Photorhabdus
Rhabditoidea
Xenorhabdus
Nematoda
Rhabditida
Symbiosis
Insects
Manduca
Serratia
Enterobacteriaceae
Larva
Bacterial Toxins
Beetles
Isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of strains of Photorhabdus luminescens from infected humans in Australia. (1/126)
We describe the isolation of Photorhabdus (Xenorhabdus) luminescens from four Australian patients: two with multiple skin lesions, one with bacteremia only, and one with disseminated infection. One of the patients had multiple skin lesions following the bite of a spider, while the lesions in the other patient were possibly associated with a spider bite. The source of infection for the remaining two patients is unknown. As a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae, P. luminescens is unusual in that it fails to reduce nitrate and ferments only glucose and mannose. It gives negative reactions for lysine decarboxylase, arginine dihydrolase, and ornithine decarboxylase (Moeller). The species is motile, utilizes citrate, hydrolyzes urea, and usually produces a unique type of annular hemolysis on sheep blood agar plates incubated at 25 degrees C. A weak bioluminescence is the defining characteristic. P. luminescens is an insect pathogen and is symbiotically associated with entomopathogenic nematodes. Its isolation from human clinical specimens has been reported previously from the United States. Restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR analysis of the 16S rRNA gene demonstrated a high level of similarity among the Australian clinical strains and significant differences between the Australian clinical strains and the U.S. clinical strains. However, numerical analyses of the data suggest that the two groups of clinical strains are more similar to each other than they are to the symbiotic strains found in nematodes. This is the first report of the isolation of P. luminescens from infected humans in Australia and the second report of the isolation of this species from infected humans worldwide. (+info)Polyphasic classification of the genus Photorhabdus and proposal of new taxa: P. luminescens subsp. luminescens subsp. nov., P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii subsp. nov., P. luminescens subsp. laumondii subsp. nov., P. temperata sp. nov., P. temperata subsp. temperata subsp. nov. and P. asymbiotica sp. nov. (2/126)
The taxonomic position of Photorhabdus strains was examined through the results of DNA relatedness (S1 nuclease method) studies associated with the determination of delta Tm, 16S rRNA phylogenetic inferences and phenotypic characterization, including morphological, auxanographic, biochemical and physiological properties. Three genomic species were delineated on a consensus assessment. One of these species corresponded to Photorhabdus luminescens, since strains were at least 50% related to the type strain of this species with delta Tm less than 7 degrees C. The two other species were novel genomic species II and III, which were less than 40% related to each other with delta Tm higher than 9 degrees C. A comparison of the complete 16S rDNA sequences of several representatives of genomic species II and genomic species III revealed that each of them formed a stable lineage independent of the cluster generated by P. luminescens strains. The genomic species differed in their maximum temperatures for growth. A correlation with the ecological origin of the bacterial samples was noticed. The heat-tolerant group I (maximum growth temperature 35-39 degrees C) corresponded to the symbionts of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora groups Brecon and HP88 and Heterorhabditis indica, nematodes living in warm and tropical countries, respectively. Group II (maximum growth temperature 33-35 degrees C) encompassed symbionts from Heterorhabditis megidis, Heterorhabditis zealandica and group NC1 of H. bacteriophora, nematodes isolated in temperate climates. Group III were bacteria isolated from human specimens. Two new species, Photorhabdus temperata sp. nov. (type strain CIP 105563T) and Photorhabdus asymbiotica sp. nov. (type strain ATCC 43950T), are proposed for genomic species II and III, respectively. Species I and II can be separated into sub-groups on the basis of high DNA-DNA relatedness (more than 80% DNA binding with delta Tm < 1.5 degrees C), 16S rDNA branching and phenotypic characters. Therefore, we propose that the two species P. luminescens and P. temperata should be subdivided into subspecies as follows: P. luminescens subsp. luminescens subsp. nov. (type strain ATCC 29999T), P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii subsp. nov. (type strain CIP 105564T), P. luminescens subsp. laumondii subsp. nov. (type strain CIP 105565T) and P. temperata subsp. temperata subsp. nov. (+info)Occurrence of natural dixenic associations between the symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens and bacteria related to Ochrobactrum spp. in tropical entomopathogenic Heterorhabditis spp. (Nematoda, Rhabditida). (3/126)
