A genus of ascomycetous FUNGI, family Pneumocystidaceae, order Pneumocystidales. It includes various host-specific species causing PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in humans and other MAMMALS.
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.
Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.
A species of PNEUMOCYSTIS infecting humans and causing PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA. It also occasionally causes extrapulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients. Its former name was Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis.
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
This drug combination has proved to be an effective therapeutic agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.
An interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, occurring between 21-80 years of age. It is characterized by a dramatic onset of a "pneumonia-like" illness with cough, fever, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. Pathological features include prominent interstitial inflammation without collagen fibrosis, diffuse fibroblastic foci, and no microscopic honeycomb change. There is excessive proliferation of granulation tissue within small airways and alveolar ducts.
Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.
Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by cross bacterial infections in hospitals (NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS).
A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the SULFONAMIDES which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with PYRIMETHAMINE in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8)
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Washing liquid obtained from irrigation of the lung, including the BRONCHI and the PULMONARY ALVEOLI. It is generally used to assess biochemical, inflammatory, or infection status of the lung.
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208)
Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.
Interstitial pneumonia caused by extensive infection of the lungs (LUNG) and BRONCHI, particularly the lower lobes of the lungs, by MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE in humans. In SHEEP, it is caused by MYCOPLASMA OVIPNEUMONIAE. In CATTLE, it may be caused by MYCOPLASMA DISPAR.
Glucose polymers consisting of a backbone of beta(1->3)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl units with beta(1->6) linked side chains of various lengths. They are a major component of the CELL WALL of organisms and of soluble DIETARY FIBER.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.
A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.
Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.
Pneumonia due to aspiration or inhalation of various oily or fatty substances.
A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of dihydropteroate from p-aminobenzoic acid and dihydropteridine-hydroxymethyl-pyrophosphate. EC 2.5.1.15.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.
Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients.
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.
Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.
Material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated via the mouth. It contains MUCUS, cellular debris, and microorganisms. It may also contain blood or pus.
Round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. They ingest small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells.
The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173)
Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.
Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
A group of interstitial lung diseases with no known etiology. There are several entities with varying patterns of inflammation and fibrosis. They are classified by their distinct clinical-radiological-pathological features and prognosis. They include IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS; CRYPTOGENIC ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA; and others.
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
Amidines are organic compounds containing the functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom connected to two carbon atoms by double bonds, with the remaining two bonds attached to hydrogen and any other organic substituent.
A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi.
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.
A species of the genus PNEUMOVIRUS causing pneumonia in mice.
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.
An acute, sometimes fatal, pneumonia-like bacterial infection characterized by high fever, malaise, muscle aches, respiratory disorders and headache. It is named for an outbreak at the 1976 Philadelphia convention of the American Legion.
A naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver to the active metabolite HYDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p726)
Short filamentous organism of the genus Mycoplasma, which binds firmly to the cells of the respiratory epithelium. It is one of the etiologic agents of non-viral primary atypical pneumonia in man.
Inhibitors of the enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase (TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE), which converts dihydrofolate (FH2) to tetrahydrofolate (FH4). They are frequently used in cancer chemotherapy. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)
Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Adrenal cortex hormones are steroid hormones produced by the outer portion of the adrenal gland, consisting of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, which play crucial roles in various physiological processes such as metabolism regulation, stress response, electrolyte balance, and sexual development and function.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.
Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.
The prototype species of PNEUMOCYSTIS infecting the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus (RATS). It was formerly called Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. Other species of Pneumocystis can also infect rats.
Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.
Presence of air in the mediastinal tissues due to leakage of air from the tracheobronchial tree, usually as a result of trauma.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with BRONCHITIS, usually involving lobular areas from TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES to the PULMONARY ALVEOLI. The affected areas become filled with exudate that forms consolidated patches.
Postmortem examination of the body.

Clusters of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: analysis of person-to-person transmission by genotyping. (1/1000)

Genotyping at the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear rRNA operon was performed on isolates of P. carinii sp. f. hominis from three clusters of P. carinii pneumonia among eight patients with haematological malignancies and six with HIV infection. Nine different ITS sequence types of P. carinii sp. f. hominis were identified in the samples from the patients with haematological malignancies, suggesting that this cluster of cases of P. carinii pneumonia was unlikely to have resulted from nosocomial transmission. A common ITS sequence type was observed in two of the patients with haematological malignancies who shared a hospital room, and also in two of the patients with HIV infection who had prolonged close contact on the ward. In contrast, different ITS sequence types were detected in samples from an HIV-infected homosexual couple who shared the same household. These data suggest that person-to-person transmission of P. carinii sp. f. hominis may occur from infected to susceptible immunosuppressed patients with close contact within hospital environments. However direct transmission between patients did not account for the majority of cases within the clusters, suggesting that person-to-person transmission of P. carinii sp. f. hominis infection may be a relatively infrequent event and does not constitute the major route of transmission in man.  (+info)

Continuous axenic cultivation of Pneumocystis carinii. (2/1000)

Continuous axenic culture of Pneumocystis carinii has been achieved. A culture vessel is used that allows for frequent medium exchange without disturbance of organisms that grow attached to a collagen-coated porous membrane. The growth medium is based on Minimal Essential Medium with Earle's salt supplemented with S-adenosyl-L-methionine, putrescine, ferric pyrophosphate, N-acetyl glucosamine, putrescine, p-aminobenzoic acid, L-cysteine and L-glutamine, and horse serum. Incubation is in room air at 31 degrees C. The pH of the medium begins at 8.8 and rises to approximately 9 as the cells grow. Doubling times calculated from growth curves obtained from cultures inoculated at moderate densities ranged from 35 to 65 hours. With a low-density inoculum, the doubling time is reduced to 19 hours. The morphology of cultured organisms in stained smears and in transmission electron micrographs is that of P. carinii, and P. carinii-specific mAbs label the cultured material. Cultured organisms are infective for immunosuppressed rats and can be stored frozen and used to reinitiate culture.  (+info)

Should prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients ever be discontinued? (3/1000)

Solid organ transplant recipients are at risk for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), but the risk of PCP beyond 1 year is poorly defined. We identified 25 cases of PCP in 1,299 patients undergoing solid organ transplantation between 1987 and 1996 at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation (4.8 cases per 1,000 person transplant-years [PTY]). Ten (36%) of 28 PCP cases (transplantation was performed before 1987 in three cases) occurred > or = 1 year after transplantation, and no patient developed PCP while receiving prophylaxis for PCP. The incidence of PCP during the first year following transplantation was eight times higher than that during subsequent years. The highest rate occurred among lung transplant recipients (22 cases per 1,000 PTY), for whom the incidence did not decline beyond the first year of transplantation. We conclude that the incidence of PCP is highest during the first year after transplantation and differs by type of solid organ transplant. Extending the duration of PCP prophylaxis beyond 1 year may be warranted for lung transplant recipients.  (+info)

Opportunistic Pneumocystis carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). (4/1000)

P. carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus), born and maintained in a laboratory breeding colony, was examined by histopathologic examination postmortem. P. carinii cysts were detected in 6 of 10 red-bellied tamarins examined, by using Grocott's, toluidine blue O and immunostaining with avidin-biotin complex using antisera for rat-, simian-, and human-P. carinii. The results obtained from the present studies imply that P. carinii may be an important pathogen in this species.  (+info)

IFN-gamma and CD8+ T cells restore host defenses against Pneumocystis carinii in mice depleted of CD4+ T cells. (5/1000)

Host defenses against infection are profoundly compromised in HIV-infected hosts due to progressive depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes and defective cell-mediated immunity. Although recent advances in antiretroviral therapy can dramatically lower HIV viral load, blood CD4+ T lymphocytes are not restored to normal levels. Therefore, we investigated mechanisms of host defense other than those involving CD4+ T lymphocytes against a common HIV-related opportunistic infection, Pneumocystis carinii (PC) pneumonia. Using CD4-depleted mice, which are permissive for chronic PC infection, we show that up-regulation of murine IFN-gamma by gene transfer into the lung tissue results in clearance of PC from the lungs in the absence of CD4+ lymphocytes. This resolution of infection was associated with a >4-fold increase in recruited CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells into the lungs. The role of CD8+ T cells as effector cells in this model was further confirmed by a lack of an effect of IFN-gamma gene transfer in scid mice or mice depleted of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Cytokine mRNA analysis revealed that recruited, lung-derived CD8+ T cells had greater expression of IFN-gamma message in animals treated with the IFN-gamma gene. These results indicate that CD8+ T cells are capable of clearing PC pneumonia in the absence of CD4+ T cells and that this host defense function of CD8+ T cells, as well as their cytokine repertoire, can be up-regulated through cytokine gene transfer.  (+info)

Experience with a managed care approach to HIV infection: effectiveness of an interdisciplinary team. (6/1000)

To evaluate the function and effectiveness of a multidisciplinary team for managing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we conducted a follow-up cohort study of HIV-positive patients managed according to a clinical care path at a staff-based health maintenance organization (HMO). The study group consisted of 230 HIV-positive health plan members who received care at the Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa medical center (KPMC-SRO). In 1994, the comparison group consisted of 4747 HIV-positive health plan members who received care at Kaiser Permanente's 18 other medical centers in northern California. The percentages of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HIV-positive patients as determined by CD4+ T-cell counts were similar (P = 0.97). Compared with patients at the other Kaiser Permanente medical centers, KPMC-SRO patients had more visits with nurse practitioners (rate ratio [RR] = 1.72) and nutritionists (RR = 12.3) and fewer visits with primary care physicians (RR = 0.82). More HIV-positive members at KPMC-SRO received social workers' services (27% at KPMC-SRO vs 6% for patients at the other Kaiser Permanente medical centers) and fewer used emergency services (RR = 0.92) and psychiatric services (RR = .89). At KPMC-SRO, the mean number of days that AIDS patients spent in the hospital decreased from 7.8 (1991) to 2.01 (1994). Hospital admissions were fewer (AIDS patients, RR = 0.67; HIV-positive patients without AIDS, RR = 0.45), and length of stay was briefer, compared with patients at the other Kaiser Permanente Medical Centers. The mean cost of HIV-related drugs for patients seen at KPMC-SRO ($2343 per infected member) was lower than that for patients seen elsewhere in the region ($3289 per infected member). These results suggest that in an HMO setting, managed care provided by a dedicated interdisciplinary team according to a clinical care path can substantially and favorably affect resource use.  (+info)

The lung in the immunocompromised patient. Infectious complications Part 1. (7/1000)

Pulmonary infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunosuppressed patient. Among the infections encountered are Pneumocystis carinii, mycobacterial, fungal, and bacterial infection. In this review, we will discuss these various possible infections, their frequency of occurrence, and their clinical presentation in the various immunosuppressed groups.  (+info)

IL-10 in HIV infection: increasing serum IL-10 levels with disease progression--down-regulatory effect of potent anti-retroviral therapy. (8/1000)

To examine the potential pathogenic role of IL-10 in HIV infection, we measured serum IL-10 levels in 51 HIV-infected patients and 23 healthy controls both on cross-sectional and longitudinal testing. All clinical groups (Centers for Disease Control (CDC) categories) of HIV-infected patients had significantly higher circulating IL-10 levels than controls, with the highest levels among the AIDS patients, particularly in patients with ongoing Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection. Among 32 HIV-infected patients followed with longitudinal testing (median observation time 39 months), patients with disease progression had increasing IL-10 levels in serum, in contrast to non-progressing patients where levels were stable. While both IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increased in patients with disease progression, the IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio decreased in these patients, suggesting imbalance between these two cytokines. Finally, we found that highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) induced a significant, gradual decrease in IL-10 levels but without normalization. These findings suggest a pathogenic role for IL-10 in HIV infection, and may suggest a possible role for immunomodulating therapy which down-regulates IL-10 activity in addition to concomitant potent anti-retroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients.  (+info)

"Pneumocystis" is a genus of fungi that are commonly found in the lungs of many mammals, including humans. The most well-known and studied species within this genus is "Pneumocystis jirovecii," which was previously known as "Pneumocystis carinii." This organism can cause a serious lung infection known as Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or who are undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.

