blood to the frontal lobes of the brain, including the motor and sensory cortices responsible for movement and sensation in the lower limbs.
2. Middle cerebral artery (MCA): The MCA is the largest of the cerebral arteries and supplies blood to the lateral surface of the brain, including the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. It is responsible for providing blood to areas involved in motor function, sensory perception, speech, memory, and vision.
3. Posterior cerebral artery (PCA): The PCA supplies blood to the occipital lobe, which is responsible for visual processing, as well as parts of the temporal and parietal lobes.
4. Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) and posterior communicating arteries (PComAs): These are small arteries that connect the major cerebral arteries, forming an important circulatory network called the Circle of Willis. The ACoA connects the two ACAs, while the PComAs connect the ICA with the PCA and the basilar artery.
These cerebral arteries play a crucial role in maintaining proper brain function by delivering oxygenated blood to various regions of the brain. Any damage or obstruction to these arteries can lead to serious neurological conditions, such as strokes or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).
The Circle of Willis is a circulatory arrangement in the brain where the major arteries that supply blood to the brain converge to form an almost circular structure. It is named after Thomas Willis, an English physician who first described it in 1664.
This circle is formed by the joining of the two internal carotid arteries, which divide into the anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries, with the basilar artery, which arises from the vertebral arteries. These vessels anastomose, or connect, to form a polygon-like structure at the base of the brain.
The Circle of Willis plays a crucial role in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain, as it allows for collateral circulation. If one of the arteries that make up the circle becomes blocked or narrowed, blood can still reach the affected area through the other vessels in the circle. This helps to minimize the risk of stroke and other neurological disorders.
Cerebral angiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the blood vessels in the brain after injecting a contrast dye into them. This procedure helps doctors to diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the blood vessels in the brain, such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and stenosis (narrowing of the blood vessels).
During the procedure, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg and threaded through the body to the blood vessels in the neck or brain. The contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken to visualize the blood flow through the brain's blood vessels.
Cerebral angiography provides detailed images of the blood vessels in the brain, allowing doctors to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be causing symptoms or increasing the risk of stroke. Based on the results of the cerebral angiography, doctors can develop a treatment plan to address these issues and prevent further complications.
The Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) is one of the main blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. It arises from the internal carotid artery and divides into several branches, which supply the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, including the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.
The MCA is responsible for providing blood flow to critical areas of the brain, such as the primary motor and sensory cortices, Broca's area (associated with speech production), Wernicke's area (associated with language comprehension), and the visual association cortex.
Damage to the MCA or its branches can result in a variety of neurological deficits, depending on the specific location and extent of the injury. These may include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, sensory loss, language impairment, and visual field cuts.
Cerebral infarction, also known as a "stroke" or "brain attack," is the sudden death of brain cells caused by the interruption of their blood supply. It is most commonly caused by a blockage in one of the blood vessels supplying the brain (an ischemic stroke), but can also result from a hemorrhage in or around the brain (a hemorrhagic stroke).
Ischemic strokes occur when a blood clot or other particle blocks a cerebral artery, cutting off blood flow to a part of the brain. The lack of oxygen and nutrients causes nearby brain cells to die. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a weakened blood vessel ruptures, causing bleeding within or around the brain. This bleeding can put pressure on surrounding brain tissues, leading to cell death.
Symptoms of cerebral infarction depend on the location and extent of the affected brain tissue but may include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; loss of balance or coordination; and severe headache with no known cause. Immediate medical attention is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment to minimize potential long-term damage or disability.
Cerebral arterial diseases refer to conditions that affect the blood vessels supplying the brain. These diseases can result in reduced blood flow, blockages, or bleeding in the brain. The most common cerebral arterial diseases include:
1. Atherosclerosis: A buildup of plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances in the inner lining of an artery, which can lead to narrowing or blockage of the artery.
2. Embolism: A blood clot or other particle that forms elsewhere in the body and travels to the brain, where it blocks a cerebral artery.
3. Thrombosis: The formation of a blood clot within a cerebral artery.
4. Aneurysm: A weakened area in the wall of an artery that bulges out and can rupture, causing bleeding in the brain.
5. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM): An abnormal tangle of blood vessels in the brain that can cause bleeding or reduced blood flow to surrounding tissue.
6. Vasculitis: Inflammation of the blood vessels in the brain, which can lead to narrowing, blockage, or weakening of the vessel walls.
These conditions can lead to serious complications such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), or vascular dementia. Treatment options include medications, surgery, and lifestyle changes to manage risk factors.
Hemianopsia is a medical term that refers to a loss of vision in half of the visual field in one or both eyes. It can be either homonymous (the same side in both eyes) or heteronymous (different sides in each eye). Hemianopsia usually results from damage to the optic radiations or occipital cortex in the brain, often due to stroke, trauma, tumor, or other neurological conditions. It can significantly impact a person's daily functioning and may require visual rehabilitation to help compensate for the vision loss.
Cerebrovascular circulation refers to the network of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the brain tissue, and remove waste products. It includes the internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, circle of Willis, and the intracranial arteries that branch off from them.
The internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries merge to form the circle of Willis, a polygonal network of vessels located at the base of the brain. The anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, and communicating arteries are the major vessels that branch off from the circle of Willis and supply blood to different regions of the brain.
Interruptions or abnormalities in the cerebrovascular circulation can lead to various neurological conditions such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and vascular dementia.
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) infarction is a type of ischemic stroke that occurs when there is an obstruction in the blood supply to the middle cerebral artery, which is one of the major blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. The MCA supplies blood to a large portion of the brain, including the motor and sensory cortex, parts of the temporal and parietal lobes, and the basal ganglia.
An infarction is the death of tissue due to the lack of blood supply, which can lead to damage or loss of function in the affected areas of the brain. Symptoms of MCA infarction may include weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, and altered levels of consciousness.
MCA infarctions can be caused by various factors, including embolism (a blood clot that travels to the brain from another part of the body), thrombosis (a blood clot that forms in the MCA itself), or stenosis (narrowing of the artery due to atherosclerosis or other conditions). Treatment for MCA infarction may include medications to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove the obstruction, or rehabilitation to help regain lost function.
An intracranial aneurysm is a localized, blood-filled dilation or bulging in the wall of a cerebral artery within the skull (intracranial). These aneurysms typically occur at weak points in the arterial walls, often at branching points where the vessel divides into smaller branches. Over time, the repeated pressure from blood flow can cause the vessel wall to weaken and balloon out, forming a sac-like structure. Intracranial aneurysms can vary in size, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.
There are three main types of intracranial aneurysms:
1. Saccular (berry) aneurysm: This is the most common type, characterized by a round or oval shape with a narrow neck and a bulging sac. They usually develop at branching points in the arteries due to congenital weaknesses in the vessel wall.
2. Fusiform aneurysm: These aneurysms have a dilated segment along the length of the artery, forming a cigar-shaped or spindle-like structure. They are often caused by atherosclerosis and can affect any part of the cerebral arteries.
3. Dissecting aneurysm: This type occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining (intima) of the artery, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the vessel wall. It can lead to narrowing or complete blockage of the affected artery and may cause subarachnoid hemorrhage if it ruptures.
Intracranial aneurysms can be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during imaging studies for other conditions. However, when they grow larger or rupture, they can lead to severe complications such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, or even death. Treatment options include surgical clipping, endovascular coiling, or flow diversion techniques to prevent further growth and potential rupture of the aneurysm.
The Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) is a paired set of arteries that originate from the internal carotid artery or its branch, the posterior communicating artery. They supply oxygenated blood to the frontal lobes and parts of the parietal lobes of the brain.
The ACA runs along the medial side of each hemisphere, anterior to the corpus callosum, which is the largest bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain. It gives off branches that supply the motor and sensory areas of the lower extremities, as well as the areas responsible for higher cognitive functions such as language, memory, and emotion.
The ACA is divided into several segments: A1, A2, A3, and A4. The A1 segment runs from its origin at the internal carotid artery to the anterior communicating artery, which connects the two ACAs. The A2 segment extends from the anterior communicating artery to the bifurcation of the ACA into its terminal branches. The A3 and A4 segments are the distal branches that supply the frontal and parietal lobes.
Interruptions or blockages in the flow of blood through the ACA can lead to various neurological deficits, including weakness or paralysis of the lower extremities, language impairment, and changes in cognitive function.
The basilar artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. It is formed by the union of two vertebral arteries at the lower part of the brainstem, near the junction of the medulla oblongata and pons.
The basilar artery runs upward through the center of the brainstem and divides into two posterior cerebral arteries at the upper part of the brainstem, near the midbrain. The basilar artery gives off several branches that supply blood to various parts of the brainstem, including the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain, as well as to the cerebellum.
The basilar artery is an important part of the circle of Willis, a network of arteries at the base of the brain that ensures continuous blood flow to the brain even if one of the arteries becomes blocked or narrowed.
Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize and measure the velocity of blood flow in the cerebral arteries located in the skull. This imaging modality employs the Doppler effect, which describes the change in frequency of sound waves as they reflect off moving red blood cells. By measuring the frequency shift of the reflected ultrasound waves, the velocity and direction of blood flow can be determined.
Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography is primarily used to assess cerebrovascular circulation and detect abnormalities such as stenosis (narrowing), occlusion (blockage), or embolism (obstruction) in the intracranial arteries. It can also help monitor patients with conditions like sickle cell disease, vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments such as thrombolysis or angioplasty. The procedure is typically performed by placing a transducer on the patient's skull after applying a coupling gel, and it does not involve radiation exposure or contrast agents.
The vertebral artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain and upper spinal cord. It arises from the subclavian artery, then ascends through the transverse processes of several cervical vertebrae before entering the skull through the foramen magnum. Inside the skull, it joins with the opposite vertebral artery to form the basilar artery, which supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. The vertebral artery also gives off several important branches that supply blood to various regions of the brainstem and upper spinal cord.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the blood vessels or arteries within the body. It is a type of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that focuses specifically on the circulatory system.
MRA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various conditions related to the blood vessels, such as aneurysms, stenosis (narrowing of the vessel), or the presence of plaques or tumors. It can also be used to plan for surgeries or other treatments related to the vascular system. The procedure does not use radiation and is generally considered safe, although people with certain implants like pacemakers may not be able to have an MRA due to safety concerns.
A ruptured aneurysm is a serious medical condition that occurs when the wall of an artery or a blood vessel weakens and bulges out, forming an aneurysm, which then bursts, causing bleeding into the surrounding tissue. This can lead to internal hemorrhage, organ damage, and even death, depending on the location and severity of the rupture.
Ruptured aneurysms are often caused by factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, aging, and genetic predisposition. They can occur in any part of the body but are most common in the aorta (the largest artery in the body) and the cerebral arteries (in the brain).
Symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm may include sudden and severe pain, weakness or paralysis, difficulty breathing, confusion, loss of consciousness, and shock. Immediate medical attention is required to prevent further complications and increase the chances of survival. Treatment options for a ruptured aneurysm may include surgery, endovascular repair, or medication to manage symptoms and prevent further bleeding.
The occipital lobe is the portion of the cerebral cortex that lies at the back of the brain (posteriorly) and is primarily involved in visual processing. It contains areas that are responsible for the interpretation and integration of visual stimuli, including color, form, movement, and recognition of objects. The occipital lobe is divided into several regions, such as the primary visual cortex (V1), secondary visual cortex (V2 to V5), and the visual association cortex, which work together to process different aspects of visual information. Damage to the occipital lobe can lead to various visual deficits, including blindness or partial loss of vision, known as a visual field cut.
X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.
The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.
CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.
In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.
CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.
In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.
Brain ischemia is the medical term used to describe a reduction or interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to a lack of oxygen and glucose delivery to brain tissue. This can result in brain damage or death of brain cells, known as infarction. Brain ischemia can be caused by various conditions such as thrombosis (blood clot formation), embolism (obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign material), or hypoperfusion (reduced blood flow). The severity and duration of the ischemia determine the extent of brain damage. Symptoms can range from mild, such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or "mini-strokes"), to severe, including paralysis, speech difficulties, loss of consciousness, and even death. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent further damage and potential long-term complications.
Medical Definition:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.
Acquired dyslexia, also known as "alexia" or "word blindness," is a medical condition that affects an individual's ability to understand written language despite having normal intelligence and education. It is characterized by a sudden loss of the ability to read, following damage to specific areas of the brain responsible for visual processing and language comprehension, such as the left occipitotemporal cortex.
Unlike developmental dyslexia, which is present from birth or early childhood, acquired dyslexia occurs later in life due to brain injury, stroke, infection, tumor, or other neurological conditions that damage the language and visual processing areas of the brain. Individuals with acquired dyslexia may have difficulty recognizing words, letters, or symbols, despite having intact hearing and speaking abilities.
Treatment for acquired dyslexia typically involves rehabilitation and compensation strategies to help the individual regain their reading skills or develop alternative ways to process written language. Speech-language therapy, occupational therapy, and assistive technology may be used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.
Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. They have thick, muscular walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped out of the heart. Arteries branch off into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further divide into a vast network of tiny capillaries where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between the blood and the body's cells. After passing through the capillary network, deoxygenated blood collects in venules, then merges into veins, which return the blood back to the heart.
Blood flow velocity is the speed at which blood travels through a specific part of the vascular system. It is typically measured in units of distance per time, such as centimeters per second (cm/s) or meters per second (m/s). Blood flow velocity can be affected by various factors, including cardiac output, vessel diameter, and viscosity of the blood. Measuring blood flow velocity is important in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.
The internal carotid artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. It originates from the common carotid artery and passes through the neck, entering the skull via the carotid canal in the temporal bone. Once inside the skull, it branches into several smaller vessels that supply different parts of the brain with blood.
The internal carotid artery is divided into several segments: cervical, petrous, cavernous, clinoid, and supraclinoid. Each segment has distinct clinical significance in terms of potential injury or disease. The most common conditions affecting the internal carotid artery include atherosclerosis, which can lead to stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and dissection, which can cause severe headache, neck pain, and neurological symptoms.
It's important to note that any blockage or damage to the internal carotid artery can have serious consequences, as it can significantly reduce blood flow to the brain and lead to permanent neurological damage or even death. Therefore, regular check-ups and screening tests are recommended for individuals at high risk of developing vascular diseases.
Therapeutic embolization is a medical procedure that involves intentionally blocking or obstructing blood vessels to stop excessive bleeding or block the flow of blood to a tumor or abnormal tissue. This is typically accomplished by injecting small particles, such as microspheres or coils, into the targeted blood vessel through a catheter, which is inserted into a larger blood vessel and guided to the desired location using imaging techniques like X-ray or CT scanning. The goal of therapeutic embolization is to reduce the size of a tumor, control bleeding, or block off abnormal blood vessels that are causing problems.
'Ophthalmoplegic migraine' is a term that was previously used to describe a condition characterized by headaches associated with one-sided paralysis of the nerves that control eye movement (ophthalmoplegia). This results in drooping of the eyelid, double vision, and pupil dilation on the affected side.
However, it's important to note that 'ophthalmoplegic migraine' is no longer considered a valid diagnosis by the International Headache Society (IHS) due to lack of clear understanding of its underlying pathophysiology. Instead, such cases are now more likely to be classified under other headache disorders, such as "migraine with brainstem aura" or "recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy," depending on the specific symptoms and clinical presentation.
Therefore, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan based on the individual's symptoms and medical history.
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) is a medical condition characterized by inadequate blood flow to the vertebral and basilar arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. These arteries arise from the subclavian arteries and merge to form the basilar artery, which supplies critical structures in the posterior circulation of the brain.
VBI is often caused by atherosclerosis, or the buildup of plaque in the arterial walls, leading to narrowing (stenosis) or occlusion of these vessels. Other causes include embolism, arterial dissection, and vasculitis. The decreased blood flow can result in various neurological symptoms, such as dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, difficulty swallowing, slurred speech, visual disturbances, and even transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes.
Diagnosis of VBI typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies like MRA or CTA, and sometimes cerebral angiography to assess the extent and location of vascular narrowing or occlusion. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, medications to manage risk factors (such as hypertension, diabetes, or high cholesterol), antiplatelet therapy, or surgical interventions like endarterectomy or stenting in severe cases.
Moyamoya Disease is a rare, progressive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by the narrowing or occlusion (blockage) of the internal carotid artery and its main branches. The name "moyamoya" means "puff of smoke" in Japanese and describes the look of the tangle of tiny vessels formed to compensate for the blockage. Over time, these fragile vessels can become less effective or rupture, leading to transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes), strokes, bleeding in the brain, or cognitive decline. The exact cause of moyamoya disease is unknown, but it may be associated with genetic factors and certain medical conditions such as Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, and sickle cell anemia. Treatment options include surgical procedures to improve blood flow to the brain.
A tonic pupil, also known as a "Adie's pupil," is a type of abnormal pupillary response named after Sir William John Adie, who first described it in 1932. It is characterized by an initial sluggish or absent reaction to light, followed by a slow and sustained redilation. This condition typically occurs as a result of damage to the ciliary ganglion or short ciliary nerves, which are part of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Tonic pupils can be unilateral (occurring in one eye) or bilateral (occurring in both eyes). They may be associated with other neurological symptoms such as decreased deep tendon reflexes and abnormal sweating patterns, depending on the extent of the damage to the autonomic nervous system.
It is important to note that tonic pupils can also occur as a result of various medical conditions, including viral infections, neurotoxins, trauma, or tumors. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and management.
The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:
1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.
The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.
Amobarbital is a barbiturate drug that is primarily used as a sedative and sleep aid. It works by depressing the central nervous system, which can lead to relaxation, drowsiness, and reduced anxiety. Amobarbital is also sometimes used as an anticonvulsant to help control seizures.
Like other barbiturates, amobarbital has a high potential for abuse and addiction, and it can be dangerous or even fatal when taken in large doses or mixed with alcohol or other drugs. It is typically prescribed only for short-term use due to the risk of tolerance and dependence.
It's important to note that the use of barbiturates like amobarbital has declined in recent years due to the development of safer and more effective alternatives, such as benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine sleep aids.
Anisocoria is a medical term that refers to an inequality in the size of the pupils in each eye. The pupil is the black, circular opening in the center of the iris (the colored part of the eye) that allows light to enter and strike the retina. Normally, the pupils are equal in size and react similarly when exposed to light or darkness. However, in anisocoria, one pupil is larger or smaller than the other.