Bacteria naturally associated with the symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. akhurstii were isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica. Bacterial isolates distinct from P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii were obtained from 33% of the samples. Fourteen bacterial isolates, from nematodes collected from three different Caribbean islands, were characterized by conventional phenotypic tests, restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analyses of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNAs). Isolates were grouped into three genotypes, each one being associated with one Caribbean island. Phenotypic characteristics and 16S rDNA analysis showed that the Photorhabdus-associated bacteria were closely related to Ochrobactrum anthropi for the group from Guadeloupe, and to Ochrobactrum intermedium for the two groups from the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. No pathogenicity of the Ochrobactrum spp. to the insects Galleria mellonella and Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera) was detected. Since Ochrobactrum spp. are considered as human opportunist pathogens, the mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control requires strict vigilance. (+info)Monitoring bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus infections in living mice using a novel luxABCDE construct. (4/126)
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus were transformed with plasmid DNA containing a Photorhabdus luminescens lux operon (luxABCDE) that was genetically modified to be functional in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. S. aureus cells containing this novel lux construct, downstream of an appropriate promoter sequence, are highly bioluminescent, allowing the detection of fewer than 100 CFU in vitro (direct detection of exponentially dividing cells in liquid culture). Furthermore, these bacteria produce light stably at 37 degrees C and do not require exogenous aldehyde substrate, thus allowing S. aureus infections in living animals to be monitored by bioluminescence. Two strains of S. aureus 8325-4 that produce high levels of constitutive bioluminescence were injected into the thigh muscles of mice, and the animals were then either treated with the antibiotic amoxicillin or left untreated. Bioluminescence from bacteria present in the thighs of the mice was monitored in vivo over a period of 24 h. The effectiveness of the antibiotic in the treated animals could be measured by a decrease in the light signal. At 8 h, the infection in both groups of treated animals had begun to clear, as judged by a decrease in bioluminescence, and by 24 h no light signal could be detected. In contrast, both groups of untreated mice had strong bioluminescent signals at 24 h. Quantification of CFU from bacteria extracted from the thigh muscles of the mice correlated well with the bioluminescence data. This paper shows for the first time that bioluminescence offers a method for monitoring S. aureus infections in vivo that is sensitive and noninvasive and requires fewer animals than conventional methodologies. (+info)A genomic sample sequence of the entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens W14: potential implications for virulence. (5/126)
Photorhabdus luminescens is a pathogenic bacterium that lives in the guts of insect-pathogenic nematodes. After invasion of an insect host by a nematode, bacteria are released from the nematode gut and help kill the insect, in which both the bacteria and the nematodes subsequently replicate. However, the bacterial virulence factors associated with this "symbiosis of pathogens" remain largely obscure. In order to identify genes encoding potential virulence factors, we performed approximately 2,000 random sequencing reads from a P. luminescens W14 genomic library. We then compared the sequences obtained to sequences in existing gene databases and to the Escherichia coli K-12 genome sequence. Here we describe the different classes of potential virulence factors found. These factors include genes that putatively encode Tc insecticidal toxin complexes, Rtx-like toxins, proteases and lipases, colicin and pyocins, and various antibiotics. They also include a diverse array of secretion (e.g., type III), iron uptake, and lipopolysaccharide production systems. We speculate on the potential functions of each of these gene classes in insect infection and also examine the extent to which the invertebrate pathogen P. luminescens shares potential antivertebrate virulence factors. The implications for understanding both the biology of this insect pathogen and links between the evolution of vertebrate virulence factors and the evolution of invertebrate virulence factors are discussed. (+info)Plasmid-located pathogenicity determinants of Serratia entomophila, the causal agent of amber disease of grass grub, show similarity to the insecticidal toxins of Photorhabdus luminescens. (6/126)
Serratia entomophila and Serratia proteamaculans cause amber disease in the grass grub Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), an important pasture pest in New Zealand. Larval disease symptoms include cessation of feeding, clearance of the gut, amber coloration, and eventual death. A 115-kb plasmid, pADAP, identified in S. entomophila is required for disease causation and, when introduced into Escherichia coli, enables that organism to cause amber disease. A 23-kb fragment of pADAP that conferred disease-causing ability on E. coli and a pADAP-cured strain of S. entomophila was isolated. Using insertion mutagenesis, the pathogenicity determinants were mapped to a 17-kb region of the clone. Sequence analysis of the 17-kb region showed that the predicted products of three of the open reading frames (sepA, sepB, and sepC) showed significant sequence similarity to components of the insecticidal toxin produced by the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Transposon insertions in sepA, sepB, or sepC completely abolished both gut clearance and cessation of feeding on the 23-kb clone; when recombined back into pADAP, they abolished gut clearance but not cessation of feeding. These results suggest that SepA, SepB, and SepC together are sufficient for amber disease causation by S. entomophila and that another locus also able to exert a cessation-of-feeding effect is encoded elsewhere on pADAP. (+info)A new broad-spectrum protease inhibitor from the entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. (7/126)
