Plutonium. A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, atomic number 94, and atomic weight 242. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.
Radioactive substances which act as pollutants. They include chemicals whose radiation is released via radioactive waste, nuclear accidents, fallout from nuclear explosions, and the like.
Americium. A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, atomic number 95, and atomic weight 243. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.
Energy released by nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.
'Water Pollution, Radioactive' is the contamination of water bodies with radioactive substances, typically as a result of human activities such as mining, nuclear power generation, or improper waste disposal, which can lead to harmful health effects in humans and aquatic life due to radiation exposure.
Devices containing fissionable material in sufficient quantity and so arranged as to be capable of maintaining a controlled, self-sustaining NUCLEAR FISSION chain reaction. They are also known as atomic piles, atomic reactors, fission reactors, and nuclear piles, although such names are deprecated. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A series of radioactive elements from ACTINIUM, atomic number 89, to and including LAWRENCIUM, atomic number 103.
The observation, either continuously or at intervals, of the levels of radiation in a given area, generally for the purpose of assuring that they have not exceeded prescribed amounts or, in case of radiation already present in the area, assuring that the levels have returned to those meeting acceptable safety standards.
An orphan nuclear receptor expressed mainly in the GERM CELLS of GONADS. It functions as a transcription factor that binds to a direct repeat of the sequence AGGTCA and may play a role in the regulation of EMBRYOGENESIS and germ cell differentiation.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Russia" is a country and not a medical term. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. The second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. The development of the second neoplasm may or may not be related to the treatment for the previous neoplasm since genetic risk or predisposing factors may actually be the cause.
Uranium. A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.
The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv).
Nuclear power accident that occurred following the Tohoku-Kanto earthquake of March 11, 2011 in the northern region of Japan.

Cancer mortality and morbidity among plutonium workers at the Sellafield plant of British Nuclear Fuels. (1/81)

The mortality of all 14 319 workers employed at the Sellafield plant of British Nuclear Fuels between 1947 and 1975 was studied up to the end of 1992, and cancer incidence was examined from 1971 to 1986, in relation to their exposures to plutonium and to external radiation. The cancer mortality rate was 5% lower than that of England and Wales and 3% less than that of Cumbria. The significant excesses of deaths from cancer of the pleura and thyroid found in an earlier study persist with further follow-up (14 observed, 4.0 expected for pleura; 6 observed, 2.2 expected for thyroid). All of the deaths from pleural cancer were among radiation workers. For neither site was there a significant association between the risk of the cancer and accumulated radiation dose. There were significant deficits of deaths from cancers of mouth and pharynx, liver and gall bladder, and larynx and leukaemia when compared with the national rates. Among all radiation workers, there was a significant positive association between accumulated external radiation dose and mortality from cancers of ill-defined and secondary sites (10-year lag, P = 0.04), leukaemia (no lag, P = 0.03; 2-year lag, P = 0.05), multiple myeloma (20-year lag, P = 0.02), all lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers (20-year lag, P= 0.03) and all causes of death combined (20-year lag, P= 0.008). Among plutonium workers, there were significant excesses of deaths from cancer of the breast (6 observed, 2.6 expected) and ill-defined and secondary cancers (29 observed, 20.1 expected). No significant positive trends were observed between the risk of deaths from cancers of any specific site, or all cancers combined, and cumulative plutonium and external radiation doses. For no cancer site was there a significant excess of cancer registrations compared with rates for England and Wales. Analysis of trends in cancer incidence showed significant increases in risk with cumulative plutonium plus external radiation doses for all lymphatic and haematopoietic neoplasms for 0-, 10- and 20-year lag periods. Taken as a whole, our findings do not suggest that workers at Sellafield who have been exposed to plutonium are at an overall significantly increased risk of cancer compared with other radiation workers.  (+info)

Retention, excretion and translocation of 239Pu in rats following inhalation of 239PuO2 calcined at 1150 and 400 degrees C. (2/81)

Wistar rats inhaled 239PuO2 particles prepared by the calcination of 239Pu hydroxide at 1150 and 400 degrees C. Lung retention, fecal and urinary excretion, and translocation of 239Pu were compared between the two calcination temperatures. The clearance of 239Pu from the lungs was significantly faster in the rats exposed to 239PuO2 calcined at 400 degrees C (low-temperature group) than those exposed to 239PuO2 calcined at 1150 degrees C (high-temperature group). Both the fecal excretion of 239Pu and the ratio of fecal excretion to urinary excretion was greater in the low-temperature group than in high-temperature group. The amounts of 239Pu translocated from the lungs to the other organs were very small. Even in the liver, which accumulated the largest amount of 239Pu except for the lungs, only 0.13-0.20% of the initial lung burden was retained 1 year after inhalation. The amount of 239Pu deposited in the liver was greater in the high-temperature group than in the low-temperature group both at 1 month and 1 year after the inhalation. These findings clearly suggest that the lung retention of 239Pu in rats is significantly affected by the calcination temperature of 239PuO2.  (+info)

Radiographic features of bone in several strains of laboratory mice and of their tumours induced by bone-seeking radionuclides. (3/81)

The natural radiographic appearance of the various bones of the skeleton are described for several strains of laboratory mice. The Harwell substrains of CBA, A and 101 are generally similar and become osteoporotic on ageing. Harwell C57BL have similar, but more delicately chiseled, bones. Harwell C3H mice have bones with stouter cortices and may show osteosclerosis on ageing. CF1 females (donated by Dr M. Finkel) showed osteosclerosis and osteophytic outgrowths when aged. NMRI mice (donated by Dr A. Luz) appeared larger than the pure-strain Harwell mice. In general, mouse bones are simple tubular structures with an ivory cortex and a marrow cavity. Cancellous trabecular bone is scanty, even in vertebrae, flat bones and the metaphyses of long bones. Bone-seeking radionuclides administered to mice lead to skeletal tumours: (a) osteosarcomata, which are commonly radio-opaque to a variable degree owing to calcified tumour bone, but which may be osteolytic, (b) primitive mesenchymal (angio-) sarcomata which are non-osteogenic and osteolytic, (c) fibrosarcomata--which also are osteolytic--and to local or general lymphomata from irradiation of parental cells in bone marrow, but no special radiological features have been found associated with these last-named tumours.  (+info)

Risks to the public from historical releases of radionuclides and chemicals at the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site. (4/81)

This paper summarizes the methods and results of estimating risks of cancer incidence resulting from plutonium, carbon tetrachloride, and beryllium releases from operations at the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, near Denver, Colorado, from 1953 through 1989. The key findings show that people who lived near the facility were exposed to plutonium mainly through inhalation during routine operations, from a major fire in 1957, and from plutonium resuspended from contaminated soil from an outdoor drum storage area, called the 903 Area. Results were presented for five exposure scenarios that were location-independent. Individuals described by the laborer scenario received the highest risk of all scenarios considered. Upper bound (95th percentile) incremental lifetime cancer incidence risks for the laborer scenario were in about the 10(-4) range (1 chance in 10,000) for developing cancer from Rocky Flats plutonium releases during a lifetime. At the 5th percentile level, the maximum cancer risk was about 10(-7) (1 chance in 10 million) for developing cancer during a lifetime. Estimated cancer risks at the 95th percentile level are within the range of for acceptable risks established by the US Environmental Protection Agency of 10(-6) to 10(-4). Carbon tetrachloride was found to be the chemical that presented the highest risk to the public. The 5th and 95th percentile risk values for exposure to carbon tetrachloride were 9.2x10(-7) and 2.5x10(-5), respectively.  (+info)

Influence of various factors on individual radiation exposure from the Chernobyl disaster. (5/81)

BACKGROUND: The explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was one of the greatest known nuclear disasters of the 20th century. To reduce individual exposure to ionizing radiation the Soviet Union government introduced a number of counter-measures. This article presents a description of how historical events conspired to disrupt these efforts and affect residents in exposed areas. METHODS: This study employed an extensive review of data on radionuclide deposition, contamination patterns and lifestyle characteristics. Data were obtained from the Ukraine Ministry of Health and the Ukraine Research Center for Radiation Medicine. RESULTS: Data are presented on annual contamination rates in selected locales as well as data on local food consumption patterns. Historical factors including economic and political circumstances are also highlighted. Results show the diminution of individual doses between 1987 and 1991 and then an increase between 1991 and 1994 and the relationship between this increase and changes in the lifestyle of the local population. CONCLUSION: A number of factors played direct and indirect roles in contributing to the populace's cumulative radiation exposure. Future post-contamination studies need to consider these factors when estimating individual exposures.  (+info)

Immunohistochemical study on cellular origins of rat lung tumors induced by inhalation exposures to plutonium dioxide aerosols as compared to those by X-ray irradiation. (6/81)

