17-Hydroxycorticosteroids
Cushing Syndrome
Pituitary Neoplasms
Acromegaly
Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Pituitary Diseases
Pituitary Hormones
Oligodendroglioma
Encyclopedias as Topic
Brain Neoplasms
Glioma
Astrocytoma
Neuroglia
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Growth Hormone
Human Growth Hormone
Research
Receptors, Somatotropin
Hormones
Bromocriptine treatment of female infertility: report of 13 pregnancies. (1/22)
Thirteen pregnancies occurred in 12 women who were treated with bromocriptine for infertility. Pretreatment prolactin levels were recorded in 11 patients and were normal in three. Five patients had suspected pituitary tumours, and they received irradiation to prevent swelling of the pituitary and the consequent visual field defects caused by the pressure of the swollen gland on the optic nerve. Ten of the 13 pregnancies have come to term, and all the babies were normal. When a patient with a pituitary tumour developed a visual field defect in the 38th week of pregnancy labour was induced and the defect disappeared after delivery. No multiple pregnancies occurred and there were no major complications. (+info)Delayed radiation necrosis of the central nervous system in patients irradiated for pituitary tumours. (2/22)
Four cases of delayed radiation necrosis involving the CNS were found in a group of 46 patients irradiated for pituitary tumours over a six year period. This occurred in three of 11 patients with Cushing's disease representing an incidence of 27% in this group. There were no cases among 11 patients with acromegaly or among seven with prolactinomas. One case (6%) was found in the 17 patients with chromophobe adenomas. Standard doses of radiation were delivered to these patients and the findings support suggestions that the metabolic disturbances of Cushing's disease may reduce tolerance to radiation. Our results and a literature review indicate that if radiotherapy is used to treat Cushing's disease, the total dose should be less than 50 Gy at 2 Gy per day fractionation. (+info)Prolactin secreting pituitary carcinoma. (3/22)
A man with a prolactin secreting pituitary carcinoma was treated by surgery and radiotherapy. Persistent hyperprolactinaemia partially responded to oral bromocriptine for four years. Serum prolactin then rose considerably with rapid, invasive tumour recurrence. Cytotoxic chemotherapy halted tumour progression for twelve months before fatal spread throughout the brain. Failure to normalise serum prolactin with bromocriptine may precede an aggressive course in patients with prolactinoma. (+info)Long-term anterior pituitary function in patients with paediatric Cushing's disease treated with pituitary radiotherapy. (4/22)
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Pituitary radiotherapy (RT) is an effective second-line treatment for paediatric Cushing's disease (CD). Although the short-term effects of pituitary RT are well documented, there are less data on possible long-term sequelae. We report the long-term anterior pituitary function in a cohort of paediatric CD patients treated with pituitary RT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1983 and 2006, 12 paediatric CD patients (10 males and 2 females) of mean age 11.4 years at diagnosis (range 6.4-17.4) underwent second-line pituitary RT (45 Gy in 25 fractions), following unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery. Out of 12, 11 patients were cured by RT (cure interval 0.13-2.86 years) defined by mean serum cortisol of <150 nmol/l on 5-point day curve and midnight sleeping cortisol of <50 nmol/l. Long-term data are available for six male patients, who received RT at the age of 7.0-17.6 years. The mean follow-up from the completion of RT was 10.5 years (6.6-16.5). RESULTS: At a mean of 1.0 year (0.11-2.54) following RT, GH deficiency (peak GH <1-17.9 mU/l) was present in five out of six patients. On retesting at a mean of 9.3 years (7.6-11.3) after RT, three out of four patients were GH sufficient (peak GH 19.2-50.4 mU/l). Other anterior pituitary functions including serum prolactin in five out of six patients were normal on follow-up. All the six patients had testicular volumes of 20-25 ml at the age of 14.5-28.5 years. CONCLUSION: This series of patients illustrates the absence of serious long-term pituitary deficiency after RT and emphasises the importance of continued surveillance. (+info)Craniopharyngiomas. Historical aspects of their management. (5/22)
The history of the management of craniopharyngiomas offers a comprehensive review of the exciting progress in neurosurgery, neuroimaging, neuroendocrinology and radiation oncology during the last century. In this historical note, we present the evolution in management of these most challenging of brain tumours, which, despite the substantial knowledge and expertise gained since the first attempt of surgical removal, remains a subject of considerable debate. (+info)Combined reserpine and pituitary irradiation therapy for Cushing's disease patients following unsuccessful transsphenoidal microsurgery. (6/22)
The effectiveness of treatment with reserpine and pituitary irradiation, and with reserpine alone was evaluated in three female patients with Cushing's disease whose transsphenoidal pituitary microsurgery (TPM) had been unsuccessful. In these patients, endocrinological examination after the surgery demonstrated a recurrence of the disease although the microadenomas had apparently been curetted out from the pituitary in all patients. The first patient therefore received 1.0-2.0 mg/day of reserpine with 60 Gy x-ray irradiation, and there was complete remission within 3 months and the patient remained asymptomatic even when reserpine was reduced to 0.1 mg/day 10 years later. The second case was treated with low dose x-ray (20 Gy) and reserpine (0.5-2.0 mg/day), which were also effective. However, 2 weeks discontinuation of the drug caused urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and serum cortisol to increase abnormally again, but these were finally re-normalized by an additional administration of reserpine. The third case was given reserpine alone (1.0-2.0 mg/day). She also had a remission in 3 months and the treatment was continued for one year, requiring no further treatment. These results suggest that additional treatment with reserpine and pituitary irradiation or with reserpine alone after unsuccessful TPM may be an effective alternative for patients with Cushing's disease. (+info)Repeat pituitary ablation for advanced prostatic cancer. (7/22)