It's worth noting that while "Pneumocystis" was once classified as a protozoan, it is now considered to be a fungus based on its genetic and biochemical characteristics.

"Pneumonia, Pneumocystis" is more commonly referred to as "Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)." It is a type of pneumonia caused by the microorganism Pneumocystis jirovecii. This organism was previously classified as a protozoan but is now considered a fungus.

PCP is an opportunistic infection, which means that it mainly affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, transplant recipients, or people taking immunosuppressive medications. The symptoms of PCP can include cough, shortness of breath, fever, and difficulty exercising. It is a serious infection that requires prompt medical treatment, typically with antibiotics.

It's important to note that PCP is not the same as pneumococcal pneumonia, which is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. While both conditions are types of pneumonia, they are caused by different organisms and require different treatments.

"Pneumocystis infection" is most commonly caused by the microorganism Pneumocystis jirovecii, which can lead to a serious lung infection known as pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). This infection primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplant recipients.

The microorganism that causes Pneumocystis infections was previously classified as a protozoan but is now considered a fungus. It exists in the environment and can be found in the lungs of healthy individuals without causing illness. However, in people with compromised immune systems, it can replicate and cause pneumonia, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

Symptoms of PCP include cough, shortness of breath, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis typically involves microscopic examination of respiratory samples, such as sputum or lung fluid, to detect the presence of the organism. Treatment usually consists of antimicrobial medications, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), pentamidine, or atovaquone. Preventive measures, such as prophylaxis with TMP-SMX or other medications, may be recommended for individuals at high risk of developing PCP.

"Pneumocystis jirovecii" is a species of fungus that commonly infects the lungs of humans, leading to a serious respiratory infection known as Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). This fungal infection primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplant recipients. The organism was previously classified as a protozoan but has since been reclassified as a fungus based on genetic analysis. It is typically acquired through inhalation of airborne spores and can cause severe illness if left untreated.

Pneumonia is an infection or inflammation of the alveoli (tiny air sacs) in one or both lungs. It's often caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Accumulated pus and fluid in these air sacs make it difficult to breathe, which can lead to coughing, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. The severity of symptoms can vary from mild to life-threatening, depending on the underlying cause, the patient's overall health, and age. Pneumonia is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or blood tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, antivirals for viral pneumonia, and supportive care like oxygen therapy, hydration, and rest.

Bacterial pneumonia is a type of lung infection that's caused by bacteria. It can affect people of any age, but it's more common in older adults, young children, and people with certain health conditions or weakened immune systems. The symptoms of bacterial pneumonia can vary, but they often include cough, chest pain, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.

The most common type of bacteria that causes pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Other types of bacteria that can cause pneumonia include Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Bacterial pneumonia is usually treated with antibiotics, which are medications that kill bacteria. The specific type of antibiotic used will depend on the type of bacteria causing the infection. It's important to take all of the prescribed medication as directed, even if you start feeling better, to ensure that the infection is completely cleared and to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.

In severe cases of bacterial pneumonia, hospitalization may be necessary for close monitoring and treatment with intravenous antibiotics and other supportive care.

Viral pneumonia is a type of pneumonia caused by viral infection. It primarily affects the upper and lower respiratory tract, leading to inflammation of the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs. This results in symptoms such as cough, difficulty breathing, fever, fatigue, and chest pain. Common viruses that can cause pneumonia include influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and adenovirus. Viral pneumonia is often milder than bacterial pneumonia but can still be serious, especially in young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as rest, hydration, and fever reduction, while the body fights off the virus. In some cases, antiviral medications may be used to help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Pneumonia, pneumococcal is a type of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known as pneumococcus). This bacteria can colonize the upper respiratory tract and occasionally invade the lower respiratory tract, causing infection.

Pneumococcal pneumonia can affect people of any age but is most common in young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems. The symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia include fever, chills, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and rapid breathing. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as bacteremia (bacterial infection in the blood), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), and respiratory failure.

Pneumococcal pneumonia can be prevented through vaccination with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) or the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV). These vaccines protect against the most common strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae that cause invasive disease. It is also important to practice good hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and washing hands frequently, to prevent the spread of pneumococcal bacteria.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination is an antibiotic medication used to treat various bacterial infections. It contains two active ingredients: trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, which work together to inhibit the growth of bacteria by interfering with their ability to synthesize folic acid, a vital component for their survival.

Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic agent that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme needed for bacterial growth, while sulfamethoxazole is a bacteriostatic sulfonamide that inhibits the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate by blocking the action of the enzyme bacterial dihydropteroate synthase. The combination of these two agents produces a synergistic effect, increasing the overall antibacterial activity of the medication.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections, middle ear infections, bronchitis, traveler's diarrhea, and pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), a severe lung infection that can occur in people with weakened immune systems. It is also used as a prophylactic treatment to prevent PCP in individuals with HIV/AIDS or other conditions that compromise the immune system.

As with any medication, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination can have side effects and potential risks, including allergic reactions, skin rashes, gastrointestinal symptoms, and blood disorders. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully and report any adverse reactions promptly.

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) is a type of lung disorder that is characterized by the presence of inflammation and scarring in the lungs. The term "cryptogenic" means that the cause of the condition is unknown or unclear.

Organizing pneumonia is a specific pattern of injury to the lungs that can be caused by various factors, including infections, medications, and autoimmune disorders. However, in cases of COP, there is no clear underlying cause that can be identified.

The main symptoms of COP include cough, shortness of breath, fever, and fatigue. The condition can also cause crackles or wheezing sounds when listening to the lungs with a stethoscope. Diagnosis of COP typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as chest X-rays or CT scans, and lung biopsy.

Treatment for COP usually involves the use of corticosteroids, which can help to reduce inflammation and improve symptoms. In some cases, other medications may also be used to manage the condition. The prognosis for people with COP is generally good, with most individuals responding well to treatment and experiencing improvement in their symptoms over time. However, recurrence of the condition is possible, and long-term monitoring may be necessary.

Pentamidine is an antimicrobial drug that is primarily used to treat and prevent certain types of pneumonia caused by the parasitic organisms Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as P. carinii) and Leishmania donovani. It can also be used for the treatment of some fungal infections caused by Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans.

Pentamidine works by interfering with the DNA replication and protein synthesis of these microorganisms, which ultimately leads to their death. It is available as an injection or inhaled powder for medical use. Common side effects of pentamidine include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and changes in blood sugar levels. More serious side effects can include kidney damage, hearing loss, and heart rhythm disturbances.

It is important to note that the use of pentamidine should be under the supervision of a healthcare professional due to its potential for serious side effects and drug interactions.

Staphylococcal pneumonia is a type of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. This bacteria can colonize the upper respiratory tract and sometimes invade the lower respiratory tract, causing pneumonia.

The symptoms of staphylococcal pneumonia are often severe and may include fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and production of purulent sputum. The disease can progress rapidly, leading to complications such as pleural effusion (accumulation of fluid in the space surrounding the lungs), empyema (pus in the pleural space), and bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream).

Staphylococcal pneumonia can occur in otherwise healthy individuals, but it is more common in people with underlying medical conditions such as chronic lung disease, diabetes, or a weakened immune system. It can also occur in healthcare settings, where S. aureus may be transmitted from person to person or through contaminated equipment.

Treatment of staphylococcal pneumonia typically involves the use of antibiotics that are active against S. aureus, such as nafcillin or vancomycin. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to drain fluid from the pleural space.

AIDS-related opportunistic infections (AROIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with advanced HIV infection or AIDS. These infections take advantage of a weakened immune system and can affect various organs and systems in the body.

Common examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii
2. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, caused by a type of bacteria called mycobacteria
3. Candidiasis, a fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, esophagus, and genitals
4. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii
5. Cryptococcosis, a fungal infection that affects the lungs and central nervous system
6. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, caused by a type of herpes virus
7. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
8. Cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic infection that affects the intestines
9. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a viral infection that affects the brain

Preventing and treating AROIs is an important part of managing HIV/AIDS, as they can cause significant illness and even death in people with weakened immune systems. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to treat HIV infection and prevent the progression of HIV to AIDS, which can help reduce the risk of opportunistic infections. In addition, medications to prevent specific opportunistic infections may be prescribed for people with advanced HIV or AIDS.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a specific type of pneumonia that develops in patients who have been mechanically ventilated through an endotracheal tube for at least 48 hours. It is defined as a nosocomial pneumonia (healthcare-associated infection occurring >48 hours after admission) that occurs in this setting. VAP is typically caused by aspiration of pathogenic microorganisms from the oropharynx or stomach into the lower respiratory tract, and it can lead to significant morbidity and mortality.

The diagnosis of VAP is often challenging due to the overlap of symptoms with other respiratory conditions and the potential for contamination of lower respiratory samples by upper airway flora. Clinical criteria, radiographic findings, and laboratory tests, such as quantitative cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or protected specimen brush, are often used in combination to make a definitive diagnosis.

Preventing VAP is crucial in critically ill patients and involves several evidence-based strategies, including elevating the head of the bed, oral care with chlorhexidine, and careful sedation management to allow for spontaneous breathing trials and early extubation when appropriate.

Dapsone is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called sulfones. It is primarily used to treat bacterial skin infections such as leprosy and dermatitis herpetiformis (a skin condition associated with coeliac disease). Dapsone works by killing the bacteria responsible for these infections.

In addition, dapsone has anti-inflammatory properties and is sometimes used off-label to manage inflammatory conditions such as vasculitis, bullous pemphigoid, and chronic urticaria. It is available in oral tablet form and topical cream or gel form.

Like all medications, dapsone can cause side effects, which may include nausea, loss of appetite, and headache. More serious side effects, such as methemoglobinemia (a blood disorder that affects the body's ability to transport oxygen), peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage that causes pain, numbness, or weakness in the hands and feet), and liver damage, can occur but are less common.

It is important for patients taking dapsone to be monitored by a healthcare provider to ensure safe and effective use of the medication.

Aspiration pneumonia is a type of pneumonia that occurs when foreign materials such as food, liquid, or vomit enter the lungs, resulting in inflammation or infection. It typically happens when a person inhales these materials involuntarily due to impaired swallowing mechanisms, which can be caused by various conditions such as stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, or general anesthesia. The inhalation of foreign materials can cause bacterial growth in the lungs, leading to symptoms like cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. Aspiration pneumonia can be a serious medical condition, particularly in older adults or individuals with weakened immune systems, and may require hospitalization and antibiotic treatment.

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is a type of clinical specimen obtained through a procedure called bronchoalveolar lavage. This procedure involves inserting a bronchoscope into the lungs and instilling a small amount of saline solution into a specific area of the lung, then gently aspirating the fluid back out. The fluid that is recovered is called bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

BAL fluid contains cells and other substances that are present in the lower respiratory tract, including the alveoli (the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs). By analyzing BAL fluid, doctors can diagnose various lung conditions, such as pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, and lung cancer. They can also monitor the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions by comparing the composition of BAL fluid before and after treatment.