Immunohistochemical examinations were performed on rat pulmonary tumors induced by inhalation exposures to 239PuO2 aerosols, or by X-ray-irradiation to identify and compare cellular origins or, in turn, target cells at risk for radiation carcinogenesis. Both plutonium-induced and X-ray-induced pulmonary tumors appeared to occur from the lower respiratory tract epithelium through bronchioles into alveoli, and were histopathologically diagnosed as adenoma, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining of neoplastic lesions using rabbit polyclonal antibodies to rat surfactant apoprotein A specific for alveolar type II pneumocytes, and Clara cell antigen specific for nonciliated bronchiolar Clara cells, showed that most of the adenomatous and adenocarcinomatous lesions from plutonium-exposed or X-irradiated rats were positive for either or both antigens, while, in contrast, adenosquamous and squamous lesions were mostly negative for both antigens. Even though there were some differences in the proportions and distributions of immunoreactive cells between plutonium- and X-ray-induced tumors and among neoplastic lesions, the results indicate that radiation-induced pulmonary adenomas and adenocarcinomas mostly originate from either alveolar type II pneumocytes or bronchiolar Clara cells, while adenosquamous and squamous carcinomas may be derived from the other epithelial cell components, or might have lost specific antigenicity during their transforming differentiation.  (+info)

The relationship between internally deposited alpha-particle radiation and subsite-specific liver cancer and liver cirrhosis: an analysis of published data. (7/81)

Chronic exposure to high LET radiation has been shown to cause liver cancer in humans based on studies of patients who received Thorotrast, a colloidal suspension of thorium dioxide formerly used as a radiological contrast agent, and on studies of Russian nuclear weapons workers exposed to internally ingested plutonium. Risk estimates for these exposures and specific subtypes of liver cancer have not been previously reported. Combining published data with tumor registry data pertinent to the Thorotrast cohorts in Germany, Denmark, Portugal, and Japan and to Russian workers, we generally found significantly elevated risks of three major histologic types of liver tumors: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CC), and hemangiosarcoma (HS) for Thorotrast exposures. In contrast, HS was the only liver tumor significantly associated with the lower alpha-particle doses experienced by the Russian workers. Excess cases per 1,000 persons exposed to Thorotrast were similar for the three liver cancer subtypes but lower for plutonium exposure. Odds ratios (OR) of HS and CC for Thorotrast were from 26 to 789 and from 1 to 31 times higher than those for HCC, respectively. ORs of liver cirrhosis for Thorotrast exposure ranged from 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2-3.4) to 6.7 (5.1-8.7).  (+info)

Past exposure to densely ionizing radiation leaves a unique permanent signature in the genome. (8/81)

Speculation has long surrounded the question of whether past exposure to ionizing radiation leaves a unique permanent signature in the genome. Intrachromosomal rearrangements or deletions are produced much more efficiently by densely ionizing radiation than by chemical mutagens, x-rays, or endogenous aging processes. Until recently, such stable intrachromosomal aberrations have been very hard to detect, but a new chromosome band painting technique has made their detection practical. We report the detection and quantification of stable intrachromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes of healthy former nuclear-weapons workers who were exposed to plutonium many years ago. Even many years after occupational exposure, more than half the blood cells of the healthy plutonium workers contain large (>6 Mb) intrachromosomal rearrangements. The yield of these aberrations was highly correlated with plutonium dose to the bone marrow. The control groups contained very few such intrachromosomal aberrations. Quantification of this large-scale chromosomal damage in human populations exposed many years earlier will lead to new insights into the mechanisms and risks of cytogenetic damage.  (+info)

Plutonium is not a medical term, but it is a chemical element with the symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is a dense, silvery-red, transuranic radioactive metal that occurs in minute quantities naturally as an intermediate product of uranium decay, or can be produced by neutron capture in uranium-238.

Plutonium is highly toxic and radioactive, and it has been classified as a Category II carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). It is mainly used in the production of nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear reactors. Medical uses of plutonium are limited due to its high radioactivity and toxicity.

In medicine, plutonium-210 has been used in some cancer therapies, such as brachytherapy, where a small amount of the isotope is implanted directly into the tumor. However, due to its high radioactivity and potential for causing radiation damage to surrounding tissues, its use in medicine is highly regulated and relatively rare.

Radioactive pollutants are defined as any harmful radioactive substances that are discharged into the environment and pose risks to human health and the ecosystem. These pollutants can be in the form of gases, liquids, or solids and can contaminate air, water, and soil. They originate from various sources such as nuclear power plants, medical facilities, industrial operations, and military activities.

Radioactive pollutants emit ionizing radiation, which can cause damage to living cells and DNA, leading to genetic mutations, cancer, and other health problems. Exposure to high levels of radioactivity can result in acute radiation sickness, including symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. Long-term exposure to low levels of radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer and other diseases over time.

Radioactive pollutants can also have negative impacts on the environment, contaminating soil and water and reducing biodiversity in affected areas. They can persist in the environment for long periods, making it difficult to clean up and remediate contaminated sites. Therefore, proper management and regulation of radioactive materials are essential to prevent their release into the environment and protect public health and the environment.

Americium (Am-241) is a radioactive metallic element with the symbol "Am" and atomic number 95. It is a member of the actinide series and does not occur naturally, but can be produced in nuclear reactors. Americium-241 is most commonly used as a source of ionizing radiation in smoke detectors.

It is important to note that handling and storing americium requires proper training and equipment due to its radioactive nature. Improper handling or disposal can result in serious health risks, including radiation exposure and contamination.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "nuclear energy" is not a medical term. It refers to the energy released by nuclear reactions, such as those that occur in the sun and other stars, or in nuclear power plants on Earth. Medical definitions typically relate to terms used in the practice of medicine, public health, or healthcare. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help with those instead!

Water pollution, radioactive, refers to the contamination of water bodies (such as lakes, rivers, groundwater, and oceans) with radioactive substances. These substances can include naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) or human-made radionuclides, which can be released into the environment through various activities such as mining, nuclear power generation, medical facilities, and waste disposal.

Radioactive water pollution can have severe consequences for both the environment and human health. Exposure to radioactive substances in water can increase the risk of cancer, genetic mutations, and other adverse health effects. Additionally, radioactive contamination can harm aquatic life, disrupt ecosystems, and reduce the quality and safety of water resources for drinking, irrigation, and recreation.

Radioactive water pollution is typically addressed through a combination of regulatory controls, best management practices, and remediation efforts to prevent or minimize the release of radioactive substances into the environment and to mitigate their impacts on human health and the ecosystem.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "nuclear reactors" are not a medical term. They are a type of equipment used in the field of nuclear engineering and physics. A nuclear reactor is a system that contains and controls sustained nuclear chain reactions. These can be found in power plants to generate electricity, or in research facilities for various purposes such as producing medical isotopes.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!

The Actinoid series elements, also known as the Actinides, are a group of 15 metallic elements in the periodic table that have similar properties and are located in the f-block, starting from actinium (element 89) through to lawrencium (element 103). These elements are all synthetic and do not occur naturally in their elemental form, with the exception of actinium and thorium. They are characterized by having partially filled f orbitals and are highly reactive metals that can easily form compounds with various other elements. Many Actinides are radioactive and have been used in nuclear energy production, weapons, and medical research.

Radiation monitoring is the systematic and continuous measurement, assessment, and tracking of ionizing radiation levels in the environment or within the body to ensure safety and to take appropriate actions when limits are exceeded. It involves the use of specialized instruments and techniques to detect and quantify different types of radiation, such as alpha, beta, gamma, neutron, and x-rays. The data collected from radiation monitoring is used to evaluate radiation exposure, contamination levels, and potential health risks for individuals or communities. This process is crucial in various fields, including nuclear energy production, medical imaging and treatment, radiation therapy, and environmental protection.

Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 6, Group A, Member 1 (NR6A1) is a gene that encodes for the steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) protein, which is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. These proteins are transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences.

The SF-1 protein plays critical roles in the development and function of the endocrine system, including the regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis, gonadal development, and reproductive function. Mutations in the NR6A1 gene have been associated with several genetic disorders, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, primary ovarian insufficiency, and XY female disorder of sex development.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Russia" is not a medical term or concept. Russia is the largest country in the world by land area, located primarily in Asia with a smaller portion extending into Europe. It is a nation rich in history and culture, known for its diverse landscapes, from tundra and forests to subtropical beaches.

If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like me to define, please feel free to ask!