Anisocoria can be caused by various factors, including neurological conditions, trauma, eye diseases, or medications that affect the pupillary reflex. In some cases, anisocoria may be a normal variant and not indicative of any underlying medical condition. However, if it is a new finding or associated with other symptoms such as pain, headache, vision changes, or decreased level of consciousness, it should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.
Echoencephalography (EEG) is a type of neurosonology technique that uses ultrasound to assess the structures of the brain and detect any abnormalities. It is also known as brain ultrasound or transcranial Doppler ultrasound. This non-invasive procedure involves placing a small ultrasound probe on the skull, which emits sound waves that travel through the skull and bounce back (echo) when they reach the brain tissue. The resulting echoes are then analyzed to create images of the brain's structures, including the ventricles, cerebral arteries, and other blood vessels.
EEG is often used in infants and young children, as their skulls are still thin enough to allow for clear ultrasound imaging. It can help diagnose conditions such as hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain), intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain), stroke, and other neurological disorders. EEG is a safe and painless procedure that does not require any radiation or contrast agents, making it an attractive alternative to other imaging techniques such as CT or MRI scans. However, its use is limited in older children and adults due to the thickening of the skull bones, which can make it difficult to obtain clear images.
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke that results from bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, specifically within the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This space is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, two of the three layers that make up the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.
The bleeding typically originates from a ruptured aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of a cerebral artery, or less commonly from arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or head trauma. The sudden influx of blood into the CSF-filled space can cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation to the brain, and vasospasms, leading to further ischemia and potential additional neurological damage.
Symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage may include sudden onset of severe headache (often described as "the worst headache of my life"), neck stiffness, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and focal neurological deficits. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further complications and improve the chances of recovery.
Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal, tangled connections between the arteries and veins in the brain. These connections bypass the capillary system, which can lead to high-flow shunting and potential complications such as hemorrhage, stroke, or neurological deficits. AVMs are congenital conditions, meaning they are present at birth, although symptoms may not appear until later in life. They are relatively rare, affecting approximately 0.1% of the population. Treatment options for AVMs include surgery, radiation therapy, and endovascular embolization, depending on the size, location, and specific characteristics of the malformation.
The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is responsible for controlling several important eye movements and functions. Oculomotor nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can lead to various symptoms related to eye movement and function. Here's a medical definition of oculomotor nerve diseases:
Oculomotor nerve diseases are a group of medical disorders characterized by the dysfunction or damage to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), resulting in impaired eye movements, abnormalities in pupillary response, and potential effects on eyelid position. These conditions can be congenital, acquired, or traumatic in nature and may lead to partial or complete paralysis of the nerve. Common oculomotor nerve diseases include oculomotor nerve palsy, third nerve ganglionopathies, and compressive oculomotor neuropathies caused by various pathologies such as aneurysms, tumors, or infections.
Arterial occlusive diseases are medical conditions characterized by the blockage or narrowing of the arteries, which can lead to a reduction in blood flow to various parts of the body. This reduction in blood flow can cause tissue damage and may result in serious complications such as tissue death (gangrene), organ dysfunction, or even death.
The most common cause of arterial occlusive diseases is atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining of the artery walls. Over time, this plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow. Other causes of arterial occlusive diseases include blood clots, emboli (tiny particles that travel through the bloodstream and lodge in smaller vessels), inflammation, trauma, and certain inherited conditions.
Symptoms of arterial occlusive diseases depend on the location and severity of the blockage. Common symptoms include:
* Pain, cramping, or fatigue in the affected limb, often triggered by exercise and relieved by rest (claudication)
* Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected limb
* Coldness or discoloration of the skin in the affected area
* Slow-healing sores or wounds on the toes, feet, or legs
* Erectile dysfunction in men
Treatment for arterial occlusive diseases may include lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Medications to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, prevent blood clots, or manage pain may also be prescribed. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow.
Eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication characterized by the onset of seizures or convulsions in a woman who has already developed preeclampsia, which is a condition marked by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Eclampsia can occur before, during, or after delivery and is considered a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. It can pose significant risks to both the mother and the baby, including premature birth, fetal growth restriction, and even maternal and fetal death.
The exact causes of eclampsia are not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to problems with the placenta and abnormal blood vessel development in the uterus. Risk factors for developing eclampsia include preexisting medical conditions such as chronic hypertension or diabetes, a history of preeclampsia or eclampsia in previous pregnancies, multiple gestation (carrying more than one baby), and certain genetic factors.
Treatment for eclampsia typically involves delivering the baby as soon as possible to prevent further complications. In some cases, medication may be given to manage seizures and prevent their recurrence. Close monitoring of both the mother and the baby is essential to ensure the best possible outcomes.
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the blood vessels and blood flow within the body. It combines the use of X-ray technology with digital image processing to produce detailed images of the vascular system.
In DSA, a contrast agent is injected into the patient's bloodstream through a catheter, which is typically inserted into an artery in the leg and guided to the area of interest using fluoroscopy. As the contrast agent flows through the blood vessels, X-ray images are taken at multiple time points.
The digital subtraction process involves taking a baseline image without contrast and then subtracting it from subsequent images taken with contrast. This allows for the removal of background structures and noise, resulting in clearer images of the blood vessels. DSA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various vascular conditions, such as aneurysms, stenosis, and tumors, and can also guide interventional procedures such as angioplasty and stenting.
Cerebrovascular disorders are a group of medical conditions that affect the blood vessels of the brain. These disorders can be caused by narrowing, blockage, or rupture of the blood vessels, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain. The most common types of cerebrovascular disorders include:
1. Stroke: A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked or bursts, causing a lack of oxygen and nutrients to reach brain cells. This can lead to permanent damage or death of brain tissue.
2. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA occurs when blood flow to the brain is temporarily blocked, often by a blood clot. Symptoms may last only a few minutes to a few hours and typically resolve on their own. However, a TIA is a serious warning sign that a full-blown stroke may occur in the future.
3. Aneurysm: An aneurysm is a weakened or bulging area in the wall of a blood vessel. If left untreated, an aneurysm can rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.
4. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM): An AVM is a tangled mass of abnormal blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. This can lead to bleeding in the brain or stroke.
5. Carotid stenosis: Carotid stenosis occurs when the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup. This can increase the risk of stroke.
6. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency: This condition occurs when the vertebral and basilar arteries, which supply blood to the back of the brain, become narrowed or blocked. This can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, and difficulty swallowing.
Cerebrovascular disorders are a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Risk factors for these conditions include age, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, and family history. Treatment may involve medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of further complications.
Hemiplegia is a medical term that refers to paralysis affecting one side of the body. It is typically caused by damage to the motor center of the brain, such as from a stroke, head injury, or brain tumor. The symptoms can vary in severity but often include muscle weakness, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance on the affected side. In severe cases, the individual may be unable to move or feel anything on that side of the body. Hemiplegia can also affect speech, vision, and other functions controlled by the damaged area of the brain. Rehabilitation therapy is often recommended to help individuals with hemiplegia regain as much function as possible.
Collateral circulation refers to the alternate blood supply routes that bypass an obstructed or narrowed vessel and reconnect with the main vascular system. These collateral vessels can develop over time as a result of the body's natural adaptation to chronic ischemia (reduced blood flow) caused by various conditions such as atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, or vasculitis.
The development of collateral circulation helps maintain adequate blood flow and oxygenation to affected tissues, minimizing the risk of tissue damage and necrosis. In some cases, well-developed collateral circulations can help compensate for significant blockages in major vessels, reducing symptoms and potentially preventing the need for invasive interventions like revascularization procedures. However, the extent and effectiveness of collateral circulation vary from person to person and depend on factors such as age, overall health status, and the presence of comorbidities.
Cerebral revascularization is a surgical procedure aimed at restoring blood flow to the brain. This is often performed in cases where there is narrowing or blockage of the cerebral arteries, a condition known as cerebrovascular disease. The most common type of cerebral revascularization is called carotid endarterectomy, which involves removing plaque buildup from the carotid artery in the neck to improve blood flow to the brain. Another type is extracranial-intracranial bypass, where a new connection is created between an external carotid artery and an intracranial artery to bypass a blockage.
Cerebral dominance is a concept in neuropsychology that refers to the specialization of one hemisphere of the brain over the other for certain cognitive functions. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language functions such as speaking and understanding spoken or written language, while the right hemisphere is dominant for non-verbal functions such as spatial ability, face recognition, and artistic ability.
Cerebral dominance does not mean that the non-dominant hemisphere is incapable of performing the functions of the dominant hemisphere, but rather that it is less efficient or specialized in those areas. The concept of cerebral dominance has been used to explain individual differences in cognitive abilities and learning styles, as well as the laterality of brain damage and its effects on cognition and behavior.
It's important to note that cerebral dominance is a complex phenomenon that can vary between individuals and can be influenced by various factors such as genetics, environment, and experience. Additionally, recent research has challenged the strict lateralization of functions and suggested that there is more functional overlap and interaction between the two hemispheres than previously thought.
Vasoconstriction is a medical term that refers to the narrowing of blood vessels due to the contraction of the smooth muscle in their walls. This process decreases the diameter of the lumen (the inner space of the blood vessel) and reduces blood flow through the affected vessels. Vasoconstriction can occur throughout the body, but it is most noticeable in the arterioles and precapillary sphincters, which control the amount of blood that flows into the capillary network.
The autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic division, plays a significant role in regulating vasoconstriction through the release of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Various hormones and chemical mediators, such as angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and serotonin, can also induce vasoconstriction.
Vasoconstriction is a vital physiological response that helps maintain blood pressure and regulate blood flow distribution in the body. However, excessive or prolonged vasoconstriction may contribute to several pathological conditions, including hypertension, stroke, and peripheral vascular diseases.
A Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those you'd get if you were having a stroke. A TIA doesn't cause permanent damage and is often caused by a temporary decrease in blood supply to part of your brain, which may last as little as five minutes.
Like an ischemic stroke, a TIA occurs when a clot or debris blocks blood flow to part of your nervous system. However, unlike a stroke, a TIA doesn't leave lasting damage because the blockage is temporary.
Symptoms of a TIA can include sudden onset of weakness, numbness or paralysis in your face, arm or leg, typically on one side of your body. You could also experience slurred or garbled speech, or difficulty understanding others. Other symptoms can include blindness in one or both eyes, dizziness, or a severe headache with no known cause.
Even though TIAs usually last only a few minutes, they are a serious condition and should not be ignored. If you suspect you or someone else is experiencing a TIA, seek immediate medical attention. TIAs can be a warning sign that a full-blown stroke is imminent.
1. Intracranial Embolism: This is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot or other particle (embolus) formed elsewhere in the body, travels through the bloodstream and lodges itself in the intracranial blood vessels, blocking the flow of blood to a part of the brain. This can lead to various neurological symptoms such as weakness, numbness, speech difficulties, or even loss of consciousness, depending on the severity and location of the blockage.
2. Intracranial Thrombosis: This is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms within the intracranial blood vessels. The clot can partially or completely obstruct the flow of blood, leading to various symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, or neurological deficits, depending on the severity and location of the thrombosis. Intracranial thrombosis can occur due to various factors including atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and other medical conditions that increase the risk of blood clot formation.
The carotid arteries are a pair of vital blood vessels in the human body that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck. Each person has two common carotid arteries, one on each side of the neck, which branch off from the aorta, the largest artery in the body.
The right common carotid artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left common carotid artery arises directly from the aortic arch. As they ascend through the neck, they split into two main branches: the internal and external carotid arteries.
The internal carotid artery supplies oxygenated blood to the brain, eyes, and other structures within the skull, while the external carotid artery provides blood to the face, scalp, and various regions of the neck.
Maintaining healthy carotid arteries is crucial for overall cardiovascular health and preventing serious conditions like stroke, which can occur when the arteries become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque or fatty deposits (atherosclerosis). Regular check-ups with healthcare professionals may include monitoring carotid artery health through ultrasound or other imaging techniques.
The pulmonary artery is a large blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. It divides into two main branches, the right and left pulmonary arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels called arterioles, and then into a vast network of capillaries in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The thin walls of these capillaries allow oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide to diffuse out, making the blood oxygen-rich before it is pumped back to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins. This process is crucial for maintaining proper oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs.
Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.
A stroke, also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to deprivation of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells. This can result in the death of brain tissue and cause permanent damage or temporary impairment to cognitive functions, speech, memory, movement, and other body functions controlled by the affected area of the brain.
Strokes can be caused by either a blockage in an artery that supplies blood to the brain (ischemic stroke) or the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). A transient ischemic attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," is a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts only a few minutes and does not cause permanent damage.
Symptoms of a stroke may include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; loss of balance or coordination; severe headache with no known cause; and confusion or disorientation. Immediate medical attention is crucial for stroke patients to receive appropriate treatment and prevent long-term complications.
Carotid stenosis is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing or constriction of the lumen (inner space) of the carotid artery. The carotid arteries are major blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck. Carotid stenosis usually results from the buildup of plaque, made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, on the inner walls of the artery. This process is called atherosclerosis.
As the plaque accumulates, it causes the artery to narrow, reducing blood flow to the brain. Severe carotid stenosis can increase the risk of stroke, as a clot or debris from the plaque can break off and travel to the brain, blocking a smaller blood vessel and causing tissue damage or death.
Carotid stenosis is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT angiography, or MRI angiography. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications (such as quitting smoking, controlling blood pressure, and managing cholesterol levels), medications to reduce the risk of clots, or surgical procedures like endarterectomy or stenting to remove or bypass the blockage.
Regional blood flow (RBF) refers to the rate at which blood flows through a specific region or organ in the body, typically expressed in milliliters per minute per 100 grams of tissue (ml/min/100g). It is an essential physiological parameter that reflects the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing waste products. RBF can be affected by various factors such as metabolic demands, neural regulation, hormonal influences, and changes in blood pressure or vascular resistance. Measuring RBF is crucial for understanding organ function, diagnosing diseases, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments.
A smooth muscle within the vascular system refers to the involuntary, innervated muscle that is found in the walls of blood vessels. These muscles are responsible for controlling the diameter of the blood vessels, which in turn regulates blood flow and blood pressure. They are called "smooth" muscles because their individual muscle cells do not have the striations, or cross-striped patterns, that are observed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Smooth muscle in the vascular system is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and by hormones, and can contract or relax slowly over a period of time.
Vasodilation is the widening or increase in diameter of blood vessels, particularly the involuntary relaxation of the smooth muscle in the tunica media (middle layer) of the arteriole walls. This results in an increase in blood flow and a decrease in vascular resistance. Vasodilation can occur due to various physiological and pathophysiological stimuli, such as local metabolic demands, neural signals, or pharmacological agents. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure, tissue perfusion, and thermoregulation.
The thalamus is a large, paired structure in the brain that serves as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. It is located in the dorsal part of the diencephalon and is made up of two symmetrical halves, each connected to the corresponding cerebral hemisphere.
The thalamus receives inputs from almost all senses, except for the olfactory system, and processes them before sending them to specific areas in the cortex. It also plays a role in regulating consciousness, sleep, and alertness. Additionally, the thalamus is involved in motor control by relaying information between the cerebellum and the motor cortex.
The thalamus is divided into several nuclei, each with distinct connections and functions. Some of these nuclei are involved in sensory processing, while others are involved in motor function or regulation of emotions and cognition. Overall, the thalamus plays a critical role in integrating information from various brain regions and modulating cognitive and emotional processes.
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:
1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.
Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.
The temporal lobe is one of the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain, located on each side of the head roughly level with the ears. It plays a major role in auditory processing, memory, and emotion. The temporal lobe contains several key structures including the primary auditory cortex, which is responsible for analyzing sounds, and the hippocampus, which is crucial for forming new memories. Damage to the temporal lobe can result in various neurological symptoms such as hearing loss, memory impairment, and changes in emotional behavior.
Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.
Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. According to the Mayo Clinic, CP is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects a child's ability to control movement.
The symptoms of cerebral palsy can vary in severity and may include:
* Spasticity (stiff or tight muscles)
* Rigidity (resistance to passive movement)
* Poor coordination and balance
* Weakness or paralysis
* Tremors or involuntary movements
* Abnormal gait or difficulty walking
* Difficulty with fine motor skills, such as writing or using utensils
* Speech and language difficulties
* Vision, hearing, or swallowing problems
It's important to note that cerebral palsy is not a progressive condition, meaning that it does not worsen over time. However, the symptoms may change over time, and some individuals with CP may experience additional medical conditions as they age.
Cerebral palsy is usually caused by brain damage that occurs before or during birth, but it can also be caused by brain injuries that occur in the first few years of life. Some possible causes of cerebral palsy include:
* Infections during pregnancy
* Lack of oxygen to the brain during delivery
* Traumatic head injury during birth
* Brain bleeding or stroke in the newborn period
* Genetic disorders
* Maternal illness or infection during pregnancy
There is no cure for cerebral palsy, but early intervention and treatment can help improve outcomes and quality of life. Treatment may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, medications to manage symptoms, surgery, and assistive devices such as braces or wheelchairs.
Intracranial arteriosclerosis is a medical condition characterized by the thickening and hardening of the walls of the intracranial arteries, which are the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. This process is caused by the buildup of plaque, made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances, within the walls of the arteries.
Intracranial arteriosclerosis can lead to a narrowing or blockage of the affected arteries, reducing blood flow to the brain. This can result in various neurological symptoms, such as headaches, dizziness, seizures, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes.
The condition is more common in older adults, particularly those with a history of hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and high cholesterol levels. Intracranial arteriosclerosis can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or computed tomographic angiography (CTA). Treatment typically involves managing risk factors and may include medications to control blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and prevent blood clots. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as angioplasty and stenting may be necessary to open up the affected arteries.
Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.
In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.
The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.
Computer-assisted image processing is a medical term that refers to the use of computer systems and specialized software to improve, analyze, and interpret medical images obtained through various imaging techniques such as X-ray, CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), ultrasound, and others.
The process typically involves several steps, including image acquisition, enhancement, segmentation, restoration, and analysis. Image processing algorithms can be used to enhance the quality of medical images by adjusting contrast, brightness, and sharpness, as well as removing noise and artifacts that may interfere with accurate diagnosis. Segmentation techniques can be used to isolate specific regions or structures of interest within an image, allowing for more detailed analysis.
Computer-assisted image processing has numerous applications in medical imaging, including detection and characterization of lesions, tumors, and other abnormalities; assessment of organ function and morphology; and guidance of interventional procedures such as biopsies and surgeries. By automating and standardizing image analysis tasks, computer-assisted image processing can help to improve diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and consistency, while reducing the potential for human error.
