Pinus sylvestris
Pinus
Gymnosperms
Trees
Casearia
Malva
Wood
Mycorrhizae
Lithuania
Oils, Volatile
Plant Stems
Droughts
Basidiomycota
Plant Leaves
Detection of intracellular bacteria in the buds of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) by in situ hybridization. (1/76)
Bacterial isolates were obtained from pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tissue cultures and identified as Methylobacterium extorquens and Pseudomonas synxantha. The existence of bacteria in pine buds was investigated by 16S rRNA in situ hybridization. Bacteria inhabited the buds of every tree examined, primarily colonizing the cells of scale primordia and resin ducts. (+info)The electrical impedance spectroscopy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) shoots in relation to cold acclimation. (2/76)
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied to stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in a provenance field trial during frost hardening to find an EIS parameter for assessing frost hardiness (FH) without a controlled freezing test. The FH of stems and needles assessed by controlled freezing tests was compared with the equivalent circuit EIS parameters of a distributed model of stems (not exposed to controlled freezing treatment) and with dry matter (DM) content of stems. Significant differences in the equivalent circuit parameters, FH and DM content were found between provenances. The relaxation time (tau(1)), describing the peak of the high frequency arc of the impedance spectrum, and the intracellular resistance (r(i)) of stems increased with increasing FH. According to the linear regression, the coefficient of determination (R(2)) between the FH of stems and needles with tau(1) of the stem was 0.87 and 0.89, and with r(i) of the stem 0.74 and 0.85, respectively. The relation between FH and tau(1) changed with the degree of hardiness. The highest coefficient of determination was 0.95 in September when the FH of needles, ranging from -10 degrees C to -25 degrees C, was predicted with an accuracy of +/-2.0 degrees C. The resistance parameter r(2), describing the width of the low frequency arc of the impedance spectrum, decreased prior to and during the initial hardening: significant differences were found between provenances. This indicates that r(2) was not related to frost hardening per se. It is concluded that it is possible to distinguish the hardening patterns of different provenances by tau(1) in the rapid phase of hardening without controlled freezing tests. (+info)Developmental regulation of indole-3-acetic acid turnover in Scots pine seedlings. (3/76)
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) homeostasis was investigated during seed germination and early seedling growth in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). IAA-ester conjugates were initially hydrolyzed in the seed to yield a peak of free IAA prior to initiation of root elongation. Developmental regulation of IAA synthesis was observed, with tryptophan-dependent synthesis being initiated around 4 d and tryptophan-independent synthesis occurring around 7 d after imbibition. Induction of catabolism to yield 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid and irreversible conjugation to indole-3-acetyl-N-aspartic acid was noticed at the same time as de novo synthesis was first detected. As a part of the homeostatic regulation IAA was further metabolized to two new conjugates: glucopyranosyl-1-N-indole-3-acetyl-N-aspartic acid and glucopyranosyl-1-N-indole-3-acetic acid. The initial supply of IAA thus originates from stored pools of IAA-ester conjugates, mainly localized in the embryo itself rather than in the general nutrient storage tissue, the megagametophyte. We have found that de novo synthesis is first induced when the stored pool of conjugated IAA is used up and additional hormone is needed for elongation growth. It is interesting that when de novo synthesis is induced, a distinct induction of catabolic events occurs, indicating that the seedling needs mechanisms to balance synthesis rates for the homeostatic regulation of the IAA pool. (+info)Low nucleotide diversity at the pal1 locus in the widely distributed Pinus sylvestris. (4/76)
Nucleotide polymorphism in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was studied in the gene encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (Pal, EC 4.3.1.5). Scots pine, like many other pine species, has a large current population size. The observed levels of inbreeding depression suggest that Scots pine may have a high mutation rate to deleterious alleles. Many Scots pine markers such as isozymes, RFLPs, and microsatellites are highly variable. These observations suggest that the levels of nucleotide variation should be higher than those in other plant species. A 2,045-bp fragment of the pal1 locus was sequenced from five megagametophytes each from a different individual from each of four populations, from northern and southern Finland, central Russia, and northern Spain. There were 12 segregating sites in the locus. The synonymous site overall nucleotide diversity was only 0.0049. In order to compare pal1 with other pine genes, sequence was obtained from two alleles of 11 other loci (total length 4,606 bp). For these, the synonymous nucleotide diversity was 0.0056. These estimates are lower than those from other plants. This is most likely because of a low mutation rate, as estimated from between-pine species synonymous site divergence. In other respects, Scots pine has the characteristics of a species with a large effective population. There was no linkage disequilibrium even between closely linked sites. This resulted in high haplotype diversity (14 different haplotypes among 20 sequences). This could also give rise to high per locus diversity at the protein level. Divergence between populations in the main range was low, whereas an isolated Spanish population had slightly lower diversity and higher divergence than the remaining populations. (+info)Insect egg deposition induces Pinus sylvestris to attract egg parasitoids. (5/76)