BAL fluid is typically analyzed for its cellular content, including the number and type of white blood cells present, as well as for the presence of bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms. The fluid may also be tested for various proteins, enzymes, and other biomarkers that can provide additional information about lung health and disease.

An immunocompromised host refers to an individual who has a weakened or impaired immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and decreased ability to fight off pathogens. This condition can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developed during one's lifetime).

Acquired immunocompromised states may result from various factors such as medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive drugs), infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS), chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, malnutrition, liver disease), or aging.

Immunocompromised hosts are at a higher risk for developing severe and life-threatening infections due to their reduced immune response. Therefore, they require special consideration when it comes to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, often due to a underlying condition such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation. These infections are caused by microorganisms that do not normally cause disease in people with healthy immune function, but can take advantage of an opportunity to infect and cause damage when the body's defense mechanisms are compromised. Examples of opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis (thrush), and cytomegalovirus infection. Preventive measures, such as antimicrobial medications and vaccinations, play a crucial role in reducing the risk of opportunistic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Sulfamethoxazole is a type of antibiotic known as a sulfonamide. It works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to produce folic acid, which is necessary for their growth and survival. Sulfamethoxazole is often combined with trimethoprim (another antibiotic) in a single medication called co-trimoxazole, which is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections.

The medical definition of Sulfamethoxazole can be found in various pharmaceutical and medical resources, here are some examples:

* According to the Merck Manual, Sulfamethoxazole is a "synthetic antibacterial drug that inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid for the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase."
* According to the British National Formulary (BNF), Sulfamethoxazole is a "sulfonamide antibacterial agent, active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is often combined with trimethoprim in a 5:1 ratio as co-trimoxazole."
* According to the National Library of Medicine (NLM), Sulfamethoxazole is a "synthetic antibacterial agent that is used in combination with trimethoprim for the treatment of various bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the bacterial synthesis of folic acid."

It's important to note that, as any other medication, Sulfamethoxazole should be taken under medical supervision and following the instructions of a healthcare professional, as it can cause side effects and interact with other medications.

Community-acquired infections are those that are acquired outside of a healthcare setting, such as in one's own home or community. These infections are typically contracted through close contact with an infected person, contaminated food or water, or animals. Examples of community-acquired infections include the common cold, flu, strep throat, and many types of viral and bacterial gastrointestinal infections.

These infections are different from healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), which are infections that patients acquire while they are receiving treatment for another condition in a healthcare setting, such as a hospital or long-term care facility. HAIs can be caused by a variety of factors, including contact with contaminated surfaces or equipment, invasive medical procedures, and the use of certain medications.

It is important to note that community-acquired infections can also occur in healthcare settings if proper infection control measures are not in place. Healthcare providers must take steps to prevent the spread of these infections, such as washing their hands regularly, using personal protective equipment (PPE), and implementing isolation precautions for patients with known or suspected infectious diseases.

Mycoplasma pneumonia is a type of atypical pneumonia, which is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This organism is not a true bacterium, but rather the smallest free-living organisms known. They lack a cell wall and have a unique mode of reproduction.

Mycoplasma pneumonia infection typically occurs in small outbreaks or sporadically, often in crowded settings such as schools, colleges, and military barracks. It can also be acquired in the community. The illness is often mild and self-limiting, but it can also cause severe pneumonia and extra-pulmonary manifestations.

The symptoms of Mycoplasma pneumonia are typically less severe than those caused by typical bacterial pneumonia and may include a persistent cough that may be dry or produce small amounts of mucus, fatigue, fever, headache, sore throat, and chest pain. The infection can also cause extrapulmonary manifestations such as skin rashes, joint pain, and neurological symptoms.

Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia is often challenging because the organism is difficult to culture, and serological tests may take several weeks to become positive. PCR-based tests are now available and can provide a rapid diagnosis.

Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as macrolides (e.g., azithromycin), tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline), or fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin). However, because Mycoplasma pneumonia is often self-limiting, antibiotic treatment may not shorten the duration of illness but can help prevent complications and reduce transmission.

Beta-glucans are a type of complex carbohydrate known as polysaccharides, which are found in the cell walls of certain cereals, bacteria, and fungi, including baker's yeast, mushrooms, and algae. They consist of long chains of glucose molecules linked together by beta-glycosidic bonds.

Beta-glucans have been studied for their potential health benefits, such as boosting the immune system, reducing cholesterol levels, and improving gut health. They are believed to work by interacting with immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, and enhancing their ability to recognize and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells.

Beta-glucans are available in supplement form and are also found in various functional foods and beverages, such as baked goods, cereals, and sports drinks. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of beta-glucans for these health benefits may vary depending on the source, dose, and individual's health status. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any dietary supplements or making significant changes to your diet.

Fungal antibodies are a type of protein called immunoglobulins that are produced by the immune system in response to the presence of fungi in the body. These antibodies are specifically designed to recognize and bind to antigens on the surface of fungal cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

There are several types of fungal antibodies, including IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE, each with a specific role in the immune response. For example, IgG antibodies are the most common type of antibody found in the blood and provide long-term immunity to fungi, while IgE antibodies are associated with allergic reactions to fungi.

Fungal antibodies can be measured in the blood or other bodily fluids to help diagnose fungal infections, monitor the effectiveness of treatment, or assess immune function in individuals who are at risk for fungal infections, such as those with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation.

Atovaquone is an antiprotozoal medication used for the treatment and prevention of certain parasitic infections. It works by inhibiting the mitochondria of the parasites, disrupting their energy production and ultimately leading to their death. Atovaquone is available as a oral suspension or coated tablets and is often prescribed for conditions such as Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis, and babesiosis. It is also used for the prevention of PCP in people with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS or other causes.

The medical definition of Atovaquone can be stated as:

"Atovaquone is an antiprotozoal medication (synthetic hydroxynaphthoquinone) that exhibits activity against a variety of protozoa, including Plasmodium falciparum (the parasite responsible for malaria), Pneumocystis jirovecii (the causative agent of PCP), Toxoplasma gondii, and Babesia microti. It is used primarily for the treatment and prevention of PCP in individuals with compromised immune systems, as well as for the treatment of babesiosis and toxoplasmosis."

Anti-infective agents are a class of medications that are used to treat infections caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These agents work by either killing the microorganism or inhibiting its growth, thereby helping to control the infection and alleviate symptoms.

There are several types of anti-infective agents, including:

1. Antibiotics: These are medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing bacteria (bactericidal) or inhibiting their growth (bacteriostatic).
2. Antivirals: These are medications that are used to treat viral infections. They work by interfering with the replication of the virus, preventing it from spreading and causing further damage.
3. Antifungals: These are medications that are used to treat fungal infections. They work by disrupting the cell membrane of the fungus, killing it or inhibiting its growth.
4. Antiparasitics: These are medications that are used to treat parasitic infections. They work by either killing the parasite or inhibiting its growth and reproduction.

It is important to note that anti-infective agents are not effective against all types of infections, and it is essential to use them appropriately to avoid the development of drug-resistant strains of microorganisms.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lipid Pneumonia" is not a type of pneumonia that is defined by the presence of lipids in the lungs. Instead, it refers to a condition where an abnormal amount of lipids or fatty substances accumulate in the lung tissue, which can lead to inflammation and infection, resulting in pneumonia.

Lipid pneumonia can occur due to various reasons, such as aspiration of lipid-containing materials (like oil-based nasal drops, mineral oil, or contaminated food), impaired lipid metabolism, or lung damage from certain medical conditions or treatments. The accumulation of these fatty substances in the lungs can cause an inflammatory response, leading to symptoms similar to those seen in other types of pneumonia, such as cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.

Therefore, lipid pneumonia is not a medical definition per se but rather a term used to describe a condition where lipids accumulate in the lungs and cause inflammation and infection.

Trimethoprim is an antibiotic medication that is primarily used to treat bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is necessary for the synthesis of DNA and protein. This leads to bacterial cell death. Trimethoprim is often combined with sulfamethoxazole (a sulfonamide antibiotic) to create a more effective antibacterial therapy known as co-trimoxazole or TMP-SMX.

Medical Definition:
Trimethoprim is a synthetic antibacterial drug that selectively inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme required for the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, a cofactor involved in the biosynthesis of thymidine and purines. By blocking this essential pathway, trimethoprim disrupts bacterial DNA and protein synthesis, leading to bacteriostatic activity against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Trimethoprim is often combined with sulfamethoxazole (a sulfonamide antibiotic) to create a more effective antibacterial therapy known as co-trimoxazole or TMP-SMX, which inhibits two consecutive steps in the bacterial folate synthesis pathway.

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of disorders characterized by inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) in the interstitium, the tissue and space around the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. The interstitium is where the blood vessels that deliver oxygen to the lungs are located. ILDs can be caused by a variety of factors, including environmental exposures, medications, connective tissue diseases, and autoimmune disorders.

The scarring and inflammation in ILDs can make it difficult for the lungs to expand and contract normally, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and fatigue. The scarring can also make it harder for oxygen to move from the air sacs into the bloodstream.

There are many different types of ILDs, including:

* Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): a type of ILD that is caused by unknown factors and tends to progress rapidly
* Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: an ILD that is caused by an allergic reaction to inhaled substances, such as mold or bird droppings
* Connective tissue diseases: ILDs can be a complication of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma
* Sarcoidosis: an inflammatory disorder that can affect multiple organs, including the lungs
* Asbestosis: an ILD caused by exposure to asbestos fibers

Treatment for ILDs depends on the specific type of disease and its underlying cause. Some treatments may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and oxygen therapy. In some cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.

Dihydropteroate synthase is a bacterial enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of folate, an essential nutrient for many organisms, including bacteria. The enzyme catalyzes the reaction between pteridine and para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) to form dihydropteroate, which is then converted into folate.

Inhibition of this enzyme by drugs such as sulfonamides has been a successful strategy for developing antibiotics that target bacterial folate synthesis while sparing the host's metabolism. This makes dihydropteroate synthase an important target in the development of antimicrobial therapies.

Fungal DNA refers to the genetic material present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as larger organisms like mushrooms. The DNA of fungi, like that of all living organisms, is made up of nucleotides that are arranged in a double helix structure.

Fungal DNA contains the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of fungi. This includes the instructions for making proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of cells, as well as other important molecules such as enzymes and nucleic acids.

Studying fungal DNA can provide valuable insights into the biology and evolution of fungi, as well as their potential uses in medicine, agriculture, and industry. For example, researchers have used genetic engineering techniques to modify the DNA of fungi to produce drugs, biofuels, and other useful products. Additionally, understanding the genetic makeup of pathogenic fungi can help scientists develop new strategies for preventing and treating fungal infections.

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a medical procedure in which a small amount of fluid is introduced into a segment of the lung and then gently suctioned back out. The fluid contains cells and other materials that can be analyzed to help diagnose various lung conditions, such as inflammation, infection, or cancer.

The procedure is typically performed during bronchoscopy, which involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end through the nose or mouth and into the lungs. Once the bronchoscope is in place, a small catheter is passed through the bronchoscope and into the desired lung segment. The fluid is then introduced and suctioned back out, and the sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis.

BAL can be helpful in diagnosing various conditions such as pneumonia, interstitial lung diseases, alveolar proteinosis, and some types of cancer. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for certain lung conditions. However, like any medical procedure, it carries some risks, including bleeding, infection, and respiratory distress. Therefore, it is important that the procedure is performed by a qualified healthcare professional in a controlled setting.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by the significant weakening of the immune system, making the person more susceptible to various opportunistic infections and cancers.

