Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)
Chronic inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is associated with the amount of DENTAL PLAQUE or DENTAL CALCULUS present. Chronic periodontitis occurs mostly in adults and was called adult periodontitis, but this disease can appear in young people.
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.
Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.
Loss or destruction of periodontal tissue caused by periodontitis or other destructive periodontal diseases or by injury during instrumentation. Attachment refers to the periodontal ligament which attaches to the alveolar bone. It has been hypothesized that treatment of the underlying periodontal disease and the seeding of periodontal ligament cells enable the creating of new attachment.
A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium produces a cell-bound, oxygen-sensitive collagenase and is isolated from the human mouth.
Oral tissue surrounding and attached to TEETH.
A fluid occurring in minute amounts in the gingival crevice, believed by some authorities to be an inflammatory exudate and by others to cleanse material from the crevice, containing sticky plasma proteins which improve adhesions of the epithelial attachment, have antimicrobial properties, and exert antibody activity. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.
A numerical rating scale for classifying the periodontal status of a person or population with a single figure which takes into consideration prevalence as well as severity of the condition. It is based upon probe measurement of periodontal pockets and on gingival tissue status.
Removal of dental plaque and dental calculus from the surface of a tooth, from the surface of a tooth apical to the gingival margin accumulated in periodontal pockets, or from the surface coronal to the gingival margin.
A species of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic spherical or rod-shaped bacteria indigenous to dental surfaces. It is associated with PERIODONTITIS; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; and ACTINOMYCOSIS.
An index which scores the degree of dental plaque accumulation.
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.
The structures surrounding and supporting the tooth. Periodontium includes the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.
A procedure for smoothing of the roughened root surface or cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling, as part of periodontal therapy.
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
A species of bacteria in the family SPIROCHAETACEAE, frequently isolated from periodontal pockets (PERIODONTAL POCKET).
A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium is a common commensal in the gingival crevice and is often isolated from cases of gingivitis and other purulent lesions related to the mouth.
A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the gingival margin and sulcus and from infections of the upper respiratory tract and pleural cavity.
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.
Gram-negative bacteria isolated from infections of the respiratory and intestinal tracts and from the buccal cavity, intestinal tract, and urogenital tract. They are probably part of the normal flora of man and animals.
A species of CAMPYLOBACTER isolated from cases of human PERIODONTITIS. It is a microaerophile, capable of respiring with OXYGEN.
Removal of degenerated and necrotic epithelium and underlying connective tissue of a periodontal pocket in an effort to convert a chronic ulcerated wound to an acute surgical wound, thereby insuring wound healing and attachment or epithelial adhesion, and shrinkage of the marginal gingiva. The term is sometimes used in connection with smoothing of a root surface or ROOT PLANING. (Jablonski; Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, ROOT CANAL PREPARATION is available.
Death of pulp tissue with or without bacterial invasion. When the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene. When the necrosis is non-bacterial in origin, it is called pulp mummification.
A genus of microorganisms of the order SPIROCHAETALES, many of which are pathogenic and parasitic for man and animals.
A genus of PASTEURELLACEAE described as gram-negative, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Most members are found both as pathogens and commensal organisms in the respiratory, alimentary, and genital tracts of animals.
An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.
Abnormal concretion or calcified deposit that forms around the teeth or dental prostheses.
A family of coccoid to rod-shaped nonsporeforming, gram-negative, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that includes the genera ACTINOBACILLUS; HAEMOPHILUS; MANNHEIMIA; and PASTEURELLA.
An acute or chronic GINGIVITIS characterized by redness and swelling, NECROSIS extending from the interdental papillae along the gingival margins, PAIN; HEMORRHAGE, necrotic odor, and often a pseudomembrane. The condition may extend to the ORAL MUCOSA; TONGUE; PALATE; or PHARYNX. The etiology is somewhat unclear, but may involve a complex of FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM along with spirochetes BORRELIA or TREPONEMA.
Infections with bacteria of the genus TREPONEMA.
The constricted part of the tooth at the junction of the crown and root or roots. It is often referred to as the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), the line at which the cementum covering the root of a tooth and the enamel of the tooth meet. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p530, p433)
A member of the MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES that cleaves triple-helical COLLAGEN types I, II, and III.
Selective grinding of occlusal surfaces of the teeth in an effort to eliminate premature contacts and occlusal interferences; to establish optimal masticatory effectiveness, stable occlusal relationships, direction of main occlusal forces, and efficient multidirectional patterns, to improve functional relations and to induce physiologic stimulation of the masticatory system; to eliminate occlusal trauma; to eliminate abnormal muscle tension; to aid in the stabilization of orthodontic results; to treat periodontal and temporomandibular joint problems; and in restorative procedures. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Exposure of the root surface when the edge of the gum (GINGIVA) moves apically away from the crown of the tooth. This is common with advancing age, vigorous tooth brushing, diseases, or tissue loss of the gingiva, the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT and the supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).
Curved bacteria, usually crescent-shaped rods, with ends often tapered, occurring singly, in pairs, or short chains. They are non-encapsulated, non-sporing, motile, and ferment glucose. Selenomonas are found mainly in the human buccal cavity, the rumen of herbivores, and the cecum of pigs and several rodents. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
A combination of the debris index and the dental calculus index to determine the status of oral hygiene.
Acute or chronic inflammation of tissues surrounding the apical portion of a tooth, associated with the collection of pus, resulting from infection following pulp infection through a carious lesion or as a result of an injury causing pulp necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health.
The fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE surrounding the TOOTH ROOT, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).
A family of gram-negative bacteria found primarily in the intestinal tracts and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Its organisms are sometimes pathogenic.
Maxillary diseases refer to various medical conditions primarily affecting the maxilla (upper jaw) bone, including inflammatory processes, tumors, cysts, or traumatic injuries, which may cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, or functional impairment.
Lining of the ORAL CAVITY, including mucosa on the GUMS; the PALATE; the LIP; the CHEEK; floor of the mouth; and other structures. The mucosa is generally a nonkeratinized stratified squamous EPITHELIUM covering muscle, bone, or glands but can show varying degree of keratinization at specific locations.
The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.
The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.
An enzyme substrate which permits the measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g. trypsin and thrombin. The enzymes liberate 2-naphthylamine, which is measured by colorimetric procedures.
The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin.
The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.
Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (BACTERIAL ADHESION) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. What is sometimes called polymeric adhesin (BIOFILMS) is distinct from protein adhesin.
A gram-negative gliding bacterium isolated from the oral cavity. It is a pathogen often causing PERIODONTITIS.
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.
Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.
A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. Filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads.
Rare, autosomal recessive disorder occurring between the first and fifth years of life. It is characterized by palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis followed by the premature shedding of both deciduous and permanent teeth. Mutations in the gene for CATHEPSIN C have been associated with this disease.
Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption.
Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.
Treatment for the prevention of periodontal diseases or other dental diseases by the cleaning of the teeth in the dental office using the procedures of DENTAL SCALING and DENTAL POLISHING. The treatment may include plaque detection, removal of supra- and subgingival plaque and calculus, application of caries-preventing agents, checking of restorations and prostheses and correcting overhanging margins and proximal contours of restorations, and checking for signs of food impaction.
Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods or coccobacilli. Organisms in this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was created.
Phase of endodontic treatment in which a root canal system that has been cleaned is filled through use of special materials and techniques in order to prevent reinfection.
Technique involving the passage of X-rays through oral structures to create a film record while a central tab or wing of dental X-ray film is being held between upper and lower teeth.
The tip or terminal end of the root of a tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p62)
The space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. The portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.
A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, coccoid bacteria that is part of the normal flora of humans. Its organisms are opportunistic pathogens causing bacteremias and soft tissue infections.
A genus of PASTEURELLACEAE. Members are nonmotile, Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rods or coccobacilli. Its members are X factor (HEMIN) independent and variably dependent on V factor (NAD).
A dental specialty concerned with the histology, physiology, and pathology of the tissues that support, attach, and surround the teeth, and of the treatment and prevention of disease affecting these tissues.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic cocci parasitic in the mouth and in the intestinal and respiratory tracts of man and other animals.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods. Organisms of this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings in 1990 indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was established.
A species of gram-negative bacteria in the family Prevotellaceae. It is the species most commonly isolated from endodontic infections (PULPITIS).
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Dental procedure in which the entire pulp chamber is removed from the crown and roots of a tooth.
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.
Degradation or wasting of the PERIODONTIUM tissues that may involve the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, or the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
##### I apologize, but the term "Jordan" does not have a specific medical definition in the English language. It is primarily used as a personal name or to refer to the country in the Middle East.
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.
Removal or disruption of DENTAL DEPOSITS and plaque-retentive DENTAL CALCULUS from tooth surfaces and within the periodontal pocket space without deliberate removal of CEMENTUM as done in ROOT PLANING and often in DENTAL SCALING. The goal is to conserve dental cementum to help maintain or re-establish healthy periodontal environment and eliminate PERIODONTITIS by using light instrumentation strokes and nonsurgical techniques (e.g., ultrasonic, laser instruments).
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS such as CYSTATINS and SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS.
A phylum of bacteria comprised of three classes: Bacteroides, Flavobacteria, and Sphingobacteria.
A polysaccharide extracted from Serratia marcescens and other bacteria. It activates enzymatic activity of macrophages and stimulates phagocytic processes.
Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.
Solutions for rinsing the mouth, possessing cleansing, germicidal, or palliative properties. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
The functions, behavior, and activities of bacteria.
Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.
A tooth from which the dental pulp has been removed or is necrotic. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Extraoral body-section radiography depicting an entire maxilla, or both maxilla and mandible, on a single film.
Excision of the apical portion of a tooth through an opening made in the overlying labial, buccal, or palatal alveolar bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
'Mouth diseases' is a broad term referring to various conditions that cause inflammation, infection, or structural changes in any part of the mouth, including the lips, gums, tongue, palate, cheeks, and teeth, which can lead to symptoms such as pain, discomfort, difficulty in chewing or speaking, and altered aesthetics.
Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation of periapical tissue resulting from irritation following pulp disease or endodontic treatment.
The bonelike rigid connective tissue covering the root of a tooth from the cementoenamel junction to the apex and lining the apex of the root canal, also assisting in tooth support by serving as attachment structures for the periodontal ligament. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
'Mandibular diseases' refer to various medical conditions that primarily affect the structure, function, or health of the mandible (lower jawbone), including but not limited to infections, tumors, developmental disorders, and degenerative diseases.
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the teeth.
Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
A white powder prepared from lime that has many medical and industrial uses. It is in many dental formulations, especially for root canal filling.