Plant volatiles released in response to feeding insects are known to attract enemies of the feeding herbivores. In this study, egg deposition by a herbivorous insect was shown to induce a gymnosperm plant to emit volatiles that attract egg parasitoids. Odour from twigs of Pinus sylvestris laden with egg masses of the pine sawfly Diprion pini attracts the eulophid egg parasitoid Chrysonotomyia ruforum. Volatiles released from pine twigs without diprionid eggs are not attractive. Oviposition by the sawfly onto pine needles induces not only a local response in pine needles laden with eggs but also a systemic reaction. Needles without eggs but adjacent to those bearing diprionid eggs also release the volatiles that attract the egg parasitoid. The elicitor of the attractive volatiles was shown to be present in the oviduct secretion coating the eggs of D. pini. When pine twigs are treated with jasmonic acid, a well-known plant wound signal, they emit volatiles that attract the egg parasitoid. These results show, for the first time, that a gymnosperm plant is able to attract parasitoids as soon as a herbivore has deposited its eggs on it. Thus, the plant appears to defend itself against herbivores prior to being damaged by feeding larvae. (+info)Changes of morphogenic competence in mature Pinus sylvestris L. buds in vitro. (6/76)
The effects of season and cold storage on morphogenic competence in mature Pinus sylvestris buds were investigated. Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity were measured as markers of oxidative metabolism. No growth in vitro was observed on explants detached from the end of January until the beginning of March. Brachioblasts, each with a couple of needles, formed on 11% of the buds without macrostrobili that were detached in early April and introduced immediately into culture. Of the explants detached in late July, 15% formed shoots with brachioblasts and needles. The lowest activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in pine buds was observed from the end of April until the beginning of June when morphogenic competence of tissues started to increase. Development of bud explants detached in January was achieved by cold storage for 5 months. Low polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity coincided with increased morphogenic potential. Results suggest that reduced or stable activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase is associated with an increased ability of tissues to start growth in vitro. (+info)Nitrogen fertilizer factory effects on the amino acid and nitrogen content in the needles of Scots pine. (7/76)
The aim of the research was to evaluate the content of amino acids in the needles of Pinus sylvestris growing in the area affected by a nitrogen fertilizer factory and to compare them with other parameters of needles, trees, and sites. Three young-age stands of Scots pine were selected at a distance of 0.5 km, 5 km, and 17 km from the factory. Examination of the current-year needles in winter of the year 2000 revealed significant (p < 0.05) differences between the site at a 0.5-km distance from the factory and the site at a 17-km distance from the factory--with the site closest to the factory showing the highest concentrations of protein (119%), total arginine (166%), total other amino acids (depending on amino acid, the effect ranged between 119 and 149%), free arginine (771%), other free amino acids (glutamic acid, threonine, serine, lysine--depending on amino acid, the effect ranged between 162 and 234%), also the longest needles, widest diameter, largest surface area, and heaviest dry weight (respectively, 133, 110, 136, and 169%). The gradient of nitrogen concentration in the needles was assessed on the selected plots over the period of 1995-2000, with the highest concentration (depending on year, 119 to 153%) documented in the site located 0.5 km from the factory. Significant correlations were determined between the total amino acid contents (r = 0.448 -0.939, p < 0.05), some free amino acid (arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, threonine, and serine) contents (r = 0.418 - 0.975, p < 0.05), and air pollutant concentration at the sites, the distance between the sites and the factory, and characteristics of the needles. No correlation was found between free or total arginine content and defoliation or retention of the needles. In conclusion, it was revealed that elevated mean monthly concentration of ammonia (26 microg m(-3)) near the nitrogen fertilizer factory caused changes in nitrogen metabolism, especially increasing (nearly eight times) concentration of free arginine in the needles of Scots pine. (+info)Patterns of pollen dispersal in a small population of Pinus sylvestris L. revealed by total-exclusion paternity analysis. (8/76)
Patterns of pollen dispersal were investigated in a small, isolated, relict population of Pinus sylvestris L., consisting of 36 trees. A total-exclusion battery comprising four chloroplast and two nuclear microsatellites (theoretical paternity exclusion probability EP=0.996) was used to assign paternity to 813 seeds, collected from 34 trees in the stand. Long-distance pollen immigration accounted for 4.3% of observed matings. Self-fertilization rate was very high (0.25), compared with typical values in more widespread populations of the species. The average effective pollen dispersal distance within the stand was 48 m (or 83 m excluding selfs). Half of effective pollen was dispersed within 11 m, and 7% beyond 200 m. A strong correlation was found between the distance to the closest tree and the mean mating-distance calculated for single-tree progenies. The effective pollen dispersal distribution showed a leptokurtic shape, with a large and significant departure from that expected under uniform dispersal. A maximum-likelihood procedure was used to fit an individual pollen dispersal distance probability density function (dispersal kernel). The estimated kernel indicated fairly leptokurtic dispersal (shape parameter b=0.67), with an average pollen dispersal distance of 135 m, and 50% of pollen dispersed beyond 30 m. A marked directionality pattern of pollen dispersal was found, mainly caused by the uneven distribution of trees, coupled with restricted dispersal and unequal male success. Overall, results show that the number and distribution of potential pollen donors in small populations may strongly influence the patterns of effective pollen dispersal. (+info)"Pinus sylvestris" is the scientific name for a species of tree, not a medical term. It is commonly known as the Scotch Pine or Scots Pine and is native to Eurasia, ranging from Western Europe to Eastern Siberia. The tree can also be found in other parts of the world as an introduced species.