A new protease inhibitor was purified to apparent homogeneity from a culture medium of Photorhabdus luminescens by ammonium sulfate precipitation and preparative isoelectric focusing followed by affinity chromatography. Ph. luminescens, a bacterium symbiotically associated with the insect-parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, exists in two morphologically distinguishable phases (primary and secondary). It appears that only the secondary-phase bacterium produces this protease inhibitor. The protease inhibitor has an M:(r) of approximately 12000 as determined by SDS-PAGE. Its activity is stable over a pH range of 3.5-11 and at temperatures below 50 degrees C. The N-terminal 16 amino acids of the protease inhibitor were determined as STGIVTFKND(X)GEDIV and have a very high sequence homology with the N-terminal region of an endogenous inhibitor (IA-1) from the fruiting bodies of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. The purified protease inhibitor inactivated the homologous protease with an almost 1:1 stoichiometry. It also inhibited proteases from a related insect-nematode-symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila. Interestingly, when present at a molar ratio of 5 to 1, this new protease inhibitor completely inactivated the activity of both trypsin and elastase. The activity of proteinase A and cathepsin G was partially inhibited by this bacterial protease inhibitor, but it had no effect on chymotrypsin, subtilisin, thermolysin and cathepsins B and D. The newly isolated protease inhibitor from the secondary-phase bacteria and its specific inhibition of its own protease provides an explanation as to why previous investigators failed to detect the presence of protease activity in the secondary-phase bacteria. The functional implications of the protease inhibitor are also discussed in relation to the physiology of nematode-symbiotic bacteria. (+info)A genomic approach to gene fusion technology. (8/126)
Gene expression profiling provides powerful analyses of transcriptional responses to cellular perturbation. In contrast to DNA array-based methods, reporter gene technology has been underused for this application. Here we describe a genomewide, genome-registered collection of Escherichia coli bioluminescent reporter gene fusions. DNA sequences from plasmid-borne, random fusions of E. coli chromosomal DNA to a Photorhabdus luminescens luxCDABE reporter allowed precise mapping of each fusion. The utility of this collection covering about 30% of the transcriptional units was tested by analyzing individual fusions representative of heat shock, SOS, OxyR, SoxRS, and cya/crp stress-responsive regulons. Each fusion strain responded as anticipated to environmental conditions known to activate the corresponding regulatory circuit. Thus, the collection mirrors E. coli's transcriptional wiring diagram. This genomewide collection of gene fusions provides an independent test of results from other gene expression analyses. Accordingly, a DNA microarray-based analysis of mitomycin C-treated E. coli indicated elevated expression of expected and unanticipated genes. Selected luxCDABE fusions corresponding to these up-regulated genes were used to confirm or contradict the DNA microarray results. The power of partnering gene fusion and DNA microarray technology to discover promoters and define operons was demonstrated when data from both suggested that a cluster of 20 genes encoding production of type I extracellular polysaccharide in E. coli form a single operon. (+info)*Photorhabdus* is a genus of gram-negative, bioluminescent bacteria that are symbiotic with certain species of entomopathogenic nematodes (nematodes that infect and kill insects). These bacteria are found in the gut of the nematodes and are released into the insect host when the nematode infects it. The bacteria produce toxins and other virulence factors that help to kill the insect and provide a nutrient-rich environment for the nematodes to reproduce. After reproduction, the nematodes and *Photorhabdus* bacteria work together again to seek out a new insect host. Some species of *Photorhabdus* have also been shown to have potential as biological control agents for certain insect pests.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Rhabditoidea" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in biology, specifically a superfamily of nematodes (roundworms) that includes several medically important genera such as *Strongyloides* and *Enterobius*.
In a broader context:
Rhabditoidea is a group of nematode worms that are characterized by certain morphological features, including the structure of their reproductive system and the presence of specialized cells called bacillary bands. Some species in this superfamily can be parasitic in humans and other animals, causing various diseases.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help!