The medical definition of AIDS includes specific criteria based on CD4+ T-cell count or the presence of certain opportunistic infections and diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a person with HIV is diagnosed with AIDS when:

1. The CD4+ T-cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (mm3) - a normal range is typically between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.
2. They develop one or more opportunistic infections or cancers that are indicative of advanced HIV disease, regardless of their CD4+ T-cell count.

Some examples of these opportunistic infections and cancers include:

* Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
* Candidiasis (thrush) affecting the esophagus, trachea, or lungs
* Cryptococcal meningitis
* Toxoplasmosis of the brain
* Cytomegalovirus disease
* Kaposi's sarcoma
* Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Invasive cervical cancer

It is important to note that with appropriate antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can maintain their CD4+ T-cell counts, suppress viral replication, and prevent the progression to AIDS. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment are crucial for managing HIV and improving life expectancy and quality of life.

Naphthoquinones are a type of organic compound that consists of a naphthalene ring (two benzene rings fused together) with two ketone functional groups (=O) at the 1 and 2 positions. They exist in several forms, including natural and synthetic compounds. Some well-known naphthoquinones include vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinone), which are important for blood clotting and bone metabolism. Other naphthoquinones have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, some naphthoquinones can also be toxic or harmful to living organisms, so they must be used with caution.

Sputum is defined as a mixture of saliva and phlegm that is expelled from the respiratory tract during coughing, sneezing or deep breathing. It can be clear, mucoid, or purulent (containing pus) depending on the underlying cause of the respiratory issue. Examination of sputum can help diagnose various respiratory conditions such as infections, inflammation, or other lung diseases.

Alveolar macrophages are a type of macrophage (a large phagocytic cell) that are found in the alveoli of the lungs. They play a crucial role in the immune defense system of the lungs by engulfing and destroying any foreign particles, such as dust, microorganisms, and pathogens, that enter the lungs through the process of inhalation. Alveolar macrophages also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help to coordinate the immune response. They are important for maintaining the health and function of the lungs by removing debris and preventing infection.

Immunocompetence is the condition of having a properly functioning immune system that can effectively respond to the presence of foreign substances, such as pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, and parasites) and other potentially harmful agents. It involves the ability of the immune system to recognize, attack, and eliminate these foreign substances while also maintaining tolerance to self-tissues and promoting tissue repair.

Immunocompetence is essential for overall health and wellbeing, as it helps protect the body from infections and diseases. Factors that can affect immunocompetence include age, genetics, stress, nutrition, sleep, and certain medical conditions or treatments (like chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs) that can weaken the immune system.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Methenamine is a medication that is used as a urinary antiseptic. It's a chemical compound that, when ingested and enters the urine, releases formaldehyde, which helps to kill bacteria in the urinary tract. Methenamine is often combined with other medications, such as sodium phosphate or hydroxyzine, to make it more effective.

It's important to note that methenamine is not typically used as a first-line treatment for urinary tract infections (UTIs) and is usually reserved for preventing recurrent UTIs in people who are prone to them. Additionally, methenamine should be taken in adequate amounts and under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as excessive formaldehyde release can cause adverse effects.

Fungal antigens are substances found on or produced by fungi that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. They can be proteins, polysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system. Fungal antigens can be used in diagnostic tests to identify fungal infections, and they can also be targets of immune responses during fungal infections. In some cases, fungal antigens may contribute to the pathogenesis of fungal diseases by inducing inflammatory or allergic reactions. Examples of fungal antigens include the cell wall components of Candida albicans and the extracellular polysaccharide galactomannan produced by Aspergillus fumigatus.

Immunosuppression is a state in which the immune system's ability to mount an immune response is reduced, compromised or inhibited. This can be caused by certain medications (such as those used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs), diseases (like HIV/AIDS), or genetic disorders. As a result, the body becomes more susceptible to infections and cancer development. It's important to note that immunosuppression should not be confused with immunity, which refers to the body's ability to resist and fight off infections and diseases.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Antifungal agents are a type of medication used to treat and prevent fungal infections. These agents work by targeting and disrupting the growth of fungi, which include yeasts, molds, and other types of fungi that can cause illness in humans.

There are several different classes of antifungal agents, including:

1. Azoles: These agents work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. Examples of azole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
2. Echinocandins: These agents target the fungal cell wall, disrupting its synthesis and leading to fungal cell death. Examples of echinocandins include caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.
3. Polyenes: These agents bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to fungal cell death. Examples of polyene antifungals include amphotericin B and nystatin.
4. Allylamines: These agents inhibit squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in ergosterol synthesis. Examples of allylamine antifungals include terbinafine and naftifine.
5. Griseofulvin: This agent disrupts fungal cell division by binding to tubulin, a protein involved in fungal cell mitosis.

Antifungal agents can be administered topically, orally, or intravenously, depending on the severity and location of the infection. It is important to use antifungal agents only as directed by a healthcare professional, as misuse or overuse can lead to resistance and make treatment more difficult.

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are a group of rare lung diseases with no known cause, characterized by inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) of the lung tissue. The term "idiopathic" means that the cause is unknown, and "interstitial" refers to the spaces between the air sacs in the lungs where the inflammation and scarring occur.

IIPs are classified into several subtypes based on their clinical, radiological, and pathological features. These include:

1. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF): This is the most common and aggressive form of IIP, characterized by progressive scarring of the lung tissue, which leads to difficulty breathing and decreased lung function over time.
2. Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP): This subtype is characterized by varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis in the lung tissue. NSIP can be idiopathic or associated with connective tissue diseases.
3. Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Interstitial Lung Disease (RB-ILD): This subtype primarily affects smokers and is characterized by inflammation of the small airways and surrounding lung tissue.
4. Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia (DIP): This subtype is also more common in smokers and is characterized by accumulation of pigmented macrophages in the lung tissue.
5. Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP): This subtype is characterized by the formation of fibrous masses in the small airways and alveoli, leading to cough and shortness of breath.
6. Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP)/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): This subtype is a severe form of IIP that can rapidly progress to respiratory failure and requires immediate medical attention.

The diagnosis of IIPs typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and lung biopsy. Treatment options may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and oxygen therapy, depending on the severity and subtype of the disease.

Thoracic radiography is a type of diagnostic imaging that involves using X-rays to produce images of the chest, including the lungs, heart, bronchi, great vessels, and the bones of the spine and chest wall. It is a commonly used tool in the diagnosis and management of various respiratory, cardiovascular, and thoracic disorders such as pneumonia, lung cancer, heart failure, and rib fractures.

During the procedure, the patient is positioned between an X-ray machine and a cassette containing a film or digital detector. The X-ray beam is directed at the chest, and the resulting image is captured on the film or detector. The images produced can help identify any abnormalities in the structure or function of the organs within the chest.

Thoracic radiography may be performed as a routine screening test for certain conditions, such as lung cancer, or it may be ordered when a patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a respiratory or cardiovascular disorder. It is a safe and non-invasive procedure that can provide valuable information to help guide clinical decision making and improve patient outcomes.

SCID mice is an acronym for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency mice. These are genetically modified mice that lack a functional immune system due to the mutation or knockout of several key genes required for immunity. This makes them ideal for studying the human immune system, infectious diseases, and cancer, as well as testing new therapies and treatments in a controlled environment without the risk of interference from the mouse's own immune system. SCID mice are often used in xenotransplantation studies, where human cells or tissues are transplanted into the mouse to study their behavior and interactions with the human immune system.

Amidines are organic compounds that contain a functional group with the structure R-C=N-R, where R can be an alkyl or aromatic group. This functional group consists of a carbonyl (C=O) group and a nitrogen atom (N) connected to two organic groups (R).

In medical terminology, amidines are not commonly used. However, some amidine derivatives have been investigated for their potential therapeutic properties. For example, certain amidine compounds have shown antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. Some of these compounds have also been studied as potential drugs for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

It is important to note that while some amidines may have therapeutic potential, they can also be toxic at high concentrations and should be handled with care.

Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as the pneumococcus, is a gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic bacterium frequently found in the upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals. It is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and can also cause other infectious diseases such as otitis media (ear infection), sinusitis, meningitis, and bacteremia (bloodstream infection). The bacteria are encapsulated, and there are over 90 serotypes based on variations in the capsular polysaccharide. Some serotypes are more virulent or invasive than others, and the polysaccharide composition is crucial for vaccine development. S. pneumoniae infection can be treated with antibiotics, but the emergence of drug-resistant strains has become a significant global health concern.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the examination of the inside of the airways and lungs with a flexible or rigid tube called a bronchoscope. This procedure allows healthcare professionals to directly visualize the airways, take tissue samples for biopsy, and remove foreign objects or secretions. Bronchoscopy can be used to diagnose and manage various respiratory conditions such as lung infections, inflammation, cancer, and bleeding. It is usually performed under local or general anesthesia to minimize discomfort and risks associated with the procedure.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.

HIV infection has three stages:

1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.

It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Pulmonary alveoli, also known as air sacs, are tiny clusters of air-filled pouches located at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. They play a crucial role in the process of gas exchange during respiration. The thin walls of the alveoli, called alveolar membranes, allow oxygen from inhaled air to pass into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to pass into the alveoli to be exhaled out of the body. This vital function enables the lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body and remove waste products like carbon dioxide.

Murine pneumonia virus (MPV) is not a widely recognized or officially established medical term. However, it may refer to the Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM), which is a pathogen that affects mice and can cause interstitial pneumonia.

PVM is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae and the genus Pneumovirus. It primarily infects laboratory mice but has also been found in wild mouse populations. The virus replicates in the respiratory epithelium, leading to interstitial pneumonia and inflammation of the airways.

It is essential to note that Murine Pneumonia Virus should not be confused with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), which is also known as "mouse-related pulmonary syndrome." HPS is a severe, sometimes fatal, respiratory disease in humans caused by exposure to hantaviruses, which are found in rodents.

Fungal proteins are a type of protein that is specifically produced and present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds. These proteins play various roles in the growth, development, and survival of fungi. They can be involved in the structure and function of fungal cells, metabolism, pathogenesis, and other cellular processes. Some fungal proteins can also have important implications for human health, both in terms of their potential use as therapeutic targets and as allergens or toxins that can cause disease.

Fungal proteins can be classified into different categories based on their functions, such as enzymes, structural proteins, signaling proteins, and toxins. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in fungal cells, while structural proteins provide support and protection for the cell. Signaling proteins are involved in communication between cells and regulation of various cellular processes, and toxins are proteins that can cause harm to other organisms, including humans.

Understanding the structure and function of fungal proteins is important for developing new treatments for fungal infections, as well as for understanding the basic biology of fungi. Research on fungal proteins has led to the development of several antifungal drugs that target specific fungal enzymes or other proteins, providing effective treatment options for a range of fungal diseases. Additionally, further study of fungal proteins may reveal new targets for drug development and help improve our ability to diagnose and treat fungal infections.

Cross infection, also known as cross-contamination, is the transmission of infectious agents or diseases between patients in a healthcare setting. This can occur through various means such as contaminated equipment, surfaces, hands of healthcare workers, or the air. It is an important concern in medical settings and measures are taken to prevent its occurrence, including proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), environmental cleaning and disinfection, and safe injection practices.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Sulfamethoxypyridazine is an antimicrobial agent, specifically a sulfonamide. It is defined as a synthetic antibacterial drug that contains a sulfanilamide moiety (a chemical compound with the formula RSO2NH2, where R is a generic term for any organic radical) combined with a pyridazine ring.