An elderly male patient with advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma, requiring increasing analgesia, underwent interstitial pituitary irradiation by implantation of yttrium-90. He was temporarily relieved of his pain. Assessment of his anterior pituitary function showed only partial ablation. He therefore underwent a second implantation. This achieved complete ablation, and only when this was achieved did he experience full and sustained pain relief. We recommend assessment of anterior pituitary function in patients treated by pituitary ablation for carcinoma of the prostate, and especially in those in whom the disease progresses after initial success response. (+info)Sebum excretion in acromegaly. (8/22)
The sebum excretion rate (S.E.R.) was measured in 20 patients with acromegaly. Eleven were untreated at the time of the measurement and nine had previously undergone surgical hypophysectomy or had received pituitary irradiation by yttrium-90 or radiotherapy. In five patients the S.E.R. was measured before and after such treatment. The mean S.E.R. in the untreated acromegalics was much greater than in a normal population and decreased significantly after successful pituitary ablation. No significant decrease in mean S.E.R. occurred in the group of patients with a poor clinical response to ablation. The correlations between S.E.R. and log serum growth hormone, plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid levels, and heel-pad thickness were significant, but there was no significant correlation between S.E.R. and serum protein-bound iodine levels. This suggests that the changes in S.E.R. were due to pituitary ablation but could not necessarily be attributed solely to changes in growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, or adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The association between the clinical state of the acromegaly and the S.E.R. was better than the association between acromegaly and serum growth hormone. We conclude that the S.E.R. is a useful addition to the clinical and endocrinological data used in assessing acromegaly. (+info)Pituitary irradiation is a medical procedure that involves the use of targeted radiation therapy to treat conditions affecting the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland controls various hormonal functions in the body, and any abnormalities or tumors in this area can lead to hormonal imbalances and other related health issues.
In pituitary irradiation, a radiation oncologist uses external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) to deliver precise and focused doses of high-energy radiation to the pituitary gland. The goal is to destroy or shrink the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. This procedure can be used as a primary treatment option, an adjuvant therapy following surgery, or in cases where surgical intervention is not feasible or has been unsuccessful.
The effects of pituitary irradiation on hormone production may take months or even years to manifest fully. Patients will typically require regular follow-ups with their healthcare team to monitor hormonal levels and manage any potential side effects, which can include fatigue, headaches, vision changes, and cognitive impairment. In some cases, hormone replacement therapy might be necessary to address hormonal deficiencies resulting from the treatment.
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal gland. They are formed from the metabolism of cortisol, which is a hormone that helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response. 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids include compounds such as cortisone and corticosterone.
These hormones have various functions in the body, including:
* Regulation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
* Suppression of the immune system
* Modulation of the stress response
* Influence on blood pressure and electrolyte balance
Abnormal levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids can indicate problems with the adrenal gland or pituitary gland, which regulates adrenal function. They are often measured in urine or blood tests to help diagnose conditions such as Cushing's syndrome (overproduction of cortisol) and Addison's disease (underproduction of cortisol).
Cushing syndrome is a hormonal disorder that occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time. This can happen due to various reasons such as taking high doses of corticosteroid medications or tumors that produce cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
The symptoms of Cushing syndrome may include:
* Obesity, particularly around the trunk and upper body
* Thinning of the skin, easy bruising, and purple or red stretch marks on the abdomen, thighs, breasts, and arms
* Weakened bones, leading to fractures
* High blood pressure
* High blood sugar
* Mental changes such as depression, anxiety, and irritability
* Increased fatigue and weakness
* Menstrual irregularities in women
* Decreased fertility in men
Cushing syndrome can be diagnosed through various tests, including urine and blood tests to measure cortisol levels, saliva tests, and imaging tests to locate any tumors. Treatment depends on the cause of the condition but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or adjusting medication dosages.
Pituitary neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with most being benign. They can vary in size and may cause various symptoms depending on their location, size, and hormonal activity.
Pituitary neoplasms can produce and secrete excess hormones, leading to a variety of endocrine disorders such as Cushing's disease (caused by excessive ACTH production), acromegaly (caused by excessive GH production), or prolactinoma (caused by excessive PRL production). They can also cause local compression symptoms due to their size, leading to headaches, vision problems, and cranial nerve palsies.
The exact causes of pituitary neoplasms are not fully understood, but genetic factors, radiation exposure, and certain inherited conditions may increase the risk of developing these tumors. Treatment options for pituitary neoplasms include surgical removal, radiation therapy, and medical management with drugs that can help control hormonal imbalances.
Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder that typically occurs in middle-aged adults. It results from the pituitary gland producing too much growth hormone (GH) during adulthood. The excessive production of GH leads to abnormal growth of body tissues, particularly in the hands, feet, and face.
The term "acromegaly" is derived from two Greek words: "akros," meaning extremities, and "megaly," meaning enlargement. In most cases, acromegaly is caused by a benign tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland, which results in overproduction of GH.
Common symptoms include enlarged hands and feet, coarse facial features, deepened voice, joint pain, and sweating. If left untreated, acromegaly can lead to serious complications such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and arthritis. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, or medication to control GH production.
The pituitary gland is a small, endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is often called the "master gland" because it controls other glands and makes the hormones that trigger many body functions. The pituitary gland measures about 0.5 cm in height and 1 cm in width, and it weighs approximately 0.5 grams.
The pituitary gland is divided into two main parts: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). The anterior lobe is further divided into three zones: the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. Each part of the pituitary gland has distinct functions and produces different hormones.
The anterior pituitary gland produces and releases several important hormones, including:
* Growth hormone (GH), which regulates growth and development in children and helps maintain muscle mass and bone strength in adults.
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which controls the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
* Prolactin, which stimulates milk production in pregnant and lactating women.
The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus:
* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling urine production.
* Oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk release during breastfeeding.
Overall, the pituitary gland plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive function.
The anterior pituitary, also known as the adenohypophysis, is the front portion of the pituitary gland. It is responsible for producing and secreting several important hormones that regulate various bodily functions. These hormones include:
* Growth hormone (GH), which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in bones and other tissues.
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which regulates the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulate reproductive function in both males and females by controlling the development and release of eggs or sperm.
* Prolactin, which stimulates milk production in pregnant and nursing women.
* Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), which regulates skin pigmentation and appetite.
The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus, a small region of the brain located just above it. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary. These hormones are released into a network of blood vessels called the portal system, which carries them directly to the anterior pituitary gland.
Damage or disease of the anterior pituitary can lead to hormonal imbalances and various medical conditions, such as growth disorders, thyroid dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency, reproductive problems, and diabetes insipidus.
Pituitary diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is responsible for producing and secreting several important hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, stress response, and reproduction.
Pituitary diseases can be classified into two main categories:
1. Pituitary tumors: These are abnormal growths in or around the pituitary gland that can affect its function. Pituitary tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can vary in size. Some pituitary tumors produce excess hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms, while others may not produce any hormones but can still cause problems by compressing nearby structures in the brain.
2. Pituitary gland dysfunction: This refers to conditions that affect the normal function of the pituitary gland without the presence of a tumor. Examples include hypopituitarism, which is a condition characterized by decreased production of one or more pituitary hormones, and Sheehan's syndrome, which occurs when the pituitary gland is damaged due to severe blood loss during childbirth.
Symptoms of pituitary diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the hormones that are affected. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.
Pituitary hormones are chemical messengers produced and released by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls several other endocrine glands and regulates various bodily functions.
There are two main types of pituitary hormones: anterior pituitary hormones and posterior pituitary hormones, which are produced in different parts of the pituitary gland and have distinct functions.
Anterior pituitary hormones include:
1. Growth hormone (GH): regulates growth and metabolism.
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH): regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
5. Prolactin: stimulates milk production in lactating women.
6. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): regulates skin pigmentation and appetite.
Posterior pituitary hormones include:
1. Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during lactation.
2. Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH): regulates water balance in the body by controlling urine production in the kidneys.
Overall, pituitary hormones play crucial roles in regulating growth, development, metabolism, reproductive function, and various other bodily functions. Abnormalities in pituitary hormone levels can lead to a range of medical conditions, such as dwarfism, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, infertility, and diabetes insipidus.
Oligodendroglioma is a type of brain tumor that originates from the glial cells, specifically the oligodendrocytes, which normally provide support and protection for the nerve cells (neurons) within the brain. This type of tumor is typically slow-growing and located in the cerebrum, particularly in the frontal or temporal lobes.
Oligodendrogliomas are characterized by their distinct appearance under a microscope, where the tumor cells have a round nucleus with a clear halo around it, resembling a "fried egg." They often contain calcifications and have a tendency to infiltrate the brain tissue, making them difficult to completely remove through surgery.
Oligodendrogliomas are classified based on their genetic profile, which includes the presence or absence of certain chromosomal abnormalities like 1p/19q co-deletion. This genetic information can help predict the tumor's behavior and response to specific treatments. Overall, oligodendrogliomas tend to have a better prognosis compared to other types of brain tumors, but their treatment and management depend on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health, and the extent of the tumor.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Brain neoplasms, also known as brain tumors, are abnormal growths of cells within the brain. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign brain tumors typically grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause serious problems if they press on sensitive areas of the brain. Malignant brain tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can grow quickly, invading surrounding brain tissue and spreading to other parts of the brain or spinal cord.
Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain, including glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), neurons (nerve cells that transmit signals in the brain), and meninges (the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). They can also result from the spread of cancer cells from other parts of the body, known as metastatic brain tumors.
Symptoms of brain neoplasms may vary depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis in the limbs, difficulty with balance and coordination, changes in speech or vision, confusion, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality.
Treatment for brain neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.