Xenorhabdus is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are symbiotically associated with nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae. These bacteria are pathogenic to insects and have been studied for their potential as biocontrol agents. They produce a variety of bioactive compounds that are toxic to insects and also have antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties. When the nematodes infect an insect host, they release the bacteria into the insect's hemocoel (the equivalent of the mammalian bloodstream), where the bacteria multiply and produce toxins that kill the insect. The nematodes then feed on the bacterial mass and use it as a food source, allowing them to reproduce within the dead insect.
Nematoda is a phylum of pseudocoelomate, unsegmented worms with a round or filiform body shape. They are commonly known as roundworms or threadworms. Nematodes are among the most diverse and numerous animals on earth, with estimates of over 1 million species, of which only about 25,000 have been described.
Nematodes are found in a wide range of habitats, including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Some nematode species are free-living, while others are parasitic, infecting a variety of hosts, including plants, animals, and humans. Parasitic nematodes can cause significant disease and economic losses in agriculture, livestock production, and human health.
The medical importance of nematodes lies primarily in their role as parasites that infect humans and animals. Some common examples of medically important nematodes include:
* Ascaris lumbricoides (human roundworm)
* Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
* Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms)
* Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm or threadworm)
* Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Loa loa (filarial nematodes that cause lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, and loiasis, respectively)
Nematode infections can cause a range of clinical symptoms, depending on the species and the location of the parasite in the body. Common symptoms include gastrointestinal disturbances, anemia, skin rashes, and lymphatic swelling. In some cases, nematode infections can lead to serious complications or even death if left untreated.
Medical management of nematode infections typically involves the use of anthelmintic drugs, which are medications that kill or expel parasitic worms from the body. The choice of drug depends on the species of nematode and the severity of the infection. In some cases, preventive measures such as improved sanitation and hygiene can help reduce the risk of nematode infections.
Rhabditida is an order of nematodes, or roundworms. These are microscopic worms that have a long, slender, and unsegmented body. Rhabditida includes both free-living and parasitic species. Some free-living species live in soil and decaying organic matter, where they play an important role in the breakdown of organic material.
Parasitic species of Rhabditida can infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and plants. They can cause various diseases and conditions, depending on the species and the location of the infection. For example, some parasitic Rhabditida species can infect the gastrointestinal tract and cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and other symptoms. Other species can infect the lungs and cause respiratory problems.
Rhabditida are characterized by several distinctive features, including a mouth equipped with three lips and teeth, and a unique reproductive system that allows them to reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are also known for their ability to form resistant structures called resting spores, which can survive in unfavorable conditions and germinate when conditions improve.
It's worth noting that the classification of nematodes is complex and constantly evolving, so different sources may use slightly different terminology or groupings when discussing Rhabditida and other orders of nematodes.
In the context of medicine and biology, symbiosis is a type of close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. Generally, one organism, called the symbiont, lives inside or on another organism, called the host. This interaction can be mutually beneficial (mutualistic), harmful to the host organism (parasitic), or have no effect on either organism (commensal).
Examples of mutualistic symbiotic relationships in humans include the bacteria that live in our gut and help us digest food, as well as the algae that live inside corals and provide them with nutrients. Parasitic symbioses, on the other hand, involve organisms like viruses or parasitic worms that live inside a host and cause harm to it.
It's worth noting that while the term "symbiosis" is often used in popular culture to refer to any close relationship between two organisms, in scientific contexts it has a more specific meaning related to long-term biological interactions.
I apologize for any confusion, but "insects" are not a medical term. Insects are small air-breathing arthropods that have a segmented body with six legs and usually have wings. They make up the largest group of animals on Earth, with over a million described species.
If you're looking for information about a specific medical condition or topic, please provide more details so I can offer a relevant response.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Moths" are not a medical term, but rather they are a group of insects closely related to butterflies. They belong to the order Lepidoptera and are characterized by their scales covering their wings and body. If you have any questions about moths or if you meant to ask something else, please let me know!
Luciferases are enzymes that catalyze the light-emitting reaction in bioluminescent organisms. Bacterial luciferases are specifically derived from luminous bacteria and are composed of two components: a heterodimeric enzyme (luciferase) and a small fatty aldehyde, typically decanal. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of the aldehyde in the presence of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2), and long-chain fatty acids, resulting in the formation of the corresponding acid and light emission. This light-emitting reaction is often used in various biochemical and biological applications, such as reporter gene assays, bioluminescent imaging, and biosensors.