A "second primary neoplasm" is a distinct, new cancer or malignancy that develops in a person who has already had a previous cancer. It is not a recurrence or metastasis of the original tumor, but rather an independent cancer that arises in a different location or organ system. The development of second primary neoplasms can be influenced by various factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and previous treatments like chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

It is important to note that the definition of "second primary neoplasm" may vary slightly depending on the specific source or context. In general medical usage, it refers to a new, separate cancer; however, in some research or clinical settings, there might be more precise criteria for defining and diagnosing second primary neoplasms.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uranium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol "U" and atomic number 92. Uranium is a dense, silvery-gray metal that is hard and brittle at room temperature. It's primarily used as a fuel in nuclear power plants and in the manufacture of weapons.

While uranium does not have direct medical applications, it does pose potential health risks due to its radioactivity. Exposure to high levels of radiation from uranium can lead to acute radiation sickness, anemia, and an increased risk of cancer. However, under normal circumstances, the general public is not exposed to significant amounts of uranium, so it's not a common health concern.

Radiation dosage, in the context of medical physics, refers to the amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by a material or tissue, usually measured in units of Gray (Gy), where 1 Gy equals an absorption of 1 Joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter. In the clinical setting, radiation dosage is used to plan and assess the amount of radiation delivered to a patient during treatments such as radiotherapy. It's important to note that the biological impact of radiation also depends on other factors, including the type and energy level of the radiation, as well as the sensitivity of the irradiated tissues or organs.

The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident refers to the series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. It is considered the most significant nuclear incident since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and the second disaster (along with Chernobyl) to be given the Level 7 event classification of the International Nuclear Event Scale.

The accident was initiated by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake on March 11, 2011. The tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors, causing a nuclear meltdown that led to hydrogen-air explosions. Over 450,000 residents were evacuated from the surrounding area due to the high radioactive release.

The cleanup process is expected to take decades, with the plant's operator, Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), estimating that the complete decommissioning of the power plant will take around 40 years. The accident has had significant social and economic impacts on the region, including contamination of land and water, loss of homes and businesses, and long-term health effects for those exposed to radiation.