A 55-kilodalton immunodominant antigen of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 has arisen via horizontal gene transfer. (1/1072)

A 55-kDa outer membrane protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 is a significant target of the serum immunoglobulin G antibody response of periodontal disease patients and hence may play an important role in host-bacterium interactions in periodontal disease. The gene encoding the 55-kDa antigen (ragB, for receptor antigen B) was isolated on a 9.5-kb partial Sau3AI fragment of P. gingivalis W50 chromosomal DNA in pUC18 by immunoscreening with a monoclonal antibody to this antigen. The 1.6-kb open reading frame (ORF) encoding RagB was located via subcloning and nested-deletion analysis. Sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of an upstream 3.1-kb ORF (ragA) which is cotranscribed with ragB. A number of genetic characteristics suggest that the ragAB locus was acquired by a horizontal gene transfer event. These include a significantly reduced G+C content relative to that of the P. gingivalis chromosome (42 versus 48%) and the presence of mobility elements flanking this locus in P. gingivalis W50. Furthermore, Southern blotting and PCR analyses showed a restricted distribution of this locus in laboratory and clinical isolates of this bacterium. The association of ragAB+ P. gingivalis with clinical status was examined by PCR analysis of subgingival samples. ragAB+ was not detected in P. gingivalis-positive shallow pockets from periodontal disease patients but was present in 36% of the P. gingivalis-positive samples from deep pockets. These data suggest that the ragAB locus was acquired by certain P. gingivalis strains via horizontal gene transfer and that the acquisition of this locus may facilitate the survival of these strains at sites of periodontal destruction.  (+info)

Prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase from Porphyromonas gingivalis. A novel enzyme with possible pathological implications for the development of periodontitis. (2/1072)

Porphyromonas gingivalis possesses a complex proteolytic system, which is essential for both its growth and evasion of host defense mechanisms. In this report we characterized, both at a protein and genomic level, a novel peptidase of this system with prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase activity. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity, and its enzymatic activity and biochemical properties were investigated. The amino acid sequence at the amino terminus and of internal peptide fragments enabled identification of the gene encoding this enzyme, which we refer to as PtpA for prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase A. The gene encodes an 82-kDa protein, which contains a GWSYGG motif, characteristic for members of the S9 prolyl oligopeptidase family of serine proteases. However, it does not share any structural similarity to other tripeptidyl peptidases, which belong to the subtilisin family. The production of prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase may contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal tissue destruction through the mutual interaction of this enzyme, host and bacterial collagenases, and dipeptidyl peptidases in the degradation of collagen during the course of infection.  (+info)

Humoral immune responses in periodontal disease may have mucosal and systemic immune features. (3/1072)

The humoral immune response, especially IgG and IgA, is considered to be protective in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, but the precise mechanisms are still unknown. Immunoglobulins arriving at the periodontal lesion are from both systemic and local tissue sources. In order to understand better the local immunoglobulin production, we examined biopsy tissue from periodontitis lesions for the expression of IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE and in addition the IgG and IgA subclasses and J-chain by in situ hybridization. Tissues examined were superficial inflamed gingiva and the deeper granulation tissue from periodontal sites. These data confirm that IgM, and IgG and IgA subclass proteins and J-chain can be locally produced in the periodontitis tissues. IgG1 mRNA-expressing cells were predominant in the granulation tissues and in the gingiva, constituting approx. 65% of the total IgG-expressing plasma cells. There was a significantly increased proportion of IgA-expressing plasma cells in the gingiva compared with the granulation tissue (P < 0.01). Most of the IgA-expressing plasma cells were IgA1, but a greater proportion expressed IgA2 mRNA and J-chain mRNA in the gingival tissues (30.5% and 7.5%, respectively) than in the periodontal granulation tissues (19% and 0-4%, respectively). The J-chain or dimeric IgA2-expressing plasma cells were located adjacent to the epithelial cells, suggesting that this tissue demonstrates features consistent with a mucosal immune response. Furthermore, we were able to detect the secretory component in gingival and junctional epithelial cells, demonstrating that the periodontal epithelium shares features with mucosal epithelium. In contrast, deeper tissues had more plasma cells that expressed IgM, and less expressing IgA, a response which appears more akin to the systemic immune response. In conclusion, this study suggests that immune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis may involve features of both the mucosal and systemic immune systems, dependent on tissue location.  (+info)

Role of gingipains R in the pathogenesis of Porphyromonas gingivalis-mediated periodontal disease. (4/1072)

It has been demonstrated that the Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine proteinases (gingipains) activate and/or degrade a broad range of host proteins. Inactivation of gingipains R prior to infection of mice results in a decrease in the virulence of P. gingivalis. Analysis of mouse, rabbit, and chicken antisera raised to gingipain R1 demonstrated that the hemagglutinin domains of gingipains are very immunogenic; however, immunization of mice with a peptide derived from the hemagglutinin domain did not protect mice from P. gingivalis infection. Our recent studies indicate that immunization of mice with a peptide corresponding to the N-terminus of the catalytic domain of gingipains R results in the generation of an immune response that affords protection of mice from P. gingivalis infection. It is postulated that the protection observed results from the inactivation of the enzymatic activity of gingipains R as a result of antibody recognition of a processing site on the gingipain R precursor.  (+info)

The potential role of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines in periodontal disease progression. (5/1072)

Inflammation is regulated by the expression of mediators that cause a number of pleiotropic events culminating in the recruitment of inflammatory cells and release of biologic mediators by leukocytes. If the inflammation is transient in nature, it can protect the host by activating defense mechanisms and initiating wound repair. However, if the inflammation is inappropriate, it can lead to considerable tissue damage. My colleagues and I have investigated the role of chemokines, particularly monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, in various pathological processes and the role of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in experimental periodontitis. I will discuss first the studies on chemokines and then the use of IL-1 and TNF blockers in inhibiting inflammation and bone loss in the periodontium.  (+info)

Induction of prostaglandin release from macrophages by bacterial endotoxin. (6/1072)

This review summarizes the role of the monocytic responses to lipopolysaccharide as it relates to periodontal disease severity. Data are presented which illustrate that the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secreted by systemic peripheral blood monocytes in culture, in the presence of bacterial endotoxins, are highly correlated with the levels observed in the gingival crevicular fluid. Furthermore, the different periodontal diagnostic categories have varying levels of monocytic and crevicular fluid PGE2, in juxtaposition with clinical disease severity. These data are consistent with the concept that there is close synchrony between the systemic responsiveness of peripheral blood monocytes with regard to prostanoid synthesis and the local levels of mediator present within the gingival crevice.  (+info)

Host modulation as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of periodontal disease. (7/1072)

Specific microorganisms initiate the immunoinflammatory processes that destroy tissue in periodontitis. Recent work has demonstrated, in addition to bacterial control, that modulation of the host immunoinflammatory response is also capable of controlling periodontitis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) destroy collagen and other matrix components, and the osteoclastic bone remodeling determines the periodontal bone response to a bacterial challenge. Other components of the biology, including cytokines and prostanoids, regulate MMPs and bone remodeling and are also involved in regulating the production of defensive elements, such as antibody. Agents directed at blocking MMPs or osteoclastic activity are effective in reducing periodontitis. Agents that inhibit prostaglandin E2 and selective blockage of specific cytokines have also been effective. Improved knowledge of bacterium-host interactions and of the processes leading to tissue destruction will help to identify targets for host modulation to reduce periodontitis in selected situations.  (+info)

Distribution of Porphyromonas gingivalis strains with fimA genotypes in periodontitis patients. (8/1072)

Fimbriae (FimA) of Porphyromonas gingivalis are filamentous components on the cell surface and are thought to play an important role in the colonization and invasion of periodontal tissues. We previously demonstrated that fimA can be classified into four variants (types I to IV) on the basis of the nucleotide sequences of the fimA gene. In the present study, we attempted to detect the four different fimA genes in saliva and plaque samples isolated from patients with periodontitis using the PCR method. Four sets of fimA type-specific primers were designed for the PCR assay. These primers selectively amplified 392-bp (type I), 257-bp (type II), 247-bp (type III), and 251-bp (type IV) DNA fragments of the fimA gene. Positive PCR results were observed with reference strains of P. gingivalis in a type-specific manner. All other laboratory strains of oral and nonoral bacteria gave negative results. The sensitivity of the PCR assay for fimA type-specific detection was between 5 and 50 cells of P. gingivalis. Clinical samples were obtained from saliva and subgingival plaque from deep pockets (>/=4 mm) of 93 patients with periodontitis. Bacterial genomic DNA was isolated from the samples, and the targeted fragments were amplified by PCR. The presence of P. gingivalis was demonstrated in 73 patients (78.5%), and a single fimA gene was detected in most patients. The distribution of the four fimA types among the P. gingivalis-positive patients was as follows: type I, 5.4%; type II, 58.9%; type III, 6. 8%; type IV, 12.3%; types I and II, 6.8%; types II and IV, 2.7%; and untypeable, 6.8%. P. gingivalis with type II fimA was detected more frequently in the deeper pockets, and a significant difference of the occurrence was observed between shallow (4 mm) and deep (>/=8 mm) pockets. These results suggest that P. gingivalis strains that possess type II fimA are significantly more predominant in periodontitis patients, and we speculate that these organisms are involved in the destructive progression of periodontal diseases.  (+info)

Periodontitis is a severe form of gum disease that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone supporting your teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. It is caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. The body's immune system fights the bacterial infection, which causes an inflammatory response. If the inflammation continues for a long time, it can damage the tissues and bones that support the teeth.

The early stage of periodontitis is called gingivitis, which is characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed or flossed. When gingivitis is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis. In addition to plaque, other factors that increase the risk of developing periodontitis include smoking or using tobacco products, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, a weakened immune system, and genetic factors.

Regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and using an antimicrobial mouth rinse, can help prevent periodontitis. Treatment for periodontitis may include deep cleaning procedures, medications, or surgery in severe cases.

Chronic periodontitis is a type of gum disease that is characterized by the inflammation and infection of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. It is a slow-progressing condition that can lead to the destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, which can result in loose teeth or tooth loss if left untreated.