A glioma is a type of tumor that originates from the glial cells in the brain. Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for nerve cells (neurons) within the central nervous system, including providing nutrients, maintaining homeostasis, and insulating neurons.
Gliomas can be classified into several types based on the specific type of glial cell from which they originate. The most common types include:
1. Astrocytoma: Arises from astrocytes, a type of star-shaped glial cells that provide structural support to neurons.
2. Oligodendroglioma: Develops from oligodendrocytes, which produce the myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers.
3. Ependymoma: Originate from ependymal cells, which line the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) in the brain and spinal cord.
4. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): A highly aggressive and malignant type of astrocytoma that tends to spread quickly within the brain.
Gliomas can be further classified based on their grade, which indicates how aggressive and fast-growing they are. Lower-grade gliomas tend to grow more slowly and may be less aggressive, while higher-grade gliomas are more likely to be aggressive and rapidly growing.
Symptoms of gliomas depend on the location and size of the tumor but can include headaches, seizures, cognitive changes, and neurological deficits such as weakness or paralysis in certain parts of the body. Treatment options for gliomas may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
Astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor that arises from astrocytes, which are star-shaped glial cells in the brain. These tumors can occur in various parts of the brain and can have different grades of malignancy, ranging from low-grade (I or II) to high-grade (III or IV). Low-grade astrocytomas tend to grow slowly and may not cause any symptoms for a long time, while high-grade astrocytomas are more aggressive and can grow quickly, causing neurological problems.
Symptoms of astrocytoma depend on the location and size of the tumor but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, difficulty speaking or swallowing, changes in vision or behavior, and memory loss. Treatment options for astrocytomas include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The prognosis for astrocytoma varies widely depending on the grade and location of the tumor, as well as the age and overall health of the patient.
Neuroglia, also known as glial cells or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for neurons in the nervous system. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers, and provide structural support. They also play a role in the immune response of the central nervous system. Some types of neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
Central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms refer to a group of abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the brain or spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant, and their growth can compress or disrupt the normal functioning of surrounding brain or spinal cord tissue.
Benign CNS neoplasms are slow-growing and rarely spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause significant problems if they grow large enough to put pressure on vital structures within the brain or spinal cord. Malignant CNS neoplasms, on the other hand, are aggressive tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue. They may also spread to other parts of the CNS or, rarely, to other organs in the body.
CNS neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain or spinal cord, including nerve cells, glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), and supportive tissues such as blood vessels. The specific type of CNS neoplasm is often used to help guide treatment decisions and determine prognosis.
Symptoms of CNS neoplasms can vary widely depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis, vision or hearing changes, balance problems, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality. Treatment options for CNS neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
Growth Hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration by stimulating the production of another hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the liver and other tissues. GH also has important metabolic functions, such as increasing glucose levels, enhancing protein synthesis, and reducing fat storage. Its secretion is regulated by two hypothalamic hormones: growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which stimulates its release, and somatostatin (SRIF), which inhibits its release. Abnormal levels of GH can lead to various medical conditions, such as dwarfism or gigantism if there are deficiencies or excesses, respectively.
Human Growth Hormone (HGH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone produced in the pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in human development and growth by stimulating the production of another hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 promotes the growth and reproduction of cells throughout the body, particularly in bones and other tissues. HGH also helps regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function. It is essential for human development and continues to have important effects throughout life. The secretion of HGH decreases with age, which is thought to contribute to the aging process.
Research, in the context of medicine, is a systematic and rigorous process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding, develop new knowledge, or evaluate current practices and interventions. It can involve various methodologies such as observational studies, experiments, surveys, or literature reviews. The goal of medical research is to advance health care by identifying new treatments, improving diagnostic techniques, and developing prevention strategies. Medical research is typically conducted by teams of researchers including clinicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals. It is subject to ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure that it is conducted responsibly and with the best interests of patients in mind.
Somatotropin receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that binds to and gets activated by the hormone somatotropin, also known as growth hormone (GH). These receptors are found in many tissues throughout the body, including the liver, muscle, and fat. When somatotropin binds to its receptor, it activates a series of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate various physiological processes such as growth, metabolism, and cell reproduction.
Somatotropin receptors belong to the class I cytokine receptor family and are composed of two subunits, a homodimer of extracellular glycoproteins that bind to the hormone and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain that activates downstream signaling pathways. Mutations in the somatotropin receptor gene can lead to growth disorders such as dwarfism or gigantism, depending on whether the mutation results in a decrease or increase in receptor activity.
Hormones are defined as chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands or specialized cells and are transported through the bloodstream to tissues and organs, where they elicit specific responses. They play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes such as growth, development, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. Examples of hormones include insulin, estrogen, testosterone, adrenaline, and thyroxine.
Oligodendroglioma
Delayed puberty
Side effects of radiotherapy on fertility
Tesamorelin
List of MeSH codes (E02)
Growth hormone therapy
Octreotide
Adrenal insufficiency
The Svedberg Laboratory
Growth hormone deficiency
Canine brain tumors
NFKB2
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
Lars Leksell
Brain tumor
Medulloblastoma
Adult neurogenesis
Immunolabeling
Indium-111
Cyanazine
Proton therapy
Polyestradiol phosphate
Nausea
Thyroid nodule
Radiation therapy
High-dose estrogen therapy
Health effects of Bisphenol A
Nafarelin
Age and female fertility
Serotonin
Reversible anosmia after pituitary irradiation<...
