Phloem
Cucurbita
Xylem
Plant Stems
Cucurbitaceae
Plant Leaves
Plasmodesmata
Scrophulariaceae
Cucumis sativus
Aphids
Sucrose
Plant Proteins
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Ricinus
Plantago
Cambium
Plants, Genetically Modified
Bignoniaceae
Plant Roots
Plant Vascular Bundle
Papaveraceae
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Vitamin U
Vicia faba
Ranunculaceae
Arabidopsis
Biological Transport
Phytoplasma
Tobacco
Cucumis
Inflorescence
Eucalyptus
Populus
Liquidambar
Solanum tuberosum
Hemiptera
Plant Physiological Phenomena
Encyclopedias as Topic
Acacia
Meristem
Synergism of a DNA and an RNA virus: enhanced tissue infiltration of the begomovirus Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) mediated by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). (1/257)
Replication of the begomovirus Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) is restricted to phloem nuclei, generating moderate levels of virus DNA. Co-infection with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) evidently increased AbMV titers in Nicotiana benthamiana, tobacco, and tomato, resulting in synergistic symptom enhancement. In situ hybridization revealed that in double-infected leaves an increased number of nuclei contained elevated amounts of AbMV. Additionally, the begomoviral phloem-limitation was broken. Whereas CMV 3a movement protein-expressing tobacco plants did not exert any similar influence, the presence of CMV 2b silencing suppressor protein lead to enhanced AbMV titers and numbers of infected vascular cells. The findings prove that AbMV can replicate in nonvascular cells and represent the first report on a true synergism of an RNA/ssDNA virus combination in plants, in which CMV 2b protein plays a role. They indicate considerable consequences of mixed infections between begomo- and cucumoviruses on virus epidemiology and agriculture. (+info)Effect of girdling above the abscission zone of fruit on 'Bartlett' pear ripening on the tree. (2/257)
Pear fruit usually soften and develop a melting texture when harvested at the mature green stage and ripened. The reason why the fruit does not fully ripen on the tree is unknown. To clarify this, our attention was directed to the continuous supply of assimilates and/or other substances into the fruit via phloem transport. To determine the effect of inhibiting phloem transport on fruit ripening on the tree, a girdling treatment was applied to the branch above the abscission zone of 'Bartlett' pear (Pyrus communis L.). Girdling significantly enhanced the ethylene production of fruit on day 12 compared with control fruit. Fruit softening was also stimulated by girdling. On day 8, flesh firmness was similar in treated fruit on the tree and in fruit off the tree, and was significantly lower than that of untreated fruit on the tree. The patterns of transcript accumulation for the ethylene biosynthetic [1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (PcACS) and ACC oxidase (PcACO)] and polygalacturonase (PcPG1 and PcPG3) genes showed good correspondence with ethylene production and fruit softening, respectively. Thus, fruit ripening on the tree was stimulated via ethylene by girdling on the branch above the abscission zone of fruit to interrupt phloem transport. Assimilates and/or other substances in phloem sap may prevent fruit ripening on the tree. (+info)Tocopherols play a crucial role in low-temperature adaptation and Phloem loading in Arabidopsis. (3/257)
To test whether tocopherols (vitamin E) are essential in the protection against oxidative stress in plants, a series of Arabidopsis thaliana vitamin E (vte) biosynthetic mutants that accumulate different types and levels of tocopherols and pathway intermediates were analyzed under abiotic stress. Surprisingly subtle differences were observed between the tocopherol-deficient vte2 mutant and the wild type during high-light, salinity, and drought stresses. However, vte2, and to a lesser extent vte1, exhibited dramatic phenotypes under low temperature (i.e., increased anthocyanin levels and reduced growth and seed production). That these changes were independent of light level and occurred in the absence of photoinhibition or lipid peroxidation suggests that the mechanisms involved are independent of tocopherol functions in photoprotection. Compared with the wild type, vte1 and vte2 had reduced rates of photoassimilate export as early as 6 h into low-temperature treatment, increased soluble sugar levels by 60 h, and increased starch and reduced photosynthetic electron transport rate by 14 d. The rapid reduction in photoassimilate export in vte2 coincides with callose deposition exclusively in phloem parenchyma transfer cell walls adjacent to the companion cell/sieve element complex. Together, these results indicate that tocopherols have a more limited role in photoprotection than previously assumed but play crucial roles in low-temperature adaptation and phloem loading. (+info)Tissue and cell tropism of Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) and its AV2 (precoat) gene product. (4/257)
In order to establish defined viruses for challenging plants in resistance breeding programmes, Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV; family Geminiviridae) DNA clones were modified to monitor viral spread in plants by replacing the coat protein gene with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene. Comparative in situ hybridization experiments showed that ICMV was restricted to the phloem in cassava and tobacco. GFP-tagged virus spread similarly, resulting in homogeneous fluorescence within nuclei and cytoplasm of infected cells. To analyze viral intercellular transport in further detail, GFP was fused to AV2, a protein that has been implicated in viral movement. Expressed from replicating viruses or from plasmids, AV2:GFP became associated with the cell periphery in punctate spots, formed cytoplasmic as well as nuclear inclusion bodies, the latter as conspicuous paired globules. Upon particle bombardment of expression plasmids, AV2:GFP was transported into neighboring cells of epidermal tissues showing that the intercellular transport of the AV2 protein is not restricted to the phloem. The results are consistent with a redundant function of ICMV AV2 acting as a movement protein, presumably as an evolutionary relic of a monopartite geminivirus that may still increase virus fitness but is no longer necessary in a bipartite genome. The fusion of ICMV ORF AV2 to the GFP gene is the first example of a reporter construct that follows the whole track of viral DNA from inside the nucleus to the cell periphery and to the next cell. (+info)Transport and metabolism of raffinose family oligosaccharides in transgenic potato. (5/257)
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are involved in the storage and transport of carbon and serve as compatible solutes for protection against abiotic stresses like drought or cold. RFOs are usually transported in plant species that load sugars symplastically into the phloem. Loading probably occurs by a polymer trapping mechanism which establishes a concentration gradient of assimilates between the mesophyll and the vasculature. Transgenic approaches have demonstrated phloem transport of small molecules produced in the companion cells of apoplastic loading species, but these molecules have been non-native transport substances to plants. In this study, transgenic potato plants with constitutive or companion cell specific overexpression of galactinol synthase (GS) or GS plus raffinose synthase (RS) are characterized, which together provide new insights into the metabolism and transport of RFOs in plants. It is demonstrated that raffinose and galactinol are both transported in the phloem and that, whilst the effect of GS overexpression is promoter-independent, that of RS is dependent on the promoter used. The presence of significant amounts of galactinol in the phloem is shown and also that transgenic potato is unable to transport large amounts of raffinose despite high RS expression and substrate concentrations. These data indicate that there may be additional features of intermediary cells, the specialized companion cells of RFO transporting plants, required for significant RFO synthesis and transport that are currently not well-understood. (+info)Subcellular trafficking of the Arabidopsis auxin influx carrier AUX1 uses a novel pathway distinct from PIN1. (6/257)