Chronic periodontitis is caused by the buildup of dental plaque and calculus (tartar) on the teeth, which harbor bacteria that release toxins that irritate and inflame the gums. Over time, this chronic inflammation can lead to the destruction of the periodontal tissues, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.

The signs and symptoms of chronic periodontitis include:

* Red, swollen, or tender gums
* Bleeding gums during brushing or flossing
* Persistent bad breath (halitosis)
* Receding gums (exposure of the tooth root)
* Loose teeth or changes in bite alignment
* Deep periodontal pockets (spaces between the teeth and gums)

Risk factors for chronic periodontitis include poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, genetics, and certain medications. Treatment typically involves a thorough dental cleaning to remove plaque and calculus, followed by additional procedures such as scaling and root planing or surgery to eliminate infection and promote healing of the periodontal tissues. Good oral hygiene practices, regular dental checkups, and quitting smoking are essential for preventing chronic periodontitis and maintaining good oral health.

Aggressive periodontitis is a severe form of periodontal disease that affects the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It is characterized by rapid destruction of the periodontal tissues and can result in significant tooth loss if left untreated.

Aggressive periodontitis typically affects younger individuals, often before the age of 30, and can progress rapidly, even in the absence of obvious dental plaque or calculus accumulation. It is often associated with a genetic predisposition and may cluster in families.

The disease is classified as localized or generalized based on the distribution of affected sites. Localized aggressive periodontitis typically affects no more than two teeth next to each other, while generalized aggressive periodontitis involves at least three or four teeth in different areas of the mouth.

In addition to genetic factors, other risk factors for aggressive periodontitis include smoking, diabetes, and hormonal changes. Treatment typically involves a combination of thorough dental cleanings, antibiotics, and sometimes surgical intervention to remove damaged tissue and promote healing. Regular maintenance care is essential to prevent recurrence and further progression of the disease.

Periapical periodontitis is a medical condition that affects the tissues surrounding the root tip (apex) of a tooth. It is typically caused by bacterial infection that originates from the dental pulp, which is the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels. When the dental pulp becomes inflamed or infected due to decay or injury, it can lead to periapical periodontitis if left untreated.

The infection spreads from the pulp through the root canal and forms an abscess at the tip of the tooth root. This results in inflammation and destruction of the surrounding bone and periodontal tissues, leading to symptoms such as pain, swelling, tenderness, and sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures.

Periapical periodontitis is usually treated with root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected pulp tissue, cleaning and disinfecting the root canal, and filling and sealing the space to prevent reinfection. In some cases, antibiotics may also be prescribed to help clear up any residual infection. If left untreated, periapical periodontitis can lead to more serious complications such as tooth loss or spread of infection to other parts of the body.

A periodontal pocket is a pathological space or gap that develops between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue (gingiva) as a result of periodontal disease. This condition is also known as a "periodontal depth" or "probing depth." It is measured in millimeters using a dental probe, and it indicates the level of attachment loss of the gingival tissue to the tooth.

In a healthy periodontium, the sulcus (the normal space between the tooth and gum) measures 1-3 mm in depth. However, when there is inflammation due to bacterial accumulation, the gums may become red, swollen, and bleed easily. As the disease progresses, the sulcus deepens, forming a periodontal pocket, which can extend deeper than 3 mm.

Periodontal pockets provide an environment that is conducive to the growth of harmful bacteria, leading to further tissue destruction and bone loss around the tooth. If left untreated, periodontal disease can result in loose teeth and eventually tooth loss. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for maintaining healthy gums and preventing periodontal pockets from developing or worsening.

Alveolar bone loss refers to the breakdown and resorption of the alveolar process of the jawbone, which is the part of the jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth. This type of bone loss is often caused by periodontal disease, a chronic inflammation of the gums and surrounding tissues that can lead to the destruction of the structures that support the teeth.

In advanced stages of periodontal disease, the alveolar bone can become severely damaged or destroyed, leading to tooth loss. Alveolar bone loss can also occur as a result of other conditions, such as osteoporosis, trauma, or tumors. Dental X-rays and other imaging techniques are often used to diagnose and monitor alveolar bone loss. Treatment may include deep cleaning of the teeth and gums, medications, surgery, or tooth extraction in severe cases.

Periodontal attachment loss (PAL) is a clinical measurement in dentistry that refers to the amount of connective tissue attachment between the tooth and its surrounding supportive structures (including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone) that has been lost due to periodontal disease. It is typically expressed in millimeters and represents the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), which is the point where the tooth's crown meets the root, to the bottom of the periodontal pocket.

Periodontal pockets are formed when the gums detach from the tooth due to inflammation and infection caused by bacterial biofilms accumulating on the teeth. As the disease progresses, more and more of the supporting structures are destroyed, leading to increased pocket depths and attachment loss. This can eventually result in loose teeth and even tooth loss if left untreated.

Therefore, periodontal attachment loss is an important indicator of the severity and progression of periodontal disease, and its measurement helps dental professionals assess the effectiveness of treatment interventions and monitor disease status over time.

"Porphyromonas gingivalis" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal disease. It is a major pathogen in chronic periodontitis, which is a severe form of gum disease that can lead to destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.

The bacterium produces several virulence factors, such as proteases and endotoxins, which contribute to its pathogenicity. It has been shown to evade the host's immune response and cause tissue destruction through various mechanisms, including inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.

P. gingivalis has also been linked to several systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease, although the exact mechanisms of these associations are not fully understood. Effective oral hygiene practices, including regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings, can help prevent the overgrowth of P. gingivalis and reduce the risk of periodontal disease.

Gingiva is the medical term for the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and forms the margin of the dental groove, also known as the gum. It extends from the mucogingival junction to the base of the cervical third of the tooth root. The gingiva plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting the teeth and maintaining oral health by providing a barrier against microbial invasion and mechanical injury.

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is defined as the serum transudate or inflammatory exudate that flows from the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket. It is a physiological fluid found in the narrow space between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue, which deepens during periodontal disease. The analysis of GCF has been used as a non-invasive method to assess the status of periodontal health and disease since it contains various markers of inflammation, host response, and bacterial products.

Gingival hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It refers to the condition where the gums bleed, often as a result of trauma or injury, but also can be caused by various systemic conditions such as disorders of coagulation, leukemia, or scurvy.

Gingival hemorrhage is commonly seen in individuals with poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, which can cause inflammation and damage to the gums. This can lead to increased susceptibility to bleeding, even during routine activities such as brushing or flossing. It's important to address any underlying causes of gingival hemorrhage to prevent further complications.

Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It's important to note that it is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional dental treatment. If left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to a more severe form of gum disease known as periodontitis, which can result in tissue damage and eventual tooth loss.

Gingivitis is most commonly caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. When not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, this plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and contributes to gum inflammation. Other factors like hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, smoking or a weakened immune system may also increase the risk of developing gingivitis.

The Periodontal Index (PI) is not a current or widely used medical/dental term. However, in the past, it was used to describe a method for assessing and measuring the severity of periodontal disease, also known as gum disease.

Developed by Henry H. Klein and colleagues in 1978, the Periodontal Index was a scoring system that evaluated four parameters: gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding, calculus (tartar) presence, and periodontal pocket depths. The scores for each parameter ranged from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating worse periodontal health. The overall PI score was the sum of the individual parameter scores, ranging from 0 to 12.

However, due to its limited ability to predict future disease progression and the introduction of more comprehensive assessment methods like the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE), the use of the Periodontal Index has become less common in dental practice and research.

Dental scaling is a professional dental cleaning procedure that involves the removal of plaque, tartar (calculus), and stains from the tooth surfaces. This is typically performed by a dentist or dental hygienist using specialized instruments called scalers and curettes. The procedure helps to prevent gum disease and tooth decay by removing bacterial deposits that can cause inflammation and infection of the gums. Dental scaling may be recommended as part of a routine dental check-up or if there are signs of periodontal disease, such as red, swollen, or bleeding gums. In some cases, local anesthesia may be used to numb the area and make the procedure more comfortable for the patient.

'Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is facultatively anaerobic, meaning it can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. This bacterium is commonly found as part of the oral microbiota in humans and is associated with periodontal diseases such as localized aggressive periodontitis. Additionally, it has been implicated in various extraoral infections, including endocarditis, meningitis, and septicemia, particularly in individuals with underlying medical conditions. The bacterium's virulence factors include leukotoxin, cytolethal distending toxin, and adhesins, which contribute to its pathogenicity.

The dental plaque index (DPI) is a clinical measurement used in dentistry to assess the amount of dental plaque accumulation on a person's teeth. It was first introduced by Silness and Löe in 1964 as a method to standardize the assessment of oral hygiene and the effectiveness of oral hygiene interventions.

The DPI is based on a visual examination of the amount of plaque present on four surfaces of the teeth, including the buccal (cheek-facing) and lingual (tongue-facing) surfaces of both upper and lower first molars and upper and lower incisors. The examiner assigns a score from 0 to 3 for each surface, with higher scores indicating greater plaque accumulation:

* Score 0: No plaque detected, even after probing the area with a dental explorer.
* Score 1: Plaque detected by visual examination and/or probing but is not visible when the area is gently dried with air.
* Score 2: Moderate accumulation of soft deposits that are visible upon visual examination before air drying, but which can be removed by scraping with a dental explorer.
* Score 3: Abundant soft matter, visible upon visual examination before air drying and not easily removable with a dental explorer.

The DPI is calculated as the average score of all surfaces examined, providing an overall measure of plaque accumulation in the mouth. It can be used to monitor changes in oral hygiene over time or to evaluate the effectiveness of different oral hygiene interventions. However, it should be noted that the DPI has limitations and may not accurately reflect the presence of bacterial biofilms or the risk of dental caries and gum disease.

Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that accumulates on the surface of the teeth, restorative materials, and prosthetic devices such as dentures. It is initiated when bacterial colonizers attach to the smooth surfaces of teeth through van der Waals forces and specific molecular adhesion mechanisms.

The microorganisms within the dental plaque produce extracellular polysaccharides that help to stabilize and strengthen the biofilm, making it resistant to removal by simple brushing or rinsing. Over time, if not regularly removed through oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, dental plaque can mineralize and harden into tartar or calculus.

