Phototropins
Phototropism
Cryptochromes
Flavoproteins
Vicia faba
Flavin Mononucleotide
Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate
Arabidopsis Proteins
Arabidopsis
Chloroplasts
Plant Leaves
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Plant Stomata
Photosynthesis
Circadian Rhythm
Use of confocal laser as light source reveals stomata-autonomous function. (1/38)
In most terrestrial plants, stomata open during the day to maximize the update of CO(2) for photosynthesis, but they close at night to minimize water loss. Blue light, among several environmental factors, controls this process. Stomata response to diverse stimuli seems to be dictated by the behaviour of neighbour stomata creating leaf areas of coordinated response. Here individual stomata of Arabidopsis leaves were illuminated with a short blue-light pulse by focusing a confocal argon laser. Beautifully, the illuminated stomata open their pores, whereas their dark-adapted neighbours unexpectedly experience no change. This induction of individual stomata opening by low fluence rates of blue light was disrupted in the phototropin1 phototropin2 (phot1 phot2) double mutant, which exhibits insensitivity of stomatal movements in blue-illuminated epidermal strips. The irradiation of all epidermal cells making direct contact with a given stoma in both wild type and phot1 phot2 plants does not trigger its movement. These results unravel the stoma autonomous function in the blue light response and illuminate the implication of PHOT1 and/or PHOT2 in such response. The micro spatial heterogeneity that solar blue light suffers in partially shaded leaves under natural conditions highlights the physiological significance of the autonomous stomatal behaviour. (+info)Mechanism-based tuning of a LOV domain photoreceptor. (2/38)
(+info)Distribution and phylogeny of light-oxygen-voltage-blue-light-signaling proteins in the three kingdoms of life. (3/38)
(+info)Phototropins and chloroplast activity in plant blue light signaling. (4/38)
(+info)Domain swapping to assess the mechanistic basis of Arabidopsis phototropin 1 receptor kinase activation and endocytosis by blue light. (5/38)
(+info)The Arabidopsis PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE2 protein is a phototropin signaling element that regulates leaf flattening and leaf positioning. (6/38)
(+info)Actin reorganization underlies phototropin-dependent positioning of nuclei in Arabidopsis leaf cells. (7/38)
(+info)Rationally improving LOV domain-based photoswitches. (8/38)
(+info)Phototropins are a type of photoreceptor protein found in plants that play a crucial role in the perception and response to light. They are responsible for mediating phototropism, which is the growth movement of a plant in response to a unidirectional light source. This process allows the plant to optimize its exposure to sunlight for photosynthesis.
Phototropins contain two flavin-binding domains called LOV (Light, Oxygen, or Voltage) domains that absorb blue light at around 450 nm wavelength. Upon absorption of light, a conformational change occurs in the phototropin protein, leading to activation of downstream signaling pathways involved in various light-dependent responses such as chloroplast movement, leaf expansion, and stomatal opening.
Overall, phototropins are essential for plants' ability to sense and adapt to their light environment, which is critical for their growth, development, and survival.
Phototropism is not strictly a medical term, but it is a biological concept that is relevant to plant life. It refers to the growth or movement of a plant in response to light. This phenomenon is primarily seen in stems and shoots, which grow towards the source of light. The process involves the uneven distribution of auxin, a plant hormone, in the plant tissue, leading to curvature and growth towards the light. While phototropism itself may not be directly related to medical conditions, understanding it can contribute to fields such as agricultural science, horticulture, and botany.
Cryptochromes are a type of photoreceptor protein found in plants and animals, including humans. They play a crucial role in regulating various biological processes such as circadian rhythms (the internal "body clock" that regulates sleep-wake cycles), DNA repair, and magnetoreception (the ability to perceive magnetic fields).
In humans, cryptochromes are primarily expressed in the retina of the eye and in various tissues throughout the body. They contain a light-sensitive cofactor called flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that allows them to absorb blue light and convert it into chemical signals. These signals then interact with other proteins and signaling pathways to regulate gene expression and cellular responses.