The directional flow of the plant hormone auxin mediates multiple developmental processes, including patterning and tropisms. Apical and basal plasma membrane localization of AUXIN-RESISTANT1 (AUX1) and PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) auxin transport components underpins the directionality of intercellular auxin flow in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Here, we examined the mechanism of polar trafficking of AUX1. Real-time live cell analysis along with subcellular markers revealed that AUX1 resides at the apical plasma membrane of protophloem cells and at highly dynamic subpopulations of Golgi apparatus and endosomes in all cell types. Plasma membrane and intracellular pools of AUX1 are interconnected by actin-dependent constitutive trafficking, which is not sensitive to the vesicle trafficking inhibitor brefeldin A. AUX1 subcellular dynamics are not influenced by the auxin influx inhibitor NOA but are blocked by the auxin efflux inhibitors TIBA and PBA. Furthermore, auxin transport inhibitors and interference with the sterol composition of membranes disrupt polar AUX1 distribution at the plasma membrane. Compared with PIN1 trafficking, AUX1 dynamics display different sensitivities to trafficking inhibitors and are independent of the endosomal trafficking regulator ARF GEF GNOM. Hence, AUX1 uses a novel trafficking pathway in plants that is distinct from PIN trafficking, providing an additional mechanism for the fine regulation of auxin transport. (+info)Two cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoforms of maize are specifically involved in the control of grain production. (7/257)
The roles of two cytosolic maize glutamine synthetase isoenzymes (GS1), products of the Gln1-3 and Gln1-4 genes, were investigated by examining the impact of knockout mutations on kernel yield. In the gln1-3 and gln1-4 single mutants and the gln1-3 gln1-4 double mutant, GS mRNA expression was impaired, resulting in reduced GS1 protein and activity. The gln1-4 phenotype displayed reduced kernel size and gln1-3 reduced kernel number, with both phenotypes displayed in gln1-3 gln1-4. However, at maturity, shoot biomass production was not modified in either the single mutants or double mutants, suggesting a specific impact on grain production in both mutants. Asn increased in the leaves of the mutants during grain filling, indicating that it probably accumulates to circumvent ammonium buildup resulting from lower GS1 activity. Phloem sap analysis revealed that unlike Gln, Asn is not efficiently transported to developing kernels, apparently causing reduced kernel production. When Gln1-3 was overexpressed constitutively in leaves, kernel number increased by 30%, providing further evidence that GS1-3 plays a major role in kernel yield. Cytoimmunochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed that GS1-3 is present in mesophyll cells, whereas GS1-4 is specifically localized in the bundle sheath cells. The two GS1 isoenzymes play nonredundant roles with respect to their tissue-specific localization. (+info)Dynamics of a mobile RNA of potato involved in a long-distance signaling pathway. (8/257)
BEL1-like transcription factors interact with Knotted1 types to regulate numerous developmental processes. In potato (Solanum tuberosum), the BEL1 transcription factor St BEL5 and its protein partner POTH1 regulate tuber formation by mediating hormone levels in the stolon tip. The accumulation of St BEL5 RNA increases in response to short-day photoperiods, inductive for tuber formation. RNA detection methods and heterografting experiments demonstrate that BEL5 transcripts are present in phloem cells and move across a graft union to localize in stolon tips, the site of tuber induction. This movement of RNA to stolon tips is correlated with enhanced tuber production. Overexpression of BEL5 transcripts that include the untranslated sequences of the BEL5 transcript endows transgenic lines with the capacity to overcome the inhibitory effects of long days on tuber formation. Addition of the untranslated regions leads to preferential accumulation of the BEL5 RNA in stolon tips under short-day conditions. Using a leaf-specific promoter, the movement of BEL5 RNA to stolon tips was facilitated by a short-day photoperiod, and this movement was correlated with enhanced tuber production. These results implicate the transcripts of St BEL5 in a long-distance signaling pathway that are delivered to the target organ via the phloem stream. (+info)Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, a sugar, from leaves, where they are produced in photosynthesis, to other parts of the plant such as roots and stems. It also transports amino acids and other substances. Phloem is one of the two types of vascular tissue, the other being xylem; both are found in the vascular bundles of stems and roots. The term "phloem" comes from the Greek word for bark, as it often lies beneath the bark in trees and shrubs.
'Cucurbita' is a genus of herbaceous vines in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. This genus includes several species of plants that are commonly known as squashes or gourds, such as pumpkins, zucchinis, and acorn squashes. The fruits of these plants are widely cultivated and consumed for their nutritional value and versatility in cooking.
The name 'Cucurbita' comes from the Latin word for "gourd" or "pumpkin." Plants in this genus are native to the Americas, with some species originating in Mexico and Central America and others in the southern United States. They have been cultivated by humans for thousands of years and are an important part of many traditional diets around the world.
In a medical context, 'Cucurbita' may be mentioned in relation to the use of certain species as traditional remedies or in nutritional studies. For example, pumpkin seeds have been used in traditional medicine to treat parasitic infections, and some research suggests that they may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, it is important to note that the scientific evidence for these potential health benefits is still limited, and more research is needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn.
Medical definitions typically focus on the relevance of a term to medical practice, and I'm not sure if there is a specific medical definition for "plant exudates." However, in a broader context, plant exudates refer to the various substances that are released or exuded by plants, often as a result of damage or stress. These can include a wide variety of compounds, such as sap, resins, latex, gums, essential oils, and tannins. Some of these compounds can have medicinal properties and are used in various forms of traditional and modern medicine. For example, the resin from certain pine trees (rosin) has been used to treat respiratory ailments, while willow bark, which contains salicin (a precursor to aspirin), has been used for pain relief for centuries.
Xylem is a term used in the field of botany and plant anatomy, but I understand you're asking for a medical definition. In human anatomy, there isn't a direct structure equivalent to xylem. However, I can provide the general definition of xylem from its botanical context:
Xylem is one of the two types of vascular tissues in plants (the other being phloem). It is responsible for transporting water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to various parts of the plant, including stems, leaves, and flowers. Xylem consists of several types of cells, including vessels, tracheids, xylem fibers, and xylem parenchyma. The transportation in xylem occurs due to the cohesion-tension mechanism, where water is pulled up through the plant via transpiration pull.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Structures" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of botany to refer to the different parts of a plant, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Each of these structures has specific functions that contribute to the overall growth, reproduction, and survival of the plant. If you have any questions related to biology or botany, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!
A plant stem is not typically defined in a medical context, but rather in the field of botany. However, I can certainly provide a general biological definition for you.
In plants, stems are organs that serve primarily as support structures, holding leaves, flowers, and fruits aloft where they can receive sunlight and exchange gases. They also act as conduits, transporting water, nutrients, and sugars made during photosynthesis between the roots and shoots of a plant.