The bacteria in dental plaque can cause tooth decay (dental caries) by metabolizing sugars and producing acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel. Additionally, certain types of bacteria in dental plaque can cause periodontal disease, an inflammation of the gums that can lead to tissue damage and bone loss around the teeth. Regular professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene practices are essential for preventing the buildup of dental plaque and maintaining good oral health.

The periodontium is a complex structure in the oral cavity that surrounds and supports the teeth. It consists of four main components:
1. Gingiva (gums): The pink, soft tissue that covers the crown of the tooth and extends down to the neck of the tooth, where it meets the cementum.
2. Cementum: A specialized, calcified tissue that covers the root of the tooth and provides a surface for the periodontal ligament fibers to attach.
3. Periodontal ligament (PDL): A highly vascular and cell-rich connective tissue that attaches the cementum of the tooth root to the alveolar bone, allowing for tooth mobility and absorption of forces during chewing.
4. Alveolar bone: The portion of the jawbone that contains the sockets (alveoli) for the teeth. It is a spongy bone with a rich blood supply that responds to mechanical stresses from biting and chewing, undergoing remodeling throughout life.

Periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, affect the health and integrity of the periodontium, leading to inflammation, bleeding, pocket formation, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.

Bacteroidaceae is a family of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. Infections caused by Bacteroidaceae are relatively rare, but can occur in cases of severe trauma, surgery, or compromised immune systems. These infections may include bacteremia (bacteria in the blood), abscesses, and wound infections. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against anaerobic bacteria. It is important to note that proper identification of the specific species causing the infection is necessary for appropriate treatment, as different species within Bacteroidaceae may have different susceptibilities to various antibiotics.

Root planing is a dental procedure that involves the cleaning and smoothing of the root surfaces of teeth. It is typically performed as a part of periodontal therapy to treat and manage gum disease. The goal of root planing is to remove tartar, calculus, and bacterial toxins from the roots of teeth, which helps to promote the reattachment of the gums to the teeth and prevent further progression of periodontal disease. This procedure is usually performed under local anesthesia and may require multiple appointments depending on the severity of the case.

According to the American Academy of Periodontology, periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. These tissues include the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The primary cause of periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, a sticky film that constantly forms on our teeth.

There are two major stages of periodontal disease:

1. Gingivitis: This is the milder form of periodontal disease, characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva) without loss of attachment to the teeth. The gums may appear red, swollen, and bleed easily during brushing or flossing. At this stage, the damage can be reversed with proper dental care and improved oral hygiene.
2. Periodontitis: If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of periodontal disease. In periodontitis, the inflammation extends beyond the gums and affects the deeper periodontal tissues, leading to loss of bone support around the teeth. Pockets filled with infection-causing bacteria form between the teeth and gums, causing further damage and potential tooth loss if not treated promptly.

Risk factors for developing periodontal disease include poor oral hygiene, smoking or using smokeless tobacco, genetic predisposition, diabetes, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy or menopause), certain medications, and systemic diseases like AIDS or cancer. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are crucial for preventing periodontal disease and maintaining overall oral health.

Treponema denticola is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that belongs to the genus Treponema. It is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal diseases such as chronic periodontitis. T. denticola is one of the "red complex" bacteria, which also includes Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, that are strongly associated with periodontal disease. These bacteria form a complex biofilm in the subgingival area and contribute to the breakdown of the periodontal tissues, leading to pocket formation, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.

T. denticola has several virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), proteases, fimbriae, and endotoxins, that allow it to evade the host's immune system and cause tissue damage. It can also modulate the host's immune response, leading to a chronic inflammatory state that contributes to the progression of periodontal disease.

In addition to its role in periodontal disease, T. denticola has been linked to several systemic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between T. denticola and these conditions.

Prevotella intermedia is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. It is a normal resident of the human microbiota but can also be an opportunistic pathogen, causing various types of infections such as periodontitis, endocarditis, and brain abscesses. P. intermedia has been associated with several diseases, including respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, and joint infections. It is often found in mixed infections with other anaerobic bacteria. Proper identification of this organism is important for the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

"Fusobacterium nucleatum" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and plays a significant role in periodontal disease. It has also been implicated in various extraintestinal infections, including septicemia, brain abscesses, and lung and liver infections. This bacterium is known to have a variety of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity, such as the ability to adhere to and invade host cells, produce biofilms, and evade the immune response. It has been linked to several systemic diseases, including colorectal cancer, where it may promote tumor growth and progression through various mechanisms.

Actinobacillus infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Actinobacillus, which are gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, and non-motile rods. These bacteria can cause a variety of infections in humans and animals, including respiratory tract infections, wound infections, and septicemia.

The most common species that causes infection in humans is Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, which is associated with periodontal disease, endocarditis, and soft tissue infections. Other species such as A. suis, A. lignieresii, and A. equuli can cause infections in animals and occasionally in humans, particularly those who have close contact with animals.

Symptoms of Actinobacillus infections depend on the site of infection and may include fever, chills, swelling, redness, pain, and purulent discharge. Diagnosis is typically made through culture and identification of the bacteria from clinical samples such as blood, wound secretions, or respiratory specimens. Treatment usually involves antibiotics that are effective against gram-negative bacteria, such as aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, or third-generation cephalosporins. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses or remove infected tissue.

Bacteroides are a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are normally present in the human gastrointestinal tract. They are part of the normal gut microbiota and play an important role in breaking down complex carbohydrates and other substances in the gut. However, some species of Bacteroides can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or when they spread to other parts of the body. They are resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, making infections caused by these bacteria difficult to treat.

'Eikenella corrodens' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacterium that is commonly found as normal flora in the human oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. It is named for its ability to corrode or pit the surface of culture media.

Eikenella corrodens is a opportunistic pathogen that can cause localized infections such as abscesses, cellulitis, and endocarditis, particularly in individuals with underlying medical conditions or compromised immune systems. It has also been associated with bite wounds, human and animal bites, and trauma to the head and neck.

Eikenella corrodens is often resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and ampicillin due to the production of beta-lactamase enzyme. However, it remains susceptible to other antibiotics such as carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines.

Medical treatment for Eikenella corrodens infections typically involves the use of appropriate antibiotics based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, along with surgical debridement or drainage of any abscesses or collections of pus.

'Campylobacter rectus' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause periodontal disease, an infection and inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth. It is normally found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontitis, a severe form of gum disease. The bacteria are microaerophilic, meaning they require reduced levels of oxygen to grow. Infection with 'Campylobacter rectus' can lead to tissue destruction, bone loss, and potentially systemic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems. Proper oral hygiene and dental care are important in preventing infection and controlling the spread of this bacterium.

Subgingival curettage is a dental procedure that involves the removal of infected tissue from the area below the gum line (subgingival) down to the bottom of the periodontal pocket. This procedure is typically performed by a dentist or dental hygienist during a deep cleaning or scaling and root planing procedure to treat periodontal disease. The goal of subgingival curettage is to remove damaged, infected, or necrotic tissue from the periodontal pocket, which can help promote healing and reduce the depth of the pocket. This procedure may also be used as a diagnostic tool to assess the extent of periodontal damage and guide treatment planning.

Root canal therapy, also known as endodontic treatment, is a dental procedure that involves the removal of infected or damaged pulp tissue from within a tooth's root canal system. The root canal system is a series of narrow channels that run from the center of the tooth (pulp chamber) down to the tip of the tooth roots, containing nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues.

During the procedure, the dentist or endodontist will gain access to the pulp chamber, carefully clean and shape the root canals using specialized instruments, and then fill and seal them with a rubber-like material called gutta-percha. This helps prevent reinfection and preserves the structural integrity of the tooth. In many cases, a crown or other restoration is placed over the treated tooth to protect it and restore its function and appearance.

Root canal therapy is typically recommended when the pulp tissue becomes inflamed or infected due to deep decay, repeated dental procedures, cracks, or chips in the teeth. The goal of this treatment is to alleviate pain, preserve natural tooth structure, and prevent the need for extraction.

Dental pulp necrosis is the death of the soft tissue inside a tooth, known as the dental pulp. The dental pulp contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue that help the tooth grow and develop. It also provides sensations like hot or cold. Dental pulp necrosis can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay, trauma, or infection. When the dental pulp dies, it can no longer provide nutrients to the tooth, making it more susceptible to fractures and infections. Symptoms of dental pulp necrosis may include pain, sensitivity, swelling, or abscess formation. Treatment options for dental pulp necrosis typically involve root canal therapy or extraction of the affected tooth.

Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria, also known as spirochetes. These bacteria are gram-negative and have unique motility provided by endoflagella, which are located in the periplasmic space, running lengthwise between the cell's outer membrane and inner membrane.

Treponema species are responsible for several important diseases in humans, including syphilis (Treponema pallidum), yaws (Treponema pertenue), pinta (Treponema carateum), and endemic syphilis or bejel (Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum). These diseases are collectively known as treponematoses.

It is important to note that while these bacteria share some common characteristics, they differ in their clinical manifestations and geographical distributions. Proper diagnosis and treatment of treponemal infections require medical expertise and laboratory confirmation.

According to the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, 'actinobacillus' is defined as:

"A genus of gram-negative, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic rods (family Pasteurellaceae) that are parasites or commensals in animals and occasionally cause disease in humans. Some species produce a polysaccharide capsule."

In simpler terms, Actinobacillus is a type of bacteria that can be found in animals, including sometimes as normal flora in their mouths and throats. These bacteria can sometimes infect humans, usually through close contact with animals or through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Some species of Actinobacillus can produce a polysaccharide capsule, which can make them more resistant to the body's immune defenses and more difficult to treat with antibiotics.

It is worth noting that while some species of Actinobacillus can cause disease in humans, they are generally not considered major human pathogens. However, they can cause a variety of clinical syndromes, including respiratory tract infections, wound infections, and bacteremia (bloodstream infections). Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are active against gram-negative bacteria, such as amoxicillin/clavulanate or fluoroquinolones.

Peri-implantitis is a medical term used to describe the inflammatory condition that affects the soft and hard tissues surrounding dental implants, leading to their progressive loss. It's characterized by an infection that causes inflammation in the gums and potentially in the bone around the implant.

The primary cause of peri-implantitis is bacterial biofilm accumulation, similar to what leads to periodontal disease around natural teeth. Other factors contributing to its development can include poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, and genetic predisposition.

Symptoms may include redness, swelling, bleeding, and pus formation in the gums around the implant, as well as pain, mobility, or even loss of the affected dental implant if left untreated. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition but often involve mechanical debridement, antibiotic therapy, and possible surgical intervention to regenerate lost tissue.