The mesenteric arteries are the arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the intestines. There are three main mesenteric arteries: the superior mesenteric artery, which supplies blood to the small intestine (duodenum to two-thirds of the transverse colon) and large intestine (cecum, ascending colon, and the first part of the transverse colon); the inferior mesenteric artery, which supplies blood to the distal third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum; and the middle colic artery, which is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies blood to the transverse colon. These arteries are important in maintaining adequate blood flow to the intestines to support digestion and absorption of nutrients.
The femoral artery is the major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lower extremity of the human body. It is a continuation of the external iliac artery and becomes the popliteal artery as it passes through the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus muscle of the thigh.
The femoral artery is located in the femoral triangle, which is bound by the sartorius muscle anteriorly, the adductor longus muscle medially, and the biceps femoris muscle posteriorly. It can be easily palpated in the groin region, making it a common site for taking blood samples, measuring blood pressure, and performing surgical procedures such as femoral artery catheterization and bypass grafting.
The femoral artery gives off several branches that supply blood to the lower limb, including the deep femoral artery, the superficial femoral artery, and the profunda femoris artery. These branches provide blood to the muscles, bones, skin, and other tissues of the leg, ankle, and foot.
The renal artery is a pair of blood vessels that originate from the abdominal aorta and supply oxygenated blood to each kidney. These arteries branch into several smaller vessels that provide blood to the various parts of the kidneys, including the renal cortex and medulla. The renal arteries also carry nutrients and other essential components needed for the normal functioning of the kidneys. Any damage or blockage to the renal artery can lead to serious consequences, such as reduced kidney function or even kidney failure.
An artifact, in the context of medical terminology, refers to something that is created or introduced during a scientific procedure or examination that does not naturally occur in the patient or specimen being studied. Artifacts can take many forms and can be caused by various factors, including contamination, damage, degradation, or interference from equipment or external sources.
In medical imaging, for example, an artifact might appear as a distortion or anomaly on an X-ray, MRI, or CT scan that is not actually present in the patient's body. This can be caused by factors such as patient movement during the scan, metal implants or other foreign objects in the body, or issues with the imaging equipment itself.
Similarly, in laboratory testing, an artifact might refer to a substance or characteristic that is introduced into a sample during collection, storage, or analysis that can interfere with accurate results. This could include things like contamination from other samples, degradation of the sample over time, or interference from chemicals used in the testing process.
In general, artifacts are considered to be sources of error or uncertainty in medical research and diagnosis, and it is important to identify and account for them in order to ensure accurate and reliable results.
Reference values, also known as reference ranges or reference intervals, are the set of values that are considered normal or typical for a particular population or group of people. These values are often used in laboratory tests to help interpret test results and determine whether a patient's value falls within the expected range.
The process of establishing reference values typically involves measuring a particular biomarker or parameter in a large, healthy population and then calculating the mean and standard deviation of the measurements. Based on these statistics, a range is established that includes a certain percentage of the population (often 95%) and excludes extreme outliers.
It's important to note that reference values can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, race, and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, it's essential to use reference values that are specific to the relevant population when interpreting laboratory test results. Additionally, reference values may change over time due to advances in measurement technology or changes in the population being studied.
Anterior cerebral artery infarction refers to the death of brain tissue (also known as an infarct) in the territory supplied by the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) due to insufficient blood flow. The ACA supplies oxygenated blood to the frontal lobes of the brain, which are responsible for higher cognitive functions such as reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making, as well as motor control of the lower extremities.
An infarction in this territory can result from various causes, including atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or vasospasm. Symptoms of an ACA infarction may include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (usually the lower extremities), difficulty with coordination and balance, urinary incontinence, changes in personality or behavior, and impaired cognitive function. The severity of symptoms depends on the extent and location of the infarct. Immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery.
Brain edema is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure. This can result from various causes, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, infection, brain tumors, or inflammation. The swelling of the brain can compress vital structures, impair blood flow, and cause neurological symptoms, which may range from mild headaches to severe cognitive impairment, seizures, coma, or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.
A cerebral hemorrhage, also known as an intracranial hemorrhage or intracerebral hemorrhage, is a type of stroke that results from bleeding within the brain tissue. It occurs when a weakened blood vessel bursts and causes localized bleeding in the brain. This bleeding can increase pressure in the skull, damage nearby brain cells, and release toxic substances that further harm brain tissues.
Cerebral hemorrhages are often caused by chronic conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) or cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which weakens the walls of blood vessels over time. Other potential causes include trauma, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, illicit drug use, and brain tumors. Symptoms may include sudden headache, weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, loss of balance, and altered level of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required to diagnose and manage cerebral hemorrhage through imaging techniques, supportive care, and possible surgical interventions.
Temporal arteries are the paired set of arteries that run along the temples on either side of the head. They are branches of the external carotid artery and play a crucial role in supplying oxygenated blood to the scalp and surrounding muscles. One of the most common conditions associated with temporal arteries is Temporal Arteritis (also known as Giant Cell Arteritis), which is an inflammation of these arteries that can lead to serious complications like vision loss if not promptly diagnosed and treated.
Cerebral veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the brain to the dural venous sinuses, which are located between the layers of tissue covering the brain. The largest cerebral vein is the superior sagittal sinus, which runs along the top of the brain. Other major cerebral veins include the straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and cavernous sinus. These veins receive blood from smaller veins called venules that drain the surface and deep structures of the brain. The cerebral veins play an important role in maintaining normal circulation and pressure within the brain.
Posterior cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery syndrome
Macula
Posterior communicating artery
Thalamus
Claude's syndrome
Cerebrovascular disease
Tela choroidea
Homonymous hemianopsia
Trochlear nerve
Collicular artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Benedikt syndrome
Hermann Wilbrand
Pure alexia
Dense artery sign
Basilar artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Management of drug-resistant epilepsy
Charcot-Wilbrand syndrome
Epidural hematoma
Cerebral cortex
Shear thinning
Optic radiation
Blood hammer
Visual cortex
Trochlear nucleus
Brainstem stroke syndrome
Pineal gland
Visual pathway lesions
Posterior cerebral artery - Wikipedia
Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
Artery of Percheron occlusion with first-pass recanalisation of the first segment of posterior cerebral artery | BMJ Case...
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage from Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm during Puerperium - Case Report and Review of Literature -...
Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke Differential Diagnoses
posterior cerebral artery Archives - Anatomy Guy
Posterior Cerebral Artery | New Health Advisor
Alien limb following posterior cerebral artery stroke: failure to recognize internally generated movements? - Department of...
Visual neglect after right posterior cerebral artery infarction. - Oxford Neuroscience
Segments of the Posterior Cerebral Artery | Neuroanatomy | The Neurosurgical Atlas
Outcomes of multidisciplinary treatment for posterior cerebral artery aneurysms<...
Mechanism of infarction involving ipsilateral carotid and posterior cerebral artery territories<...
Putamen Function, Definition & Anatomy | Body Maps
Neurologic Effects of Cocaine Differential Diagnoses
Feasibility and safety of thrombectomy for isolated occlusions of the posterior cerebral artery: a multicenter experience and...
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Differential Diagnoses
Double-Balloon-Assisted Coiling for Wide-Necked Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms with a Fetal-Type Variant of the...
Biometría de las Arterias Comunicantes Posteriores y Cerebrales Posteriores en su Segmento Precomunicante (P1) en el Círculo...
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
HARMless: Transient Cortical and Sulcal Hyperintensity on Gadolinium-Enhanced FLAIR after Elective Endovascular Coiling of...
Gonzalvo A[au] - Search Results - PubMed
Neurologic Disease and Pregnancy: Overview, General Considerations, New-Onset Neurologic Complications
Propionic Acidemia: Overview, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Bassett Collection - Lane Medical Library - Stanford University School of Medicine
Bassett Collection Large Image - Lane Medical Library, Stanford University Medical Center
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Mexican Wolf Pups at Zoo, Michigan, USA - Volume 27, Number 4-April 2021 - Emerging...