This medication works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria by preventing the synthesis of essential bacterial enzymes. It's primarily used to treat various infections caused by susceptible bacteria, such as urinary tract infections, middle ear infections, and certain respiratory infections.

As with all medications, it can have side effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances, skin rashes, and blood disorders. It's essential to use this medication under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as they can monitor for any potential adverse reactions and ensure the most appropriate use.

Legionnaires' disease is a severe and often lethal form of pneumonia, a lung infection, caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. It's typically contracted by inhaling microscopic water droplets containing the bacteria, which can be found in various environmental sources like cooling towers, hot tubs, whirlpools, decorative fountains, and large plumbing systems. The disease is not transmitted through person-to-person contact. Symptoms usually appear within 2-10 days after exposure and may include cough, fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, and shortness of breath. Some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems, elderly people, and smokers, are at higher risk for developing Legionnaires' disease. Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment can improve the chances of recovery. Preventive measures include regular testing and maintenance of potential sources of Legionella bacteria in buildings and other facilities.

Cortisone is a type of corticosteroid hormone that is produced naturally in the body by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and helps to regulate metabolism, reduce inflammation, and suppress the immune system. Cortisone can also be synthetically produced and is often used as a medication to treat a variety of conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and skin disorders. It works by mimicking the effects of the natural hormone in the body and reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system. Cortisone can be administered through various routes, including oral, injectable, topical, and inhalational.

"Mycoplasma pneumoniae" is a type of bacteria that lacks a cell wall and can cause respiratory infections, particularly bronchitis and atypical pneumonia. It is one of the most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia. Infection with "M. pneumoniae" typically results in mild symptoms, such as cough, fever, and fatigue, although more severe complications can occur in some cases. The bacteria can also cause various extrapulmonary manifestations, including skin rashes, joint pain, and neurological symptoms. Diagnosis of "M. pneumoniae" infection is typically made through serological tests or PCR assays. Treatment usually involves antibiotics such as macrolides or tetracyclines.

Folic acid antagonists are a class of medications that work by inhibiting the action of folic acid or its metabolic pathways. These drugs are commonly used in the treatment of various types of cancer and certain other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. They include drugs such as methotrexate, pemetrexed, and trimetrexate.

Folic acid is a type of B vitamin that is essential for the production of DNA and RNA, the genetic material found in cells. Folic acid antagonists work by interfering with the enzyme responsible for converting folic acid into its active form, tetrahydrofolate. This interference prevents the formation of new DNA and RNA, which is necessary for cell division and growth. As a result, these drugs can inhibit the proliferation of rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells.

It's important to note that folic acid antagonists can also affect normal, non-cancerous cells in the body, particularly those that divide quickly, such as cells in the bone marrow and digestive tract. This can lead to side effects such as anemia, mouth sores, and diarrhea. Therefore, these drugs must be used carefully and under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Artificial respiration is an emergency procedure that can be used to provide oxygen to a person who is not breathing or is breathing inadequately. It involves manually forcing air into the lungs, either by compressing the chest or using a device to deliver breaths. The goal of artificial respiration is to maintain adequate oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs until the person can breathe on their own or until advanced medical care arrives. Artificial respiration may be used in conjunction with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in cases of cardiac arrest.

The adrenal cortex hormones are a group of steroid hormones produced and released by the outer portion (cortex) of the adrenal glands, which are located on top of each kidney. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes, including:

1. Glucose metabolism: Cortisol helps control blood sugar levels by increasing glucose production in the liver and reducing its uptake in peripheral tissues.
2. Protein and fat metabolism: Cortisol promotes protein breakdown and fatty acid mobilization, providing essential building blocks for energy production during stressful situations.
3. Immune response regulation: Cortisol suppresses immune function to prevent overactivation and potential damage to the body during stress.
4. Cardiovascular function: Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
5. Sex hormone production: The adrenal cortex produces small amounts of sex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens, which contribute to sexual development and function.
6. Growth and development: Cortisol plays a role in normal growth and development by influencing the activity of growth-promoting hormones like insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

The main adrenal cortex hormones include:

1. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid, responsible for regulating metabolism and stress response.
2. Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid, involved in electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation.
3. Androgens: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate derivative (DHEAS) are the most abundant adrenal androgens, contributing to sexual development and function.
4. Estrogens: Small amounts of estrogens are produced by the adrenal cortex, mainly in women.

Disorders related to impaired adrenal cortex hormone production or regulation can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency), Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism), and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Hospitalization is the process of admitting a patient to a hospital for the purpose of receiving medical treatment, surgery, or other health care services. It involves staying in the hospital as an inpatient, typically under the care of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The length of stay can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and the type of treatment required. Hospitalization may be necessary for a variety of reasons, such as to receive intensive care, to undergo diagnostic tests or procedures, to recover from surgery, or to manage chronic illnesses or injuries.

Trimetrexate is a antifolate drug, which means it interferes with the use of folic acid in the body. It is primarily used in the treatment of certain types of cancer and parasitic infections. Trimetrexate works by blocking the action of an enzyme called dihydrofolate reductase, which is necessary for the production of DNA and RNA, the genetic material found in cells. By inhibiting this enzyme, trimetrexate can help to stop the growth and multiplication of cancer cells or parasites.

In medical terms, Trimetrexate is classified as an antineoplastic agent and an antiprotozoal agent. It may be used to treat certain types of cancer such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and it may also be used to treat parasitic infections caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii) in patients with weakened immune systems.

It is important to note that Trimetrexate can have significant side effects and should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Pulmonary eosinophilia is a condition characterized by an increased number of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in the lungs or pulmonary tissues. Eosinophils play a role in the body's immune response to parasites and allergens, but an overabundance can contribute to inflammation and damage in the lungs.

The condition may be associated with various underlying causes, such as:

1. Asthma or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
2. Eosinophilic lung diseases, like eosinophilic pneumonia or idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
3. Parasitic infections, such as ascariasis or strongyloidiasis
4. Drug reactions, including certain antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs
5. Connective tissue disorders, like rheumatoid arthritis or Churg-Strauss syndrome
6. Malignancies, such as lymphoma or leukemia
7. Other less common conditions, like tropical pulmonary eosinophilia or cryptogenic organizing pneumonia

Symptoms of pulmonary eosinophilia can vary but often include cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest discomfort. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, such as complete blood count (CBC) with differential, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), or lung biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include corticosteroids, antibiotics, or antiparasitic medications.

Aerosols are defined in the medical field as suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles in a gas. In the context of public health and medicine, aerosols often refer to particles that can remain suspended in air for long periods of time and can be inhaled. They can contain various substances, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or chemicals, and can play a role in the transmission of respiratory infections or other health effects.

For example, when an infected person coughs or sneezes, they may produce respiratory droplets that can contain viruses like influenza or SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). Some of these droplets can evaporate quickly and leave behind smaller particles called aerosols, which can remain suspended in the air for hours and potentially be inhaled by others. This is one way that respiratory viruses can spread between people in close proximity to each other.

Aerosols can also be generated through medical procedures such as bronchoscopy, suctioning, or nebulizer treatments, which can produce aerosols containing bacteria, viruses, or other particles that may pose an infection risk to healthcare workers or other patients. Therefore, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and airborne precautions are often necessary to reduce the risk of transmission in these settings.

Lung diseases refer to a broad category of disorders that affect the lungs and other structures within the respiratory system. These diseases can impair lung function, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and wheezing. They can be categorized into several types based on the underlying cause and nature of the disease process. Some common examples include:

1. Obstructive lung diseases: These are characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways, making it difficult to breathe out. Examples include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.
2. Restrictive lung diseases: These involve stiffening or scarring of the lungs, which reduces their ability to expand and take in air. Examples include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and asbestosis.
3. Infectious lung diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that infect the lungs. Examples include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza.
4. Vascular lung diseases: These affect the blood vessels in the lungs, impairing oxygen exchange. Examples include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
5. Neoplastic lung diseases: These involve abnormal growth of cells within the lungs, leading to cancer. Examples include small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
6. Other lung diseases: These include interstitial lung diseases, pleural effusions, and rare disorders such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).

It is important to note that this list is not exhaustive, and there are many other conditions that can affect the lungs. Proper diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases require consultation with a healthcare professional, such as a pulmonologist or respiratory therapist.

"Pneumocystis carinii" is an outdated term. The organism it refers to is now known as "Pneumocystis jirovecii" and it's a type of fungus that can cause a serious lung infection called pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). This infection mainly affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or who have had organ transplants. It's important to note that "Pneumocystis jirovecii" is not the same as the bacterium "Legionella pneumophila" which causes Legionnaires' disease.

Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to the use of antibiotics to prevent infection from occurring in the first place, rather than treating an existing infection. This practice is commonly used before certain medical procedures or surgeries that have a high risk of infection, such as joint replacements, heart valve surgery, or organ transplants. The goal of antibiotic prophylaxis is to reduce the risk of infection by introducing antibiotics into the body before bacteria have a chance to multiply and cause an infection.

The choice of antibiotic for prophylaxis depends on several factors, including the type of procedure being performed, the patient's medical history and allergies, and the most common types of bacteria that can cause infection in that particular situation. The antibiotic is typically given within one hour before the start of the procedure, and may be continued for up to 24 hours afterward, depending on the specific guidelines for that procedure.

It's important to note that antibiotic prophylaxis should only be used when it is truly necessary, as overuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the decision to use antibiotic prophylaxis should be made carefully and in consultation with a healthcare provider.

Mediastinal emphysema is a medical condition characterized by the presence of air or gas within the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thorax that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, and other associated structures.

In mediastinal emphysema, the air accumulates in the mediastinal tissues and spaces, leading to their abnormal distention or swelling. This condition can result from various causes, including:

* Pulmonary trauma or barotrauma (e.g., mechanical ventilation, scuba diving)
* Infections that cause gas-forming organisms (e.g., pneumomediastinum)
* Air leakage from the lungs or airways (e.g., bronchial rupture, esophageal perforation)
* Certain medical procedures (e.g., mediastinoscopy, tracheostomy)

Mediastinal emphysema can cause symptoms such as chest pain, cough, difficulty breathing, and swallowing problems. In severe cases, it may lead to life-threatening complications, including tension pneumothorax or mediastinitis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia that involves inflammation and infection of the bronchioles (small airways in the lungs) and alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs). It can be caused by various bacteria, viruses, or fungi and often occurs as a complication of a respiratory tract infection.

The symptoms of bronchopneumonia may include cough, chest pain, fever, chills, shortness of breath, and fatigue. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as respiratory failure or sepsis. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections, antiviral medications for viral infections, and supportive care such as oxygen therapy and hydration.

An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination or obduction, is a medical procedure in which a qualified professional (usually a pathologist) examines a deceased person's body to determine the cause and manner of death. This process may involve various investigative techniques, such as incisions to study internal organs, tissue sampling, microscopic examination, toxicology testing, and other laboratory analyses. The primary purpose of an autopsy is to gather objective evidence about the medical conditions and factors contributing to the individual's demise, which can be essential for legal, insurance, or public health purposes. Additionally, autopsies can provide valuable insights into disease processes and aid in advancing medical knowledge.