Dental calculus, also known as tartar, is a hardened deposit that forms on the surface of teeth. It's composed of mineralized plaque, which is a sticky film containing bacteria, saliva, and food particles. Over time, the minerals in saliva can cause the plaque to harden into calculus, which cannot be removed by brushing or flossing alone. Dental calculus can contribute to tooth decay and gum disease if not regularly removed by a dental professional through a process called scaling and root planing.

Pasteurellaceae is a family of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic or aerobic, non-spore forming bacteria that are commonly found as normal flora in the upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract of animals and humans. Some members of this family can cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, including pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, and localized infections such as abscesses and cellulitis.

Some notable genera within Pasteurellaceae include:

* Pasteurella: includes several species that can cause respiratory tract infections, septicemia, and soft tissue infections in animals and humans. The most common species is Pasteurella multocida, which is a major pathogen in animals and can also cause human infections associated with animal bites or scratches.
* Haemophilus: includes several species that are normal flora of the human respiratory tract and can cause respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis, pneumonia, and meningitis. The most well-known species is Haemophilus influenzae, which can cause severe invasive diseases such as meningitis and sepsis, particularly in young children.
* Mannheimia: includes several species that are normal flora of the upper respiratory tract of ruminants (such as cattle and sheep) and can cause pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections in these animals. The most common species is Mannheimia haemolytica, which is a major pathogen in cattle and can also cause human infections associated with animal contact.
* Actinobacillus: includes several species that are normal flora of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract of animals and can cause respiratory tract infections, septicemia, and localized infections in these animals. The most common species is Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which causes a severe form of pneumonia in pigs.

Overall, Pasteurellaceae family members are important pathogens in both veterinary and human medicine, and their infections can range from mild to severe and life-threatening.

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), also known as trench mouth or acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis, is a severe and painful form of gingivitis that is characterized by the presence of necrosis (tissue death) and ulcers in the gum tissue. It is caused by a combination of factors, including poor oral hygiene, stress, smoking, and a weakened immune system. The condition is often associated with the presence of certain types of bacteria that produce toxins that can damage the gum tissue.

NUG is characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms such as severe pain, bleeding, bad breath, and a grayish-white or yellowish film covering the gums. The gums may also appear bright red, swollen, and shiny, and may bleed easily when brushed or touched. In some cases, the condition can progress to involve other areas of the mouth, such as the lining of the cheeks and lips.

NUG is typically treated with a combination of professional dental cleaning, antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection, and pain management. It is important to maintain good oral hygiene practices to prevent recurrence of the condition. If left untreated, NUG can lead to more serious complications such as tooth loss or spread of the infection to other parts of the body.

Treponemal infections are a group of diseases caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. This includes syphilis, yaws, bejel, and pinta. These infections can affect various organ systems in the body and can have serious consequences if left untreated.

1. Syphilis: A sexually transmitted infection that can also be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy or childbirth. It is characterized by sores (chancres) on the genitals, anus, or mouth, followed by a rash and flu-like symptoms. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as damage to the heart, brain, and nervous system.
2. Yaws: A tropical infection that is spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions. It primarily affects children in rural areas of Africa, Asia, and South America. The initial symptom is a painless bump on the skin that eventually ulcerates and heals, leaving a scar. If left untreated, it can lead to disfigurement and destruction of bone and cartilage.
3. Bejel: Also known as endemic syphilis, this infection is spread through direct contact with infected saliva or mucous membranes. It primarily affects children in dry and arid regions of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The initial symptom is a painless sore on the mouth or skin, followed by a rash and other symptoms similar to syphilis.
4. Pinta: A tropical infection that is spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions. It primarily affects people in rural areas of Central and South America. The initial symptom is a red or brown spot on the skin, which eventually turns into a scaly rash. If left untreated, it can lead to disfigurement and destruction of pigmentation in the skin.

Treponemal infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect antibodies against Treponema pallidum. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as penicillin, which can cure the infection if caught early enough. However, untreated treponemal infections can lead to serious health complications and even death.

The term "tooth cervix" is not commonly used in medical dentistry with a specific technical definition. However, if you are referring to the "cervical region of a tooth," it generally refers to the area where the crown (the visible part of the tooth) meets the root (the portion of the tooth that is below the gum line). This region is also sometimes referred to as the "cementoenamel junction" (CEJ), where the enamel covering of the crown meets the cementum covering of the root. Dental issues such as tooth decay, receding gums, or abrasion can affect this area and may require professional dental treatment.

Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8), also known as Collagenase-2 or Neutrophil Collagenase, is an enzyme that belongs to the Matrix Metalloproteinases family. MMP-8 is primarily produced by neutrophils and has the ability to degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including collagens, gelatin, and elastin. It plays a crucial role in tissue remodeling, wound healing, and inflammatory responses. MMP-8 is also involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer, where it contributes to the breakdown of the ECM and promotes tissue destruction and invasion.

Occlusal adjustment is a dental procedure that involves modifying the shape and alignment of the biting surfaces of teeth to improve their fit and relationship with the opposing teeth. The goal of occlusal adjustment is to create a balanced and harmonious bite, which can help alleviate symptoms such as tooth wear, sensitivity, pain, or temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD).

During an occlusal adjustment procedure, the dentist uses specialized instruments like articulating paper or dental burs to identify and eliminate interferences in the bite. These interferences can be caused by high spots, rough edges, or misaligned teeth that prevent the upper and lower teeth from meeting evenly when the jaw is closed. By removing these interferences, the dentist aims to create a more stable and comfortable bite, reducing stress on the jaw joints and muscles.

It's important to note that occlusal adjustment should only be performed by a trained dental professional, as improper modifications can lead to further dental issues or discomfort.

Gingival recession is the term used to describe the exposure of the root surface of a tooth as a result of the loss of gum tissue (gingiva) due to periodontal disease or improper oral hygiene practices. It can also occur due to other factors such as aggressive brushing, grinding or clenching of teeth, and misaligned teeth. Gingival recession is often characterized by red, swollen, or sensitive gums, and can lead to tooth sensitivity, decay, and even tooth loss if left untreated.

Selenomonas is a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. These bacteria have a unique characteristic of having curved or spiral-shaped morphology and a polar flagellum for motility. They are named after their ability to reduce selenite to elemental selenium, which gives them a characteristic red color.

Selenomonas species are often associated with dental caries and periodontal disease due to their production of acid and other virulence factors that can contribute to tissue destruction. However, they also play important roles in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates and the production of volatile sulfur compounds in the gut.

It's worth noting that while Selenomonas species are generally considered to be commensal organisms, they have been implicated in various opportunistic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying medical conditions.

The Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) is a dental measurement used to assess and quantify the cleanliness of a patient's teeth. It was developed by Greene and Vermillion in 1964 as a simple, reproducible method for oral hygiene evaluation. The index takes into account the amount of debris (food particles, plaque) and calculus (tartar) present on the tooth surfaces.

The OHI consists of two components: the Debris Index (DI) and the Calculus Index (CI). Each component is scored separately for six designated teeth (16, 11, 26, 36, 31, and 46) on a scale from 0 to 3. The scores are then summed up and averaged to obtain the final OHI score:

1. Debris Index (DI): Assesses the soft debris or plaque accumulation on the tooth surfaces. The scoring is as follows:
- Score 0: No debris present
- Score 1: Debris found on up to one-third of the tooth surface
- Score 2: Debris found on more than one-third but less than two-thirds of the tooth surface
- Score 3: Debris found on more than two-thirds of the tooth surface

2. Calculus Index (CI): Evaluates the hard calculus or tartar accumulation on the tooth surfaces. The scoring is similar to the DI:
- Score 0: No calculus present
- Score 1: Supragingival calculus found on up to one-third of the tooth surface
- Score 2: Supragingival calculus found on more than one-third but less than two-thirds of the tooth surface, or the presence of individual flecks of subgingival calculus
- Score 3: Supragingival calculus found on more than two-thirds of the tooth surface, or a continuous heavy band of subgingival calculus

The OHI score ranges from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating poorer oral hygiene. This index is widely used in dental research and clinical settings to evaluate the effectiveness of oral hygiene interventions and to assess overall oral health status.

A periapical abscess is a localized infection that occurs at the tip of the tooth's root, specifically in the periapical tissue. This tissue surrounds the end of the tooth's root and helps anchor the tooth to the jawbone. The infection is usually caused by bacteria that enter the pulp chamber of the tooth as a result of dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal disease, or trauma that damages the tooth's protective enamel layer.

The infection leads to pus accumulation in the periapical tissue, forming an abscess. The symptoms of a periapical abscess may include:

1. Pain and tenderness in the affected tooth, which can be throbbing or continuous
2. Swelling in the gums surrounding the tooth
3. Sensitivity to hot, cold, or pressure on the tooth
4. Fever, general malaise, or difficulty swallowing (in severe cases)
5. A foul taste in the mouth or bad breath
6. Tooth mobility or loosening
7. Formation of a draining sinus tract (a small opening in the gums that allows pus to drain out)

Periapical abscesses require dental treatment, which typically involves removing the infected pulp tissue through root canal therapy and cleaning, shaping, and sealing the root canals. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to help control the infection, but they do not replace the necessary dental treatment. If left untreated, a periapical abscess can lead to severe complications, such as the spread of infection to other parts of the body or tooth loss.

Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental issues such as cavities, gum disease, bad breath, and other oral health problems. It involves regular brushing, flossing, and using mouthwash to remove plaque and food particles that can lead to tooth decay and gum disease. Regular dental check-ups and cleanings are also an essential part of maintaining good oral hygiene. Poor oral hygiene can lead to a range of health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory infections, so it is important to prioritize oral health as part of overall health and wellbeing.

The periodontal ligament, also known as the "PDL," is the soft tissue that connects the tooth root to the alveolar bone within the dental alveolus (socket). It consists of collagen fibers organized into groups called principal fibers and accessory fibers. These fibers are embedded into both the cementum of the tooth root and the alveolar bone, providing shock absorption during biting and chewing forces, allowing for slight tooth movement, and maintaining the tooth in its position within the socket.

The periodontal ligament plays a crucial role in the health and maintenance of the periodontium, which includes the gingiva (gums), cementum, alveolar bone, and the periodontal ligament itself. Inflammation or infection of the periodontal ligament can lead to periodontal disease, potentially causing tooth loss if not treated promptly and appropriately.