In plants, cryptochromes are involved in the regulation of growth and development, including seed germination, stem elongation, and flowering time. They also play a role in the plant's ability to sense and respond to changes in light quality and duration, which is important for optimizing photosynthesis and survival.
Overall, cryptochromes are an essential component of many biological processes and have been the subject of extensive research in recent years due to their potential roles in human health and disease.
Flavoproteins are a type of protein molecule that contain noncovalently bound flavin mononucleotide (FMN) or flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as cofactors. These flavin cofactors play a crucial role in redox reactions, acting as electron carriers in various metabolic pathways such as cellular respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. Flavoproteins are involved in several biological processes, including the breakdown of fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates, as well as the synthesis of steroids and other lipids. They can also function as enzymes that catalyze various redox reactions, such as oxidases, dehydrogenases, and reductases. Flavoproteins are widely distributed in nature and found in many organisms, from bacteria to humans.
'Vicia faba' is the scientific name for the fava bean plant, which belongs to the legume family (Fabaceae). It is also known as broad bean or horse bean. The plant is widely cultivated as a vegetable crop, and its seeds, pods, and young leaves are all edible. Fava beans are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making them an essential component of many diets around the world. However, some people may have an adverse reaction to fava beans due to a genetic disorder called favism, which can cause hemolytic anemia.
In the context of medical terminology, "light" doesn't have a specific or standardized definition on its own. However, it can be used in various medical terms and phrases. For example, it could refer to:
1. Visible light: The range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, typically between wavelengths of 400-700 nanometers. This is relevant in fields such as ophthalmology and optometry.
2. Therapeutic use of light: In some therapies, light is used to treat certain conditions. An example is phototherapy, which uses various wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light for conditions like newborn jaundice, skin disorders, or seasonal affective disorder.
3. Light anesthesia: A state of reduced consciousness in which the patient remains responsive to verbal commands and physical stimulation. This is different from general anesthesia where the patient is completely unconscious.
4. Pain relief using light: Certain devices like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units have a 'light' setting, indicating lower intensity or frequency of electrical impulses used for pain management.
Without more context, it's hard to provide a precise medical definition of 'light'.
Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in biological oxidation-reduction reactions. It is derived from the vitamin riboflavin (also known as vitamin B2) and is composed of a flavin molecule bonded to a nucleotide. FMN functions as an electron carrier, accepting and donating electrons in various metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain, which are essential for energy production in cells. It also participates in the detoxification of harmful substances and contributes to the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. FMN can exist in two forms: the oxidized form (FMN) and the reduced form (FMNH2), depending on its involvement in redox reactions.
'Avena sativa' is the scientific name for a type of grass species known as common oat or cultivated oat. It is widely grown as a crop for its seed, which is used as a food source for both humans and animals. Oats are rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making them a popular choice for breakfast cereals, baked goods, and animal feeds. In addition to their nutritional value, oats have also been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating skin irritation and promoting hair growth.
Photoreceptor cells in invertebrates are specialized sensory neurons that convert light stimuli into electrical signals. These cells are primarily responsible for the ability of many invertebrates to detect and respond to light, enabling behaviors such as phototaxis (movement towards or away from light) and vision.
Invertebrate photoreceptor cells typically contain light-sensitive pigments that absorb light at specific wavelengths. The most common type of photopigment is rhodopsin, which consists of a protein called opsin and a chromophore called retinal. When light hits the photopigment, it changes the conformation of the chromophore, triggering a cascade of molecular events that ultimately leads to the generation of an electrical signal.
Invertebrate photoreceptor cells can be found in various locations throughout the body, depending on their function. For example, simple eyespots containing a few photoreceptor cells may be scattered over the surface of the body in some species, while more complex eyes with hundreds or thousands of photoreceptors may be present in other groups. In addition to their role in vision, photoreceptor cells can also serve as sensory organs for regulating circadian rhythms, detecting changes in light intensity, and mediating social behaviors.