Trace amounts of plutonium-238, plutonium-239, plutonium-240, and plutonium-244 can be found in nature. Small traces of ... Plutonium-zirconium alloy can be used as nuclear fuel. Plutonium-cerium and plutonium-cerium-cobalt alloys are used as nuclear ... Weapons-grade plutonium contains less than 7% plutonium-240. Fuel-grade plutonium contains from 7% to less than 19%, and power ... The δ phase plutonium-gallium and plutonium-aluminium alloys are produced by adding plutonium(III) fluoride to molten gallium ...
... is the highest fluoride of plutonium, and is of interest for laser enrichment of plutonium, in ... It can also be obtained by fluorination of plutonium(III) fluoride, plutonium(IV) oxide, or plutonium(IV) oxalate at ... plutonium(IV) fluoride oxidizes in an 800-°C oxygen atmosphere to plutonium hexafluoride and plutonium(IV) oxide: 3 PuF 4 + O 2 ... Plutonium hexafluoride plays a role in the enrichment of plutonium, in particular for the isolation of the fissile isotope ...
Several plutonium borides can be formed by direct combination of plutonium and boron powders in an inert atmosphere at reduced ... B. J. McDonald; W. I. Stuart (1960). "The crystal structures of some plutonium borides". Acta Crystallogr. 13 (5): 447-448. doi ... H. A. Eick (1965). "Plutonium Borides". Inorganic Chemistry. 4 (8): 1237-1239. doi:10.1021/ic50030a037. v t e (Borides, ... The most remarkable plutonium boride is arguably PuB100. Its existence demonstrates the importance of contamination in boride ...
Plutonium dihydride on the surface of hydrided plutonium acts as a catalyst for the oxidation of the metal with consumption of ... Pu + H2 → PuH2 Studies of the reaction of plutonium metal with moist air at 200-350 °C showed the presence of cubic plutonium ... Surface and Corrosion Chemistry of Plutonium, Los Alamos Science, 2000, 252. John M. Haschke Thomas H. Allen: Plutonium Hydride ... Plutonium hydride is a non-stoichiometric chemical compound with the formula PuH2+x. It is one of two characterised hydrides of ...
Plutonium, a genus of centipedes Plutonium, a fictional drug depicted in Clark Ashton Smith's "The Plutonium Drug" Plutonium ... Look up Plutonium, plutonium, or plutónium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with ... Isotopes of plutonium All pages with titles beginning with Plutonium All pages with titles containing Plutonium This ... Plutonium may also refer to: a ploutonion (Latin: plutonium), any of several places where the Greco-Roman god Pluto was ...
... Society initially mounted shows in a recording studio on Hunter Street in Halifax. Plutonium is known for ... The Plutonium Playhouse is a theatre company in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada that began as a non-profit society in 2010. ... A number of works originally presented by Plutonium Playhouse have gone on to tours and remounts across Canada, including Short ... Watson, Kate (18 November 2010). "Fat Pig at Plutonium Playhouse". The Coast Weekly. Archived from the original on 24 December ...
... (240 Pu or Pu-240) is an isotope of plutonium formed when plutonium-239 captures a neutron. The detection of its ... see the article Reactor-grade plutonium. Burnup Isotopes of plutonium Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra ... Plutonium from spent civilian power reactor fuel typically has under 70% 239Pu and around 26% 240 Pu , the rest being made up ... It blocked the use of plutonium in gun-type nuclear weapons in which the assembly of fissile material into its optimal ...
... forms a white solid. Plutonium pentafluoride is toxic and radioactive. "Plutonium pentafluoride". NIST ... Plutonium pentafluoride is a binary inorganic compound of plutonium and fluorine with the chemical formula PuF5. ... Photodissociation of gaseous plutonium hexafluoride to plutonium pentafluoride and fluorine. ... "US4670239A Photochemical preparation of plutonium pentafluoride". worldwide.espacenet.com. Retrieved 6 April 2023. "Plutonium ...
... (238Pu or Pu-238) is a radioactive isotope of plutonium that has a half-life of 87.7 years. Plutonium-238 is a ... Plutonium-238 was the first isotope of plutonium to be discovered. It was synthesized by Glenn Seaborg and associates in ... "Plutonium-238 Production for Space Exploration". Retrieved 15 July 2020. "MLM-CF-67-1-71 Plutonium 238 Oxide Shipment No. 33" ( ... With bomb-grade enriched plutonium-239 destined for critical research and for atomic weapon production, plutonium-238 was used ...
... can refer to: Plutonium trifluoride, PuF3 Plutonium tetrafluoride, PuF4 Plutonium hexafluoride, PuF6 This ...
The so-called Plutonium Affair (German: Plutonium-Affäre) was a scandal that erupted in Germany in April 1995. It was caused by ... and the plutonium brokers, testified before the committee that the plutonium was smuggled to Munich on 10 August 1994 with the ... "PLUTONIUM-SCHMUGGEL: Gefährliche Liebschaft" (in German). Focus. Retrieved 2018-08-10. Jürgen Marks (1996-10-21). "PLUTONIUM- ... which had enticed the smugglers to procure the plutonium. „OPERATION HADES": INTELLIGENCE SERVICE STAGED PLUTONIUM DEAL "Lizenz ...
... is a binary inorganic compound of plutonium and silicon with the chemical formula PuSi. The compound forms ... Reaction of plutonium dioxide and silicon carbide: P u O 2 + S i C → T P u S i + C O 2 ↑ {\displaystyle {\mathsf {PuO_{2}+SiC ... "plutonium silicide - 一矽化鈽". terms.naer.edu.tw. Retrieved 16 August 2021. Fish, B. R.; Keilholtz, G. W.; Snyder, W. S.; Swisher ... Krikorian, Oscar H.; Hagerty, David C. (1 May 1990). "Exchange reactions of plutonium with silicides and estimation of the ...
... are compounds containing the element plutonium (Pu). At room temperature, pure plutonium is silvery in ... Also formed is plutonium hydride but an excess of water vapor forms only PuO2. Plutonium shows enormous, and reversible, ... Metallic plutonium is produced by reacting plutonium tetrafluoride with barium, calcium or lithium at 1200 °C. Metallic ... Matlack, George (2002). A Plutonium Primer: An Introduction to Plutonium Chemistry and its Radioactivity. Los Alamos National ...
... comes in several stoichiometries (PuC and Pu2C3). It can be used as a nuclear fuel for nuclear reactors in ... The mixture is also labeled as uranium-plutonium carbide (UPuC). Emeléus, Harry Julius; Alan G. Sharpe (1968). Advances in ... v t e (Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs, Carbides, Plutonium ...
... (242Pu or Pu-242) is one of the isotopes of plutonium, the second longest-lived, with a half-life of 375,000 ... Plutonium-242 mainly decays into uranium-238 via alpha decay, before continuing along the uranium series. Plutonium-242 decays ... Plutonium-242 is produced by successive neutron capture on 239Pu, 240Pu, and 241Pu. The odd-mass isotopes 239Pu and 241Pu have ... Plutonium-242 has a particularly low cross section for thermal neutron capture; and it takes three neutron absorptions to ...
Unlike plutonium-238, plutonium-239, plutonium-240, plutonium-241, and plutonium-242, plutonium-244 is not produced in quantity ... Plutonium-244 (244Pu) is an isotope of plutonium that has a half-life of 80 million years. This is longer than any of the other ... Plutonium-244 is used as an internal standard for isotope dilution mass spectrometry analysis of plutonium. Audi, G.; Kondev, F ... the total mass of plutonium-244 in Earth's crust is about 9 g). Since plutonium-244 cannot be easily produced by natural ...
... is a binary inorganic compound of plutonium and selenium with the chemical formula PuSe. The compound forms ... "WebElements Periodic Table » Plutonium » plutonium selenide". webelements.com. Retrieved 6 August 2021. Macintyre, Jane E. (23 ... Reaction of diplutonium triselenide and plutonium trihydride: 2 Pu 2 Se 3 + 2 PuH 3 → 1600 °C 4 PuSe + 3 H 2 {\displaystyle {\ ... Gensini, M.; Gering, E.; Heathman, S.; Benedict, U.; Spirlet, J. C. (1 April 1990). "High-pressure phases of plutonium ...
... , in the monotypic genus Plutonium, is one of the largest scolopendromorph centipedes in Europe, and one of ... Bonato L., Orlando M., Zapparoli M., Fusco G., Bortolin F. (2017). "New insights into Plutonium, one of the largest and least ... In the past, the evolutionary affinities of Plutonium have been a matter of speculations, within the more general debates on ... Cavanna, G. (1881). "Nuovo genere (Plutonium) e nuova specie (P. zwierleini) di Scolopendridi". Bullettino della Società ...
Plutonium(IV) fluoride is produced in the reaction between plutonium dioxide (PuO2) or plutonium(III) fluoride (PuF3) with ... plutonium(IV) fluoride is obtained. In terms of its structure, solid plutonium(IV) fluoride features 8-coordinate Pu centers ... Plutonium(IV) fluoride is a chemical compound with the formula (PuF4). This salt is generally a brown solid but can appear a ... Reaction of plutonium tetrafluoride with barium, calcium, or lithium at 1200 °C give Pu metal: PuF4 + 2 Ba → 2 BaF2 + Pu PuF4 ...
... (239Pu or Pu-239) is an isotope of plutonium. Plutonium-239 is the primary fissile isotope used for the ... As a heavy metal, plutonium is also chemically toxic. See also Plutonium#Precautions. Weapons grade plutonium (with greater ... plutonium-239. Plutonium-239 present in reactor fuel can absorb neutrons and fission just as uranium-235 can. Since plutonium- ... of plutonium inhaled as plutonium oxide dust could give cancer to two million people. However, ingested plutonium is by far ...
... (241Pu or Pu-241) is an isotope of plutonium formed when plutonium-240 captures a neutron. Like some other ... Americium has lower valence and lower electronegativity than plutonium, neptunium or uranium, so in most nuclear reprocessing, ... neutron capture produces plutonium-242. In general, isotopes with an odd number of neutrons are both more likely to absorb a ... plutonium isotopes (especially 239Pu), 241Pu is fissile, with a neutron absorption cross section about one-third greater than ...
... is a 2008 album by The Legendary Pink Dots. All tracks are written by The Legendary Pink Dots Edward Ka-Spel ...
... is a chemical compound with the formula PuCl3. This ionic plutonium salt can be prepared by reacting ... As with all plutonium compounds, it is subject to control under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Due to the radioactivity ... www.webelements.com: Plutonium(III) chloride. John H. Burns, J. R. Peterson, J. N. Stevenson: "Crystallographic Studies of some ... Plutonium atoms in crystalline PuCl3 are 9 coordinate, and the structure is tricapped trigonal prismatic. It crystallizes as ...
Plutonium arsenide is a binary inorganic compound of plutonium and arsenic with the formula PuAs. Fusion of stoichiometric ... The reaction is exothermic: Pu + As → PuAs Passing arsine through heated plutonium hydride: 2PuH2 + 2AsH3 → 2PuAs + 5H2 ... Blaise, A.; Fournier, J. M.; Salmon, P. (1 September 1973). "Magnetic properties of plutonium monoarsenide". Solid State ... Plutonium arsenide forms black or dark gray crystals of a cubic system, space group Fm3m, cell parameters a = 0.5855 nm, Z = 4 ...