Bacteroidaceae is a family of gram-negative, anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic, non-spore forming bacteria that are commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. They are rod-shaped and can vary in size and shape. Bacteroidaceae are important breakdowners of complex carbohydrates and proteins in the gut, and play a significant role in maintaining the health and homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota. Some members of this family can also be opportunistic pathogens and have been associated with various infections and diseases, such as abscesses, bacteremia, and periodontal disease.

Maxillary diseases refer to conditions that affect the maxilla, which is the upper bone of the jaw. This bone plays an essential role in functions such as biting, chewing, and speaking, and also forms the upper part of the oral cavity, houses the upper teeth, and supports the nose and the eyes.

Maxillary diseases can be caused by various factors, including infections, trauma, tumors, congenital abnormalities, or systemic conditions. Some common maxillary diseases include:

1. Maxillary sinusitis: Inflammation of the maxillary sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located within the maxilla, can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain, and headaches.
2. Periodontal disease: Infection and inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth, including the gums and the alveolar bone (which is part of the maxilla), can lead to tooth loss and other complications.
3. Maxillary fractures: Trauma to the face can result in fractures of the maxilla, which can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty breathing or speaking.
4. Maxillary cysts and tumors: Abnormal growths in the maxilla can be benign or malignant and may require surgical intervention.
5. Oral cancer: Cancerous lesions in the oral cavity, including the maxilla, can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing or speaking.

Treatment for maxillary diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include antibiotics, surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices can help prevent many maxillary diseases.

The mouth mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the mouth, also known as the oral mucosa. It covers the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. This moist tissue is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Its functions include protecting the underlying tissues from physical trauma, chemical irritation, and microbial infections; aiding in food digestion by producing enzymes; and providing sensory information about taste, temperature, and texture.

In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.

Tooth loss is the condition or process characterized by the disappearance or absence of one or more teeth from their normal position in the dental arch. This can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay, periodontal disease (gum disease), injury, or aging. The consequences of tooth loss include difficulties in chewing, speaking, and adversely affecting the aesthetics of a person's smile, which may lead to psychological impacts. Additionally, it can cause shifting of adjacent teeth, bone resorption, and changes in the bite, potentially leading to further dental issues if not treated promptly.

Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide is a synthetic substance that is used in laboratory settings as a reagent for the detection and measurement of certain enzymes, specifically proteases such as trypsin. It is a colorless to pale yellow crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. When treated with an enzyme that can cleave it, such as trypsin, it produces a colored product that can be measured and used to quantify the enzyme's activity. This compound is not used for medical purposes in humans or animals.

Saliva is a complex mixture of primarily water, but also electrolytes, enzymes, antibacterial compounds, and various other substances. It is produced by the salivary glands located in the mouth. Saliva plays an essential role in maintaining oral health by moistening the mouth, helping to digest food, and protecting the teeth from decay by neutralizing acids produced by bacteria.

The medical definition of saliva can be stated as:

"A clear, watery, slightly alkaline fluid secreted by the salivary glands, consisting mainly of water, with small amounts of electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), mucus, and antibacterial compounds. Saliva aids in digestion, lubrication of oral tissues, and provides an oral barrier against microorganisms."

The alveolar process is the curved part of the jawbone (mandible or maxilla) that contains sockets or hollow spaces (alveoli) for the teeth to be embedded. These processes are covered with a specialized mucous membrane called the gingiva, which forms a tight seal around the teeth to help protect the periodontal tissues and maintain oral health.

The alveolar process is composed of both compact and spongy bone tissue. The compact bone forms the outer layer, while the spongy bone is found inside the alveoli and provides support for the teeth. When a tooth is lost or extracted, the alveolar process begins to resorb over time due to the lack of mechanical stimulation from the tooth's chewing forces. This can lead to changes in the shape and size of the jawbone, which may require bone grafting procedures before dental implant placement.

Bacterial adhesins are proteins or structures on the surface of bacterial cells that allow them to attach to other cells or surfaces. This ability to adhere to host tissues is an important first step in the process of bacterial infection and colonization. Adhesins can recognize and bind to specific receptors on host cells, such as proteins or sugars, enabling the bacteria to establish a close relationship with the host and evade immune responses.

There are several types of bacterial adhesins, including fimbriae, pili, and non-fimbrial adhesins. Fimbriae and pili are thin, hair-like structures that extend from the bacterial surface and can bind to a variety of host cell receptors. Non-fimbrial adhesins are proteins that are directly embedded in the bacterial cell wall and can also mediate attachment to host cells.

Bacterial adhesins play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and gastrointestinal infections. Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion is important for developing new strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections.

Capnocytophaga is a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are part of the normal oral flora of humans and some animals. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. They are known to cause various types of infections, including bloodstream infections, meningitis, and soft tissue infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. The infection can be acquired through animal bites or scratches, or through close contact with saliva from infected animals. In humans, Capnocytophaga can also be part of the normal oral flora, but it rarely causes disease.

It is important to note that while Capnocytophaga can cause serious infections, they are relatively rare and proper hygiene and handling of pets can help reduce the risk of infection. If you have a weakened immune system or if you develop symptoms such as fever, chills, or severe illness after being bitten or scratched by an animal, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

Bacteroides infections refer to illnesses caused by the bacterial genus Bacteroides, which are a group of anaerobic, gram-negative bacilli that are normal inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract. However, they can cause intra-abdominal infections, such as appendicitis, peritonitis, and liver abscesses, as well as wound infections, bacteremia, and gynecological infections when they spread to other parts of the body, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems.

Bacteroides species are often resistant to many antibiotics, making infections challenging to treat. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, often requiring combination therapy, is essential for successful treatment. Surgical intervention may also be necessary in certain cases of Bacteroides infections, such as abscess drainage or debridement of necrotic tissue.

Bacterial load refers to the total number or concentration of bacteria present in a given sample, tissue, or body fluid. It is a measure used to quantify the amount of bacterial infection or colonization in a particular area. The bacterial load can be expressed as colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter (ml), gram (g), or other units of measurement depending on the sample type. High bacterial loads are often associated with more severe infections and increased inflammation.

Actinomyces is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are normal inhabitants of the human mouth, colon, and urogenital tract. Under certain conditions, such as poor oral hygiene or tissue trauma, these bacteria can cause infections known as actinomycosis. These infections often involve the formation of abscesses or granulomas and can affect various tissues, including the lungs, mouth, and female reproductive organs. Actinomyces species are also known to form complex communities called biofilms, which can contribute to their ability to cause infection.

Papillon-Lefèvre disease is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects the skin and teeth. It is characterized by the early onset of severe periodontitis (inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth) leading to premature loss of primary and permanent teeth, and palmoplantar keratosis (thickening and hardening of the palms and soles).

The disease is caused by mutations in the gene for the protein cathepsin C (CTSC), which plays a role in the immune system's response to bacterial infections. The mutation leads to an impaired ability to fight off bacteria that cause periodontal disease, resulting in severe destruction of the periodontal tissues and premature loss of teeth.

The palmoplantar keratosis typically appears during early childhood as rough, scaly patches on the palms and soles, which may be prone to infection and painful fissures. Other skin manifestations may include hyperkeratotic lesions on the knees and elbows.

There is no cure for Papillon-Lefèvre disease, but treatment can help manage its symptoms. Good oral hygiene, regular dental checkups, and periodontal treatments are essential to prevent or slow down the progression of periodontitis. Topical keratolytic agents or systemic retinoids may be used to treat the palmoplantar keratosis.

A furcation defect in dental terminology refers to the loss or destruction of supporting bone in the area where the roots of a multi-rooted tooth, such as a molar, diverge or branch out. This condition is typically caused by periodontal disease, which results in inflammation and infection of the gums and surrounding tissues.

Furcation defects are classified into three categories based on their severity:

1. Class I: The furcation involvement is limited to the function groove, and the bone loss does not extend beyond this area. Treatment usually involves thorough cleaning and root planing of the affected area.
2. Class II: The bone loss extends halfway or more beneath the furcation, but not reaching the bottom of the furcation. This type of defect may require surgical treatment to promote bone regeneration.
3. Class III: The bone loss is so extensive that it reaches the bottom of the furcation and possibly beyond. In such cases, tooth extraction may be necessary if the tooth cannot be saved through regenerative procedures or other treatments.

It's important to note that early detection and treatment of periodontal disease can help prevent furcation defects from developing or worsening. Regular dental checkups and cleanings are essential for maintaining good oral health and preventing periodontal issues.

Dental pulp diseases are conditions that affect the soft tissue inside a tooth, known as dental pulp. The two main types of dental pulp diseases are pulpitis and apical periodontitis.

Pulpitis is inflammation of the dental pulp, which can be either reversible or irreversible. Reversible pulpitis is characterized by mild to moderate inflammation that can be treated with a dental filling or other conservative treatment. Irreversible pulpitis, on the other hand, involves severe inflammation that cannot be reversed and usually requires root canal therapy.

Apical periodontitis, also known as a tooth abscess, is an infection of the tissue surrounding the tip of the tooth's root. It occurs when the dental pulp dies and becomes infected, causing pus to accumulate in the surrounding bone. Symptoms of apical periodontitis may include pain, swelling, and drainage. Treatment typically involves root canal therapy or extraction of the affected tooth.

Other dental pulp diseases include pulp calcification, which is the hardening of the dental pulp due to age or injury, and internal resorption, which is the breakdown and destruction of the dental pulp by the body's own cells. These conditions may not cause any symptoms but can weaken the tooth and increase the risk of fracture.

Dental prophylaxis is a dental procedure aimed at the prevention and treatment of dental diseases. It is commonly known as a "teeth cleaning" and is performed by a dentist or dental hygienist. The procedure involves removing plaque, tartar, and stains from the teeth to prevent tooth decay and gum disease. Dental prophylaxis may also include polishing the teeth, applying fluoride, and providing oral hygiene instructions to promote good oral health. It is recommended that individuals receive a dental prophylaxis every six months or as directed by their dentist.