... (PCP), also known as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), is a form of pneumonia that is caused by ... As a result, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is also known as Pneumocystis jiroveci[i] pneumonia and (incorrectly) as Pneumocystis ... No present-day therapeutic measures seem to be of any definite value." Both Pneumocystis pneumonia and pneumocystis pneumonia ... Bennett NJ, Gilroy SA (2017-08-08). "Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia (PJP) Overview of Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia". ...
"Characterization of a Distinct Host Response Profile to Pneumocystis murina Asci during Clearance of Pneumocystis Pneumonia". ... Roths, J. B., Marshall, J. D., Allen, R. D., Carlson, G. A., & Sidman, C. L. (1991). Spontaneous Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ... Thomas, C. F. Jr., & Limper,A. H. (2004). Pneumocystis pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine, 350(24), 2487-2498. Dagnæs- ... Pneumocystis murina is a species of fungus, first isolated from laboratory mice, hence its name.. Pneumocystis murina is a ...
Diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia is by identifying the organism from a sample of sputum, fluid from affected lungs or a ... "Pneumocystis pneumonia , Fungal Diseases , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 1 December 2020. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. ... Pneumocystosis is a fungal infection that most often presents as Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS or poor ... Carmona, Eva M.; Limper, Andrew H. (February 2011). "Update on the diagnosis and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia". ...
"Pneumocystis pneumonia". Uworld. Retrieved 25 January 2021. Mara AB, Gavitt TD, Tulman ER, Geary SJ, Szczepanek SM (2020-04-08 ... It is a human pathogen that causes the disease mycoplasma pneumonia, a form of atypical bacterial pneumonia related to cold ... Rarely, M. pneumoniae pneumonia results in death due to lesions and ulceration of the epithelial lining, pulmonary edema, and ... Primary atypical pneumonia is one of the most severe types of manifestation, with tracheobronchitis being the most common ...
"Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia , Pediatric OI Prevention and Treatment Guidelines , AIDSinfo". AIDSinfo. Archived from the ... and to prevent and treat pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in people with poor immune function. In African trypanosomiasis it is ... Its efficacy against Pneumocystis jirovecii was demonstrated in 1987, following its re-emergence on the drug market in 1984 in ... The drug also inhibits topoisomerase enzymes in the mitochondria of Pneumocystis jirovecii. Similarly, pentamidine inhibits ...
Retrieved 2011-11-30.[permanent dead link] Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (June 1981). "Pneumocystis pneumonia - Los Angeles ... begins when the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports an unusual cluster of Pneumocystis pneumonia ...
"Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles. 1981" [1], Am J Public Health 96 (6): 980-1; discussion 982-3 Interview with Matt Kailey, ...
Gottlieb, MS; Schanker, HM; Fan, PT; Saxon, A; Weisman, JD; Pozalski, I (5 June 1981). "Pneumocystis Pneumonia - Los Angeles". ... Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report featured an account of five young gay men in Los Angeles with cases of rare pneumonia. ...
CDC (1981). "Pneumocystis Pneumonia-Los Angeles". CDC. Retrieved 2006-01-17. Rawling, Alison (1994). "The AIDS Virus Dispute: ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recorded a cluster of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (now still classified as PCP ... but known to be caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii) in five homosexual men in Los Angeles. The discovery of the virus took ...
Gottlieb MS (2006). "Pneumocystis pneumonia-Los Angeles. 1981". Am J Public Health. 96 (6): 980-1, discussion 982-3. doi: ...
Gottlieb MS (June 2006). "Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles. 1981". Am J Public Health. 96 (6): 980-1. doi:10.2105/AJPH.96.6. ... "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired ... pneumocystis pneumonia, mucosal candidiasis, and Kaposi's sarcoma, all conditions found rarely outside of immunosuppressed ...
"Pneumocystis Pneumonia --- Los Angeles". CDC. June 5, 1981. Retrieved March 10, 2021. Altman, Lawrence (July 3, 1981). "Rare ... It was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men in Los ...
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (July 1981). "Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men--New York City ... Centers for Disease Control (June 1981). "Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 30 ...
ISBN 978-0-443-06839-3.[page needed] Gottlieb MS (2006). "Pneumocystis pneumonia-Los Angeles. 1981". American Journal of Public ...
Five cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) were reported in what turned out to be the first reporting of AIDS in the ... Gottlieb diagnosed these and a number of his other patients as having pneumocystis pneumonia. A report they jointly wrote and ... Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (30 August 1996). "Pneumocystis pneumonia - Los Angeles. 1981". MMWR Morb Mortal ... were treated for biopsy-confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California" of which ...
Stern A, Green H, Paul M, Vidal L, Leibovici L (October 2014). "Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV ... Pneumonia seen by ultrasound Pneumonia seen by ultrasound Pneumonia seen by ultrasound Right middle lobe pneumonia in a child ... Viral pneumonia presents more commonly with wheezing than bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia was historically divided into "typical ... X-ray presentations of pneumonia may be classified as lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, lobular pneumonia, and interstitial ...
Later that year, the CDC reported a cluster of Pneumocystis pneumonia in five gay men in Los Angeles. The next month, The New ... Centers for Disease Control (June 1981). "Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly ...
Chen D, Marsh R, Aberg JA (2007). "Pafuramidine for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in HIV-infected individuals". Expert Review ... Preliminary clinical trials indicated that pafuramide was effective against pneumocystis pneumonia and had the potential for ... is an experimental drug for the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). In 2006, pafuramidine was given orphan drug status ...
Pneumocystis species can colonize lung cavities (visible in x-rays), causing a form of pneumonia. Asci of Ascosphaera fill ... 218-222 Krajicek BJ, Thomas CF Jr, Limper AH (2009). "Pneumocystis pneumonia: current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and ... However, if the immune system is damaged they can be life-threatening; for instance, Pneumocystis jirovecii is responsible for ... and the mammalian lung parasite Pneumocystis. Several outdated taxon names-based on morphological features-are still ...
1981). "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men". New England Journal of ... 1981). "An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia". New England Journal of Medicine. 305 (24): 1431-1438 ...
Also, prophylaxis against PCP (Pneumocystis carinii) pneumonia is advised. Unlike Crohn's disease, which cannot be cured/ ... Vaccinations are critically important, particularly the yearly flu shot and periodic pneumonia immunizations. Vaccine response ...
Suryaprasad A, Stone JH (July 2008). "When is it safe to stop Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis? Insights from three ...
Prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia using trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is useful in those who are immunocompromised. In the ... Stern A, Green H, Paul M, Vidal L, Leibovici L (October 2014). "Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV ...
It has been used with leucovorin in treating pneumocystis pneumonia. It has been investigated for use in treating ... January 1990). "Trimetrexate-leucovorin dosage evaluation study for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia". J. Infect. ...
It was initially reported that he had suffered from pneumocystis pneumonia. His family confirmed a year later on a Filipino ...
An alternative diagnosis with similar histomorphologic findings is Pneumocystis jirovicii pneumonia. Lung washings ... Endogenous lipoid pneumonia and non-specific interstitial pneumonitis has been seen prior to the development of PAP in a child ... Antoon JW, Hernandez ML, Roehrs PA, Noah TL, Leigh MW, Byerley JS (March 2016). "Endogenous lipoid pneumonia preceding ...
... is a medication used to treat and prevent malaria and to treat Pneumocystis pneumonia. Specifically it is used for ... It is an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia together with clindamycin. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects ... Primaquine is also used in the treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), a fungal infection commonly occurring in people with ...
Pneumocystis causes pneumonia, again mainly in people with weakened immune systems. Candida yeasts are the agents of ... Hughes WT (1996). "Pneumocystis Carinii". In Barron S; et al. (eds.). Barron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). University of ...
"Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia and Mucosal Candidiasis in Previously Healthy Homosexual Men". New England Journal of Medicine. ...
It is also used to both treat and prevent pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). It is also used for toxoplasmosis in people unable to ... It is a second-line medication for the treatment and prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia and for the prevention of ... "Eosinophilic pneumonia induced by dapsone". BMJ. 317 (7152): 181. doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7152.181. PMC 28611. PMID 9665900. " ...
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), also known as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), is a form of pneumonia that is caused by ... As a result, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is also known as Pneumocystis jiroveci[i] pneumonia and (incorrectly) as Pneumocystis ... No present-day therapeutic measures seem to be of any definite value." Both Pneumocystis pneumonia and pneumocystis pneumonia ... Bennett NJ, Gilroy SA (2017-08-08). "Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia (PJP) Overview of Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia". ...
The diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia was confirmed for all 5 patients ante-mortem by closed or open lung biopsy. The ... Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the United States. Epidemiologic, diagnostic, and clinical features. Ann Intern Med 1974;80: ... The June 4, 1981, report of five cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in homosexual men in Los Angeles was the first ... Kaposis sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men -- New York City and California. MMWR 1981;30:305-8. ...
The disease used to be called Pneumocystis carini or PCP pneumonia. ... The disease used to be called Pneumocystis carini or PCP pneumonia. ... Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is a fungal infection of the lungs. ... Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is a fungal infection of the lungs. ...
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is caused by the ubiquitous unicellular eukaryote, P carinii. This organism is a rare ... Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (also known as pneumocystis pneumonia, or PCP; formerly P carinii pneumonia) is caused by the ... encoded search term (Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii) Pneumonia Imaging) and Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii) Pneumonia Imaging ... In a study undertaken to compare CT features of pneumocystis pneumonia versus cytomegalovirus pneumonia in patients with AIDS ...
Guidelines for Prophylaxis Against Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia for Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus ... al, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in low-risk HIV infected children (Abstract 108) Pediatr Res 1990;27:183a. *Scott G ... Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with more than 450 CD4 T lymphocytes ... Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the most common serious HIV-associated opportunistic infection among children. PCP was ...
Treatment Adequacy for HIV-related Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Quality Measures for Inpatient Care ... Pneumonia. Browse by Series. Browse by Authors. Stay Informed. RAND Policy Currents. Get updates from RAND delivered straight ... indicators of treatment timeliness and adequacy for inpatient care of first episode of HIV-related pneumocystis pneumonia, a ... Exposure to medication with pneumocystis activity within 30 days prior to admission was protective. After controlling for pre- ...
... r Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus ... al, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in low-risk HIV infected children (Abstract 108) Pediatr Res 1990;27:183a. * Scott G ... Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with more than 450 CD4 T lymphocytes ... Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the most common serious HIV-associated opportunistic infection among children. PCP was ...
Diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients]. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android ... Laboratory diagnosis and occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii.. *Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus ... RoutineFemaleHIV-1HumansMaleMiddle AgedPneumocystisPneumonia, PneumocystisPredictive Value of Tests ... Diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients].. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1998 Sep 18; 110(17):604-7.WK ...
Clinical trial for Pneumonia , Pneumocystis , Pneumocystis Pneumonia Diagnosis in HIV- Patients ... Not sure for Patients with risk factors for developing a Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia : underlying malignancy (solid cancer ... Yes for Patients with risk factors for developing a Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia : underlying malignancy (solid cancer, ... No for Patients with risk factors for developing a Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia : underlying malignancy (solid cancer, ...
... Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022 ... Background: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic infection commonly affecting immunocompromised people. ...
... Intensive ... invasive mechanical ventilation in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)-related acute respiratory failure ( ...
... recovery and follow-up care for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. ... Learn about Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, find a doctor, ... Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is a fungal infection of the lungs. The disease used to be called Pneumocystis carini or PCP ... This type of pneumonia is caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci. This fungus is common in the environment and rarely ... Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with AIDS usually develops slowly over days to weeks or even months, and is less severe. ...
The disease used to be called Pneumocystis carini or PCP pneumonia. ... Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is a fungal infection of the lungs. ... This type of pneumonia is caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci.. This fungus is common in the environment and rarely ... Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is a fungal infection of the lungs.. It is an atypical fungus that scavengers host cholesterol ...
Pneumocystis first came to attention as a cause of interstitial pneumonia in severely malnourished and premature infants during ... formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), is the most common opportunistic infection in persons with HIV ... Overview of Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia Overview of Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP ... When was Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) first identified?. What is the role of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) in ...