Radiation Studies: Nasopharyngeal Radium Irradiation (NRI) - Home | CDC RSB
Oligodendroglioma - Wikipedia
Amenorrhea: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Proton beam therapy | British Journal of Cancer
Abstract Search
Hyposomatotropism (Growth Hormone Deficiency): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Etiology
Lilia N. Loredo, MD - Publications | Loma Linda University
7. Management of Patients with Residual or Recurrent Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas - cns.org
Workshop: Publ. Health Response to Nasopharyngeal Radium Irradiation
Sandostatin, Sandostatin LAR (octreotide) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more
Parlodel (Bromocriptine Mesylate): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning
A Case of Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Macroadenoma
Pegvisomant - wikidoc
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in Sports, Health, and Socie... : Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Gonadotoxicité des traitements anti-cancéreux chez l'enfant - Académie nationale de médecine | Une institution dans son temps
食管癌 - 医生与科室 - 妙佑医疗国际
Brain tumor - Doctors and departments - Mayo Clinic
Endocrine update: There's more to cats than thyroids and diabetes (Proceedings)
Clinical Trials Register
Global ETD Search
Clinical and Humanistic Aspects of Growth Hormone Deficiency and Growth-Related Disorders
Nelson's syndrome
Sandostatin LAR Depot - Drug Information from Guideline Central
BRCA1 and Tip60 determine the cellular response to ultraviolet irradiation through distinct pathways | Journal of Cell Biology...
Long-term follow-up of survivors of childhood cancer (SIGN Clinical Guideline 132) | ADC Education & Practice Edition
Oncologic Therapies
Search Results | EC
Adenoma16
- We report the development of anosmia in a patient receiving irradiation for a pituitary adenoma that persisted for 21 months before resolution. (wustl.edu)
- citation needed] A single case report has linked oligodendroglioma to irradiation of pituitary adenoma. (wikipedia.org)
- NFPA = nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, SRS = stereotactic radiosurgery, XRT = fractionated radiation therapy. (cns.org)
- It results from the loss of feedback control of serum cortisol which leads to the development of an enlarging pituitary adenoma in 15-20% of cases. (gpnotebook.com)
- Gigantism and acromegaly are syndromes of excessive secretion of growth hormone (hypersomatotropism) that are nearly always due to a pituitary adenoma. (msdmanuals.com)
- Left image shows a 64-year-old woman who presented with acromegaly due to a pituitary adenoma. (msdmanuals.com)
- Pituitary apoplexy occurs when a pituitary adenoma either spontaneously hemorrhages or grows in such a way as to compress and cut off its own blood supply, resulting in tumor cell death, bleeding, and acute swelling . (symptoma.com)
- In this report, we present a 42-year-old man who had been diagnosed of pituitary adenoma presented with a sudden onset of unconsciousness , left hemiplegia and right ptosis. (symptoma.com)
- To assess the effect of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition on pituitary adenoma cells, rat GH3 or MMQ cells were treated with the clinically useful mTOR inhibitors, rapamycin or RAD001. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- These data may support a possible therapeutic role for mTOR inhibitors in limiting the cellular proliferation and radioresistance of pituitary adenoma cells. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- 10 ] Thus, the identification of novel therapeutic targets to limit cellular growth and/or to enhance radiosensitivity of pituitary adenoma may significantly improve patient care. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- 2 3 11 ] Based on our recent demonstration that basal Akt activation increased cellular growth in pituitary adenoma, we herein tested the hypothesis that mTOR activation, downstream from Akt signaling, may increase the growth and survival of pituitary adenoma cells. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- Our data suggest mTOR promotes pituitary adenoma growth and radioresistance, indicating a possible therapeutic role for mTOR inhibitors in the clinical management of pituitary tumors. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- Rat GH3 and mouse MMQ pituitary adenoma cells (American Type Tissue Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum, 5% bovine growth serum, and antibiotics in a 37°C humidified incubator at 5% CO 2 . (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- The latency period between initial presentation of a pituitary adenoma and the development of distal metastases marking carcinoma is extremely variable, and some patients may live well over 10 years with pituitary carcinoma. (biomedcentral.com)
- It has a prevalence of approximately 6 per 100,000 persons and is caused by a pituitary adenoma of somatotrophic origin in more than 90% of cases. (medscape.com)
Adenomas13
- Introduction: In the past 10 years, endoscopic resection of pituitary adenomas has become an alternative to microsurgical resection with the additional advantage of increasing the patient s postoperative comfort. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Is it possible to avoid hypopituitarism after the irradiation of pituitary adenomas by the Leksell gamma-knife? (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Radiation therapy is used in the treatment of pituitary adenomas, especially in failures of neurosurgery and pharmacotherapy to reduce the size of adenomas and normalize their hypersecretion. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Despite the advancement of microsurgical and endoscopic techniques, some nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) can be difficult to cure. (cns.org)