Arabidopsis proteins refer to the proteins that are encoded by the genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana plant, which is a model organism commonly used in plant biology research. This small flowering plant has a compact genome and a short life cycle, making it an ideal subject for studying various biological processes in plants.
Arabidopsis proteins play crucial roles in many cellular functions, such as metabolism, signaling, regulation of gene expression, response to environmental stresses, and developmental processes. Research on Arabidopsis proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of plant biology and has provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying various agronomic traits.
Some examples of Arabidopsis proteins include transcription factors, kinases, phosphatases, receptors, enzymes, and structural proteins. These proteins can be studied using a variety of techniques, such as biochemical assays, protein-protein interaction studies, and genetic approaches, to understand their functions and regulatory mechanisms in plants.
'Arabidopsis' is a genus of small flowering plants that are part of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The most commonly studied species within this genus is 'Arabidopsis thaliana', which is often used as a model organism in plant biology and genetics research. This plant is native to Eurasia and Africa, and it has a small genome that has been fully sequenced. It is known for its short life cycle, self-fertilization, and ease of growth, making it an ideal subject for studying various aspects of plant biology, including development, metabolism, and response to environmental stresses.
Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in the cells of green plants, algae, and some protists. They are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis, which is the process by which these organisms convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, such as glucose.
Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun. They also contain a system of membranes and enzymes that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through a series of chemical reactions known as the Calvin cycle. This process not only provides energy for the organism but also releases oxygen as a byproduct, which is essential for the survival of most life forms on Earth.
Chloroplasts are believed to have originated from ancient cyanobacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells and eventually became integrated into their host's cellular machinery through a process called endosymbiosis. Over time, chloroplasts evolved to become an essential component of plant and algal cells, contributing to their ability to carry out photosynthesis and thrive in a wide range of environments.
I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.
Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.
Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).
In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.
Stomata are microscopic pores found in the epidermis of plant leaves, stems, and other organs. They are essential for gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere, allowing the uptake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and the release of oxygen. Plant stomata consist of two guard cells that surround and regulate the size of the pore. The opening and closing of the stomatal pore are influenced by environmental factors such as light, humidity, and temperature, as well as internal signals within the plant.
Photosynthesis is not strictly a medical term, but it is a fundamental biological process with significant implications for medicine, particularly in understanding energy production in cells and the role of oxygen in sustaining life. Here's a general biological definition:
Photosynthesis is a process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, such as glucose (or sugar), using water and carbon dioxide. This process primarily takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically in structures called thylakoids. The overall reaction can be summarized as:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
In this equation, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are the reactants, while glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) are the products. Photosynthesis has two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane and involve the conversion of light energy into ATP and NADPH, which are used to power the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and involves the synthesis of glucose from CO2 and water using the ATP and NADPH generated during the light-dependent reactions.
Understanding photosynthesis is crucial for understanding various biological processes, including cellular respiration, plant metabolism, and the global carbon cycle. Additionally, research into artificial photosynthesis has potential applications in renewable energy production and environmental remediation.
A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-hour biological cycle that regulates various physiological and behavioral processes in living organisms. It is driven by the body's internal clock, which is primarily located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus in the brain.
The circadian rhythm controls many aspects of human physiology, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, body temperature, and metabolism. It helps to synchronize these processes with the external environment, particularly the day-night cycle caused by the rotation of the Earth.
Disruptions to the circadian rhythm can have negative effects on health, leading to conditions such as insomnia, sleep disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, and even increased risk of chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Factors that can disrupt the circadian rhythm include shift work, jet lag, irregular sleep schedules, and exposure to artificial light at night.
Phytochrome is a photoreceptor protein responsible for detecting and mediating responses to different wavelengths of light, primarily red and far-red, in plants and some microorganisms. It plays a crucial role in various physiological processes such as seed germination, stem elongation, leaf expansion, chlorophyll production, and flowering.