Here's some information about Pinus sylvestris that you might find interesting:
* Pinus sylvestris is a coniferous evergreen tree that typically grows to a height of 30-40 meters (98-131 feet) but can reach up to 60 meters (197 feet) in some cases.
* The bark of the tree is thick, scaly, and orange-reddish in color, while the leaves are needle-shaped, green, and grow in clusters of two.
* Pinus sylvestris produces both male and female cones, with the male cones releasing pollen and the female cones producing seeds.
* The tree is an important source of timber and is commonly used for construction, pulp and paper production, and as a Christmas tree.
* Pinus sylvestris has several medicinal uses, including as a treatment for respiratory conditions such as bronchitis and asthma, as well as for skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis. The needles and bark of the tree contain compounds with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties that are believed to be responsible for these therapeutic effects.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Pinus" is not a medical term. It is the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as pine trees, which belong to the family Pinaceae in the kingdom Plantae. These evergreen coniferous resinous trees are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with some species also found in the Southern Hemisphere.
If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to define or explain, please feel free to ask!
Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The name "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek words "gymnos," meaning naked, and "sperma," meaning seed. This refers to the fact that the seeds of gymnosperms are not enclosed within an ovary or fruit, but are exposed on the surface of modified leaves called cones or strobili.
Gymnosperms are vascular plants, which means they have specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant. They are also heterosporous, meaning that they produce two types of spores: male microspores and female megaspores. The microspores develop into male gametophytes, which produce sperm cells, while the megaspores develop into female gametophytes, which produce egg cells.
Gymnosperms are an important group of plants that have been around for millions of years. They are adapted to a wide range of environments, from temperate forests to deserts and high mountain ranges. Many gymnosperms are evergreen, with needle-like or scale-like leaves that are able to resist drought and cold temperatures.
Conifers, which include trees such as pines, firs, spruces, and redwoods, are the most diverse and widespread group of gymnosperms. They are characterized by their woody cones and needle-shaped leaves. Cycads are another group of gymnosperms that are found in tropical and subtropical regions. They have large, stiff leaves and produce large seeds that are enclosed in a fleshy covering. Ginkgo is a unique gymnosperm that has been around for over 200 million years. It is a deciduous tree with fan-shaped leaves and large, naked seeds.
Gnetophytes are a small group of gymnosperms that include the ephedra, welwitschia, and gnetum. They have unique features such as vessels in their wood and motile sperm cells, which are not found in other gymnosperms.
Overall, gymnosperms are an important group of plants that have adapted to a wide range of environments and play a crucial role in many ecosystems.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "trees" is not a medical term. It is a common term used in various fields, including biology, ecology, and dendrology, to refer to a woody perennial plant with a single stem or trunk that supports branches and leaves in most species.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, please provide more context so I can offer an accurate and helpful response.
"Casearia" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, which includes around 150-200 species. These plants are commonly known as shrubs or small trees and are native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The leaves of Casearia plants are typically simple and opposite, with serrated or entire margins. The flowers are small and greenish-white, and the fruit is a drupe that contains one or two seeds.
Some species of Casearia have been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, such as skin conditions, fever, and diarrhea. However, it's important to note that the safety and efficacy of using these plants for medicinal purposes have not been thoroughly studied or proven through scientific research. Therefore, it is not recommended to use any plant or herbal remedy without consulting a qualified healthcare professional first.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hymenoptera" is not a medical term. It is a scientific classification in biology, specifically referring to an order of insects that includes sawflies, bees, ants, and wasps. These insects are characterized by having two pairs of membranous wings (except for some species that have only one pair or are wingless) and a slender waist. Some people may have allergic reactions to the venom of stinging Hymenoptera, such as bees and wasps, which can cause medical issues. However, "Hymenoptera" itself is not a medical term.
"Pinus taeda," also known as Loblolly Pine, is not a medical term. It is a species of tree in the family Pinaceae that is native to the southeastern United States. The tree is commonly used in the production of timber, paper, and pulp, and it has some medicinal uses as well.