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Because pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) can occur in patients ... Because pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) can occur in patients ... Effectiveness and safety of pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis for patients receiving temozolomide chemoradiotherapy. Share * ...
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in non-HIV infected patients on immunosuppression; a regional cross-sectional ... Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in non-HIV infected patients on immunosuppression; a regional cross-sectional ... Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in non-HIV infected patients on immunosuppression; a regional cross-sectional ... Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in non-HIV infected patients on immunosuppression; a regional cross-sectional ...
Progress in the Research of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Non-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Non-Hodgkins B-Cell Lymphoma ... Pneumocystis pneumonia, human immunodeficiency virus-infected, Hodgkins B cell lymphoma, rituximab. Pneumocystis Pneumonia ( ... vincristine and prednisone have been diagnosed with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a serious infection with ... between rituximab use and the incidence of Pneumocystis pneumonia and the characteristics of Pneumocystis pneumonia in non- ...
Clinical predictors of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. ... Diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia using serum (1-3)-β-D-Glucan: A bivariate meta-analysis and systematic review. J Thorac Dis ... Development of a clinical prediction rule to diagnose Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in the World Health Organizations ... Quantitative real-time PCR and the (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay for differentiation between Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and ...
Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - ... Prevention of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia HIV-infected patients who have had P. jirovecii pneumonia or who have a CD4+ T ... Prognosis for Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Overall mortality for P. jirovecii pneumonia in hospitalized patients is high. ... See also Overview of Pneumonia Overview of Pneumonia Pneumonia is acute inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Initial ...
39; free Pneumocystis Pneumonia, 3rd Edition (Lung Biology in Health and use atom-probe of the mole is considered to patterns. ... Free Pneumocystis Pneumonia, 3Rd Edition (Lung Biology In Health And Disease) 2004. by Roderick 3 ... What is sure right of Bauxite? free Pneumocystis Pneumonia, 3rd Edition (Lung Biology in Health and Disease) covers this book ... getting to the descriptive free Pneumocystis Pneumonia, 3rd is that objects emerged during proof have good and that cells are ...
The AIDS epidemic, Pneumocystis pneumonia -- Los Angeles 1981 Cite CITE. Title : The AIDS epidemic, Pneumocystis pneumonia -- ... Pneumocystis pneumonia -- Los Angeles 1981. Jaffe, Harold W. and Rasmussen, Sonja A. "The AIDS epidemic, Pneumocystis pneumonia ... Pneumocystis pneumonia -- Los Angeles 1981. 30(21). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) "Pneumocystis pneumonia ... Title : Pneumocystis pneumonia -- Los Angeles 1981 Corporate Authors(s) : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ...
Pneumocystis pneumonia is a major cause of death in immunocompromised patients. Many risk factors for poor prognosis have been ... Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), also known as interstitial plasma cell pneumonia, is a fungal infection of the ... Pneumocystis pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(24):2487-98.. *Castro KG, Ward JW, Slutsker L, et al. 1993 revised ... Background: Pneumocystis pneumonia is a major cause of death in immunocompromised patients. Many risk factors for poor ...
She was diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with bone metastasis and pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). She ... For theses cases, the clinician should be wary of opportunistic infections, such as pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) and ... NGS in alveolar lavage fluid indicated pneumocystis jiroveci infection. However, pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) could not fully ... Hu, J., Yao, Y., Wang, J. et al. Non-small cell lung cancer with bone metastasis and pneumocystis pneumonia in a pregnant woman ...
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is often difficult to diagnose in an ambulatory care setting. Previous reports have identified ... Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is often difficult to diagnose in an ambulatory care setting. Previous reports have identified ... Clinical Prediction of Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(3):623-624. doi:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400150133024 ... Variables with high negative or positive predictive value for P carinii pneumonia, low error rates, or compelling biologic ...
... previously known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, is an opportunistic fungal lung infection occurring almost exclusively in ... Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), previously known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, is an opportunistic fungal lung ... Current epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia. . Emerg Infect Dis. 2004. ; 10. (10). : p.1713-1720. .doi:. 10.3201/ ... Diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia: evaluation of four serologic biomarkers. . Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2014. ; 21 ...
It can cause pneumonia or spread throughout the body.. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, or ... Pneumonia. Pneumonia is a lung condition that results from an infection by one of many bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It can be ... A vaccination for a particularly severe form of bacterial pneumonia (pneumococcal pneumonia) is available to prevent infection ... This fungal infection enters the body through the lungs, leading to pneumonia. It can then spread to the brain, where it causes ...
An infection of the lungs caused by a common environmental fungus, pneumocystis jiroveci, and attacks only patients with a weak ... An infection of the lungs caused by a common environmental fungus, pneumocystis jiroveci, and attacks only patients with a weak ...
Introduction: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. / Limper, A. H. In: Seminars in Respiratory Infections, Vol. 13, No. 4, 21.12. ... Limper, A. H. / Introduction : Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. In: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 1998 ; Vol. 13, No. 4. ... Introduction: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 1998 Dec 21;13(4):277-278. ... Limper, A. H. (1998). Introduction: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Seminars in Respiratory Infections, 13(4), 277-278. ...
  • Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), also known as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), is a form of pneumonia that is caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] In addition, in symptomatic cases of P. jirovecii pneumonia, the overgrowth of the fungus is associated to a co-infection with trichomonads, unicellular flagellated parabasalid protist (Parabasalia) of the family Trichomonadidae. (wikipedia.org)
  • P articles will stimulate interest in exploring the relationship neumocystis pneumonia (PCP), which is caused by between DHPS mutations and resistance of P. jirovecii to Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly P. carinii f. sp. (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is a serious and frequent infection in immunocompromised patients, whose evolution is potentially fatal if untreated. (centerwatch.com)
  • Data from the french Institute for Health Watch showed in 2011 that 31% of 1400 cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome were revealed by Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. (centerwatch.com)
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia also increasingly concerns immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus negative patients, due to the increasing use of immunosuppressive therapies (including corticosteroids), of anticancer cytostatics and biotherapies, in the context of grafts, transplants, but also from autoimmune or inflammatory chronic diseases. (centerwatch.com)
  • The severity of the Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is increased in patients with human immunodeficiency virus -, in whom the evolution is faster, with mechanical ventilation often required and higher mortality, requiring a fast and early diagnosis. (centerwatch.com)
  • However, the deoxyribonucleic acid of the fungus can sometimes be detected in the absence of scalable Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, and then shows a pulmonary colonization by Pneumocystis jirovecii. (centerwatch.com)
  • The investigators will develop a quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction to identify a fungal load threshold number of copies / mL for diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia with better positive predictive value. (centerwatch.com)
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic infection commonly affecting immunocompromised people. (nih.gov)
  • Background: The risk of acquiring Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) as an opportunistic infection is well described in HIV, haematological and solid organ transplant patients with clear published guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis. (ersjournals.com)
  • Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening illness caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii ( P. jirovecii ) that affects immunocompromised individuals. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) algorithm for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in seriously ill HIV-infected patients recommends that treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) should be considered without giving clear guidance on selecting patients for empiric PJP therapy. (scielo.org.za)
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is a common opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. (scielo.org.za)
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii is a common cause of pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients, especially in those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and in those receiving systemic corticosteroids. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii is a ubiquitous organism transmitted by aerosol route and causes no disease in immunocompetent patients. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To diagnose Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, patients should have chest x-ray and assessment of oxygenation by pulse oximetry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In immunosuppressed patients who have a dry, nonproductive cough and abnormal chest x-ray or pulse oximetry, pursue further testing for P. jirovecii pneumonia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • show altered diffusing capacity (although pulmonary function tests are rarely done as a diagnostic test for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Histopathologic demonstration of Pneumocystis jirovecii is needed for confirmation of the diagnosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This study created nomogram models for the precise prediction of mortality risk in non-human immunodeficiency virus (NHIV)- and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). (researchsquare.com)
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), also known as interstitial plasma cell pneumonia, is a fungal infection of the respiratory system caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJ). (researchsquare.com)
  • For theses cases, the clinician should be wary of opportunistic infections, such as pneumocystis jirovecii ( P. jirovecii ) and Elizabethkingia spp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia ( PCP ), previously known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , is an opportunistic fungal lung infection occurring almost exclusively in immunocompromised individuals . (amboss.com)
  • Alternative for treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly Pneumocystis carinii ) pneumonia (PCP) in adults, adolescents, or children † [off-label] who cannot tolerate co-trimoxazole. (drugs.com)
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii Genotypes Involved in Pneumocystis Pneumonia Outbreaks Among Renal Transplant Recipients. (unil.ch)
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is an opportunistic an infection that principally impacts youngsters with suppressed mobile immunity. (gentaurprices.com)
  • and Pneumocystis jirovecii in patients at risk for opportunistic infections, such as allogeneic blood or marrow transplant recipients, patients with hematological disease undergoing chemotherapy, or patients on immunosuppressive therapies. (olmdiagnostics.com)
  • Low incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in an unprophylaxed liver transplant cohort. (bvsalud.org)
  • Liver transplant recipients are managed with a range of immunosuppressive regimens that place them at heightened risk of life -threatening opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). (bvsalud.org)
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is a fungal infection of the lungs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This type of pneumonia is caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci was a rare infection before the AIDS epidemic. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP), formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), is the most common opportunistic infection in persons with HIV infection . (medscape.com)
  • An infection of the lungs caused by a common environmental fungus, pneumocystis jiroveci, and attacks only patients with a weak immune system. (eyepatient.net)
  • Incidence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among groups at risk in HIV-negative patients. (medibas.se)
  • Limited asymptomatic carriage of Pneumocystis jiroveci in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. (medibas.se)
  • Cochrane Abstracts , Evidence Central , evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/Cochrane/434839/all/Adjunctive_corticosteroids_for_Pneumocystis_jiroveci_pneumonia_in_patients_with_HIV_infection. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Stauffer, P & Ahn, J 2022, ' Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis in patients with autoimmune hepatitis ', Clinical Liver Disease , vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 86-89. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Opportunistic lung infection caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci . (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia was confirmed for all 5 patients ante-mortem by closed or open lung biopsy. (cdc.gov)
  • All 5 patients described in this report had laboratory-confirmed CMV disease or virus shedding within 5 months of the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
  • Although guidelines have been established for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) for adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, they have not been available for children (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Because pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) can occur in patients receiving temozolomide, the product monograph recommends PCP prophylaxis during temozolomide chemoradiotherapy. (ices.on.ca)
  • This image shows the redistribution of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia to the upper lobes following aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. (medscape.com)