... is the iodide of plutonium with the chemical formula PuI3. Plutonium(III) iodide can be formed by the ... the generated plutonium(III) iodide will immediately hydrolyze into plutonium iodide oxide. 2 Pu + 6 HI → 2 PuI3 + 3 H2 ... reaction of plutonium and mercury(II) iodide: 2 Pu + 3 HgI2 → 2 PuI3 + 3 Hg It can also be produced by reacting plutonium and ... Plutonium(III) iodide is a green solid with a melting point of 777 °C. It is orthorhombic (plutonium(III) bromide structure), ...
Plutonium (IV) nitrate is an inorganic compound, a salt of plutonium and nitric acid with the chemical formula Pu(NO3)4. The ... evaporation of a solution of a plutonium (IV) compound in nitric acid. Plutonium (IV) nitrate forms a crystalline hydrate of ... Plutonium nitrate is both radioactive and extremely toxic due to its high solubility in water. Allen, P. G.; Veirs, D. K.; ... When heated to 150-180 °C, it decomposes with autooxidation to plutonium (VI) with the formation of plutonyl nitrate (PuO2(NO3) ...
... is an inorganic salt of bromine and plutonium with the formula PuBr3. This radioactive green solid has ... Plutonium(III) compounds, Actinide halides, Crystal structure types). ...
... or plutonium trifluoride is the chemical compound composed of plutonium and fluorine with the formula ... Plutonium(III) fluoride can be used for manufacture of the plutonium-gallium alloy instead of more difficult to handle metallic ... Plutonium(III) fluoride has the LaF3 structure where the coordination around the plutonium atoms is complex and usually ... A plutonium(III) fluoride precipitation method has been investigated as an alternative to the typical plutonium peroxide method ...
The δ phase plutonium-gallium and plutonium-aluminium alloys are produced by adding plutonium(III) fluoride to molten gallium ... Plutonium-gallium alloy (Pu-Ga) is an alloy of plutonium and gallium, used in nuclear weapon pits, the component of a nuclear ... Plutonium alloys can be produced by adding a metal to molten plutonium. However, if the alloying metal is sufficiently ... "Method for plutonium-gallium separation by anodic dissolution of a solid plutonium-gallium alloy". frepatent. Retrieved 2010-01 ...
Plutonium dioxide is mainly produced by calcination of plutonium(IV) oxalate, Pu(C2O4)2·6H2O, at 300 °C. Plutonium oxalate is ... 4.1.7.1.2.1 Plutonium Oxide. Retrieved 20 October 2017. The critical mass of reactor grade plutonium is about 13.9 kg ( ... Due to the radioactive alpha decay of plutonium, PuO2 is warm to the touch. As with all plutonium compounds, it is subject to ... due both to the lower density of plutonium in dioxide compared with elemental plutonium and to the added inert mass of the air ...
Trace amounts of plutonium-238, plutonium-239, plutonium-240, and plutonium-244 can be found in nature. Small traces of ... Plutonium-zirconium alloy can be used as nuclear fuel. Plutonium-cerium and plutonium-cerium-cobalt alloys are used as nuclear ... Weapons-grade plutonium contains less than 7% plutonium-240. Fuel-grade plutonium contains from 7% to less than 19%, and power ... The δ phase plutonium-gallium and plutonium-aluminium alloys are produced by adding plutonium(III) fluoride to molten gallium ...
Information on terrorism and public health. Provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Plutonium is a radioactive material that does not occur naturally to any extent, but is produced in nuclear reactors. It has ... The most common plutonium isotopes are plutonium-238 and plutonium-239.. Plutonium can exist in several forms, called isotopes ... The most common plutonium isotopes are plutonium-238 and plutonium-239.. The half-life is the time it takes for half of the ... What is plutonium?. Plutonium is a silvery-white radioactive metal. Most plutonium is found combined with other substances. ...
Groundbreaking work has confirmed plutoniums magnetism, which scientists have long theorized but have never been able to ... A New Stable Form of Plutonium Discovered. Oct. 18, 2019 Scientists have found a new compound of plutonium with an unexpected, ... The team used plutonium-242 instead, an isotope that absorbs far fewer neutrons. In addition, plutonium typically adsorbs ... typically available plutonium predominantly consists of the isotope plutonium-239, which is highly absorbent of neutrons and ...
The plutonium ship, the Akatsuki Maru, formerly the Pacific Crane, left its Yokohama berth secretly at dawn last weekend, its ... campaign of protest has failed to stop the embarkation of the first of a series of convoys to ferry tonnes of plutonium from ... The plutonium ship, the Akatsuki Maru, formerly the Pacific Crane, left. its Yokohama berth secretly at dawn last weekend, its ... it is on its way to France to pick up 1 tonne of plutonium extracted from. spent nuclear fuel at the Cap La Hague reprocessing ...
It takes only a tiny quantity of plutonium, for example, to poison a large citys water supply. ``A big danger is that such ... 10 Munich airport incident in which police arrested three men for trying to smuggle about 10.5 ounces of plutonium 239, the ... An outlaw nation or terrorist group could acquire enough weapons-grade nuclear material - either plutonium or uranium - to make ...
So, will it be uranium or plutonium? We may well know the answer soon.. Professor Andrei Lankov was born in St. Petersburg, ... Plutonium occurs naturally only in tiny quantities and hence has to be produced artificially in a nuclear reactor where it is a ... It makes a big difference whether they test a plutonium device, as they have done twice before, or if this time we will see the ... North Korea does not currently produce plutonium.. It seems that North Korea began to advance its HEU production program in the ...
Appreciate your ideas! We always hear that plutonium is the most toxic material on earth. The reasoning as I understand it, is ... Of course, close to a source of plutonium particles it is dangerous (like in a factory that handles plutonium powder and so on ... We always hear that plutonium is the most toxic material on earth. The reasoning as I understand it, is that plutonium oxide ... The main reason is that plutonium doesnt spread easily. Also, eating plutonium is far less dangerous than inhaling it because ...
I will say as a matter of principle that reprocessing plutonium is contrary to North Koreas own commitments that it committed ... US: North Korea Plutonium Production Violates UN Resolutions. By Meredith Buel. Washington. 03 November 2009 ... The United States says North Koreas plutonium production is contrary to its nuclear disarmament commitments and violates ... Tuesday it has produced more material for use in nuclear weapons and has made substantial progress in turning plutonium into ...
This WebElements periodic table page contains electronegativity for the element plutonium ... The first scale of electronegativity was developed by Linus Pauling and on his scale plutonium has a value of 1.28 on a scale ... Plutonium - 94Pu Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. 🔊 ... Types of electronegativity for plutonium. All values are quoted on the Pauling scale.. Electronegativity. Value in Pauling ...
North Koreas reported resumption of plutonium reprocessing a serious concern for South Korea ... Processing plutonium. Unnamed U.S. and U.N. officials say North Korea is again using spent nuclear fuel to process plutonium at ... The modest reactors fuel rods, according to experts, are capable of providing enough plutonium to make at least one bomb per ... The Yongbyon five-megawatt reactor provided the North with the weapons-grade plutonium for its first three nuclear tests, ...
"We showed that this protein is capable of transporting plutonium inside cells," she said. "So this could help us develop other ... Cellular contamination pathway for plutonium, other heavy elements, identified. Scientists find that an iron-binding protein ... "These are the first protein structures containing thorium or the transuranic elements plutonium, americium, or curium," Abergel ... "Cellular contamination pathway for plutonium, other heavy elements, identified." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. ...
plutonium Exporting & Importing Financing Human Resources Manufacturing Operations November 28, 2023 Heddle Shipyards announces ...
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NDA Plutonium Current Position - NDA - 20 February 2011. *Management of the UKs Plutonium Stocks: A consultation on the long- ... Plutonium: Credible Options Summary - NDA - 30 January 2009. *Plutonium Credible Options Analysis (Gate A) - NDA - 07 December ... term management of UK owned separated civil plutonium - DECC - February 2011. *Management of the UKs Plutonium Stocks: ... Plutonium. Department for Energy and Climate Change written question - answered on 2 June 2015. ...
Plutonium Reprocessing: two steps forward, one step back. 08.11.06 , 4 min read , Text by Ivan Oelrich ... The process, called PUREX, separates the plutonium and uranium from the waste stream where they are re-used as fuel in a ... The administration has submitted a $250M request to Congress to start work on a plutonium recycling program as part of its ... However, since the spent plutonium/uranium fuel is not recycled again and the other fission products are not recycled at all, ...
NASAs supplies of Plutonium-238, the fuel of choice for deep-space missions, has been running low. The Department of Energy ... Plutonium-238 is the fuel of choice for deep-space exploration. But for nearly 30 years, nobody in the United States was making ... NASAs supplies of Plutonium-238, the fuel of choice for deep-space missions, has been running low. The Department of Energy ... Plutonium-238, not to be confused with its weapons-grade variant, Pu-239, powers spacecraft by producing heat through ...
DOE Patents Patent: PLUTONIUM-CERIUM-COBALT AND PLUTONIUM-CERIUM-NICKEL ALLOYS Title: PLUTONIUM-CERIUM-COBALT AND PLUTONIUM- ... PLUTONIUM-CERIUM-COBALT AND PLUTONIUM-CERIUM-NICKEL ALLOYS},. author = {Coffinberry, A S},. abstractNote = {,New plutonium-base ... Coffinberry, A S. PLUTONIUM-CERIUM-COBALT AND PLUTONIUM-CERIUM-NICKEL ALLOYS. United States: N. p., 1959. Web. ... Coffinberry, A S. PLUTONIUM-CERIUM-COBALT AND PLUTONIUM-CERIUM-NICKEL ALLOYS. United States. ...
Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Plutonium/Atomic_mass&oldid=721328" ...
Die chemiese element plutonium (Pu), met n atoommassa van ongeveer 239 u, het geen stabiele isotope nie en word dus as n ... Altesaam 21 isotope van plutonium is bekend. 244Pu is met n halfleeftyd van sowat 80 miljoen jaar die stabielste. Die ... Ontsluit van "https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isotope_van_plutonium&oldid=1802208" ...
Work has begun to prepare the Savannah River Plutonium Processing Facility (SRPPF) at the Department of Energys Savannah River ... Site in South Carolina for its future national security mission: the manufacturing of plutonium pits for the National Nuclear ...
Senators ordered a report on the infrastructure needed to make plutonium batteries that power NASA missions to dark parts of ... plutonium production, does not overcharge NASA for plutonium infrastructure upgrades at DOEs Los Alamos National Laboratory in ... Plutonium-238 pellet. Credit: U.S. Department of Energy. WASHINGTON - Ohios U.S. Senate delegation ordered up an extensive ... Ohio Senators Call for Plutonium Power Report with New Bill by Dan Leone July 29, 2015. January 23, 2023. ...