The stem is usually composed of three main tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system forms the outermost layer(s) of the stem, providing protection and sometimes participating in gas exchange. The vascular tissue system contains the xylem (which transports water and nutrients upward) and phloem (which transports sugars and other organic compounds downward). The ground tissue system, located between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for food storage and support.
While not a direct medical definition, understanding the structure and function of plant stems can be relevant in fields such as nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science, which have implications for human health.
Cucurbitaceae is the scientific name for the gourd family of plants, which includes a variety of vegetables and fruits such as cucumbers, melons, squashes, and pumpkins. These plants are characterized by their trailing or climbing growth habits and their large, fleshy fruits that have hard seeds enclosed in a protective coat. The fruits of these plants are often used as food sources, while other parts of the plant may also have various uses such as medicinal or ornamental purposes.
I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.
Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.
'Apium graveolens' is the scientific name for a plant species that includes both cultivated celery and wild celery. Here is the medical/botanical definition:
Common Name: Celery (Cultivated)
Scientific Name: Apium graveolens L. var. dulce
Family: Apiaceae (Carrot family)
Description: A biennial or sometimes perennial herb, cultivated for its fleshy leafstalks, which are eaten raw or cooked. The leaves and seeds are also used as flavorings and in traditional medicine.
Cultivated celery has been selected for its enlarged leafstalks, while wild celery (Apium graveolens var. graveolens) is a marshland plant with aromatic, hollow stems, feathery leaves, and small, whitish flowers in umbels.
Native Range: Originally from the Mediterranean region, but now widely cultivated throughout the world.
Medicinal Uses: Celery seeds and extracts have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including as a diuretic, an anti-inflammatory agent, and to treat kidney problems, arthritis, and gout. Some studies suggest that celery seeds may help lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, but more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits and understand the risks.
Precautions: Celery can cause allergic reactions in some people, especially those with existing allergies to birch pollen or mugwort. Ingesting large amounts of celery seeds may have hormone-like effects due to a compound called apigenin, which could potentially interfere with certain medications and medical conditions. Pregnant women should avoid consuming excessive amounts of celery seeds, as they might stimulate the uterus and lead to premature labor or miscarriage.
Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels that pass through the cell walls of plant cells, creating a symplastic continuity between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. These channels allow for the direct exchange of various molecules, including ions, nutrients, and signaling molecules, between neighboring cells. Plasmodesmata are essential for many physiological processes in plants, such as communication between cells, growth and development, and response to environmental stimuli. They are also involved in the spread of plant viruses throughout the plant.
Scrophulariaceae is a family of plants commonly known as the Figwort or Snapdragon family. It was once a large and diverse group, but many of its members have been reclassified into different families in recent years based on molecular evidence. The family still includes a number of well-known garden plants such as foxgloves (Digitalis), snapdragons (Antirrhinum), and penstemons (Penstemon).
The plants in Scrophulariaceae are typically herbaceous, although some are shrubs or small trees. They are characterized by their two-lipped flowers, with the upper lip usually forming a hood and the lower lip often having three lobes. The stamens and style are often enclosed within the flower and only emerge when it is fully open.
Scrophulariaceae has been reported to contain various chemical compounds with potential medicinal properties, such as cardiac glycosides in Digitalis species, which have been used to treat heart conditions. However, it's important to note that the use of these plants for medicinal purposes should only be done under the guidance and supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as they can also contain toxic compounds that may cause harm if not used correctly.
'Cucumis sativus' is the scientific name for the vegetable we commonly know as a cucumber. It belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae and is believed to have originated in South Asia. Cucumbers are widely consumed raw in salads, pickled, or used in various culinary applications. They have a high water content and contain various nutrients such as vitamin K, vitamin C, and potassium.
Aphids, also known as plant lice, are small sap-sucking insects that belong to the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. They are soft-bodied and pear-shaped, with most species measuring less than 1/8 inch (3 millimeters) long.
Aphids feed on a wide variety of plants by inserting their needle-like mouthparts into the plant's vascular system to extract phloem sap. This feeding can cause stunted growth, yellowing, curling, or distortion of leaves and flowers, and may even lead to the death of the plant in severe infestations.
Aphids reproduce rapidly and can produce several generations per year. Many species give birth to live young (nymphs) rather than laying eggs, which allows them to increase their population numbers quickly. Aphids also have a complex life cycle that may involve sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis (reproduction without fertilization), and winged or wingless forms.
Aphids are an important pest in agriculture and horticulture, causing significant damage to crops and ornamental plants. They can also transmit plant viruses and produce honeydew, a sticky substance that attracts ants and supports the growth of sooty mold fungi.
Controlling aphids may involve cultural practices such as pruning, watering, and removing weeds; biological control using natural enemies such as lady beetles, lacewings, and parasitic wasps; or chemical control using insecticides.
Sucrose is a type of simple sugar, also known as a carbohydrate. It is a disaccharide, which means that it is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables and is often extracted and refined for use as a sweetener in food and beverages.
The chemical formula for sucrose is C12H22O11, and it has a molecular weight of 342.3 g/mol. In its pure form, sucrose is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. It is commonly used as a reference compound for determining the sweetness of other substances, with a standard sucrose solution having a sweetness value of 1.0.
Sucrose is absorbed by the body through the small intestine and metabolized into glucose and fructose, which are then used for energy or stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. While moderate consumption of sucrose is generally considered safe, excessive intake can contribute to weight gain, tooth decay, and other health problems.
"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.
Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.
Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.
Carbohydrate metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, which is then used for energy or stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen. This process involves several enzymes and chemical reactions that convert carbohydrates from food into glucose, fructose, or galactose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body.
The hormones insulin and glucagon regulate carbohydrate metabolism by controlling the uptake and storage of glucose in cells. Insulin is released from the pancreas when blood sugar levels are high, such as after a meal, and promotes the uptake and storage of glucose in cells. Glucagon, on the other hand, is released when blood sugar levels are low and signals the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism can result from genetic defects or acquired conditions that affect the enzymes or hormones involved in this process. Examples include diabetes, hypoglycemia, and galactosemia. Proper management of these disorders typically involves dietary modifications, medication, and regular monitoring of blood sugar levels.
"Ricinus" is the botanical name for the castor oil plant. Its scientific name is "Ricinus communis." It is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The castor oil that comes from this plant is used in various industries and as a traditional medicine, although the raw seed is toxic due to its ricin content.
"Plantago" is the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as plantains. There are several species within this genus, including Plantago major (common plantain) and Plantago lanceolata (narrow-leaved plantain), which are found in many parts of the world. These plants have been used in traditional medicine for their alleged healing properties, such as soothing skin irritations, reducing inflammation, and promoting wound healing. However, it is important to note that the medical community's scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and further research is needed before any definitive health benefits can be attributed to Plantago species.