The phytochrome protein exists in two interconvertible forms: Pr (the red-light-absorbing form) and Pfr (the far-red-light-absorbing form). The conversion between these forms regulates the downstream signaling pathways that control plant growth and development. Red light (around 660 nm) promotes the formation of the Pfr form, while far-red light (around 730 nm) converts it back to the Pr form. This reversible photoresponse allows plants to adapt their growth patterns based on the quality and duration of light they receive.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic plants, algae, and some bacteria. It plays an essential role in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis by absorbing light energy, primarily from the blue and red parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and converting it into chemical energy to fuel the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. The structure of chlorophyll includes a porphyrin ring, which binds a central magnesium ion, and a long phytol tail. There are several types of chlorophyll, including chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, which have distinct absorption spectra and slightly different structures. Chlorophyll is crucial for the process of photosynthesis, enabling the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy and the release of oxygen as a byproduct.
Horizontal gene transfer
Cryptochrome
Phototropism
Phototropin
Winslow Briggs
Guard cell
Photoprotection
Plant perception (physiology)
Chloroplast
White Collar-1
Hypericum sechmenii
Phytochrome
Photomorphogenesis
Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain
Ostreococcus tauri
Grow light
Horizontal gene transfer - Wikipedia
Blue-Light- and Phosphorylation-Dependent Binding of a 14-3-3 Protein to Phototropins in Stomatal Guard Cells of Broad Bean<...
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生物の用語集(アルファベット順) P - 広島大学デジタル博物館
Acta Biologica Cracoviensia s. Botanica - PAS Journals
DeCS
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What does Phototropin do for plants? - Indielullabies.com
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Dinitrocresóis/metabolismo
What Is The Physical Basis Of The Phototropic Response? [Updated!]
Photoreceptors3
- This is an important step forward in our understanding of the perception of different wavelengths of sunlight by plants as the former accepted view was that UVR8 is a UV-B photoreceptor that participated only in the perception of UV-B radiation while all wavelengths of UV-A radiation were perceived by cryptochromes and the other UV-A/Blue photoreceptors, phototropins and ZTL. (helsinki.fi)
- There are two main types of photoreceptors in plants: blue-light receptors (cryptochromes and phototropins) and red/far-red light receptors (phytochromes). (wellbeingport.com)
- As a result, most marine microorganisms, including non-phototrophic bacterias, have various kinds AZD-9291 enzyme inhibitor of BL photoreceptors such as for example phototropins, cryptochromes (CRYs), and various other proteins formulated with BLUF (BL using Trend) domains and LOV (Light, Air and Voltage) domains to feeling the light3,4. (palomid529.com)
Phytochromes3
- They include the phototropins, phytochromes (PHYTOCHROME), and members of the ubiquitous cryptochrome family. (bvsalud.org)
- Pigments are divided by their purpose into three categories: phototropins, cryptochromes and phytochromes. (hydroharbor.com)
- Several findings suggest that phytochromes and phototropins act together in the cytosol to regulate phototropism. (oup.com)
Phot13
- When irradiated with blue light to induce chloroplast movement, cp-actin filaments relocalize to the leading edge of chloroplasts before and during photorelocation and are regulated by 2 phototropins, phot1 and phot2. (scite.ai)
- In arabidopsis there are two phototropins (phot1 and phot2). (plantae.org)
- Recently, we have shown that phototropins (phot1 and phot2), which are light receptor-type Ser/Thr protein kinases, serve as redundant blue light receptors for stomatal opening (1, 2). (nagoya-u.ac.jp)
Cryptochromes and phototropins3
- UVR8 responds to UV-B (280-315 nm) to provide protection against pests and increase the production of antioxidants and other secondary metabolites Cryptochromes and phototropins sense UV-A radiation (315-400 nm) and blue light (400~500 nm) to control circadian rhythms, shade avoidance responses, phototropism, and secondary metabolites production. (ledsmagazine.com)