- Should patients with recurrent or residual nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) undergo stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), fractionated radiation therapy (eg, XRT, fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy [SRT], or intensity modulated radiotherapy[IMRT]), or repeat resection? (cns.org)
- These recommendations apply to adult patients with recurrent or residual nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs). (cns.org)
- Cushing's is a disease of middle-aged to older cats (7-12 years), and may be caused by a pituitary tumor (90% are adenomas), pituitary hyperplasia, adrenal tumors, adrenal hyperplasia, by non-endocrine tumors (usually lung) or it may be iatrogenic. (dvm360.com)
- The incidence of pituitary apoplexy ranges from 1 to 20% in surgically verified pituitary adenomas, with a slight male predominance. (symptoma.com)
- Pituitary adenomas are the most frequent brain tumor in adults. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- Thus, an improved understanding of pituitary adenomas at the molecular and cellular level is needed to design novel therapeutic compounds. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- Although histological malignancy of the pituitary is rare, adenomas may exhibit infiltrative and invasive growth patterns characteristic of malignant tumors. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- 1 ] Akt expression and activity were constitutively increased in human pituitary tumors, as compared to normal pituitary tissue,[ 14 ] suggesting a possible role for Akt in the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- Like adenomas, the vast majority of reported pituitary carcinomas are endocrinologically active (88%), with most secreting adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) or prolactin (PRL)[ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Gland21
- The GnRH pump in the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a pulsatile fashion into the portal vessel system surrounding the anterior pituitary gland. (medscape.com)
- GnRH interacts with the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate release of FSH in the follicular phase. (medscape.com)
- The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is composed of anterior (ie, adenohypophysis) and posterior (ie, neurohypophysis) regions. (medscape.com)
- Regulation of the development of the mammalian anterior pituitary gland by transcription factors. (medscape.com)
- Estimates were 2000 rads to local tissue, 24 rads to the pituitary gland, 5 rads to the brain, and 2 rads to the thyroid. (cdc.gov)
- Here, radiobiological and artificial neural network (ANN) models were used to estimate the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) of the pituitary gland. (ijrr.com)
- Two radiobiological models of Lyman Kutcher Burman (LKB), log-logistic, and ANN were employed to calculate the NTCP of the pituitary gland for all patients. (ijrr.com)
- It can be deduced that LKB and log-logistic methods make reliable estimations for NTCP of the pituitary gland after radiotherapy. (ijrr.com)
- 2015) Use of gEUD for predicting ear and pituitary gland damage following proton and photon radiation therapy. (ijrr.com)
- Pituitary apoplexy describes a condition in which the pituitary gland is subject to necrotic changes that may or may not be due to hemorrhage . (symptoma.com)
- NCI Thesaurus A rare, potentially life-threatening disorder caused by acute ischemic infarction or hemorrhage in the pituitary gland. (symptoma.com)
- GH is released from the anterior pituitary gland in a pulsatile manner. (medscape.com)
- The cause is a deficiency of the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. (doctorlib.info)
- The pituitary gland is highly vascular and therefore extremely vulnerable to ischemia and infarction. (doctorlib.info)
- Expansion of the pituitary gland within the fixed compartment of the sella turcica further impedes its blood supply. (doctorlib.info)
- An absence or decrease of one or more pituitary hormones leads to a loss of function in the gland or organ that it controls. (doctorlib.info)
- It's produced by the pea-sized pituitary gland - located at the base of the brain. (soitflows.com)
- Causes are congenital and acquired functional or anatomic defects of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland or both. (eurospe.org)
- Background: GH deficiency (GHD) is an endocrine condition, caused by problems arising in the pituitary gland that does not produce sufficient quantities of GH. (eurospe.org)
- specific tests to assess secretory capacity of the anterior pituitary gland. (brainkart.com)
- Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin is produced and released by specialized cells (somatotrophs) in the anterior part of the pituitary gland. (medscape.com)
Tumor3
- GH-secreting tumors are largely sporadic, but genetic abnormalities in the X chromosome (X-linked acrogigantism), overexpression of the pituitary tumor transforming gene ( PTTG ), and mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) have been discovered. (msdmanuals.com)
- Pituitary tumor pathogenesis. (fucsalud.edu.co)
- Here, we report the case of a fatal pituitary carcinoma evolving within two years from an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-secreting macroadenoma and review the global literature regarding this rare neuroendocrine tumor. (biomedcentral.com)
Hypopituitarism5
- Hypopituitarism is a partial or complete insufficiency of pituitary hormone secretion that may derive from pituitary or hypothalamic disease. (medscape.com)
- Mutations in these genes are causes of congenital hypopituitarism and have specific pituitary hormone deficiencies associated with the involved gene. (medscape.com)
- Using descriptors pituitary, hypopituitarism, traumatic brain injury, cognitive dysfunction, in the PubMed® and Scopus databases, the same question was asked for each of the pituitary axes. (revistaendocrino.org)