In the context of medicine and biology, cambium is not a term that is commonly used. However, in botany, cambium refers to a thin layer of cells found between the bark and the wood of a tree or shrub. This tissue is responsible for the growth of the stem by producing new cells that become part of the wood (xylem) or the inner bark (phloem).
The vascular cambium is a meristematic tissue, which means it contains undifferentiated cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types. In addition to the vascular cambium, there is also a cork cambium or phellogen, which produces the outermost layers of the bark.
While not a medical term per se, an understanding of cambium is important in fields such as dendrology (the study of trees) and plant physiology, which have applications in medicine and health.
Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.
Bignoniaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes approximately 85 genera and around 1,000 species. These plants are primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, particularly in the Americas. The family includes both trees and shrubs, as well as some vines and epiphytes.
Bignoniaceae plants are known for their showy, trumpet-shaped flowers, which can be quite large and often brightly colored. Many species are popular ornamental plants due to their attractive blooms. Some of the more familiar genera in this family include Catalpa, Campsis (trumpet vine), Tecomaria (cape honeysuckle), and Bignonia (cross vine).
The leaves of Bignoniaceae plants are typically simple or palmately compound, with entire or lobed margins. The fruits are usually long, slender capsules that split open to release numerous small seeds. Some species have fleshy fruits that are berry-like in appearance.
In addition to their ornamental value, some Bignoniaceae plants have medicinal uses. For example, the bark of some Catalpa species has been used traditionally to treat a variety of ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions. However, it's important to note that the use of these plants for medicinal purposes should only be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.
A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.
Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:
1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.
Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
A plant vascular bundle is not a medical term, but rather a term used in botany to describe the arrangement of specialized tissues that transport water, nutrients, and sugars within plants. Here's a brief overview of its anatomy:
A vascular bundle typically consists of two types of conducting tissues: xylem and phloem. Xylem is responsible for water transportation from the roots to other parts of the plant, while phloem translocates sugars and other organic nutrients throughout the plant. These tissues are encased in a protective sheath called the bundle sheath, which may contain additional supportive cells.
In some plants, vascular bundles can also include meristematic tissue (cambium) that facilitates secondary growth by producing new xylem and phloem cells. The arrangement of these tissues within a vascular bundle varies among plant species, but the primary function remains consistent: to provide structural support and enable long-distance transport of essential resources for plant survival and growth.
Papaveraceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as the poppy family. It includes annuals, biennials, and perennials with showy flowers and often milky sap. The family contains around 770 species in 42 genera, including some well-known plants such as opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas), and Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule). The plants in this family have simple or compound leaves, and their flowers usually have four or six petals. Some members of Papaveraceae are cultivated for their ornamental value, while others produce valuable medicinal compounds such as opium alkaloids.
Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).
In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but there is no established medical or scientific definition for "Vitamin U." The term was used in the past to refer to a substance found in cabbage juice that seemed to help ulcers, but it's not recognized as a vitamin by modern nutrition standards. It's often referred to as methylmethionine or S-methylmethionine, which is a compound derived from the amino acid methionine. Please consult with a healthcare professional for medical advice.
'Vicia faba' is the scientific name for the fava bean plant, which belongs to the legume family (Fabaceae). It is also known as broad bean or horse bean. The plant is widely cultivated as a vegetable crop, and its seeds, pods, and young leaves are all edible. Fava beans are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making them an essential component of many diets around the world. However, some people may have an adverse reaction to fava beans due to a genetic disorder called favism, which can cause hemolytic anemia.
Ranunculaceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as the buttercup family. It includes over 2,000 species distributed across 58 genera. The plants in this family are characterized by their showy, often brightly colored flowers and typically have numerous stamens and carpels. Many members of Ranunculaceae contain toxic compounds, which can be irritants or even poisonous if ingested. Examples of plants in this family include buttercups, delphiniums, monkshood, and columbines.
A medical definition for "plant shoots" may not be readily available, as the term is primarily used in botany and horticulture. However, I can provide you with a general definition:
Plant shoots refer to the above-ground portion of a plant, which typically includes structures like stems, leaves, flowers, and buds. Shoots originate from the seed or the growing tip of the plant and are responsible for photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, and reproduction. In some contexts, "plant shoots" might also refer to new growth that emerges from an existing plant, such as when a leaf or stem sprouts a new branch or flower.
'Arabidopsis' is a genus of small flowering plants that are part of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The most commonly studied species within this genus is 'Arabidopsis thaliana', which is often used as a model organism in plant biology and genetics research. This plant is native to Eurasia and Africa, and it has a small genome that has been fully sequenced. It is known for its short life cycle, self-fertilization, and ease of growth, making it an ideal subject for studying various aspects of plant biology, including development, metabolism, and response to environmental stresses.
Biological transport refers to the movement of molecules, ions, or solutes across biological membranes or through cells in living organisms. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulating cellular functions, and enabling communication between cells. There are two main types of biological transport: passive transport and active transport.
Passive transport does not require the input of energy and includes:
1. Diffusion: The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
3. Facilitated diffusion: The assisted passage of polar or charged substances through protein channels or carriers in the cell membrane, which increases the rate of diffusion without consuming energy.
Active transport requires the input of energy (in the form of ATP) and includes:
1. Primary active transport: The direct use of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient, often driven by specific transport proteins called pumps.
2. Secondary active transport: The coupling of the movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient with the uphill transport of another substance, mediated by a shared transport protein. This process is also known as co-transport or counter-transport.
Phytoplasmas are tiny, wall-less, bacteria-like organisms that lack a cell wall and have a unique, small circular DNA genome. They are classified in the class Mollicutes and are obligate parasites, meaning they can only survive inside living cells. They infect a wide range of plant species, as well as some insects, and can cause various diseases that affect the growth, development, and yield of crops and ornamental plants.
Phytoplasmas are typically transmitted from plant to plant by sap-sucking insects such as leafhoppers, planthoppers, and psyllids. Once inside a plant host, they manipulate the host's metabolism and cause various symptoms, including yellowing of leaves, stunting, witches' broom (excessive branching), virescence (greening of flowers), and phyllody (transformation of floral parts into leaf-like structures).
Phytoplasmas are difficult to culture in the laboratory, which has made their study challenging. However, advances in molecular biology techniques such as PCR and DNA sequencing have facilitated their identification and characterization. Controlling phytoplasma diseases is also a challenge due to their complex transmission cycles and the lack of effective chemical treatments. Management strategies typically involve integrated pest management (IPM) approaches that combine cultural, biological, and chemical methods to reduce disease incidence and spread.
Tobacco is not a medical term, but it refers to the leaves of the plant Nicotiana tabacum that are dried and fermented before being used in a variety of ways. Medically speaking, tobacco is often referred to in the context of its health effects. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "tobacco" can also refer to any product prepared from the leaf of the tobacco plant for smoking, sucking, chewing or snuffing.