- Cryptochromes and phototropins absorb blue light and regulate various processes, including seedling development, stomatal opening, and flowering time. (wellbeingport.com)
- This range of spectrum enables cryptochromes and phototropins to mediate plant responses such as phototropic curvature, inhibition of elongation growth, chloroplast movement, stomatal opening and seedling growth regulation. (quickbloomlights.com.au)
Mediate2
- In stomatal guard cells, genetic analysis has revealed that phototropins mediate activation of the plasma membrane H + -ATPase by phosphorylation and drive stomatal opening. (elsevierpure.com)
- In Arabidopsis thaliana, phototropins mediate chloroplast movement by regulating short actin filaments on chloroplasts (cp-actin filaments), and the chloroplast outer envelope protein CHUP1 is necessary for cp-actin filament accumulation. (scite.ai)
Chloroplast2
- Chloroplast movement generally is actin dependent and mediated by blue light receptor phototropins. (scite.ai)
- The two phototropins redundantly regulate phototropism, leaf flattening, stomatal opening, and chloroplast movement towards low intensity light (chloroplast accumulation). (plantae.org)
Stomatal2
- 2018). By contrast, blue light-mediated stomatal opening requires the interaction of phototropins with a cytosolic protein (Takemiya et al. (plantae.org)
- Phototropins are pigments that allow plants to respond to light by affecting the curvature of growth, the triggering of stomatal(pores) opening or developmental changes. (hydroharbor.com)
Receptor1
- Phototropins are blue-light (BL) receptor serine (Ser)/threonine kinases, and contain two light, oxygen, and voltage (LOV) domains, and are members of the PAS domain superfamily. (elsevierpure.com)
Proteins1
- In this system, blue light falling unevenly on a seedling is sensed by proteins called phototropins, which cause redistribution of a plant hormone, ultimately causing the growing tip to bend toward the light. (scienceblog.com)
Blue2
- 14] W. R. Briggs and J. M. Christie, "Phototropins 1 and 2: Versatile Plant Blue-light Receptors," Trends in Plant Science, Vol.7, No.5, pp. 204-210, 2002. (fujipress.jp)
- Anthocyanin and flavonoids are heavily dependent on blue light, produced through phototropins in biosynthesis. (exciteled.eu)
Leaf1
- CBC1/CBC2 function in the signaling pathways of phototropins and HT1 (HIGH LEAF TEMPERATURE 1). (nature.com)
Plant1
- In another disease setting, we have studied human PAS kinase - a serine/threonine kinase which is regulated by PAS domains - that controls nutrient flux with some interesting parallels to the plant phototropins mentioned above. (cuny.edu)
Light2
- It may be this property that makes phototropins particularly adept at deciphering directional light cues. (plantae.org)
- Phototropins are the reason plants bend towards light and react in many other ways to light exposure. (hydroharbor.com)
Class1
- The fifth class, phototropins, are unique in that they are membrane bound. (plantae.org)
Response1
- However, biochemical evidence for the involvement of phototropins in the BL response of stomata is lacking. (elsevierpure.com)
Cryptochromes6
- the red/far-red (R/FR) light-absorbing phytochromes, and the UV-A/blue light-absorbing cryptochromes and phototropins. (photobiology.info)
- There are three main types of plant photoreceptors: phytochromes, cryptochromes, and phototropins. (ibu-hamil.id)
- Plants use phototropins, phytochromes, cryptochromes and UV detectors to perform different light sensing tasks and to trigger signals throughout the plant. (bonsai-science.com)
- It relies on various photopigments, including phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropins, and UVR8, to sense and respond to radiation ranging from ultraviolet to near-infrared. (allthingslighting.org)
- 2) cryptochromes, phototropins and recently discovered ZTL/FKF1/LKP2 proteins sense blue light and UV-A, while 3) very recently discovered UVR8 receptor percieve UV-B radiation. (cuni.cz)
- The mechanism by which the blue-light photoreceptors cryptochromes (CRYs) and phototropins (PHOTs) mediated blue-light regulation of stomatal aperture has been studied extensively, but the pathway of red-light regulation of stomatal aperture mediated by red light photoreceptors phytochromes (Phys) remains unknown. (plantae.org)
Blue-light1
- Phototropins are plasma-membrane-associated UV-A/blue-light activated kinases that trigger phototropic growth. (nih.gov)