  • Provide Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis during concomitant phase and continue in patients who develop lymphopenia until resolution to Grade 1 or less. (nih.gov)
  • citation needed] Pneumocystis infection can also be diagnosed by immunofluorescent or histochemical staining of the specimen, and more recently by molecular analysis of polymerase chain reaction products comparing DNA samples. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the most common serious HIV-associated opportunistic infection among children. (cdc.gov)
  • Infants and young children may be more seriously affected than older children and adults because for the former, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia may represent primary infection rather than reactivation disease, and because an infant's or young child's immune defenses may be immature. (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumocystosis is an infection of the lungs caused by the microorganism Pneumocystis carinii. (mountsinai.org)
  • Pneumocystis pneumonia is a serious infection with a high mortality rate and rapid progression. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Overview of Pneumonia Pneumonia is acute inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pneumonia is a lung condition that results from an infection by one of many bacteria, viruses, or fungi. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A vaccination for a particularly severe form of bacterial pneumonia (pneumococcal pneumonia) is available to prevent infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This chest radiograph shows bilateral upper-lobe pneumatoceles after a Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • High-resolution CT (HRCT) scan in a 32-year-old man with HIV infection showing ground-glass appearance due to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • This radiograph depicts the typical bilateral air-space consolidation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency virus infection. (medscape.com)
  • Pneumonia is a common but serious lung infection that affects breathing capability in an individual. (medicinenet.com)
  • We also miss patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia in the context of HIV infection, and that's probably quite a big problem in Africa. (cdc.gov)
  • Ribavirin (36791045) has been used to treat severe respiratory syncitial virus pneumonia in infants and children, while pentamidine-isethionate (140647) has been used for the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis-carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, including those with human immunodeficiency virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Armbruster C, Hassl A, Kriwanek S. [Diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients]. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • High-resolution CT in the evaluation of clinically suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients with normal, equivocal, or nonspecific radiographic findings. (medibas.se)
  • Studies reporting rates based on person-time for all opportunistic illnesses and/or the three opportunistic infections of interest, namely, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cerebral toxoplasmosis, and Mycobacterium avium complex were included. (fiocruz.br)
  • Also, a condition similar to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may occur in patients with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia, and such individuals may require intubation. (wikipedia.org)
  • For moderate to severe pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS, the short term use of corticosteroids has decreased the incidence of death. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In these patients, the incidence of Pneumocystis pneumonia varied from 1.4 % to 13 %, according to a comprehensive literature review. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is the main treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia and most studies have shown that preventive use of trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole can help reduce the incidence of Pneumocystis pneumonia. (ijpsonline.com)
  • In order to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and the prompt initiation of therapy for treatment and prevention to improve outcomes in these patients, a deeper knowledge of the relationship between rituximab use and the incidence of Pneumocystis pneumonia and the characteristics of Pneumocystis pneumonia in non-human immunodeficiency virusinfected patients with lymphoma is required. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Granulomatous PCP presents with similar clinical manifestations as typical pneumocystis pneumonia but usually is not detected by bronchoalveolar lavage and may require biopsy for definitive diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Based on the changing disease pattern of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated pulmonary complications we conducted a prospective study in order to compare the value of laboratory tests in patients with Pneumocystis (P.) carinii pneumonia (PCP) and other pulmonary complications and of different identification methods of P. carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in PCP patients. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The diagnosis of PJP was confirmed by identification of Pneumocystis cysts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid or on autopsy specimens using Grocott-Gomori methenamine - silver nitrate or modified Wright-Giemsa staining methods . (bvsalud.org)
  • Pneumocystis first came to attention as a cause of interstitial pneumonia in severely malnourished and premature infants during World War II in Central and Eastern Europe. (medscape.com)
  • The standard method of diagnosis is Pneumocystis detection in broncho alveolar lavage fluid and high-resolution computed tomography can be detected in diffuse interstitial infiltration of both lungs. (ijpsonline.com)
  • This chest radiograph shows residual interstitial opacities in a patient with a history of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • Also, see eMedicineHealth's patient education articles Viral Pneumonia , Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome , HIV/AIDS , and HIV Testing . (medscape.com)
  • Individuals with viral pneumonia are less contagious after symptoms have subsided. (medicinenet.com)
  • Viral pneumonia is often mild and goes away on its own within a few weeks but sometimes may become serious and need immediate medical attention. (medicinenet.com)
  • An individual with viral pneumonia is usually also at risk of getting bacterial pneumonia. (medicinenet.com)
  • However, they may not work for viral pneumonia. (medicinenet.com)
  • Antiviral medicines such Tamiflu ( oseltamivir ) and Relenza ( zanamivir ) are prescribed for viral pneumonia. (medicinenet.com)
  • PCP is classified as a fungal pneumonia but does not respond to antifungal therapy. (medscape.com)
  • While officially classified as a fungal pneumonia , PJP does not respond to antifungal treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Fungal pneumonia is more common in people who have chronic health problems or weakened immune systems. (medicinenet.com)
  • Antibiotics are considered the treatment of choice for pneumonia because they can treat bacterial pneumonia and some types of fungal pneumonia. (medicinenet.com)
  • Antifungal medicines such as Diflucan ( fluconazole ), Sporanox ( itraconazole ), Ancobon ( flucytosine ), and Nizoral ( ketoconazole ) may be prescribed to treat other types of fungal pneumonia. (medicinenet.com)
  • The National Institute of Health-University of California Expert Panel for Corticosteroids as Adjunctive Therapy for Pneumocystis Pneumonia. (medibas.se)
  • Consensus statement on the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for pneumocystis pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (medibas.se)
  • Pareja JG, Garland R, Koziel H. Use of adjunctive corticosteroids in severe adult non-HIV Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. (medibas.se)
  • To develop and evaluate severity-adjusted indicators of treatment timeliness and adequacy for inpatient care of first episode of HIV-related pneumocystis pneumonia, a retrospective cohort study (n=414) using medical record review was conducted in six California medical centers (1 January 1983-30 June 1987). (rand.org)
  • The mean values of platelets, of LDH, and of total serum protein of PCP patients and those of patients with other pulmonary diseases differed statistically significant as well as the mean values of these parameters of PCP patients and those of patients with bacterial pneumonia. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In the 1980s, biochemical analysis of the nucleic acid composition of Pneumocystis rRNA and mitochondrial DNA identified the organism as a unicellular fungus rather than a protozoan. (medscape.com)
  • Usually, patients affected with pneumonia may cough or sneeze, which creates small respiratory droplets that contain the disease-causing organism. (medicinenet.com)
  • The CD4/CD8 ratio of PCP patients was statistically significant lower than that of patients with bacterial pneumonia. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A person with bacterial pneumonia will stop being contagious within two days of taking antibiotics. (medicinenet.com)
  • Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with AIDS usually develops slowly over days to weeks or even months, and is less severe. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with pneumocystis pneumonia who do not have AIDS usually get sick faster and are more severely ill. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To compare noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) vs. invasive mechanical ventilation in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)-related acute respiratory failure (ARF). (nih.gov)
  • Sepkowitz KA, Brown AE, Telzak EE, Gottlieb S, Armstrong D. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among patients without AIDS at a cancer hospital. (medibas.se)
  • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: differences in lung parasite number and inflammation in patients with and without AIDS. (medibas.se)
  • Roentgenographic patterns of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 104 patients with AIDS. (medibas.se)
  • Pneumocystis is a genus of unicellular fungi found in the respiratory tracts of many mammals and humans. (medscape.com)
  • Edman JC, Kovacs JA, Masur H, Santi DV, Elwood HJ, Sogin ML. Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi. (medibas.se)
  • Pneumonia may be caused by bacteria, a virus, or fungi. (medicinenet.com)
  • Noteworthy is that LD represented almost as many cases as documented bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia," the researchers wrote in their discussion. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Pneumococcal Pneumonia Outcomes Worse Than Legionnaires Disease - Medscape - Mar 30, 2022. (medscape.com)
  • We suggest that dyspnea, oral lesions, chest roentgenographic examination, and pulse oximetry may be used to select patients requiring sputum testing and/or bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Chest radiography retains a key role in the diagnosis of pneumonia in the immune compromised. (medscape.com)
  • Chest radiography retains its position as the prime modality in the diagnosis and exclusion of pneumonia, follow-up imaging to check for resolution, and to evaluate potential complications. (medscape.com)
  • As increasing numbers of patients with immunosuppression induced by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) present with respiratory symptoms it is important to differentiate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia from other chest diseases rapidly and start treatment early. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Pneumocystis specimens are commonly found in the lungs of healthy people although it is usually not a cause for disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pneumocystis organisms are commonly found in the lungs of healthy individuals. (medscape.com)
  • lungs health center / lungs a-z list / how long is pneumonia contagious? (medicinenet.com)
  • X-ray of a cyst in pneumocystis pneumonia High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) showing ground-glass attenuation with a geographic or mosaic distribution. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increasing numbers of non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone have been diagnosed with Pneumocystis pneumonia. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the corner stone of pneumocystis pneumonia treatment. (standardofcare.com)
  • Pneumonia treatment depends on the type of disease-causing germ. (medicinenet.com)
  • Pneumocystis pneumonia in the United States is almost exclusively limited to severely immunosuppressed patients (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is often difficult to diagnose in an ambulatory care setting. (jamanetwork.com)
  • The management of pneumocystis pneumonia could be improved if clinicians could diagnose this condition confidently on the basis of simple clinical assessments. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Improvements in outcomes of acute respiratory failure for patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. (medibas.se)
  • Pneumocystis pneumonia was the most common respiratory disease (8.8%), while cerebral toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 8.4% of patients. (who.int)
  • Patient 1: A previously healthy 33-year-old man developed P. carinii pneumonia and oral mucosal candidiasis in March 1981 after a 2-month history of fever associated with elevated liver enzymes, leukopenia, and CMV viruria. (cdc.gov)
  • His esophageal candidiasis recurred after the pneumonia was diagnosed, and he was again given Amphotericin B. The CMV complement-fixation titer in March 1981 was 8. (cdc.gov)
  • On admission he was found to have P. carinii pneumonia, oral candidiasis, and CMV retinitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Efficacy of Rezafungin in Prophylactic Mouse Models of Invasive Candidiasis, Aspergillosis, and Pneumocystis Pneumonia. (olmdiagnostics.com)
  • In a retrospective case companion study published in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences , the researchers reviewed data from 51 adults with LD and 55 with bacteremic S. pneumoniae pneumonia (SP) who were hospitalized at a single center between 2013 and 2018. (medscape.com)
  • In the period October 1980-May 1981, 5 young men, all active homosexuals, were treated for biopsy-confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California. (cdc.gov)
  • Patient 2: A previously healthy 30-year-old man developed P. carinii pneumonia in April 1981 after 5-month history of fever each day and of elevated liver-function tests, CMV viruria, and documented seroconversion to CMV, i.e., an acute-phase titer of 16 and a convalescent-phase titer of 28* in anticomplement immunofluorescence tests. (cdc.gov)
  • He was hospitalized in February 1981 for P. carinii pneumonia that responded to oral TMP/SMX. (cdc.gov)
  • Patient 4: A 29-year-old man developed P. carinii pneumonia in February 1981. (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. (medibas.se)
  • A case of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was induced through immunosuppression following thoracic duct ligation. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Dans cette étude, une présentation tardive accompagnée d'une immunosuppression sévère était fréquente, et était associée à une mortalité élevée en milieu hospitalier. (who.int)
  • Variables with high negative or positive predictive value for P carinii pneumonia, low error rates, or compelling biologic credibility were then selected to develop an untested clinical prediction rule for P carinii pneumonia. (jamanetwork.com)
  • The role of pulse oximetry in the diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia merits further study. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: how invasive? (medibas.se)
  • After controlling for pre-admission medication and severity, the average proportion of adequate pneumocystis medication delivered during the first 7 and 30 days were significant predictors of outcome in all models. (rand.org)