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Lower Body Positive Pressure Application with an Antigravity Suit in Acute Carotid Occlusion
Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
Infarction13
- The usual differential diagnosis for posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke includes other vascular diseases such as intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral venous infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and subdural hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
- Isolated lateral thalamic infarction: the role of posterior cerebral artery disease. (medscape.com)
- Confusional states following posterior cerebral artery infarction. (medscape.com)
- Fetal-Type Variants of the Posterior Cerebral Artery and Concurrent Infarction in the Major Arterial Territories of the Cerebral Hemisphere. (radiopaedia.org)
- Retrospective review of three cases of unilateral PCA infarction exhibiting malignant progression, with cerebral edema-related mass effect, increased intracranial pressure, and transtentorial herniation. (cns.org)
- 3. Hacke W, Schwab S, Horn M, Spranger M, De Georgia M, von Kummer R: 'Malignant' middle cerebral artery territory infarction: clinical course and prognostic signs. (cns.org)
- Case presentation: We present a 70-year-old man with left posterior cerebral artery infarction with quetiapine-induced punding manifesting as repetitive unidirectional body turning. (ncku.edu.tw)
- Conclusion: This case describes the clinical course of quetiapine-induced punding in a patient with left posterior cerebral artery infarction. (ncku.edu.tw)
- A stroke due to a blood clot in a cerebral vein is a venous infarction (see VENOUS INFARCTION, BRAIN). (nih.gov)
- In this process, one or both anterior cerebral arteries become trapped, causing infarction of the paramedian cortex. (msdmanuals.com)
- Upward herniation also distorts the mesencephalon vasculature, compresses the veins of Galen and Rosenthal, and causes superior cerebellar infarction due to occlusion of the superior cerebellar arteries. (msdmanuals.com)
- Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated cortical and subcortical lesions with combined vasogenic and cytotoxic edema atypical for both venous congestion and arterial infarction. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- This list includes dominant and non-dominant MCA infarction, medial and lateral medullary syndromes, anterior and posterior cerebral artery syndromes and the basilar artery syndrome. (derangedphysiology.com)
Anterior15
- In most adults, the PCA sources from the anterior portion of the basilar artery. (wikipedia.org)
- 5. Mohamed Micdhadhu M, Kho K, Murad M, Looi I. Fetal Posterior Communicating Artery as a Conduit for Concurrent Anterior and Posterior Circulation Infarct: A Case Report. (radiopaedia.org)
- The branch of the basilar artery with the larger circumference is the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. (medscape.com)
- It normally arises at the junction of the proximal and middle third of the basilar artery and supplies the lateral pontine tegmentum, brachium pontis or middle cerebellar peduncle, flocculus, and a small part of the anterior cerebellum. (medscape.com)
- These arteries are called the posterior and anterior deep temporal arteries. (healthline.com)
- The major characteristic of MMD is a steno-occlusive change at the end of the internal carotid artery (ICA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), and/or proximal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) that is accompanied by the formation of smoke-like abnormal blood vessels at the base of the skull, as shown by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
- and stem and proximal branches of the anterior cerebral artery, MCA, and posterior cerebral arteries. (williams-syndrome.org)
- The postcommunicating segment of the anterior cerebral artery was longer in the Williams syndrome group. (williams-syndrome.org)
- In allen beobachteten Fällen war die Arteria cerebri posterior ein- oder doppelseitig beteiligt, während die Arteria cerebri anterior nicht immer in den pathologischen Kreislauf einbezogen war. (thieme-connect.com)
- In all observed cases the posterior cerebral artery was involved on one or both sides, while the anterior cerebral artery was not always involved in the pathological circulation. (thieme-connect.com)
- The additional evaluation continued with cerebral Computed tomography angiography (CTA) (SOMATOM SENSATION 64 slice SIEMENS) that showed established infarcts in corresponding arterial watershed territories of the middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery. (biomedcentral.com)
- Results: The average inner diameter of the arteries of the CW were: internal carotid artery: 4.24 mm, anterior cerebral artery: 2.09 mm, posterior communicating artery: 1.32 mm, posterior cerebral artery: 1.94 mm, diameter of the basilar artery: 3.22 mm. (onteenstoday.com)
- The meeting points of these sulci were used in this study and were defined as follows: anterior insular point (where the anterior and superior limiting sulci meet), posterior insular point (where the superior and inferior limiting sulci meet), frontal limen point (where the limen and the anterior limiting sulcus meet), and temporal limen point (where the limen and the inferior limiting sulcus meet). (smallpocketlibrary.com)
- Anterior cerebral artery results from half of the division of an internal carotid artery, it supplies the anterior medial portion of its corresponding cerebral hemisphere . (psychology-lexicon.com)
- Cerebral angiography showed multiple aneurysms in the anterior communicating artery, right posterior cerebral artery, and right superior cerebellar artery. (korea.ac.kr)
Occlusion14
- In each instance, PCA occlusion was accompanied by a flow-limiting lesion in the internal carotid or middle cerebral artery. (cns.org)
- Vertigo is one of several common presenting symptoms associated with basilar artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
- Given the anatomy of the posterior circulation and the circle of Willis, the clinical manifestations of basilar artery thrombosis depend on the location of the occlusion, the extent of the thrombus, and the collateral flow. (medscape.com)
- If the proximal segment of the basilar artery is occluded and the occlusion has resulted from a slowly progressive stenosis, collateralization occurs within the cerebellum into the circumferential branches of the basilar artery. (medscape.com)
- The mechanism of stroke in basilar artery occlusion differs depending on the segment of the vessel involved. (medscape.com)
- MMD is a type of cerebrovascular disease characterized by chronic progressive steno-occlusion of the cerebral vessels. (hindawi.com)
- The relationship between SUA and TGs may be able to help predict the progressive steno-occlusion of the cerebral vessels that is associated with MMD and may be involved in the development of MMD. (hindawi.com)
- A.B. suffered the occlusion of several arteries following cardiac catheterization that dislodged debris from an ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque in his aortic arch. (umassmed.edu)
- Due to the short length of the feeding arteries and the high flow, occlusion of the feeding vessels with detachable coils was not possible because of repeated coil dislocation into the dilated vein. (bmj.com)
- In two arteries complete occlusion was accomplished with the WEB alone and in one artery additional deployment of two coils was necessary. (bmj.com)
- Effect of Sex on Outcomes of Mechanical Thrombectomy in Basilar Artery Occlusion: A Multicentre Cohort Study. (nuh.com.sg)
- Bridging Thrombolysis versus Direct Mechanical Thrombectomy in Stroke Due to Basilar Artery Occlusion. (nuh.com.sg)
- There is also limited but promising evidence for safety and efficacy using EVT for middle-vessel occlusions or for isolated occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery. (bmj.com)
- Occlusion of the P2 or P3 branch of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA). (who.int)
Aneurysm21
- We present a case of a man in his 80s with an incidental posterior cerebral artery aneurysm encased within a lipoma. (bmj.com)
- We present the first report in English literature of a patient with a posterior cerebral artery aneurysm encased by a lipoma within the interpeduncular fossa. (bmj.com)
- A time-of-flight MR angiogram of the brain ( figure 1 ) and a subsequent CT angiogram ( figure 2 ) performed 2 weeks later found a saccular proximal left posterior cerebral artery aneurysm measuring 7×4 mm in diameter within the interpeduncular fossa, partially encased within a T1 hyperintense lipoma 13 mm in diameter. (bmj.com)
- MRI showing a lipoma(blue arrow) within the interpeduncular fossa, hyperintense on T1 imaging (A) and time-of-flight angiography (B) showing a left posterior cerebral artery aneurysm 7×4 mm in diameter, partially encased by the lipoma(blue arrow). (bmj.com)
- Only a small number of aneurysms arising on the posterior communicating artery itself (true Pcom aneurysm) have been reported. (nih.gov)
- A 43 year old man suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) had an aneurysm arising on the fetal-type Pcom artery itself, and underwent surgery for clipping. (nih.gov)
- Another patient, a 71 year old woman presenting with consciousness disturbance due to SAH, had an aneurysm on the fetal-type Pcom artery itself, and underwent surgery for clipping. (nih.gov)
- It has been generally considered that hemodynamic factor plays an important role in the formation, the growth, and the rupture of the cerebral aneurysm. (nih.gov)
- A 9-year-old boy with a significant medical history of aortic valve replacement, antibiotic-treated infective endocarditis, and multiple embolic cerebral infarcts presented with a high-grade intraventricular hemorrhage due to the rupture of a large infectious proximal posterior circulation aneurysm. (nih.gov)
- Computed tomography and cerebral angiogram demonstrated a right crural/ambient cistern hematoma and an associated infectious aneurysm of the right proximal posterior cerebral artery. (nih.gov)
- The ruptured infectious aneurysm was coil-embolized with hydrogel-coated platinum coils without sacrifice of the distal parent artery. (nih.gov)
- What is a cerebral aneurysm? (nih.gov)
- A cerebral aneurysm (also known as a brain aneurysm) is a weak or thin spot on an artery in the brain that balloons or bulges out and fills with blood. (nih.gov)
- A saccular aneurysm is a rounded sac containing blood, that is attached to a main artery or one of its branches. (nih.gov)
- Also known as a berry aneurysm (because it resembles a berry hanging from a vine), this is the most common form of cerebral aneurysm. (nih.gov)
- A fusiform aneurysm balloons or bulges out on all sides of the artery. (nih.gov)
- A mycotic aneurysm occurs as the result of an infection that can sometimes affect the arteries in the brain. (nih.gov)
- The infection weakens the artery wall, causing a bulging aneurysm to form. (nih.gov)
- Who is more likely to get a cerebral aneurysm? (nih.gov)
- The short circuit resulted either from a direct junction of the arteries in the aneurysm, or by way of a pre-existing angioma. (thieme-connect.com)