Tobacco use is a major risk factor for a number of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and various other medical conditions. The smoke produced by burning tobacco contains thousands of chemicals, many of which are toxic and can cause serious health problems. Nicotine, one of the primary active constituents in tobacco, is highly addictive and can lead to dependence.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Verbascum" is not a medical term. It is actually the name of a genus of plants commonly known as mulleins. These plants have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating respiratory conditions and skin irritations. However, it's important to note that the effectiveness and safety of these uses have not been thoroughly studied or proven in modern clinical trials. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new treatment or therapy.
'Cucumis' is a genus of plants that includes various species of fruits and vegetables, such as cucumbers, melons, and gourds. The most common species in this genus are Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Cucumis melo (melon), and Cucumis metuliferus (horned melon or kiwano). These plants are native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the world, and they are widely cultivated for their edible fruits.
Cucumis species are annual or perennial herbaceous vines that can grow quite large, with some varieties trailing up to 10 feet or more in length. They have large, lobed leaves and produce yellow or white flowers that develop into the characteristic fruit. The fruits of Cucumis plants are typically fleshy and contain numerous seeds enclosed in a thin skin.
Cucumis fruits are popular for their refreshing taste and high water content, making them a staple ingredient in many cuisines around the world. They are also rich in nutrients such as vitamin C, potassium, and fiber, and have been used in traditional medicine to treat various health conditions.
In summary, 'Cucumis' is a genus of plants that includes several species of fruits and vegetables, known for their refreshing taste, high water content, and nutritional benefits.
Inflorescence is a term used in the field of botany, which includes the study of plants. However, I understand that you are asking for a medical definition. In the context of medicine, specifically in pathology, inflorescence may refer to the arrangement or growth pattern of lesions or neoplasms (abnormal growths) in a particular area of the body.
To provide a precise medical definition, I would need more context about how the term is being used. Nonetheless, based on the botanical definition, inflorescence refers to the cluster or arrangement of flowers on a stem or branch. It can take various forms, such as spikes, racemes, panicles, umbels, and corymbs, depending on the pattern in which flowers are arranged.
A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.
Eucalyptus is defined in medical terms as a genus of mostly Australian trees and shrubs that have aromatic leaves and bark, and oil-containing foliage. The oil from eucalyptus leaves contains a chemical called eucalyptol, which has been found to have several medicinal properties.
Eucalyptus oil has been used in traditional medicine for centuries to treat various health conditions such as respiratory problems, fever, and pain. It has anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, decongestant, and expectorant properties, making it a popular remedy for colds, coughs, and congestion.
Eucalyptus oil is also used in modern medicine as an ingredient in over-the-counter products such as throat lozenges, cough syrups, and topical pain relievers. It is important to note that eucalyptus oil should not be ingested undiluted, as it can be toxic in large amounts.
In addition to its medicinal uses, eucalyptus trees are also known for their rapid growth and ability to drain swampland, making them useful in land reclamation projects.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Populus" is not a medical term. It is actually the genus name for a group of trees commonly known as poplars, aspens, and cottonwoods. If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to define or explain, I would be happy to help!
Clethraceae is a family of flowering plants that includes shrubs and small trees. It is primarily found in eastern Asia, with a few species in southeastern North America. The family is characterized by simple, alternate leaves and showy, bell-shaped flowers. Clethra alnifolia, also known as summersweet or coastal sweetpepperbush, is a common species in this family that is native to the eastern United States and is often grown for its fragrant, white flowers.
"Liquidambar" is not a medical term. It is the name of a genus of trees, also known as sweetgum or alligator wood. The sap of some species contains a fragrant resin called storax, which has been used in traditional medicine and perfumes. However, it is not commonly used in modern medical practice.
"Solanum tuberosum" is the scientific name for a plant species that is commonly known as the potato. According to medical and botanical definitions, Solanum tuberosum refers to the starchy, edible tubers that grow underground from this plant. Potatoes are native to the Andes region of South America and are now grown worldwide. They are an important food source for many people and are used in a variety of culinary applications.
Potatoes contain several essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, fiber, protein, vitamin C, and some B vitamins. However, they can also be high in calories, especially when prepared with added fats like butter or oil. Additionally, potatoes are often consumed in forms that are less healthy, such as French fries and potato chips, which can contribute to weight gain and other health problems if consumed excessively.
In a medical context, potatoes may also be discussed in relation to food allergies or intolerances. While uncommon, some people may have adverse reactions to potatoes, including skin rashes, digestive symptoms, or difficulty breathing. These reactions are typically caused by an immune response to proteins found in the potato plant, rather than the tubers themselves.
"Citrullus" is a genus of plants that includes watermelon and several other species of vine-like fruits. The name "Citrullus" comes from the Latin word for watermelon, "citrullus lanatus." Watermelons are the most well-known member of this genus and are popular for their juicy, sweet red or pink flesh, which is high in vitamins A and C and contains a high amount of lycopene. Other species in the Citrullus genus include citron melon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) and colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis), also known as bitter apple.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hemiptera" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic order in the classification of living things, also known as "true bugs." This group includes species such as cicadas, aphids, and bedbugs. If you have a medical term in mind, please provide it so I can give you an accurate definition.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard medical term. It falls more within the domain of botany, which is a branch of biology focused on the study of plants.
However, I can provide a general explanation: Plant physiological phenomena refer to the functional processes and activities that occur within plants. This includes various aspects such as photosynthesis (the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy to fuel their growth), respiration, plant nutrition (the uptake and assimilation of nutrients from the soil), water relations (how plants absorb, transport, and use water), plant hormone functions, and many other processes.
If you have a term that is used in a medical context which you would like defined, I'd be happy to help with that!
'Brassica napus' is the scientific name for a species of plant that includes both rapeseed and canola. It is a type of cruciferous vegetable that is widely cultivated for its seeds, which are used to produce oil, as well as for its leaves and stems, which are eaten as vegetables in some parts of the world.
Rapeseed oil, which is produced from the seeds of 'Brassica napus', has historically been used as a source of industrial lubricant and as a fuel for diesel engines. However, modern canola oil, which is also produced from 'Brassica napus' but has been bred to have lower levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates, is more commonly used as a food oil due to its mild flavor and high smoke point.
The leaves and stems of 'Brassica napus' are also edible and are commonly consumed in parts of Europe and Asia. They can be prepared in a variety of ways, including boiling, steaming, or stir-frying. The plant is also sometimes used as a cover crop or green manure due to its ability to improve soil health and reduce erosion.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
"Acacia" is a scientific name for a genus of shrubs and trees that belong to the pea family, Fabaceae. It includes over 1,350 species found primarily in Australia and Africa, but also in Asia, America, and Europe. Some acacia species are known for their hardwood, others for their phyllodes (flattened leaf stalks) or compound leaves, and yet others for their flowers, which are typically small and yellow or cream-colored.
It is important to note that "Acacia" is not a medical term or concept, but rather a botanical one. While some acacia species have medicinal uses, the name itself does not have a specific medical definition.