Hemagglutinins are proteins found on the surface of some viruses, including influenza viruses. They have the ability to bind to specific receptors on the surface of red blood cells, causing them to clump together (a process known as hemagglutination). This property is what allows certain viruses to infect host cells and cause disease. Hemagglutinins play a crucial role in the infection process of influenza viruses, as they facilitate the virus's entry into host cells by binding to sialic acid receptors on the surface of respiratory epithelial cells. There are 18 different subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1-H18) found in various influenza A viruses, and they are a major target of the immune response to influenza infection. Vaccines against influenza contain hemagglutinins from the specific strains of virus that are predicted to be most prevalent in a given season, and induce immunity by stimulating the production of antibodies that can neutralize the virus.

"Porphyromonas" is a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the human oral cavity and other areas of the body. One species, "Porphyromonas gingivalis," is a major contributor to chronic periodontitis, a severe form of gum disease. These bacteria are also associated with various systemic diseases, including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and aspiration pneumonia. The name "Porphyromonas" comes from the Greek words "porphyra," meaning purple, and "monas," meaning unit, referring to the bacteria's ability to produce porphyrins, which are pigments that can give a purple color to their colonies.

Root canal obturation is the process of filling and sealing the root canal system of a tooth after it has been cleaned and shaped during endodontic treatment. The goal of obturation is to prevent reinfection or contamination of the root canal system by completely filling and sealing the space with an inert, biocompatible material such as gutta-percha and a suitable sealant. This procedure helps to preserve the natural tooth structure, alleviate pain, and maintain proper dental function.

Bitewing radiography is a type of dental x-ray examination that involves taking multiple images of the teeth while they are bite together. These x-rays primarily provide a detailed view of the crowns of the upper and lower teeth in a single view, allowing dentists to diagnose and monitor interdental decay (decay between teeth), dental caries, and any bone loss around fillings or near the gum line. Bitewing radiographs are essential for detecting dental problems at an early stage, which can help prevent further damage and costly treatments in the future. They are typically taken annually or biennially during routine dental checkups.

The tooth apex is the tip or the narrowed end of the root of a tooth. It is the portion that is located deepest within the jawbone and it contains dental pulp tissue, which includes nerves and blood vessels. The apex plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of a tooth, as well as in the process of root canal treatment, where instruments and materials are introduced through it to clean and fill the root canals. It is also a crucial landmark in endodontic surgery and dental imaging.

The dental pulp cavity, also known as the pulp chamber, is the innermost part of a tooth that contains the dental pulp. It is located in the crown portion of the tooth and is shaped like an upside-down pyramid with the narrow end point towards the root of the tooth.

The dental pulp is a soft tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. It plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the tooth, including providing nutrients to the dentin and producing reparative dentin.

The dental pulp cavity can become infected or inflamed due to tooth decay, trauma, or other factors, leading to symptoms such as pain, sensitivity, and swelling. In such cases, treatment options may include root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected or inflamed pulp tissue from the dental pulp cavity and sealing the space to prevent further infection.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a member of the interleukin-1 cytokine family and is primarily produced by activated macrophages in response to inflammatory stimuli. It is a crucial mediator of the innate immune response and plays a key role in the regulation of various biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. IL-1β is involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and atherosclerosis. It exerts its effects by binding to the interleukin-1 receptor, which triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of various transcription factors and the expression of target genes.

Peptostreptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, anaerobic, coccus-shaped bacteria that are commonly found as normal flora in the human mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. These organisms can become pathogenic and cause a variety of infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or following surgical procedures. Infections caused by Peptostreptococcus species can include abscesses, endocarditis, bacteremia, and joint infections. Proper identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing are essential for the effective treatment of these infections.

'Aggregatibacter' is a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are part of the normal flora in the human mouth and respiratory tract. Some species of Aggregatibacter can cause infections, particularly in the mouth and throat, as well as in the brain, heart, and other parts of the body. These infections can include abscesses, endocarditis, meningitis, and pneumonia.

The name 'Aggregatibacter' comes from the Latin word "aggregatus," which means "to gather together or collect." This is a reference to the fact that these bacteria are often found in clusters or aggregates.

It's important to note that Aggregatibacter species can be difficult to distinguish from other related genera, such as Haemophilus and Actinobacillus, based on traditional biochemical tests alone. Therefore, molecular methods such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing are often used to confirm the identification of these bacteria in clinical laboratories.

Periodontics is a specialty of dentistry that focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It deals with the maintenance of the health, function, and esthetics of these structures and the teeth themselves. Common periodontal treatments include scaling and root planing (deep cleanings), pocket reduction procedures, regenerative treatments, and dental implant placement. Periodontists are dentists who have completed additional training in this specialized field.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Veillonella is a genus of Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, coccoid or rod-shaped bacteria. These bacteria are commonly found as normal flora in the human mouth, intestines, and female genital tract. They are known to be obligate parasites, meaning they rely on other organisms for nutrients and energy. Veillonella species are often associated with dental caries and have been implicated in various infections such as bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, and wound infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying medical conditions. Proper identification of Veillonella species is important for the diagnosis and treatment of these infections.

Preventella is a genus of Gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. They are part of the normal microbiota but can also be associated with various infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions.

Prevotella species have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including periodontal disease, dental caries, respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, soft tissue infections, and joint infections. They can also be found in association with abscesses, wound infections, and other types of infections, particularly in the head and neck region.

Prevotella species are generally resistant to antibiotics commonly used to treat anaerobic infections, such as clindamycin and metronidazole, making them difficult to eradicate. Therefore, accurate identification and susceptibility testing of Prevotella isolates is important for the appropriate management of infections caused by these organisms.

"Prevotella nigrescens" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the human oral cavity, intestinal tract, and female genital tract. It is a member of the normal microbiota of these areas but has been associated with various infections such as periodontitis, endodontic infections, aspiration pneumonia, and bacteremia. The bacterium can also be found in association with abscesses, wound infections, and other types of soft tissue infections. It is important to note that the presence of "Prevotella nigrescens" alone does not necessarily indicate infection, as it can also be present in the absence of disease. However, its identification in clinical specimens may warrant further investigation and appropriate treatment.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

A pulpectomy is a dental procedure that involves the removal of the entire pulp tissue, which includes the nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues from within the root canal(s) of a tooth. This procedure is typically performed when the pulp tissue becomes infected or inflamed due to decay, trauma, or other causes.

Once the pulp tissue is removed, the root canal(s) are cleaned, shaped, and filled with an inert material such as gutta-percha to prevent reinfection and maintain the structural integrity of the tooth. A pulpectomy may be performed as a standalone procedure or as part of a larger treatment plan, such as a root canal therapy or endodontic treatment.

It's important to note that while a pulpectomy removes the infected or inflamed tissue from within the tooth, it does not address any external damage or decay that may be present on the tooth's surface. Additional dental work, such as a filling or crown, may be necessary to restore the tooth's function and appearance.

A gingival pocket, also known as a sulcus, is a small space or groove between the gum tissue (gingiva) and the tooth. It's a normal anatomical structure found in healthy teeth and gums, and it measures about 1-3 millimeters in depth. The purpose of the gingival pocket is to allow for the movement of the gum tissue during functions such as eating, speaking, and swallowing.

However, when the gums become inflamed due to bacterial buildup (plaque) or other factors, the pocket can deepen, leading to the formation of a pathological gingival pocket. Pathological pockets are typically deeper than 3 millimeters and may indicate the presence of periodontal disease. These pockets can harbor harmful bacteria that can cause further damage to the gum tissue and bone supporting the tooth, potentially leading to tooth loss if left untreated.

Periodontal atrophy is not a widely used or officially recognized term in dentistry or periodontology. However, it generally refers to the loss of supporting structures around teeth, including the gums and jawbone. This process can occur due to various factors such as periodontal disease (advanced gum disease), aging, tooth trauma, or wearing dentures for a long time.

In medical terms, the atrophy of the periodontium might be described as a decrease in size, volume, and/or density of the alveolar bone, cementum, periodontal ligament, and gingiva due to inflammation, disuse, or aging. The progressive loss of these structures can lead to tooth mobility, eventual tooth loss, and changes in the overall oral health and facial appearance.

It is essential to consult a dental professional for an accurate assessment and appropriate treatment plan if you suspect periodontal atrophy or any other oral health issues.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Jordan" is not a medical term or condition. It is most commonly known as the name of a country in the Middle East, as well as a personal name for both males and females. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try to help clarify or provide information based on appropriate medical terminology and concepts.

Pulpitis is a dental term that refers to the inflammation of the pulp, which is the soft tissue inside the center of a tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The pulp helps to form the dentin, the hard layer beneath the enamel. Pulpitis can result from tooth decay, dental trauma, or other factors that cause damage to the tooth's protective enamel and dentin layers, exposing the pulp to irritants and bacteria.

There are two types of pulpitis: reversible and irreversible. Reversible pulpitis is characterized by mild inflammation that can be treated and potentially reversed with dental intervention, such as a filling or root canal treatment. Irreversible pulpitis, on the other hand, involves severe inflammation that cannot be reversed, and typically requires a root canal procedure to remove the infected pulp tissue and prevent further infection or damage to the tooth.

Symptoms of pulpitis may include tooth sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures, pain or discomfort when biting down or applying pressure to the tooth, and in some cases, spontaneous or radiating pain. If left untreated, pulpitis can lead to more serious dental issues, such as abscesses or bone loss around the affected tooth.

Periodontal debridement is a dental procedure that involves the removal of plaque, calculus (tartar), and diseased tissue from the periodontal pocket around the teeth. The aim of this procedure is to smooth the root surface and create an environment that allows for the reattachment of healthy gum tissue to the tooth. This helps to prevent the progression of periodontal disease and promotes oral health. It is typically performed by a dental hygienist or dentist using specialized instruments, and may require local anesthesia to ensure patient comfort.

Nonparametric statistics is a branch of statistics that does not rely on assumptions about the distribution of variables in the population from which the sample is drawn. In contrast to parametric methods, nonparametric techniques make fewer assumptions about the data and are therefore more flexible in their application. Nonparametric tests are often used when the data do not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests, such as normality or equal variances.

Nonparametric statistical methods include tests such as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (also known as the Mann-Whitney U test) for comparing two independent groups, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparing two related groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing more than two independent groups. These tests use the ranks of the data rather than the actual values to make comparisons, which allows them to be used with ordinal or continuous data that do not meet the assumptions of parametric tests.

Overall, nonparametric statistics provide a useful set of tools for analyzing data in situations where the assumptions of parametric methods are not met, and can help researchers draw valid conclusions from their data even when the data are not normally distributed or have other characteristics that violate the assumptions of parametric tests.