- When the origin of the fetal posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is at the saccular neck of an internal carotid artery (ICA) - posterior communicating artery (PcomA) aneurysm (IC-PC aneurysms), treatment by surgical and endovascular means poses challenges. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Aneurysms22
- Characteristics of posterior cerebral artery aneurysms: an angiographic analysis of 93 aneurysms in 81 patients. (medscape.com)
- The literature surrounding the incidence and intricate relationship of lipomas to cerebral aneurysms is reviewed. (bmj.com)
- For this reason, lipomas are often associated with vascular malformations and may develop in conjunction with vascular malformations such as cerebral aneurysms. (bmj.com)
- Introduction Distal Posterior Circulation Artery Aneurysms are relatively uncommon and represent a relatively challenging treatment subset of intracranial aneurysms because of the location and frequent incorporation of the native vessel. (bmj.com)
- We present a series of 4 distal posterior circulation aneurysms, including 3 distal cerebellar artery aneurysms, treated with glue, Onyx and coils. (bmj.com)
- Purpose To understand the clinical presentation and treatment options in the management of distal posterior cerebral and cerebellar artery aneurysms. (bmj.com)
- Methods 4 cases of ruptured distal posterior circulation artery aneurysms treated at MMC from 9/13 to 9/14 were reviewed. (bmj.com)
- The literature concerning the management of cerebellar artery aneurysms was briefly reviewed. (bmj.com)
- Conclusion Distal posterior circulation aneurysms can be difficult to treat and may require different strategies depending on the accessibility, size and relationship to the parent vessel. (bmj.com)
- Hybrid coil embolization of ruptured infectious aneurysms with preservation of the distal parent artery is exceedingly rare and effective in the management of ruptured infectious aneurysms in the pediatric population. (nih.gov)
- Some cerebral aneurysms, particularly those that are very small, do not bleed or cause other problems. (nih.gov)
- Cerebral aneurysms can occur anywhere in the brain, but most form in the major arteries along the base of the skull. (nih.gov)
- All cerebral aneurysms have the potential to rupture and cause bleeding within the brain or surrounding area. (nih.gov)
- Most cerebral aneurysms do not show symptoms until they either become very large or rupture. (nih.gov)
- Cerebral aneurysms form when the walls of the arteries in the brain become thin and weaken. (nih.gov)
- Aneurysms typically form at branch points in arteries because these sections are the weakest. (nih.gov)
- Occasionally, cerebral aneurysms may be present from birth, usually resulting from an abnormality in an artery wall. (nih.gov)
- Aneurysms of the vein of Galen develop as a result of a short circuit between the cerebral arteries and the internal cerebral veins. (thieme-connect.com)
- The treatment of internal carotid artery (ICA) - posterior communicating artery aneurysms (ICPC aneurysms) is challenging when a fetal posterior cerebral artery (PCA) arises from the saccular neck. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- Although endovascular coil embolization of giant thrombosed aneurysms yielded unsatisfactory periprocedural and long-term results,[ 3 , 7 ] recent reports suggested that giant thrombosed intracranial aneurysms were safely and effectively treated by the endovascular reconstruction of the parent artery with flow diverters. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- A rare case involving multiple intracranial aneurysms with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in a child, accompanied by unilateral fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) of the renal artery, is reported. (korea.ac.kr)
- This case is the first report of multiple intracranial aneurysms with IVH treated successfully with coils in a child concomitant with FMD of the renal artery. (korea.ac.kr)
Cerebellar3
- Proximal to its bifurcation into the terminal branches (ie, PCA), the basilar artery gives off the superior cerebellar arteries that supply the lateral aspect of the pons and midbrain and the superior surface of the cerebellum. (medscape.com)
- Thrombosis of inferior cerebellar artery. (nih.gov)
- This type can occur when an infratentorial mass (eg, tumor in the posterior fossa, cerebellar hemorrhage) compresses the brain stem, kinking it and causing patchy brain stem ischemia. (msdmanuals.com)
Branches11
- The following are central branches of the PCA, also known as perforating branches: Thalamoperforating and thalamogeniculate or postero-medial ganglionic branches: a group of small arteries which arise at the commencement of the posterior cerebral artery: these, with similar branches from the posterior communicating, pierce the posterior perforated substance, and supply the medial surfaces of the thalami and the walls of the third ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
- The posterior choroidal branches of the posterior cerebral artery are sometimes referred to as a single posterior choroidal artery. (wikipedia.org)
- Medial posterior choroidal branches: run forward beneath the splenium of the corpus callosum, and supply the tela choroidea of the third ventricle and the choroid plexus. (wikipedia.org)
- Lateral posterior choroidal branches: small branches to the cerebral peduncle, fornix, thalamus, caudate nucleus, and choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
- Normally, the blood flows in an anterograde fashion from the vertebral arteries to the basilar artery up to its terminal branches. (medscape.com)
- Branches of the posterior cerebral artery enter the posterior perforated substance in the interpeduncular fossa and course upward through the medial thalamic region. (stanford.edu)
- Some debris from a ruptured plaque must have traveled up A.B.'s vertebral artery and lodged in one of its branches that supplies the cerebellum. (umassmed.edu)
- In this patient, thrombus had formed on a plaque in the basilar artery, at the point where it branches to form the posterior cerebral artery. (umassmed.edu)
- However, dye seems to stop at the place where the basilar artery branches. (umassmed.edu)
- Remember that the basilar artery branches that have been blocked supply parts of both occipital lobes. (umassmed.edu)
- The aorta branches into a network of smaller arteries that extend throughout the body. (onteenstoday.com)
Angiography4
- Digital subtraction angiography confirmed a mural type VGAM with three feeding arteries arising from the posterior cerebral arteries. (bmj.com)
- We determined the white matter lesion load applying the Fazekas score on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences and measured the diameters of cerebral arteries on 3D-reconstructions of the time-of-flight-MR-angiography scans. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- Time of flight MR angiography (MRA-3D TOF) did not detect blood flow in both internal carotid arteries (Fig. 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
- Abdominal angiography revealed marked stenosis and dilatation of the left renal artery. (korea.ac.kr)
Circulation5
- Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. (medscape.com)
- A fetal (origin of the) posterior cerebral artery is a common variant in the posterior cerebral circulation , estimated to occur in 20-30% of individuals 2 . (radiopaedia.org)
- 1. Yamamoto Y, Georgiadis A, Chang H, Caplan L. Posterior Cerebral Artery Territory Infarcts in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. (radiopaedia.org)
- The basilar artery is the most important artery in the posterior circulation. (medscape.com)
- Enlarged arterial diameters of the posterior circulation are present only in men with Fabry disease independent of disease severity. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Bilateral3
- If bilateral, the basilar artery is significantly smaller than normal. (radiopaedia.org)
- Here we report neuropsychological data from an architect (PL518) who lost his ability for visual imagery following a bilateral posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke. (cam.ac.uk)
- Stroke in sickle cell disease in association with bilateral absence of the internal carotid arteries. (biomedcentral.com)
Infarcts3
- Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts: clinical features, infarct topography, causes and outcome. (medscape.com)
- Capitani E, Laiacona M, Pagani R, Capasso R, Zampetti P, Miceli G. Posterior cerebral artery infarcts and semantic category dissociations: a study of 28 patients. (medscape.com)
- 2. Kumral E, Bayulkem G, Atac C, Alper Y: Spectrum of superficial posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts. (cns.org)
Vascular5
- Arboix A, Arbe G, García-Eroles L, Oliveres M, Parra O, Massons J. Infarctions in the vascular territory of the posterior cerebral artery: clinical features in 232 patients. (medscape.com)
- 1) Understand the congenital variability in vascular territories supplied by cerebral vessels. (cns.org)
- 1. Arboix A, Arbe G, Garcia-Eroles L, Oliveres M, Parra O, Massons J: Infarctions in the vascular territory of the posterior cerebral artery: clinical features in 232 patients. (cns.org)
- 15. [Systemic vascular change associated with moyamoya-like cerebrovascular disease and microvascular coronary artery disease]. (nih.gov)
- The cerebral vascular bed is modeled using a lumped parameter model, describing arterial, arteriolar and venous compartments. (nih.gov)
Stroke9
- 7. Ng YS, Stein J, Salles SS, Black-Schaffer RM: Clinical characteristics and rehabilitation outcomes of patients with posterior cerebral artery stroke. (cns.org)
- The risk factors for basilar artery thrombosis are the same as those seen generally in stroke . (medscape.com)
- Alien limb following posterior cerebral artery stroke: Failure to recognize internally generated movements? (ox.ac.uk)
- A type of ischemic stroke resulting from obstruction due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a CEREBRAL ARTERY often associated with ATHEROSCLEROSIS. (nih.gov)
- When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke . (nih.gov)
- When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke . (nih.gov)
- Outcome Evaluation of Repeat Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Stroke. (usc.edu)
- A high load of white matter lesions and enlarged basilar arteries have been shown in selected patients with Fabry disease, a disorder associated with an increased stroke risk. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- The use of colchicine as an anti-inflammatory agent for stroke prevention in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (nuh.com.sg)
Contralateral1
- Weber's syndrome: third nerve palsy and contralateral hemiplegia: Third nerve and cerebral peduncle. (wikipedia.org)
Distal3
- The two arteries originate from the distal end of the basilar artery, where it bifurcates into the left and right posterior cerebral arteries. (wikipedia.org)
- Additionally, flow can be reversed from the PCAs into the distal basilar artery. (medscape.com)
- Embolism, either from a cardiac or arterial source, is much more frequent in the distal third of the basilar artery and the vertebrobasilar junction. (medscape.com)
Thrombosis4
- Acute basilar artery thrombosis is associated with a poor prognosis. (medscape.com)