"Manduca" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. However, it does refer to a genus of moths, also known as the "hawk moths." While there are no direct medical applications or definitions associated with this term, it's worth noting that some species of hawk moths have been used in scientific research. For instance, the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) is a popular model organism for studying insect physiology and genetics.
In a broader context, understanding the biology and behavior of Manduca can contribute to fields like ecology, entomology, and environmental science, which in turn can have indirect implications for human health, agriculture, and conservation. However, it is not a term that would be used in a medical context for diagnosing or treating diseases.
"Serratia" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile bacilli that are commonly found in the environment, such as in water and soil. Some species, particularly "Serratia marcescens," can cause healthcare-associated infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, wound infections, and bloodstream infections. These infections often occur in patients with compromised immune systems or who have been hospitalized for extended periods of time. Serratia species are resistant to multiple antibiotics, which can make treatment challenging.
Enterobacteriaceae is a family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. Many species within this family are capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Some common examples of Enterobacteriaceae include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella enterica.
These bacteria are typically characterized by their ability to ferment various sugars and produce acid and gas as byproducts. They can also be distinguished by their biochemical reactions, such as their ability to produce certain enzymes or resist specific antibiotics. Infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae can range from mild to severe, depending on the species involved and the overall health of the infected individual.
Some infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and foodborne illnesses. Proper hygiene, such as handwashing and safe food handling practices, can help prevent the spread of these bacteria and reduce the risk of infection.
Hemocytes are specialized cells found in the open circulatory system of invertebrates, including insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. They play crucial roles in the immune response and defense mechanisms of these organisms. Hemocytes can be categorized into several types based on their functions and morphologies, such as phagocytic cells, encapsulating cells, and clotting cells. These cells are responsible for various immunological activities, including recognition and removal of foreign particles, pathogens, and debris; production of immune effector molecules; and contribution to the formation of blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding. In some invertebrates, hemocytes also participate in wound healing, tissue repair, and other physiological processes.
A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.
The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.
In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.
It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.
Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.
Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:
1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.
Bacterial toxins are poisonous substances produced and released by bacteria. They can cause damage to the host organism's cells and tissues, leading to illness or disease. Bacterial toxins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins and endotoxins.
Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells that can cause harm to the host. They often target specific cellular components or pathways, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Some examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism; diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria; and tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.
Endotoxins, on the other hand, are components of the bacterial cell wall that are released when the bacteria die or divide. They consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause a generalized inflammatory response in the host. Endotoxins can be found in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Bacterial toxins can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type of toxin, the dose, and the site of infection. They can lead to serious illnesses or even death if left untreated. Vaccines and antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of severe complications from bacterial toxins.
"Beetles" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to insects belonging to the order Coleoptera, which is one of the largest orders in the class Insecta. Beetles are characterized by their hardened forewings, known as elytra, which protect their hind wings and body when not in use for flying.
There are many different species of beetles found all over the world, and some can have an impact on human health. For example, certain types of beetles, such as bed bugs and carpet beetles, can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people. Other beetles, like the Colorado potato beetle, can damage crops and lead to economic losses for farmers. However, it is important to note that most beetles are not harmful to humans and play an essential role in ecosystems as decomposers and pollinators.
"Ochrobactrum anthropi" is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is found in various environments, including soil, water, and clinical samples. It is a conditional pathogen, meaning it can cause infection under certain circumstances, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Infections caused by Ochrobactrum anthropi are often associated with medical devices or procedures, such as catheter-related bacteremia, pneumonia, and wound infections. It is inherently resistant to many antibiotics, which can make treatment challenging.
Photorhabdus
Photorhabdus temperata
Photorhabdus luminescens
Steinernema
Heterorhabditis
Morganellaceae
Stefan Raunser
Xenorhabdus
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
Regiella insecticola
Heterorhabditis megidis
Hamiltonella defensa
James Dinwiddie (surgeon)
Bioluminescent bacteria
Hfq protein
Anthraquinones
Arsenophonus nasoniae
Tapinarof
Enterobacterial holin family
Galleria mellonella
MACPF
Darobactin
Entomopathogenic nematode
Xenorhabdus vietnamensis
Colorado potato beetle
Bioluminescence imaging
Ostrinia furnacalis
Serratia entomophila
Stilbenoid
Naturally occurring phenols
Photorhabdus - Wikipedia
Polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase (Photorhabdus luminescens) | Protein Target - PubChem
Nematode Symbiont for Photorhabdus asymbiotica - Volume 12, Number 10-October 2006 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Photorhabdus | Profiles RNS
Evasion of the alternative complement pathway by Photorhabdus spp<...