A meristem, in the context of plant biology, refers to a type of tissue found in plants that is responsible for their growth. These tissues are composed of cells that have the ability to divide and differentiate into various specialized cell types. Meristems are typically located at the tips of roots and shoots (apical meristems), as well as within the vascular bundles (cambial meristems) and in the cork layers (phellogen meristems). They contribute to the increase in length and girth of plant organs, allowing plants to grow throughout their life.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "fruit" is not a medical term per se. It is a common term used to describe the part of a plant that develops from the ovary after flowering and contains seeds. However, in a nutritional or dietary context, "fruits" are often referred to as foods that are typically sweet and juicy, and come from plants' flowers. They are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making them an essential part of a healthy diet. But in a strict medical sense, there isn't a specific definition for "fruit."
Phloem
Phloem loading
Xylem
Katherine Esau
Sieve tube element
Vascular plant
Hernandiaceae
Ulmus alata
Glossary of entomology terms
Autoradiograph
Veganism
Issus (planthopper)
Agriculture in California
Lepidodendrales
Natalie Whitford Uhl
Myosin
Sap
Tissue (biology)
List of English words without rhymes
Bactericera cockerelli
Ascent of sap
Carrot yellow-leaf virus
Bauhinia variegata
Platycorypha nigrivirga
Fraxinus
Meristem
Scale insect
Flatinae
Medullary ray (botany)
QPNC-PAGE
Phloem - Wikipedia
Phloem - New World Encyclopedia
PHLOEM - Project Learning Tree
Phloem & translocation (video) | Khan Academy
Phloem Forums - General - Hubbed
Secondary phloem anatomy in Callistophyton boyssetii (Renault) Rothwell and histological changes in the outer phloem
16.2B: Phloem - Biology LibreTexts
Phloem
Loading regulation prevents phloem failure during drought and widens the range of phloem and stomatal traits - Authorea
Estimating canopy gross primary production by combining phloem stable isotopes with canopy and mesophyll conductances.
Products - PHLOEM STUDIO
Description: Phloem Sap Composition
Phloem & Translocation - Discovering DNA
phloem | USA National Phenology Network
Porthole - Tagged 'porthole'- PHLOEM STUDIO
phloem fibres Archives - Overall Science
phloem Archives - My Nature Nook
Similarities Between Xylem and Phloem | Similarity
GAST-621 - Xylem & Phloem Tonic Glycerite
phloem fibres are living or dead
GCSE Biology - Xylem and phloem - Primrose Kitten
well labelled diagram of xylem and phloem
what are the functions of phloem - FreneticKNOWLEDGE
Source and Sink in Phloem Translocation | Plant Physiology
Installment 11: Go With the Phloem* - Backyard Beauty
Plantae | Esculin, a Sucrose Proxy for Phloem Transport | Plantae
How Is The Sucrose-rich Phloem Saptransported - Deadline Assignments
Solved] Secondary xylem and phloem in dicot stem | SolutionInn
CoLD SToRAGE - wipE'out'' - The Zero Gravity Soundtrack. Bleep.
Monocot Glossary
Translocation7
- In 1930, German plant physiologist Ernst Munch proposed the Pressure flow hypothesis to explain the mechanism of phloem translocation (the transport of food in a plant by phloem). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Let's explore the translocation through phloem. (khanacademy.org)
- Phloem is responsible for translocating photoassimilates from the leaves, where they are produced by photosynthesis, to the rest of the plant through translocation. (studynavigators.com)
- Teach translocation of sucrose in the phloem in a new way! (discoveringdna.com)
- In this article we will discuss about the Flow of Source and Sink in Phloem Translocation. (biologydiscussion.com)
- Positive hydrostatic pressure in the phloem moves dissolved sugars and organic compounds from the leaves downward to the stem and roots via a process called translocation. (visiblebody.com)
- The phloem moves glucose and amino acids from the leaves all around the plant, in a process known as translocation. (biobased.us)
Nutrients6
- In vascular plants (all plants except mosses and their relatives), phloem is the living tissue that carries sugar and organic nutrients throughout the plant. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- As the organic nutrients accumulate in the phloem, water moves into the sieve-tube element by osmosis , creating pressure that pushes the sap down or up the tube. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Phloem sap transport is essential for plant nutrition and development since it mediates redistribution of nutrients, metabolites and signaling molecules. (edu.ni)
- In vascular plants, the xylem and phloem form continuous tubes that carry water, nutrients, and other substances throughout the plant's roots, stem, and leaves. (visiblebody.com)
- The phloem uses active transport to transport the food nutrients like glucose and amino acids around the plant. (biobased.us)
- Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while phloem transports nutrients, carbohydrates, and hormones from the leaves to other parts of the plant. (proprofs.com)
Parenchyma cells4
- Phloem tissue consists of conducting cells, generally called sieve elements, parenchyma cells, including both specialized companion cells or albuminous cells and unspecialized cells and supportive cells, such as fibres and sclereids. (wikipedia.org)
- Other parenchyma cells within the phloem are generally undifferentiated and used for food storage. (wikipedia.org)
- While phloem is made up of 2 living companion and parenchyma cells, 1 dead fibres and sieve tubes are aren't living or dead. (icti.cz)
- The transcript is exclusively present in phloem parenchyma cells of the pedicel. (mpg.de)
Tissues8
- In trees , the phloem and other tissues make up the bark , hence its name, derived from the Greek word for "bark. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Sap, the watery fluid with dissolved substances that travels through vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem), is transported through phloem in elongated tubes, called sieve tubes , formed by chains of living cells called sieve tube members . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Specimens with well-preserved phloem tissues of the pteridosperm Callistophyton boyssetii from coal balls in the Herrin no. 6 Coal of Illinois and the Bevier Coal of Kansas are described. (ku.edu)
- 1. Both xylem and phloem are the vascular tissues found in a plant and transport things throughout the plant. (steadyrun.com)
- Cortical fibres: These are present in the cortex region of a plant cell that occurs singly or … Xylem and phloem are part of the vascular tissues in vascular plants. (icti.cz)
- Vascular tissues consist of xylem and phloem, which are responsible for the movement of these substances. (proprofs.com)
- In Dicots, secondary xylem and phloem tissues are formed because of 1. (neetprep.com)
- We tested the hypothesis that not only the outermost phloem tissue has high water content but also the secondary phloem tissues over the entire stem from the bark inward to the pith, herewith serving as water storage sites. (jplanthydro.org)
Bark3
- Figure 16.2.2.0: Girdling, also called ring barking or ring-barking, is the process of completely removing a strip of bark (consisting of Secondary Phloem tissue, cork cambium, and cork) around a tree's outer circumference, causing its death. (libretexts.org)
- Killing of roots shall kill the whole plant) clearly showing that bark or phloem is involved in the movement of organic solutes which occurs in one direction, i.e., towards root. (biologydiscussion.com)
- They found evidence that the organic solutes passed through the narrow strip of bark containing the phloem. (biologydiscussion.com)
Sugars and amino acids2
- Although metabolomics analyses of phloem sap are still not numerous, they show that metabolites present in sap are not just sugars and amino acids but that many more metabolic pathways are represented. (edu.ni)