- Although outcomes continue to be poor in patients with basilar artery thrombosis, advances in pharmacologic and mechanical thrombolysis and in endovascular therapy may reduce the mortality and disability rates associated with this disease. (medscape.com)
- Notes of a case of thrombosis of the cerebral sinuses. (nih.gov)
- Differential diagnosis of cerebral embolism and thrombosis in cases of disease of the valves of the heart. (nih.gov)
Veins8
- arteriovenous malformations (snarled tangles of arteries and veins in the brain that disrupt blood flow. (nih.gov)
- Types of arteries and veins. (onteenstoday.com)
- Arteries are smaller, have thicker walls in proportion to their lumen and carry blood under higher pressure than veins. (onteenstoday.com)
- Arteries and veins often travel in pairs using the same connective tissue pathways. (onteenstoday.com)
- Which one is bigger arteries or veins? (onteenstoday.com)
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins return blood to the heart. (onteenstoday.com)
- Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are lesions made up of arteries and veins without any intervening capillaries. (the-jcen.org)
- Therefore, they are defined as a set of dilated arteries that connect to a bed of vessels that are drained by arterialized veins, forming a high-flow, low-resistance short circuit between the arterial and venous systems [ 25 , 35 , 37 ]. (the-jcen.org)
Lateral2
- D: A deep cut made around the insular surface, at the limiting sulci, passes through the cerebral isthmus, reaching the lateral ventricle and detaching the central core from the rest of the cerebral hemisphere. (smallpocketlibrary.com)
- The temporal pole and the amygdala are attached to the central core and can be separated by a line traced from the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery or the proximal segment of M1 to the inferior choroidal point (carotid choroidal line), just lateral to the optic tract. (smallpocketlibrary.com)
Vertebral arteries1
- It is formed at the pontomedullary junction by the confluence of both vertebral arteries. (medscape.com)
Endovascular3
- Herein, we report our experience regarding the outcomes of endovascular embolization of posterior fossa AVM, focusing on how angioarchitectural and hemodynamic characteristics of the AVM affect the post-intervention outcomes. (springeropen.com)
- 17 patients diagnosed with posterior cranial fossa AVM were enrolled and scheduled for endovascular interventions by Onyx or Histoacryl. (springeropen.com)
- Thus, we conducted the present study to report our experience regarding the outcomes of endovascular embolization of posterior fossa AVM, focusing on how angioarchitectural and hemodynamic characteristics of the AVM affect the post-intervention outcomes. (springeropen.com)
Occipital lobe1
- The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of cerebral arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the occipital lobe, part of the back of the human brain. (wikipedia.org)
Bifurcation3
- Artery formed by the bifurcation of the BASILAR ARTERY . (bvsalud.org)
- Any of the arteries that arise from a bifurcation of the aorta supplying the pelvic or abdomen. (mcw.edu)
- however, common carotid arteries (CCA) were less than expected with no CCA bifurcation on either side. (biomedcentral.com)
Vessels3
- When lipomas neighbour cerebral vasculature, careful evaluation of the adjacent vessels should be conducted. (bmj.com)
- The arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels, eventually becoming very small vessels called arterioles. (onteenstoday.com)
- The carotid arteries are major blood vessels in the neck that supply blood to the brain, neck, and face. (onteenstoday.com)
Segment1
- The posterior communicating artery (PCom) is larger than the P1 segment of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and supplies the bulk of the blood to the PCA 4 . (radiopaedia.org)
Rupture3
- Embolism of the basilar artery, with meningeal hæmorrhage from rupture of the posterior cerebral. (nih.gov)
- Alterations in consciousness: The sudden elevation of intracranial pressure associated with aneurysmal rupture may lead to a precipitous decline in cerebral perfusion pressure, causing syncope (50% of cases). (medscape.com)
- The association between renal artery FMD and aneurysmal rupture is extremely rare. (korea.ac.kr)
Carotid Arteries5
- These anastomose with the middle cerebral arteries and internal carotid arteries via the posterior communicating arteries. (wikipedia.org)
- Neuroimaging investigation revealed the absence of both internal carotid arteries (ICAs). (biomedcentral.com)
- The absence of all segments of the internal carotid arteries (ICA) on both sides together with the absent bony carotid canals in the petrous bones confirmed the diagnosis of the agenesis of both internal carotid arteries. (biomedcentral.com)
- Where are the carotid arteries located in the body? (onteenstoday.com)
- There are two carotid arteries, one on the right and one on the left. (onteenstoday.com)
Branch2
- however, it may also arise as a direct branch of the basilar artery. (medscape.com)
- As they move further from the heart, arteries branch off and become increasingly smaller. (onteenstoday.com)
Hemorrhage2
- We focused on the risk of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with MMD and fetal-type posterior cerebral arteries. (bvsalud.org)
- The study was designed for patients diagnosed with posterior fossa intracranial AVM, having a nidus accessible for the microcatheter tip, whether they presented with neurological manifestations (including intracranial hemorrhage) or accidentally discovered. (springeropen.com)
Brain8
- Intracranial lipomas are rare and usually asymptomatic congenital malformations 1 commonly associated with brain malformations, as well as cerebral artery abnormalities. (bmj.com)
- Most epidural hematomas, a condition where blood that accumulates between the skull and the dura mater (protective tissue surrounding the brain), are usually caused by skull fractures that cross either the middle meningeal artery or the middle meningeal vein. (healthline.com)
- Centrally located in the brain, the posterior cerebral artery makes up the lower portion of the circle of Willis. (healthline.com)
- It is typically found on arteries at the base of the brain. (nih.gov)
- Neuroprotective strategies, including the early use of pharmacologic agents and induced cerebral hypothermia, may help to decrease the deleterious effects of brain ischemia (3) . (ajnr.org)
- The central arteries of the brain were never involved. (thieme-connect.com)
- While the loss of mental imagery following brain lesions was first described more than a century ago, the key cerebral areas involved remain elusive. (cam.ac.uk)
- Introduction: Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome - a reversible subacute global encephalopathy clinically presenting with headache, altered mental status, visual symptoms such as hemianopsia or cortical blindness, motor symptoms, and focal or generalized seizures - is characterized by a subcortical vasogenic edema symmetrically affecting posterior brain regions. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Internal3
- A Cost-Effective and Reproducible Cadaveric Training Model for Internal Carotid Artery Injury Management During Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery: The Submersible Peristaltic Pump World Neurosurg. (usc.edu)
- Examples: Common iliac artery, External iliac artery, Internal iliac artery. (mcw.edu)
- What is the internal diameter of an artery? (onteenstoday.com)
Basilar arteries1
- The fetal carotid origin of the PCA usually regresses as the vertebral and basilar arteries develop with the PCommA reducing is size. (wikipedia.org)
Extracranial3
- Arterial dissection is much more common in the extracranial vertebral artery. (medscape.com)
- 12. [Moyamoya disease associated with stenosis of extracranial arteries: a case report and review of the literature]. (nih.gov)
- Although the extracranial carotid artery has been studied in a sample of patients with Williams syndrome, proximal intracranial arteries have not. (williams-syndrome.org)
Lesion2
- Verbal dyslexia without agraphia, color anomia: Dominant calcarine lesion and posterior part of corpus callosum. (wikipedia.org)
- We studied a large cohort of patients with Fabry disease to differentially investigate white matter lesion load and cerebral artery diameters. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Cortex1
- This is a microscopic section of the patient's cerebral cortex. (umassmed.edu)
Hemisphere1
- The cingulate gyrus is pushed under the falx cerebri by an expanding mass high in a cerebral hemisphere. (msdmanuals.com)
Stenosis2
- A recent study confirmed that SUA is a risk factor for intracranial artery stenosis [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
- In addition, data from several studies suggest that triglycerides (TGs) are a risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases, including carotid stenosis and intracranial artery stenosis [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Middle1
- The middle meningeal vein parallels the path of the middle meningeal artery. (healthline.com)
Major arteries1
- Vessel baseline diameter is inversely proportional to the level of vasodilation obtained after reactive hyperemia stimulus (major arteries dilate less that smaller arteries) and there is variability in arterial diameter from individual to individual. (onteenstoday.com)
Large artery2
- This is a microscopic section showing a large artery that was also occluded by embolus. (umassmed.edu)
- Which is larger a large vein or a large artery? (onteenstoday.com)
Parietal1
- Las ramas de la arteria cerebral posterior irrigan porciones del LÓBULO OCCIPITAL, LÓBULO PARIETAL, giro temporal inferior, tronco cerebral y del PLEXO COROIDEO. (bvsalud.org)
Temporal1
- In the body there are two deep temporal arteries. (healthline.com)
Clinical4
- 4. Capone S, Shah N, George-St Bernard R. A Fetal-Type Variant Posterior Communicating Artery and Its Clinical Significance. (radiopaedia.org)
- Complete reversibility of both clinical signs and magnetic resonance imaging lesions is regarded as a defining feature of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is almost exclusively seen in the setting of a predisposing clinical condition, such as pre-eclampsia, systemic infections, sepsis and shock, certain autoimmune diseases, various malignancies and cytotoxic chemotherapy, transplantation and concomitant immunosuppression (especially with calcineurin inhibitors) as well as episodes of abrupt hypertension. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- We describe for the first time clinical, radiological and histological findings in a case of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome with an irreversible and fatal outcome occurring in the absence of any of the known predisposing clinical conditions except for a hypertensive episode. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Corpus callosum1
- Alexia (reading incomprehension) is the result of damage to the splenium, the thickest and most posterior portion of the corpus callosum. (derangedphysiology.com)
Infarctions1
- Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarctions are usually small in extent and are thus expected to follow a benign course. (cns.org)
Vein1
- The retromandibular joins with the posterior auricular vein to create the external jugular vein. (healthline.com)