The role of iron uptake in pathogenicity and symbiosis in Photorhabdus luminescens TT01 | BMC Microbiology | Full Text
Symbiosis, virulence and natural-product biosynthesis in entomopathogenic bacteria are regulated by a small RNA | Nature...
Regulon of Trp leader in Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii TTO1
Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB family assignments to Photorhabdus asymbiotica
Mgr. Gita Paulíková, Ph.D. - Publications | Faculty of Science MU
컨텐츠 | Nature Portfolio
HETERORHABDITIS BACTERIOPHORA NEMATODES ARE SENSITIVE TO THE BACTERIAL PATHOGEN PHOTORHABDUS ASYMBIOTICA. | J Parasitol;109(1)...
Apologies for double posting!
Publications at this Location : USDA ARS
INSTITUTE OF ENTOMOLOGY | Publications
Sequence search - BRENDA Enzyme Database
Goethe-Universität - …From Single Molecules to Cells…
Frontiers | DltX of Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids and Resistance to Antimicrobial...
Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel | Kiel, Germany | CAU
Virulence and Reproduction of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Isolated from a Single Mexican Locality1 | Journal of Entomological...
BJOC - Fabclavine diversity in Xenorhabdus bacteria
화학공학소재연구정보센터(CHERIC) | 연구정보 | 문헌DB | 학술지 검색
A Supermassive Black Hole The Mass Of 30 Billion Suns
Rosemary Akhurst, PhD | Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCSF
Powered by E. Coli | GenomeWeb
The EPA National Library Catalog | EPA National Library Network | US EPA
Inter Research » DAO » v124 » n3 » p223-232
Magdolna Csávás - ODT Personal data sheet
PeerJ - Profile - Nancy Keller
Luminescens subsp4
Subsp5
- Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. (brenda-enzymes.org)
- Photorhabdus asymbiota is divided into two subspecies, subsp. (up.ac.za)
- Photorhabdus heterorhabditis subsp. (academic-accelerator.com)
- Photorhabdus australis subsp. (academic-accelerator.com)
- Photorhabdus akhurstii subsp. (academic-accelerator.com)
Asymbiotica5
- Three species of Photohabdus have been found, which are Photorhabdus luminescens, Photorhabdus temperata and Photorhabdus asymbiotica. (wikipedia.org)
- Photorhabdus asymbiotica is an emerging bacterial pathogen that causes locally invasive soft tissue and disseminated bacteremic infections in the United States and Australia. (cdc.gov)
- A) Hand of the patient infected with Photorhabdus asymbiotica after debridement. (cdc.gov)
- In this study, the survival of H. bacteriophora infective juveniles containing or lacking P. luminescens was tested against the entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus asymbiotica as well as the non-pathogenic Escherichia coli . (bvsalud.org)
- Photorhabdus is currently subdivided into three species, luminescens, temperate and asymbiotica all of which have been isolated as symbionts of heterorhabditid nematodes. (up.ac.za)
Bacteria4
- Photorhabdus Species: Bioluminescent Bacteria as Human Pathogens? (wikipedia.org)
- The entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infects a wide range of insect hosts with the aid of its mutualistic bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens . (bvsalud.org)
- Due to their toxic metabolic products, bacteria such as Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus have a deadly effect on soil-dwelling insect larvae. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
- Bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are entomopathogenic bacteria symbiotically associated with entomopathogenic nematodes belonging to the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, respectively. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus2
- Selected Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus mutant strains were generated applying a chemically inducible promoter in front of the suggested fabclavine ( fcl ) biosynthesis gene cluster (BGC), followed by the analysis of the occurring fabclavines. (beilstein-journals.org)
- Several classes of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with a broad spectrum of bioactivities (e.g. antibacterial, insecticidal, antifungal) are known from different Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus strains and are produced by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and the fatty acid synthase (FAS)-related polyketide synthases (PKS) or even hybrids thereof. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Heterorhabditis1
- Photorhabdus species are essential endosymbionts for Heterorhabditis nematodes. (wikipedia.org)
Complete genome1
- The complete genome of Photorhabdus luminescens was sequenced in 2003. (wikipedia.org)
20231
- Machado A.R., Bhat A.H., Castaneda-Alvarez C., Půža V. , San-Blas E. (2023) Photorhabdus aballayi sp. (cas.cz)
Bacterial1
- To continue this successful strategy, new sources for bioactive compounds are required, such as the bacterial genera Xenorhabdus or Photorhabdus . (beilstein-journals.org)
Insect9