- What is the name of the process occurring when the phloem is transporting sugars and amino acids in a plant? (primrosekitten.org)
Fibers3
- In addition to typical phloem elements, fibers , sclereids (small bundles of supporting tissue in plants that form durable layers), and albuminous cells (similar in function to companion cells and found in gymnosperms ) can also be found in phloem. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Bast fibers enable the phloem to be flexible while supporting tension strength. (studynavigators.com)
- Mainly contains living cells (fibers are the only dead cells in the phloem). (icti.cz)
Plant16
- Phloem (/ˈfloʊ.əm/, FLOH-əm) is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to the rest of the plant. (wikipedia.org)
- Similar to the network of veins and arteries, the phloem and xylem of a vascular plant comprises an extensive network of tubes that transport essential fluids from one part of a plant to another area. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Phloem sap is rich in sugar and is made in photosynthetic areas of the plant. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Food and other organic substances (e.g., some plant hormones and even messenger RNAs) manufactured in the cells of the plant are transported in the phloem . (libretexts.org)
- The sclerenchyma is the main support tissue of the phloem, providing the plant with stiffness and strength. (studynavigators.com)
- Plant carbon transport is controlled by a multitude of parameters both internal and external to the sugar transporting phloem tissue. (authorea.com)
- Phloem sap metabolomics is of importance to understand how metabolites can be exchanged between plant organs and how metabolite allocation may impact plant growth and development. (edu.ni)
- Primarily, phloem carries dissolved food substances throughout the plant. (icti.cz)
- What process does the phloem carry out in a plant? (primrosekitten.org)
- What does the phloem transport in a plant? (primrosekitten.org)
- Describe the direction of transportation by the phloem in a plant. (primrosekitten.org)
- Sugars move up and down the plant in the phloem. (biobased.us)
- The phloem is responsible for such transport and the success of a plant relies heavily on the integrity of the phloem in its root system. (jipb.net)
- A little goes a long way: CLE peptides mediate phloem initiation[J]. J Integr Plant Biol. (jipb.net)
- Plant immunity: unraveling the complex interactions between plants and phloem-feeding aphids. (iastate.edu)
- Phloem, on the other hand, transports sugars and other organic molecules from the leaves to the rest of the plant. (proprofs.com)
Bast1
- The fibres of sclerenchyma associated with phloem are called phloem fibres or bast fibres. (icti.cz)
Movement in phloem2
- The movement in phloem is multidirectional, whereas, in xylem cells, it is unidirectional (upward). (wikipedia.org)
- The movement in phloem is variable, whereas in xylem cells movement is unidirectional (upward). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Amino acids2
- Organic molecules such as sugars, amino acids , certain hormones , and even messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are transported in the phloem through sieve tube elements. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Glucose is converted into sucrose in the leaves, which then enters the phloem vessels, as do amino acids. (biobased.us)
Solute1
- This was usually achieved by placing two or more Geiger-Muller tubes along the phloem pathway to track the movement of the radioactive solute front. (plantae.org)
Vessels2
- The xylem vessels bear the absorbed mineral salt water while the phloem vessels bear the manufactured sugar. (journalair.com)
- In this study, neglecting the effects of occlusion and clogging of the phloem channels, we investigate the transport of sugars in the merging phloem vessels using the hydrodynamic approach. (journalair.com)
Companion cells4
- Additionally, companion cells produce and transmit signals, such as defense signals and phytohormones, which are transported through the phloem. (studynavigators.com)
- sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres. (icti.cz)
- Phloem is made up of four types of elements: sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and the phloem parenchyma. (icti.cz)
- The phloem of monocots and dicots contains conducting cells (sieve elements) and companion cells. (visiblebody.com)
Fibres6
- All components of phloem are living, except phloem fibres. (icti.cz)
- phloem fibres and parenchyma. (icti.cz)
- Phloem fibres are flexible long cells that make up the soft fibres … Phloem Living Elongated cells. (icti.cz)
- Phloem fibres are represented by the dead sclerenchyma fibres that are found in between the sieve tubes. (icti.cz)
- phloem fibres (cells and function) The pores are reinforced by platelets of a polysaccharide called callose. (icti.cz)
- 536 D & E) and libiriform fibres (Fig. Phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres play supporting role in the transportation process. (icti.cz)
Post-phloem3
- Direct link to Vedant_Rane's post "phloem has high concentra. (khanacademy.org)
- Comment on Vedant_Rane's post "phloem has high concentra. (khanacademy.org)
- ZmTRXh1 represents the first example of post-phloem protein trafficking in the pedicel. (mpg.de)
Network of veins1
- This network of veins is called phloem and consists essentially of microscopic tubes that break easily when we touch them, so very little is known about how they work, especially when these tubes extend over long distances, as in the case of trees. (comfuturo.es)
Consists2
Secondary9
- Secretory cells are scattered throughout the secondary phloem, and bundles of presumed primary phloem are evenly distributed in the cortex. (ku.edu)
- Shrubs and trees with secondary phloem tissue produced by successive cambia mainly occur in habitats characterized by a periodical or continuous lack of water availability. (jplanthydro.org)
- The amount of this secondary phloem tissue in stems of Avicennia trees rises with increasing soil water salinity and decreasing inundation frequency. (jplanthydro.org)
- Hence, increased water storage in secondary phloem tissue produced by successive cambia was put forward to be advantageous in harsh environmental conditions. (jplanthydro.org)
- It was however never tested whether the secondary phloem cells over the entire stem of woody species showing this wood anatomical feature are indeed water-filled as expected. (jplanthydro.org)
- We can conclude that all secondary phloem tissue of both Bougainvillea and Avicennia has high water contents. (jplanthydro.org)
- This aligns with the contribution of secondary phloem tissue produced by successive cambia to ecological success in conditions of physiological drought. (jplanthydro.org)
- Further study should however be done to understand the mechanisms through which this secondary phloem tissue contributes to the water household of plants in conditions of water shortage. (jplanthydro.org)
- Hence, we hypothesize that secondary phloem tissue produced by successive cambia allows for increased water storage. (jplanthydro.org)
Photosynthesis1
- In leaves, the sugar source, the xylem, and the phloem are located close to the photosynthetic tissue, which takes water from the xylem and, through active transport, loads sugar (and other products of photosynthesis) into the phloem for transport to the sink. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Sugar3
- Bulk flow moves phloem sap from a sugar source to sugar sink by means of pressure. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- When the sugar gets loaded in the phloem the concentration becomes high water flows into phloem to decrease the concentration. (khanacademy.org)
- Water is passively drawn over the gradient from the adjacent xylem, creating a sugar solution and high turgor pressure in the phloem. (studynavigators.com)
Pores2