... will allow remote inspections of employees working on the surplus plutonium disposition mission at the Savannah River Site. ... Plutonium is downblended in the glovebox in a process that mixes plutonium oxide with a multicomponent adulterant to enable DOE ... The accelerated surplus plutonium disposition mission is estimated to result in three times as many employees entering the ... The new additions are part of major ongoing infrastructure upgrades to support the sites increased plutonium downblending ...
Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor, its siting concerns, operation, and safety concerns. ... Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor Preliminary Safeguards Analysis One of 774 reports in the series: AEC research and development ... Wittenbrock, N. G. Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor Preliminary Safeguards Analysis, report, June 5, 1958; Richland, Washington ... Report describing the Hanford Atomic Works Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor, its siting concerns, operation, and safety concerns ...
Plutonium alpha particles have an energy of ~5MeV and some of the pancake GM tubes claim detection down to 3MeV. A plutonium ... Plutonium alpha particles have an energy of ~5MeV and some of the pancake GM tubes claim detection down to 3MeV. A plutonium ... THE TRUTH ABOUT GEIGER COUNTERS.. THEY DONT MEASURE PLUTONIUM & URANIUM RADIATION!!!!!!!. PLEASE PIN THIS.. IT IS VERY ... Japan Gov t: Plutonium will no longer be measured Almost impossible for normal person to detect, as geiger counters are ...
Dear friends, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, because many false prophets have gone out into the world ...
... and detection of plutonium by the coupling of an electrochemical flow cell online with an ICP-MS system. Information related to ... Plutonium is shown to be retained on anodized glassy carbon (GC) electrodes at potentials positive of about +0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl ... Plutonium is shown to be retained on anodized glassy carbon (GC) electrodes at potentials positive of about +0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl ... Electrochemically-Modulated Separation, Concentration, and Detection of Plutonium Using an Anodized Glassy Carbon Electrode a ...
On Thursday 12 July 1945 a US Army sedan drove Philip Morrison the 210 miles from Los Alamos to Alamagordo with the plutonium ... Some of the fancy shapes of equipment designed to store plutonium safely, such as harp-shaped vessels for plutonium nitrate ... PLUTONIUMS ALLOTROPES. Lets look more closely at the phase changes. As it warms up it flips through six different crystal ... Plutonium never was "the most toxic substance known to man", as has so often been asserted by its detractors. It is ...
  • Analysts believe that North Korea's nuclear reactors have produced between 30 and 50 kilograms of weapons-grade plutonium (enough for five to 10 nuclear bombs). (koreatimes.co.kr)
  • The Yongbyon five-megawatt reactor provided the North with the weapons-grade plutonium for its first three nuclear tests, starting in 2006. (voanews.com)
  • Nevada officials say they are "outraged" by the Trump administration's " reckless decision " to secretly ship 1,100 pounds of weapons-grade plutonium to a site north of Las Vegas, against the express wishes of state representatives. (vice.com)
  • The scientists propose to burn weapons-grade plutonium in these units, converting it into power and thermal energy. (phys.org)
  • The mixture of thorium and weapons-grade plutonium is the fuel for the new kind of reactors. (phys.org)
  • Sergey Bedenko says, "Large amounts of weapons-grade plutonium were accumulated in the Soviet era. (phys.org)
  • Our technology improves this drawback since it allows burning 97 percent of weapons-grade plutonium. (phys.org)
  • When all weapons-grade plutonium is disposed of, it will be possible to use uranium-235 or uranium-233 in thorium reactors. (phys.org)
  • The remaining 3 percent of processed weapons-grade plutonium does not present a nuclear hazard. (phys.org)
  • Studies in animals have also shown that a larger amount of plutonium that enters the gut of newborn animals is absorbed into the body. (cdc.gov)
  • The likelihood of you developing estimate the total amount of plutonium that has entered cancer depends on how much plutonium you were the body. (cdc.gov)
  • It is nonetheless now part of a much larger amount of plutonium that over the years has gone quietly missing from stockpiles owned by the U.S. military, often without any public notice. (publicintegrity.org)
  • However, some amount of plutonium still remains, and it needs to be disposed of in radioactive waste landfills. (phys.org)
  • Furthermore, while the science team knew that neutron spectroscopy measurements were key to making progress on plutonium's "missing" magnetism, the analysis of previous neutron efforts by other teams taught them their sample needed to be improved in two unique ways: First, typically available plutonium predominantly consists of the isotope plutonium-239, which is highly absorbent of neutrons and would obscure the weak signal they sought. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The team used plutonium-242 instead, an isotope that absorbs far fewer neutrons. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Die chemiese element plutonium (Pu), met 'n atoommassa van ongeveer 239 u , het geen stabiele isotope nie en word dus as 'n radioaktiewe element geklassifiseer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Altesaam 21 isotope van plutonium is bekend. (wikipedia.org)
  • WASHINGTON - Ohio's U.S. Senate delegation ordered up an extensive report on the federal infrastructure required to produce both the nuclear batteries that power NASA missions to dark and distant corners of the solar system, and the plutonium isotope that fuels those batteries. (spacenews.com)
  • Meanwhile, the U.S. is now producing large amounts of Plutonium-238, the plutonium isotope used for space missions. (nationofchange.org)
  • Plutonium-238 is 280 times more radioactive than Plutonium-239, the plutonium isotope used in atomic bombs and as a "trigger" in hydrogen bombs . (nationofchange.org)
  • To ensure they got the right items, the specialists from Idaho brought radiation detectors and small samples of dangerous materials to calibrate them: specifically, a plastic-covered disk of plutonium, a material that can be used to fuel nuclear weapons, and another of cesium, a highly radioactive isotope that could potentially be used in a so-called "dirty" radioactive bomb. (publicintegrity.org)
  • In these conditions another uranium isotope, 236U, may be present together with very small amounts of the transuranic elements plutonium, americium and neptunium and the fission product technetium-99. (who.int)
  • Alpha decay, the release of a high-energy helium nucleus, is the most common form of radioactive decay for plutonium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The half-life is the time it takes for half of the plutonium to undergo radioactive decay and change forms. (cdc.gov)
  • Plutonium will undergo radioactive decay in the environment. (cdc.gov)
  • These units convert waste heat from the radioactive decay of small plutonium-238 pellets into electricity. (spacenews.com)
  • He's one of the few people in the world who can appreciate exactly what it meant when a member of North Korea's nuclear weapons program handed him a glass jar warmed by the radioactive decay of the plutonium inside. (cnet.com)
  • The modest reactor's fuel rods, according to experts, are capable of providing enough plutonium to make at least one bomb per year. (voanews.com)
  • It states: "In addition to the potential human health consequences of launch accidents that could result in a release of plutonium dioxide, environmental impacts could also include contamination of natural vegetation, wetlands, agricultural land, cultural, archaeological and historic sites, urban areas, inland water, and the ocean, as well was impacts on wildlife. (nationofchange.org)
  • The acknowledgement that "an accident resulting in the release of plutonium dioxide from the MMRTG [Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator] occurs with a probability of 1 in 960" is made repeatedly in the SEIS. (nationofchange.org)
  • It was previously shown that late-in-life acute diseases, particularly those that affect the liver, can promote accelerated rates of release of plutonium from the liver with enhanced excretion rates. (bvsalud.org)
  • So prevalent was this mythology by 1977 that Mr Justice Parker, inspector at the Windscale Inquiry into an expansion of plutonium separation in the UK, listed seven "misunderstandings" in his report. (neimagazine.com)
  • He provided several key takeaways for countries that are currently contemplating the initiation or expansion of plutonium fuel - including China, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. (brookings.edu)
  • Research led by Berkeley Lab's Rebecca Abergel, working with the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, has found that plutonium, americium, and other actinides can be transported into cells by an antibacterial protein called siderocalin, which is normally involved in sequestering iron. (sciencedaily.com)
  • These are the first protein structures containing thorium or the transuranic elements plutonium, americium, or curium," Abergel said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Hoffman chose to look for plutonium in these ores since she expected that the geochemistry of plutonium dioxide would be very similar to the geochemistry of thorium dioxide and cerium dioxide minerals, both of which are significant constituents of most lanthanide ores. (atomicinsights.com)
  • [ 15 ] and inhalation of aerosolized plutonium 238 dioxide. (medscape.com)
  • The presence of plutonium-240 limits a plutonium sample's usability for weapons or its quality as reactor fuel, and the percentage of plutonium-240 determines its grade (weapons-grade, fuel-grade, or reactor-grade). (wikipedia.org)
  • The present benchmark concerns a pebble bed modular reactor (PBMR) fuelled with reactor-grade plutonium. (oecd-nea.org)
  • Work has begun to prepare the Savannah River Plutonium Processing Facility (SRPPF) at the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina for its future national security mission: the manufacturing of plutonium pits for the National Nuclear Security Administration. (ans.org)
  • AIKEN, S.C. - The EM program at the Savannah River Site ( SRS ) has received a critical piece of its expanded mission to downblend additional surplus plutonium for permanent disposal and remove it from the state of South Carolina. (energy.gov)
  • The shipment from K Area to EM's Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico marked a momentous milestone culminating from multiple years of effort to prepare for and remove plutonium from South Carolina. (energy.gov)
  • Governor Steve Sisolak called the move an "unacceptable deception" that exposed the "sham" of the state's ongoing negotiations with the Department of Energy (DOE) over the transfer of plutonium from South Carolina. (vice.com)