- Hypopituitarism refers to either partial or complete deficiency of the an-terior and/or posterior pituitary function. (brainkart.com)
- Hypopituitarism may be congen-ital or acquired, secondary to pituitary disease or to hypothalamic pathol-ogy that interferes with pituitary function. (brainkart.com)
Hypothalamic-pituitary2
- 7 The key clinical diagnosis is based on auxologic features and features that indicate hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction. (ajmc.com)
- At the time of diagnosis, hypothalamic/pituitary deficits, visual disturbances, and increased intracranial pressure are major symptoms. (bvsalud.org)
Hypothalamus7
- Consideration of the target organs of these reproductive hormones (hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, uterus) is helpful for identifying the disease process responsible for a patient's amenorrhea. (medscape.com)
- Intrinsic pituitary disease, or any process that disrupts the pituitary stalk or damages the hypothalamus, may produce pituitary hormone deficiency. (medscape.com)
- The anterior pituitary is primarily regulated by neuropeptide-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones produced in the hypothalamus. (medscape.com)
- In contrast to the anterior pituitary hormones, the posterior pituitary hormones (ie, ADH, oxytocin) are synthesized by cell bodies in the hypothalamus and transported along the neurohypophyseal tract of the pituitary stalk. (medscape.com)
- Increased prolactin levels possibly indicating a lesion in the hypothalamus or pituitary stalk. (doctorlib.info)
- Relating the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and inflammation in the spaceflight environment. (erau.edu)
- GH release in the pituitary is primarily determined by the balance of 2 antagonistic regulatory hormones secreted from the neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus. (medscape.com)
Nasopharyngeal Radium Irradiation1
- During September 27-28, 1995, a workshop entitled 'Public Health Response to Nasopharyngeal Radium Irradiation' was convened in New Haven, Connecticut, to address issues regarding possible adverse health effects of this former medical treatment. (cdc.gov)
External irradiation2
- When radium treatments were developed and used, other options were either not available, were considered more invasive, or involved external irradiation. (cdc.gov)
- One is aimed at destroying pituitary tissue include external irradiation and chemotherapy. (lowerbricktown.com)
Hypothalamo-pituitary3
- Microhemorrhages, necrosis, tissue infarcts and vasoconstriction are reported as mechanism of hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunction. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Assessment of hypothalamo-pituitary endocrine functions in patients with chronic subdural hematomas has not been published yet, although dysfunction of hypothalamo-pituitary unit can be expected (he. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Numerous cytotoxic drugs used to treat childhood cancers, as well as pelvic or hypothalamo-pituitary irradiation and gonadal surgery, can affect subsequent hormonal function and fertility. (academie-medecine.fr)
Tumors4
- Although histologically benign, pituitary tumors cause significant morbidity and mortality. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- Pituitary tumors are among the most prevalent brain tumors in adults and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- Pituitary carcinomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors affecting the adenohypophysis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Pituitary carcinomas are extremely rare neoplasms, representing only 0.1% to 0.2% of all pituitary tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
Secretion2
- During the late follicular phase, estrogen has a positive influence on LH secretion, instead of suppressing pituitary LH secretion as it does early in the follicular phase. (medscape.com)
- PRL secretion is distinct from that of the other anterior pituitary hormones, being inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine. (medscape.com)
Radiation3
- The aim of this review is to address the late effects of cranial irradiation on the neuroendocrine system and to identify factors that make patients more vulnerable to radiation-induced endocrine sequelae. (bioscientifica.com)
- Pituitary dysfunction is one of the complications associated with head and neck radiation therapy. (ijrr.com)
- Studies of ionizing radiation influence in doses 2.0 and 6.0 Gy on morphofunctional state of pituitary-gonadal system of matured females rats were conducted in dynamics (7, 14, 30 days). (org.ua)
Deficiency3
- Hyposomatotropism is a deficiency in the release of pituitary growth hormone (somatotropin), resulting in short stature. (medscape.com)
- As a general rule, diagnosis of a single pituitary hormone deficiency requires evaluating the other hormone axes. (medscape.com)
- I.V. administration of gonadotropin releasing hormone distinguishes pituitary and hypothalamic causes of gonadotropin deficiency. (doctorlib.info)
Apoplexy4
- Pituitary apoplexy has a variable presentation , although it most commonly presents with headaches , visual changes , changes in consciousness and ophthalmoplegia . (symptoma.com)
- In addition to headaches, pituitary apoplexy can also present with confusion , vomiting , nausea and visual changes. (symptoma.com)
- Fatigue Seizures Pituitary Apoplexy: Diagnosis Your doctor will conduct a thorough physical exam and ask you about your symptoms and medical history. (symptoma.com)
- Investigations revealed the development of pituitary apoplexy. (symptoma.com)
Human pituitary1
- When the supply of growth hormone (GH) was limited to extracts from human pituitary tissue, only the most severely affected children received treatment. (ajmc.com)
Anterior pituitary4
- The anterior pituitary, an ectodermal structure that derives from the pharynx as the Rathke pouch, produces most of the gland's hormones. (medscape.com)