The bark, leaves (needles), and sap of the Loblolly Pine have been used traditionally by indigenous peoples for various medicinal purposes, such as treating skin conditions, wounds, and respiratory ailments. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support these uses, and they should not be attempted without consulting a healthcare professional.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malva" is not a commonly used medical term. It is the name of a genus of plants that includes mallows, which have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes such as treating skin inflammation and digestive issues. However, it is not a standard term in modern clinical or pathological settings. If you have any specific concerns related to health or medical conditions, it would be best to consult with a healthcare professional.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wood" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various hard, fibrous tissues that make up the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, as well as a term used for a wide range of items made from these materials. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and the roots of most plant species. In a mycorrhizal association, fungi colonize the root tissues of plants and extend their mycelial networks into the surrounding soil. This association enhances the nutrient uptake capacity of the host plant, particularly with regards to phosphorus and nitrogen, while the fungi receive carbohydrates from the plant for their own growth and metabolism.
Mycorrhizal fungi can be broadly classified into two types: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae (or arbuscular mycorrhizae). Ectomycorrhizae form a sheath around the root surface, while endomycorrhizae penetrate the root cells and form structures called arbuscules, where nutrient exchange occurs. Mycorrhizal associations play crucial roles in maintaining ecosystem stability, promoting plant growth, and improving soil structure and fertility.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lithuania" is not a medical term. It is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are a type of organic compound that are naturally produced in plants. They are called "volatile" because they evaporate quickly at room temperature due to their high vapor pressure. These oils are composed of complex mixtures of various compounds, including terpenes, terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and alcohols. They are responsible for the characteristic aroma and flavor of many plants and are often used in perfumes, flavors, and aromatherapy. In a medical context, volatile oils may have therapeutic properties and be used in certain medications or treatments, but it's important to note that they can also cause adverse reactions if not used properly.
A plant stem is not typically defined in a medical context, but rather in the field of botany. However, I can certainly provide a general biological definition for you.
In plants, stems are organs that serve primarily as support structures, holding leaves, flowers, and fruits aloft where they can receive sunlight and exchange gases. They also act as conduits, transporting water, nutrients, and sugars made during photosynthesis between the roots and shoots of a plant.
The stem is usually composed of three main tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system forms the outermost layer(s) of the stem, providing protection and sometimes participating in gas exchange. The vascular tissue system contains the xylem (which transports water and nutrients upward) and phloem (which transports sugars and other organic compounds downward). The ground tissue system, located between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for food storage and support.
While not a direct medical definition, understanding the structure and function of plant stems can be relevant in fields such as nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science, which have implications for human health.
"Drought" is not a medical term. It is a term used in meteorology and environmental science to refer to a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to water shortage and scarcity in the affected areas. Droughts can have various impacts on human health, including dehydration, heat-related illnesses, reduced air quality, increased transmission of waterborne diseases, and mental health issues related to stress and displacement. However, drought itself is not a medical condition.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Pinus ponderosa" is not a medical term. It is the scientific name for a species of pine tree commonly known as the western yellow pine or ponderosa pine. This tree is native to North America and is one of the most widely distributed pine species in the continent.
Here's a brief overview of its botanical characteristics:
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Species: P. ponderosa
The ponderosa pine is a large evergreen tree, reaching heights of 150-250 feet (46-76 meters) tall and trunk diameters up to 8 feet (2.4 meters). Its needle-like leaves are grouped in bundles of three, and its cones are long and slender, typically 3-6 inches (7.6-15.2 cm) in length.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or healthcare topics, please feel free to provide them, and I'd be happy to help.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seedling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is an agricultural and horticultural term that refers to a young plant grown from a seed, typically during the early stages of its growth. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help with those!
Basidiomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi that consists of organisms commonly known as club fungi or club mushrooms. The name Basidiomycota is derived from the presence of a characteristic reproductive structure called a basidium, which is where spores are produced.
The basidiomycetes include many familiar forms such as mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, and other types of polypores. They have a complex life cycle that involves both sexual and asexual reproduction. The sexual reproductive stage produces a characteristic fruiting body, which may be microscopic or highly visible, depending on the species.
Basidiomycota fungi play important ecological roles in decomposing organic matter, forming mutualistic relationships with plants, and acting as parasites on other organisms. Some species are economically important, such as edible mushrooms, while others can be harmful or even deadly to humans and animals.
I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.
Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.
"Rorippa" is a genus of plants in the family Brassicaceae, also known as the mustard or cabbage family. These plants are often referred to as yellowcresses or water-peppers. They are found worldwide and include both aquatic and terrestrial species. Some Rorippa species may have medicinal properties, but there is no widely recognized medical definition specifically for "Rorippa."