  • However, since the spent plutonium/uranium fuel is not recycled again and the other fission products are not recycled at all, this limited recycling process only results in a 10% reduction in the total volume of produced waste. (fas.org)
  • Although the benchmark has been specifically designed to provide intercomparisons for plutonium and thorium fuels, phases of calculations for uranium fuel have also been included. (oecd-nea.org)
  • The purpose of these phases is to identify any increased uncertainties, relative to uranium fuel, that are associated with plutonium and thorium fuel. (oecd-nea.org)
  • Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 87.7 years and emits alpha particles. (wikipedia.org)
  • The half-life of plutonium-238 is 87.7 years. (cdc.gov)
  • The plutonium in air, and possibly in drinking water half-life of plutonium-238 is 87.7 years. (cdc.gov)
  • Almost always the toxicity of a substance comes to light when people drop dead, but the radiotoxicity of plutonium was known to Seaborg before he discovered it. (neimagazine.com)
  • Trace amounts of plutonium occur naturally, but large amounts have been produced in nuclear reactors. (cdc.gov)
  • Trace amounts of plutonium occur naturally, but where plutonium is used. (cdc.gov)
  • Plutonium occurs naturally only in tiny quantities and hence has to be produced artificially in a nuclear reactor where it is a normal byproduct of nuclear fission. (koreatimes.co.kr)
  • The sample I have representing plutonium is the naturally occurring mineral muromontite, which is a mixture of uranium and beryllium . (theodoregray.com)
  • The result is that this mineral contains the highest known naturally occurring concentration of plutonium. (theodoregray.com)
  • The United States says North Korea's plutonium production is contrary to its nuclear disarmament commitments and violates resolutions passed by the U.N. Security Council. (globalsecurity.org)
  • I will say as a matter of principle that reprocessing plutonium is contrary to North Korea's own commitments that it committed to in the 2005 joint statement, and also would be a violation of various U.N. Security Council resolutions. (globalsecurity.org)
  • Human radiation experiments studying plutonium were conducted without informed consent, and several criticality accidents, some lethal, occurred after the war. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the EPA's Office of Air and Radiation consider plutonium to be a human carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
  • The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and Plutonium can be measured in the urine and feces even the EPA's Office of Air and Radiation consider plutonium to at very low levels. (cdc.gov)
  • They Dont Measure Plutonium & Uranium Radiation! (godlikeproductions.com)
  • Second there is the problem of criticality: If too much plutonium gets together in a compact form, a spontaneous chain reaction begins which results in a huge increase in the amount of radiation released, and if you have enough, a nuclear explosion. (theodoregray.com)
  • Plutonium, radioactive cesium and several radiation detectors were stolen from a rental car parked in this lot outside of a San Antonio hotel. (publicintegrity.org)
  • Ionizing radiation is emitted by radioactive substances (radionuclides), such as uranium, radon, and plutonium. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Plutonium can stick to particles in soil, sediment, and water. (cdc.gov)
  • The reasoning as I understand it, is that plutonium oxide has many particles which are in the 0.1 micron or so range. (physicsforums.com)
  • I'm told that plutonium batteries were used in pacemakers and that a number still remain implanted in living people. (theodoregray.com)
  • I was just browsing your periodic table site researching plutonium batteries for a project and I came across your reference to plutonium powered pacemakers. (theodoregray.com)
  • There used to be plutonium-based batteries for pacemakers (see sample below). (theodoregray.com)
  • Disposal of plutonium waste from nuclear power plants and dismantled nuclear weapons built during the Cold War is a nuclear-proliferation and environmental concern. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plutonium is also released to the environment from research facilities, waste disposal, nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities, nuclear weapons production facilities, and accidents at facilities where plutonium is used. (cdc.gov)
  • Earlier this year, EM collaborated with the National Nuclear Security Administration at SRS to successfully complete the first shipment of downblended surplus plutonium for permanent disposal from the site's K Area. (energy.gov)
  • Accidental inhalation intake of plutonium isotopes and 241Am occurred at a Pu research facility in Japan in 2017, and the five workers involved in this accident were treated by the administration of Ca/Zn-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). (bvsalud.org)
  • In the case of this sample, however, the neutrons are in turn re-captured by the uranium, which then undergoes further decay and is transformed into plutonium. (theodoregray.com)
  • At the output, a mixture of graphite, plutonium and decay products is formed, which have no industrial applications and can only be buried. (phys.org)
  • On Thursday 12 July 1945 a US Army sedan drove Philip Morrison the 210 miles from Los Alamos to Alamagordo with the plutonium core of the world's first nuclear weapon on his lap. (neimagazine.com)
  • The U.S. Department of Energy and the National Park Service offer free tours from April to November, allowing visitors to roam the halls of the world's first large-scale plutonium production complex, which shuttered operations in 1968. (ieee.org)
  • This article provides some perspective (though, for additional perspective, keep in mind that the article was published by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, the world's largest nuclear weapons research facility, which has a consistently pro-plutonium mind set). (theodoregray.com)
  • Most plutonium is found combined with other substances. (cdc.gov)
  • Most fuel reprocessing facilities, nuclear weapons plutonium is found combined with other substances. (cdc.gov)
  • Plutonium is one of the most highly regulated substances in the world. (theodoregray.com)
  • With all the media hoopla last week about the Perseverance rover, frequently unreported was that its energy source is plutonium-considered the most lethal of all radioactive substances-and nowhere in media that NASA projected 1-in-960 odds of the plutonium being released in an accident on the mission. (nationofchange.org)
  • More than a year later, state and federal officials don't know where the plutonium - one of the most valuable and dangerous substances on earth - is. (publicintegrity.org)
  • The low melting point as well as the reactivity of the native metal compared to the oxide leads to plutonium oxides being a preferred form for applications such as nuclear fission reactor fuel (MOX-fuel). (wikipedia.org)
  • The environmental pressure group Greenpeace says it is on its way to France to pick up 1 tonne of plutonium extracted from spent nuclear fuel at the Cap La Hague reprocessing plant. (newscientist.com)
  • The plutonium will fuel Japan's prototype fast-breeder reactors and conventional commercial nuclear power stations as part of Tokyo's long-term strategy of closing the nuclear fuel cycle by recycling spent fuel. (newscientist.com)
  • North Korea announced Tuesday it has produced more material for use in nuclear weapons and has made substantial progress in turning plutonium into fuel for nuclear bombs. (globalsecurity.org)
  • Unnamed U.S. and U.N. officials say North Korea is again using spent nuclear fuel to process plutonium at the Yongbyon facility. (voanews.com)
  • The uranium would be sent to a low-level waste repository (although there is some argument about that), the fission products would go to a long-term geological repository, presumably Yucca Mountain, but that too is not absolutely certain, and the plutonium and other transuranics would be completely burned up as nuclear fuel in a "close-cycle" reaction. (fas.org)
  • The process, called PUREX, separates the plutonium and uranium from the waste stream where they are re-used as fuel in a commercial nuclear reactor. (fas.org)
  • NASA's supplies of Plutonium-238, the fuel of choice for deep-space missions, has been running low. (csmonitor.com)
  • Plutonium-238 is the fuel of choice for deep-space exploration. (csmonitor.com)
  • NASA is required by law to fund DOE's plutonium-238 production because Congress in 2012 deemed the space agency the primary user of the fuel. (spacenews.com)
  • Explaining the Global Decline of MOX which provides a comparative study of all seven countries that have commercially used or produced plutonium fuel for nuclear energy, namely Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. (brookings.edu)
  • His findings, based on field research in each country, explain why five of the seven countries have already decided to phase out plutonium fuel - with the exception of France and Japan. (brookings.edu)
  • The Apocalypse Factory traces the pathway from the discovery of plutonium to the rise of immense production facilities in Washington State to fuel the US nuclear arsenal, with riveting details about the nearly aborted mission to bomb Nagasaki…Steve Olson leaves much to ponder, and he calls on our collective ingenuity to address the threat that nuclear weapons pose today. (rjjulia.com)
  • In a recent paper in the journal Science Advances , Marc Janoschek from Los Alamos, the paper's lead scientist, explains that plutonium is not devoid of magnetism, but in fact its magnetism is just in a constant state of flux, making it nearly impossible to detect. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Plutonium was first produced in 1940 and its unstable nucleus allows it to undergo fission, making it useful for nuclear fuels as well as for nuclear weapons. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio) and Robert Portman (R-Ohio), NASA and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy would take the lead on a study to determine the space agency's exact requirements for radioisotope power systems, the plutonium-238 that fuels them, and the risks to planned missions if those needs are not met. (spacenews.com)
  • The plutonium is being held at the Nevada National Security Site near Yucca Mountain, in the complex's Device Assembly Facility (DAF). (vice.com)
  • In addition, there are concerns that an increased supply of concentrated plutonium creates a risk of nuclear proliferation. (fas.org)
  • With respect to the particular issue of war, I will thus now advance the thesis - it may seem counterintuitive given common parlance for more than half a century - that the best route to minimizing the risk of nuclear war is to make more plutonium, not less of it. (atomicinsights.com)
  • Plutonium was first synthetically produced and isolated in late 1940 and early 1941, by a deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 1.5-metre (60 in) cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. (wikipedia.org)