- AP = anterior pituitary, IP = intermediate pituitary, PP = posterior pituitary. (medscape.com)
- These regulatory hormones are transported to the anterior pituitary via the pituitary portal system circulation. (medscape.com)
- HESX-1 , PIT-1 , LHX-4 ) can result in isolated or multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies. (brainkart.com)
Posterior pituitary1
- The posterior pituitary consists of neural tissue that descends from the floor of the third ventricle. (medscape.com)
Sella turcica1
- This revealed a 2.8 × 2.1 × 1.7 cm homogeneous pituitary mass involving the sella turcica with extension into the right cavernous sinus. (biomedcentral.com)
Endocrine1
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health problem with severe neurological and cognitive sequelae that may be associated with endocrine pituitary dysfunction. (revistaendocrino.org)
Axis3
- Fertility -The impact of cancer treatment on the pituitary-gonadal axis, reproductive capacity and options for pretreatment fertility preservation are complex and differ between the sexes (see British Fertility Society review for a fuller discussion 11 ). (bmj.com)
- Effect of cancer therapy on pituitary-testicular axis. (dsjuog.com)
- Pituitary dysfunction increase morbidity, mortality and, depending on the affected axis, has variable cognitive and neurobehavioral repercussions that affect the rehabilitation process and the return to social life of the survivors. (revistaendocrino.org)
Hormones2
- A negative feedback loop occurs such that the hormones produced in the target glands feed back to inhibit the release of their respective regulatory pituitary and hypothalamic factors. (medscape.com)
- Radioimmunoassay shows decreased plasma levels of some or all of the pituitary hormones. (doctorlib.info)
Diagnosis1
- The diagnosis of pituitary dysfunction should always be questioned in patients with TBI and mild and severe neurocognitive disorders. (revistaendocrino.org)
Acromegaly2
- Undoubtedly Goliath's great size was due to ** **acromegaly ** **secondary to a pituitary macroadenoma. (serdarbalci.com)
- 28. Jaffe C. Reevaluation of conventional pituitary irradiation in the therapy of acromegaly. (fucsalud.edu.co)
Dysfunction4
- A search of the literature was carried out using question, ¿which neurocognitive alterations are associated with post-traumatic brain injury and pituitary dysfunction? (revistaendocrino.org)
- Tanriverdi F, Schneider HJ, Aimaretti G, Masel BE, Casanueva FF, Kelestimur F. Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: A clinical and pathophysiological approach. (revistaendocrino.org)
- Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A. Traumatic brain injuries induced pituitary dysfunction: a call for algorithms. (revistaendocrino.org)
- Occurrence of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury. (revistaendocrino.org)
Macroadenoma2
- We present a 49 year old male patient with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) producing pituitary macroadenoma. (medassocthai.org)
- MRI demonstrated a pituitary macroadenoma. (medassocthai.org)
ACTH2
- Less commonly, pituitary carcinomas may metastasize hematogenously - a prominent feature of ACTH-producing carcinomas - resulting in metastatic invasion of the liver, bone, ovaries, heart, and lung. (biomedcentral.com)
- We describe a patient with an ACTH-producing carcinoma of the pituitary with refractory Cushing's disease and hepatic metastases. (biomedcentral.com)
Hormonal2
- We carry out a review about relationship between pituitary hormonal alterations and neurocognitive alterations after the head trauma. (revistaendocrino.org)
- Obtained results evidence changes in pituitary-gonadal system of animals in the described conditions of irradiation, wheach lead to disturbances of hormonal regulation. (org.ua)
Hyperplasia1
- 6. Frohman L, Kineman R. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and pituitary development, hyperplasia and tumorigenesis. (fucsalud.edu.co)
Clinical1
- From Newman C. In Atlas of Clinical Endocrinology: Neuroendocrinology and Pituitary Disease . (msdmanuals.com)
Necrosis1
- This is generally the result of sudden hemorrhage and necrosis in the lateral pituitary fossa, leading to the displacement of the oculomotor nerves. (symptoma.com)
Ovary1
- Morphofunctional changes in hormonproducing ovary and adenopituitary cells after total single irradiation of females rats in doses 2.0 and 6.0 Gy in remote period of observation (90 days) were found. (org.ua)
Disease1
- Aspermia following lower truncal irradiation in Hodgkin's disease. (dsjuog.com)
Growth1
- Hgh optique, Superset dos biceps - Acheter des stéroïdes en ligne Hgh optique Domain of the human growth hormone (GH). (soitflows.com)
Brain1
- CeH can be difficult to diagnose, especially in children without a history of brain defects or brain damaging treatment (e.g. irradiation), and when plasma FT4 concentrati. (eurospe.org)
Acute1
- Delineating the effects of low dose acute ionizing cosmic irradiation effects on sex-specific immunity. (erau.edu)
Patients1
- Pituitary disorders related to head trauma should be suspected and studied in patients with this history of importance for neurocognitive disorders and pituitary profile. (revistaendocrino.org)
Insulin1
- Insulin administration shows low levels of corticotropin, indicating pituitary or hypothalamic failure. (doctorlib.info)
Suppress1
- However, unlike dogs, it may not suppress cats with pituitary dependent HA. (dvm360.com)
Mutations1
- Mutations in pituitary transcription factor genes (e.g. (brainkart.com)
Reduces1
- Post-operative pituitary irradiation reduces the risk of this condition although adrenalectomy itself is now rarely performed. (gpnotebook.com)
Proton1
- For irradiation of a tumour, the proton beam energy and intensity are varied in order to achieve the desired dose over the tumour volume. (nature.com)