- Photorhabdus species facilitate the reproduction of entomopathogenic nematodes by infecting and killing susceptible insect larvae. (wikipedia.org)
- When the nematode enters an insect larvae, Photorhabdus species are released by the nematodes and will produce a range of toxins, killing the host within 48 hours. (wikipedia.org)
- Photorhabdus species feed on the cadaver of the insect and the process converts the cadaver into a nutrient source for the nematode. (wikipedia.org)
- During stationary phase growth inside insect larvae, Photorhabdus species synthesize a molecule called 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene (ST). It is proposed that ST acts as an antibiotic and protects Photorhabdus species from competition from other microorganisms, and also helps circumvent the insect's immune system. (wikipedia.org)
- The DNA sequence of Photorhabdus contains a number of toxin-encoding genes that are essential for killing the insect after infection. (wikipedia.org)
- The efficiency of insect-killing nature of Photorhabdus species and its potential use as biopesticide have been studied. (wikipedia.org)
- Yersinia pestis , the cause of plague, contains insecticidal toxins, which may have been laterally transferred from the insect pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- Upon entering an insect host, the nematode releases Photorhabdus from its intestinal tract and the bacterium establishes a lethal septicemia in the insect. (umassmed.edu)
- ABSTRACT: Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, a severe disease of shrimp, is caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (AHPND Vp), a halophilic bacterium harboring a plasmid that contains toxin genes homologous to Photorhabdus insect-related toxins. (int-res.com)
Species3
- It is proposed that Photorhabdus species acquired the toxin genes by horizontal gene transfer during evolution. (wikipedia.org)
- Use of Photorhabdus species alone as biopesticide, independent of its nematode symbiont, against the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae, mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae and the pupae of the diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella has been demonstrated successful. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, the ArcZ sRNA is crucial for specialized metabolite production in Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus species and could become a useful tool for metabolic engineering and identification of commercially relevant natural products. (nature.com)
Entomopathogenic nematodes1
- Photorhabdus is a genus of bioluminescent, gram-negative bacilli which lives symbiotically within entomopathogenic nematodes, hence the name photo (which means light producing) and rhabdus (rod shape). (wikipedia.org)
Symbiosis1
- Photorhabdus -nematode symbiosis is dependent on hfq-mediated regulation of secondary metabolites. (nature.com)
Regulon1
- In addition to specialized metabolite genes, we show that the ArcZ regulon affects approximately 15% of all transcripts in Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus . (nature.com)
Genus1
- Originally discovered from members of the nematode symbiotic genus Photorhabdus, the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) encoding for the synthesis of darobactin A can also be found in other γ-proteobacterial families. (sdsc.edu)
Infection3
- In 1999, a study reported another four cases of Photorhabdus luminescens infection in south eastern Australia, one in 1994 and three in 1998. (wikipedia.org)
- We report Photorhabdus infection in a 49-year-old Australian man who had fever and soft tissue infections of his right hand and left thigh in February 2006 ( Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- During this period Photorhabdus luminescens releases bacteriocidal products, including antibiotics and bacteriocins, that prevent infection of the larva by competitive microbes. (up.ac.za)
Insects1
- Photorhabdus is known to be pathogenic to a wide range of insects and has been used as biopesticide in agriculture. (wikipedia.org)
Human1
- Photorhabdus asymbiota, formerly Xenorhabdus luminescens, has been isolated from human wound and blood infections often in association with spider bites. (up.ac.za)
Light1
- Photorhabdus luminescens is capable of giving off light, a complex process that requires the products of the lux operon. (up.ac.za)
Xenorhabdus11
- Peptides in Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp. (mpg.de)
- As explained on Nosopharm's website, "Nosopharm has designed and developed an innovative anti-infective drug discovery platform based on the medicinal mining of an original microbial bioresource: the bacterial genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus … Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are Gamma-proteobacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
- Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are symbiotic bacteria of the entomopathogenic nematodes from the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis . (drugdiscoverynews.com)