- In angiosperms , at the end wall of sieve-tube members are pores, called sieve plates, through which phloem sap flows. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- A unique protein called "P-protein" (Phloem-protein), which is formed inside the sieve element, is released from its anchor site and forms a "clot" on the pores of the sieve plate, preventing sap loss. (studynavigators.com)
Sieve-tube1
- The sieve elements are elongated, narrow cells that make up the sieve tube structure of the phloem. (studynavigators.com)
Sucrose transporter2
- Regulating sucrose transporter kinetics which downregulates loading at high phloem pressures prevented runaway viscosity in the phloem sap and was the most important determinant of export rates under drought. (authorea.com)
- report that esculin, a fluorescent coumarin glucoside, is specifically loaded into the phloem of Arabidopsis by the sucrose transporter AtSUC2 and does not enter the phloem in atsuc2 knockout seedlings, making it an ideal tool for use in live-imaging experiments where it acts as a surrogate for sucrose. (plantae.org)
Transport12
- Although its primary function is transport of sugars, phloem may also contain cells that have a mechanical support function. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike xylem (which is composed primarily of dead cells), the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport sap. (wikipedia.org)
- A vascular plant's phloem serves as a transport system for soluble organic compounds. (studynavigators.com)
- Through active transport, sugars are transported from the source to the phloem. (studynavigators.com)
- The channels of transport are sieve tubes (in flowering plants) and sieve cells (in non flowering vascular plants) of phloem. (biologydiscussion.com)
- The study of phloem transport and its vital roles in long distance communication and carbon allocation have been hampered by a lack of suitable tools that allow high-throughput, real-time studies. (plantae.org)
- Since the 1970s, several studies have used 11 C or 14 C isotopes to measure rates of phloem transport in large plants. (plantae.org)
- The authors have used esculin to determine the effect of different environmental cues on the velocity of phloem transport. (plantae.org)
- They provide evidence that fluctuations in cotyledon sucrose levels influence phloem velocity rapidly, supporting the pressure-flow model of phloem transport. (plantae.org)
- This observation suggests that under certain environmental conditions, transcriptional regulation may affect the abundance of AtSUC2, and thus regulate the phloem transport velocity. (plantae.org)
- The phloem uses active transport because the sucrose moves against its concentration gradient from a lower concentration, where it is made, to a higher concentration in the phloem cells. (biobased.us)
- This led to his interest in the mechanisms of long-distance nutrient transport in plants, so he joined the laboratory of N. Michele Holbrook at Harvard, where he explored the anatomy of phloem tubes in woody plants. (comfuturo.es)
Stem1
- They can then follow how sucrose made by photosynthetic cells ( source ) is moved by phloem sieve-element cells and transported through the stem to root cells ( sink ). (discoveringdna.com)
Sink4
- This process is accomplished by a process called phloem loading at a source and unloading at a sink, which causes a pressure gradient that drives the contents of the phloem up or down the sieve tubes from source to sink. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The concentration of sugars in the solution decreases as the water influx from the xylem drops, resulting in low pressure in the phloem at the sink. (studynavigators.com)
- Since the source-sink relation-ship is variable, the direction of movement of organic solutes in phloem can be upwards or downwards i.e., bidirectional (c.f. unidirectional upwards in xylem). (biologydiscussion.com)
- 5. Radio-autographs show that assimilates with incorporated radioactive elements pass out of the leaves and travel towards the sink ends through phloem. (biologydiscussion.com)
Drought4
- This in turn limits our ability to assess species' resistances to phloem dysfunction under drought. (authorea.com)
- We quantitatively compare the impacts of phloem loading kinetics, including feedbacks between loading and phloem pressure, phloem conduit resistances, and stomatal responses to water stress, on the total carbon export to sinks during drought. (authorea.com)
- In contrast to previous models, we found this feedback mechanism decoupled stomatal traits from phloem export efficiency during drought and increased the operational range of phloem hydraulic resistances. (authorea.com)
- Phloem water storage may be advantageous in environmental conditions with variable water availability and frequent drought. (jplanthydro.org)
Dicots1
- Girdling experiments cannot be carried out in monocots and dicots with bi-collateral bundles because of the absence of a single strip of phloem). (biologydiscussion.com)
Hydrostatic1
- While movement of water and minerals through the xylem is driven by negative pressures (tension) most of the time, movement through the phloem is driven by positive hydrostatic pressures. (wikipedia.org)
Cellulose1
- 3. The cell wall of both xylem and phloem is composed of cellulose. (steadyrun.com)
Content1
- This objective will materialise in the form of a novel protocol for estimating whole-tree WUE at large spatial scales from analyses of the phloem content. (fisioclima.eus)
Cells6
- Phloem cells are of meristematic origin. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Sclereids are shorter, irregularly shaped cells, which provide compression strength to the phloem, though they can restrict flexibility. (studynavigators.com)
- Phloem parenchyma are thin walled-living cells of parenchyma. (icti.cz)
- What type of cells make up the phloem? (primrosekitten.org)
- The xylem are made up of dead cells, whereas the phloem is made up of living cells. (biobased.us)
- This transportation occurs through phloem cells, which are specialized for the movement of sugars and other organic molecules in plants. (proprofs.com)
Analyses2
- In the past years, efforts have been devoted to metabolomics analyses of phloem sap using either liquid chromatography or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. (edu.ni)
- Analyses of the phloem d13C constitute a promising avenue, as the phloem signal, when collected at the base of the trunk should reflect the whole tree physiological performance. (fisioclima.eus)
Plants2
- 3. In vascular plants, how is the sucrose-rich phloem saptransported? (nursingdons.com)
- Silencing a dehydration-responsive element-binding gene enhances the resistance of plants to a phloem-feeding herbivore. (bvsalud.org)
Physiological1
- Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge of phloem sap metabolome and physiological information obtained therefrom. (edu.ni)
Bundles3
- The pith is surrounded by a ring of vascular bundles, containing xylem and phloem. (visiblebody.com)
- Monocot stems have vascular bundles, composed of xylem and phloem, that are scattered throughout the ground tissue. (visiblebody.com)
- The xylem and phloem are arranged in groups called vascular bundles. (biobased.us)
Roots1
- In monocot roots, the stele contains an exterior ring of phloem and an interior ring of xylem arranged around the central pith. (visiblebody.com)
Carbon1
- It is based on canopy conductance inferred from sap flux and intrinsic water-use efficiency estimated from the stable carbon isotope composition of phloem contents. (duke.edu)
Primary2
Species1
- In this project, the researcher will be a fruit tree cardiologist to study how phloem veins vary in a fruit species with different chromosomal sets (diploid, triploid and tetraploid). (comfuturo.es)
Anatomy1
- Phloem anatomy and developmental changes in the outer phloem in Callistophyton are compared with those in other Carboniferous seed ferns and extant gymnosperms. (ku.edu)