  • Siegfried Hecker, former director of Los Alamos and one of the foremost international authorities on plutonium science, said, "The article by M. Janoschek, et al. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Plutonium-240 exhibits a high rate of spontaneous fission, raising the neutron flux of any sample containing it. (wikipedia.org)
  • The plan was to take waste from light water reactors (that is, the normal nuclear reactors producing electricity around the country today), separate it into three parts: the comparatively innocuous uranium, the fission products, and the plutonium and other heaviest elements, or transuranics. (fas.org)
  • Surrounded by graphite, the uranium was transformed by nuclear fission into plutonium. (ieee.org)
  • The main health effect from exposure to plutonium is cancer which may occur years after exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • The second was a dose-assessment approach that utilized existing data to estimate radiological doses from exposure to plutonium contaminated sewage sludge and compared the estimated doses with those that have caused sickness or death. (nih.gov)
  • The radiochemical analysis of plutonium activity in urine is the main method for indirect estimation of doses of internal exposure from plutonium incorporation in professional workers. (bvsalud.org)
  • The new additions are part of major ongoing infrastructure upgrades to support the site's increased plutonium downblending operations. (energy.gov)
  • It began with plutonium, the first element ever manufactured in quantity by humans. (rjjulia.com)
  • The plutonium ship, the Akatsuki Maru, formerly the Pacific Crane, left its Yokohama berth secretly at dawn last weekend, its name and port blanked out to hide its identity. (newscientist.com)
  • In addition, plutonium typically adsorbs hydrogen, which leads to strong spurious signals exactly where the magnetic signals were suspected. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The first scale of electronegativity was developed by Linus Pauling and on his scale plutonium has a value of 1.28 on a scale running from from about 0.7 (an estimate for francium) to 2.20 (for hydrogen) to 3.98 (fluorine). (webelements.com)
  • Much less known, however, is that the electronic cloud surrounding the plutonium nucleus is equally unstable and makes plutonium the most electronically complex element in the periodic table, with intriguingly intricate properties for a simple elemental metal. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Opponents of the shipments say they increase the risk of plutonium falling into the hands of terrorists or unstable governments, which could use it to build nuclear weapons. (newscientist.com)
  • A recently delivered Security Inspectors Operation Area, seen here being moved into the main production area in K Area, will allow remote inspections of employees working on the surplus plutonium disposition mission at the Savannah River Site. (energy.gov)
  • The accelerated surplus plutonium disposition mission is estimated to result in three times as many employees entering the facility. (energy.gov)
  • Plutonium releases from the U.S. nuclear weapons laboratory in Livermore, California resulted in the contamination of sewage sludge. (nih.gov)
  • Other sources of plutonium in the environment are fallout from numerous above-ground nuclear tests, which are now banned. (wikipedia.org)
  • The governments of Indonesia and South Africa have banned the convoys from their waters until the Japanese authorities can prove that the plutonium containers can withstand accidents or attacks by terrorists. (newscientist.com)
  • In the desert of eastern Washington State, far from prying eyes, scientists Glenn Seaborg, Enrico Fermi, and many thousands of others-the physicists, engineers, laborers, and support staff at the facility-manufactured plutonium for the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, and for the bombs in the current American nuclear arsenal, enabling the construction of weapons with the potential to end human civilization. (rjjulia.com)
  • South Korea's government on Wednesday declined to directly confirm the reported resumption of plutonium production in North Korea but said it is "watching the relevant movements closely with serious concern. (voanews.com)
  • Fourteen cases from former workers at the Mayak Production Association (Mayak PA) who provided from 4-9 urine plutonium bioassays for plutonium, had an autopsy conducted after death, and had sufficient clinical records to document their health status were used in this study. (bvsalud.org)
  • Plutonium, like most metals, has a bright silvery appearance at first, much like nickel, but it oxidizes very quickly to a dull gray, although yellow and olive green are also reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has a low melting point (640 °C, 1,184 °F) and an unusually high boiling point (3,228 °C, 5,842 °F). This gives a large range of temperatures (over 2,500 kelvin wide) at which plutonium is liquid, but this range is neither the greatest among all actinides nor among all metals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The resistivity of plutonium at room temperature is very high for a metal, and it gets even higher with lower temperatures, which is unusual for metals. (wikipedia.org)
  • An earlier version of this article referred to the plutonium shipment as nuclear waste. (vice.com)
  • The half-life of plutonium-239 is 24,100 years. (cdc.gov)
  • plutonium-239 is 24,100 years. (cdc.gov)
  • Plutonium is radioactive and must be handled with great care, so the approval process for this experiment lasted two years before the project was finally accepted. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The shipments, which over the next 20 years are likely to ferry as much as 30 tonnes of plutonium from Cap La Hague and its British equivalent at Sellafield, have aroused international protest. (newscientist.com)
  • The U.S. stopped producing Plutonium-238 in 1988, and it began obtaining it from Russia, in recent years no longer happening. (nationofchange.org)
  • A series of NASA space shots using Plutonium-238 are planned for coming years. (nationofchange.org)
  • A '1-in-960 chance' of a deadly plutonium release is a real concern-gamblers in Las Vegas would be happy with those odds. (nationofchange.org)
  • A '1-in-960 chance' of a deadly plutonium release is a real concern-gamblers in Las Vegas would be happy with those odds," says Bruce Gagnon, coordinator of the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space. (nationofchange.org)
  • Thus there exists a psychological impetus, if not a rational impetus, always to associate plutonium with war, and the fear associated with this element has often caused its name to be written or spoken after adjectives like "deadly" and "dangerous" though plutonium need be neither of these things. (atomicinsights.com)
  • In practice, though considerable inventories of it exist, plutonium is seldom either deadly or dangerous - indeed many lives have been saved by plutonium - but, as it is not new to tragedy that fear is often more powerful than reason, and thus this questionable and unfortunate association continues. (atomicinsights.com)
  • Electrochemically-Modulated Separation, Concentration, and Detection of Plutonium Using an Anodized Glassy Carbon Electrode a. (ornl.gov)
  • The retained Pu is released upon potential shifts to values negative of about +0.3 V. This phenomena has been exploited for the separation, concentration, and detection of plutonium by the coupling of an electrochemical flow cell online with an ICP-MS system. (ornl.gov)
  • NASA was compelled to make disclosures about the odds of an accident releasing plutonium, alternatives to using nuclear power on the Perseverance and consequences of a plutonium release under the National Environmental Policy Act. (nationofchange.org)
  • A solar alternative to the use of plutonium on the mission is addressed at the start of the SEIS in a "Description and Comparison of Alternatives" section. (nationofchange.org)
  • For an accident releasing plutonium on the Perseverance launch-and 1 in 100 rockets undergo major malfunctions on launch mostly by blowing up-NASA in its SEIS described these impacts for the area around the Cape Kennedy under a heading "Impacts of Radiological Releases on the Environment. (nationofchange.org)
  • Doses are presented for various arrival times and for both plutonium- and uranium-fueled detonations. (cdc.gov)
  • Plutonium is the most complex and perplexing element in the periodic table, say scientists with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory near San Francisco. (neimagazine.com)
  • Unbeknownst to Nevada officials, the DOE had already shipped the plutonium to Nevada, according to legal filings released Wednesday . (vice.com)
  • When asked, officials at the lab and in San Antonio declined to say exactly how much plutonium and cesium were missing. (publicintegrity.org)
  • The worst U.S. accident involving the use of nuclear power in space came in 1964 when the U.S. satellite Transit 5BN-3, powered by a SNAP-9A plutonium-fueled radioisotope thermoelectric generator, failed to achieve orbit and fell from the sky. (nationofchange.org)
  • Science writer Olson ( Eruption ) delivers a lucid, fast-paced chronicle of the discovery and weaponization of plutonium and the unforeseen consequences of the nuclear arms race. (rjjulia.com)
  • Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol Pu and atomic number 94. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plutonium is the element with the highest atomic number to occur in nature. (wikipedia.org)
  • The world at large learned of nuclear war pretty much at the same time as it learned of the existence of a "new" element, plutonium, about which we now know a great deal more than we did at the time of the announcement. (atomicinsights.com)
  • While conventional theories have successfully explained plutonium's complex structural properties, they also predict that plutonium should order magnetically. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Hanford, the vast complex that bred plutonium for the first atomic bombs on the banks of the mighty Columbia River in eastern Washington, has never had its full story told. (rjjulia.com)
  • It has been found to cause lung, liver, and bone cancer in plutonium workers. (cdc.gov)
  • This initial study examines the relationships of some chronic diseases on plutonium excretion as well as the terminal relative distribution of plutonium between the liver and skeleton. (bvsalud.org)
  • Enhanced plutonium excretion was associated with more serious chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and other diseases that involved the liver. (bvsalud.org)
  • These chronic diseases were also associated with relatively less plutonium found in the liver relative to the skeleton determined by analyses conducted after autopsy. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is radioactive and can accumulate in bones, which makes the handling of plutonium dangerous. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies in young animals have shown that a larger amount of the plutonium deposited in the lung will move to growing bones. (cdc.gov)
  • Edward Teller, who used plutonium to trigger a thermonuclear reaction for his H-bomb, died aged 94. (neimagazine.com)