- Due to their toxic metabolic products, bacteria such as Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus have a deadly effect on soil-dwelling insect larvae. (uni-frankfurt.de)
- and Clostridium spp, and non-spore-forming ones that belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Serratia, Yersinia, Photorhabdus, and Xenorhabdus . (ucanr.edu)
- Among competing parasitic insect-killing bacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, virulence depended on the relative potency of the antimicrobial toxins (bacteriocins) produced by the two strains involved. (parrot.org)
- Photorhabdus asymbiota, formerly Xenorhabdus luminescens, has been isolated from human wound and blood infections often in association with spider bites. (up.ac.za)
- Two different kinds of symbiotic bacteria in the genus, Photorhabdus ( Table 3 ) and Xenorhabdus ( Table 4 ) are symbiotically associated with the species specific infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis spp. (bugsforgrowers.com)
- Species of both Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are motile gram-negative bacteria belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae and also exist in two main phenotypic forms (phase I and II), a phenomenon known as phase variation (Han and Ehlers, 2001). (bugsforgrowers.com)
- Our R&D programs are based on our unique expertise in the exploitation of the bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus . (nosopharm.com)
- Nosopharm is the only biotech company to explore the bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus for anti-infective applications. (nosopharm.com)
Pathogen2
- Yersinia pestis , the cause of plague, contains insecticidal toxins, which may have been laterally transferred from the insect pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- The engineered E. coli used genetic code from the insect pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens and from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme as well as soil microbe Bacillus subtilis to make the fuel molecules from fatty acids, along with a gene from the camphor tree- Cinamomum camphora -to cut the resulting hydrocarbon to the right length. (scientificamerican.com)
Virulence2
- Purified Photorhabdus virulence cassettes-the extracellular contractile injection systems used in the study. (nih.gov)
- It consists of 92 open reading frames that encode mobilization proteins, replication enzymes, transposases, virulence-associated proteins, and proteins similar to Photorhabdus insect-related (Pir) toxins. (nih.gov)
Bacterium3
- Photorhabdus luminescens SL0708 is a symbiotic bacterium presents in the H. indica SL0708 IJs. (springeropen.com)
- The bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens, for example, forms a symbiotic relationship with nematodes. (alliedacademies.org)
- Upon entering an insect host, the nematode releases Photorhabdus from its intestinal tract and the bacterium establishes a lethal septicemia in the insect. (nih.gov)
Isolates2
- In one of these, isolates of a Photorhabdus sp. (medscape.com)
- Australian and American clinical isolates of Photorhabdus. (medscape.com)
Insect-related1
- Photorhabdus insect-related (Pir) toxin-like genes in a plasmid of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the causative agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of shrimp. (nih.gov)
Nematode2
- It seems likely therefore that Photorhabdus spp are transmitted to humans by a terrestrial invertebrate (nematode or arthropod), but that vector has not yet been identified. (medscape.com)
- The result is promotion of Photorhabdus luminescens-nematode interactions that result in continuation of the symbiotic relationship. (up.ac.za)
Bioluminescent1
- Photorhabdus is a genus of bioluminescent, gram-negative bacilli which lives symbiotically within entomopathogenic nematodes, hence the name photo (which means light producing) and rhabdus (rod shape). (wikipedia.org)
Antibiotic1
- 18. Identification of two pigments and a hydroxystilbene antibiotic from Photorhabdus luminescens. (nih.gov)
Vitro1
- Our data suggest that variation among important biological control traits of in vitro cultures of Photorhabdus luminescens is more likely due to environmental variation than inadvertent laboratory selection or other genetic processes. (usda.gov)
Invertebrate1
- In this study we were interested in analyzing the role of Fe3+ and Fe2+ iron uptake systems in the ability of Photorhabdus to interact with its invertebrate hosts. (ucc.ie)
Evidence1
- Biosafety concerns on the use of Photorhabdus luminescens as biopesticide : experimental evidence of mortality in egg parasitoid Trichogramma spp" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
Activity1
- Our work on the Photorhabdus Rhs activity, loading and structure has been featured on the CNRS website (in French): Rhs, une grenade antibactérienne. (cascaleslab.fr)