Cysteine endopeptidases are a type of enzymes that cleave peptide bonds within proteins. They are also known as cysteine proteases or cysteine proteinases. These enzymes contain a catalytic triad consisting of three amino acids: cysteine, histidine, and aspartate. The thiol group (-SH) of the cysteine residue acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon of the peptide bond, leading to its cleavage.

Cysteine endopeptidases play important roles in various biological processes, including protein degradation, cell signaling, and inflammation. They are involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, such as apoptosis, immune response, and cancer. Some examples of cysteine endopeptidases include cathepsins, caspases, and calpains.

It is important to note that these enzymes require a reducing environment to maintain the reduced state of their active site cysteine residue. Therefore, they are sensitive to oxidizing agents and inhibitors that target the thiol group. Understanding the structure and function of cysteine endopeptidases is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies that target these enzymes in various diseases.

Bacteroidetes is a large phylum of gram-negative, predominantly anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, including humans. They play an important role in the breakdown and fermentation of complex carbohydrates in the gut, producing short-chain fatty acids as a byproduct. Some species of Bacteroidetes have also been identified as opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in immunocompromised individuals or under certain conditions.

The medical relevance of Bacteroidetes lies in their role in maintaining gut homeostasis, modulating the immune system, and protecting against pathogenic bacteria. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including changes in the abundance and diversity of Bacteroidetes, has been associated with various diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the ecology and function of Bacteroidetes is important for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "prodigiozan" does not appear to be a recognized medical term in English. It may be possible that there is a spelling error or it could be a term specific to a certain language or field of study. If you have more context or information about where this term came from, I'd be happy to help you try to understand it further.

Periapical diseases are a group of conditions that affect the periapical tissue, which is the tissue located at the tip of the tooth roots. These diseases are primarily caused by bacterial infections that originate from the dental pulp, the soft tissue inside the tooth. The most common types of periapical diseases include:

1. Periapical periodontitis: This is an inflammatory reaction of the periapical tissues due to the spread of infection from the dental pulp. It can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area.
2. Periapical abscess: An abscess is a collection of pus that forms in response to an infection. A periapical abscess occurs when the infection from the dental pulp spreads to the periapical tissue, causing pus to accumulate in the area. This can cause severe pain, swelling, and redness in the affected area.
3. Periapical granuloma: A granuloma is a mass of inflammatory cells that forms in response to an infection. A periapical granuloma is a small, benign tumor-like growth that develops in the periapical tissue due to chronic inflammation caused by a bacterial infection.

Periapical diseases are typically treated with root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected dental pulp and cleaning and sealing the root canals to prevent further infection. In some cases, extraction of the affected tooth may be necessary if the infection is too severe or if the tooth is not salvageable.

A mouthwash is an antiseptic or therapeutic solution that is held in the mouth and then spit out, rather than swallowed. It is used to improve oral hygiene, to freshen breath, and to help prevent dental cavities, gingivitis, and other periodontal diseases.

Mouthwashes can contain a variety of ingredients, including water, alcohol, fluoride, chlorhexidine, essential oils, and other antimicrobial agents. Some mouthwashes are available over-the-counter, while others require a prescription. It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by the manufacturer or your dentist to ensure the safe and effective use of mouthwash.

Bacterial processes refer to the various metabolic and cellular activities that bacteria carry out to survive, grow, and reproduce. These processes include:

1. Metabolism: Bacteria use different types of metabolic pathways to break down organic matter and obtain energy for growth and reproduction. Some bacteria are aerobic, requiring oxygen to carry out their metabolic processes, while others are anaerobic and cannot tolerate oxygen.
2. Cell division: Bacteria reproduce asexually by dividing into two identical daughter cells through a process called binary fission. This process involves the replication of bacterial DNA and the separation of the resulting chromosomes into two new cells.
3. Protein synthesis: Bacteria produce proteins using their own genetic material, which is encoded in their DNA. They use ribosomes to translate genetic information into proteins that are necessary for various cellular functions.
4. Cell wall biosynthesis: Bacteria have a unique cell wall made of peptidoglycan, which provides structural support and protection. The synthesis of the cell wall involves several enzymes and complex biochemical pathways.
5. Motility: Some bacteria are motile and can move around in their environment using flagella or other structures. This movement allows them to seek out nutrients and avoid harmful substances.
6. Quorum sensing: Bacteria can communicate with each other through a process called quorum sensing, which involves the release and detection of signaling molecules. This communication helps bacteria coordinate their behavior and respond to changes in their environment.
7. Antibiotic resistance: Bacteria have developed various mechanisms to resist antibiotics, including enzymatic degradation, efflux pumps, and target modification. These processes can make bacterial infections more difficult to treat and pose a significant public health threat.

"Edentulous mouth" is a medical term used to describe a condition where an individual has no remaining natural teeth in either their upper or lower jaw, or both. This situation can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay, gum disease, trauma, or aging. Dentists often recommend dental prosthetics like dentures to restore oral function and aesthetics for individuals with edentulous mouths.

A nonvital tooth is one that no longer has a living or viable pulp, which contains the nerves and blood vessels inside the tooth. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay that has progressed deeply into the tooth, dental trauma, or previous invasive dental procedures. As a result, the tooth loses its sensitivity to temperature changes and may darken in color. Nonvital teeth typically require root canal treatment to remove the dead pulp tissue, disinfect the canals, and fill them with an inert material to preserve the tooth structure and function.

Panoramic radiography is a specialized type of dental X-ray imaging that captures a panoramic view of the entire mouth, including the teeth, upper and lower jaws, and surrounding structures. It uses a special machine that rotates around the head, capturing images as it moves. This technique provides a two-dimensional image that is helpful in diagnosing and planning treatment for various dental conditions such as impacted teeth, bone abnormalities, and jaw disorders.

The panoramic radiograph can also be used to assess the development and positioning of wisdom teeth, detect cysts or tumors in the jaws, and evaluate the effects of trauma or injury to the mouth. It is a valuable tool for dental professionals as it allows them to see a comprehensive view of the oral structures, which may not be visible with traditional X-ray techniques.

It's important to note that while panoramic radiography provides valuable information, it should be used in conjunction with other diagnostic tools and clinical examinations to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

An apicoectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing the tip of the root of a tooth. This procedure is typically performed by a dental specialist called an endodontist and is usually done when a previous root canal therapy has failed.

During the procedure, the endodontist makes a small incision in the gum tissue to expose the bone and surrounding inflamed tissue. The damaged tissue is removed along with the tip of the root. A small filling may be placed in the end of the root to seal it off. The gum tissue is then stitched back into place and allowed to heal.

The goal of an apicoectomy is to eliminate infection and pain, and to preserve the natural tooth. It is typically considered as a last resort before extraction of the tooth.

Mouth diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the oral cavity, including the lips, gums, teeth, tongue, palate, and lining of the mouth. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms. They can also result from injuries, chronic illnesses, or genetic factors.

Some common examples of mouth diseases include dental caries (cavities), periodontal disease (gum disease), oral herpes, candidiasis (thrush), lichen planus, and oral cancer. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, bad breath, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and changes in the appearance of the mouth or teeth. Treatment depends on the specific diagnosis and may involve medications, dental procedures, or lifestyle changes.

A periapical granuloma is a type of dental lesion that occurs at the root tip of a tooth (the apical region) in response to an infection in the pulp tissue. It is a collection of inflammatory cells, mainly composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes, within the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. The granuloma forms as a result of the body's attempt to contain the spread of infection from the pulp into the surrounding tissues.

The primary cause of periapical granulomas is untreated dental caries or tooth trauma, which allows bacteria to invade the pulp chamber and eventually reach the apical region. The resulting inflammation can lead to bone resorption and the formation of a radiolucent area around the apex of the affected tooth, visible on a dental radiograph.

Periapical granulomas may not always cause noticeable symptoms, but some patients might experience pain, swelling, or sensitivity in the affected tooth. Treatment typically involves root canal therapy to remove the infected pulp tissue and medicate the canals, followed by a filling or crown to seal and protect the tooth. In some cases, extraction of the tooth may be necessary if the infection is severe or if the tooth cannot be restored.

Dental cementum is a type of hard connective tissue that covers the root of a tooth. It is primarily composed of calcium salts and collagen fibers, and it serves to attach the periodontal ligaments (the fibers that help secure the tooth in its socket) to the tooth's root. Cementum also helps protect the root of the tooth and contributes to the maintenance of tooth stability. It continues to grow and deposit new layers throughout an individual's life, which can be seen as incremental lines called "cementum annulations."

Mandibular diseases refer to conditions that affect the mandible, or lower jawbone. These diseases can be classified as congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developing after birth). They can also be categorized based on the tissues involved, such as bone, muscle, or cartilage. Some examples of mandibular diseases include:

1. Mandibular fractures: These are breaks in the lower jawbone that can result from trauma or injury.
2. Osteomyelitis: This is an infection of the bone and surrounding tissues, which can affect the mandible.
3. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders: These are conditions that affect the joint that connects the jawbone to the skull, causing pain and limited movement.
4. Mandibular tumors: These are abnormal growths that can be benign or malignant, and can develop in any of the tissues of the mandible.
5. Osteonecrosis: This is a condition where the bone tissue dies due to lack of blood supply, which can affect the mandible.
6. Cleft lip and palate: This is a congenital deformity that affects the development of the face and mouth, including the lower jawbone.
7. Mandibular hypoplasia: This is a condition where the lower jawbone does not develop properly, leading to a small or recessed chin.
8. Developmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the growth and development of the mandible, such as condylar hyperplasia or hemifacial microsomia.

Tooth abnormalities refer to any variations or irregularities in the size, shape, number, structure, or development of teeth that deviate from the typical or normal anatomy. These abnormalities can occur in primary (deciduous) or permanent teeth and can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, systemic diseases, or localized dental conditions during tooth formation.

Some examples of tooth abnormalities include:

1. Microdontia - teeth that are smaller than normal in size.
2. Macrodontia - teeth that are larger than normal in size.
3. Peg-shaped teeth - teeth with a narrow, conical shape.
4. Talon cusps - additional cusps or points on the biting surface of a tooth.
5. Dens invaginatus - an abnormal development where the tooth crown has an extra fold or pouch that can trap bacteria and cause dental problems.
6. Taurodontism - teeth with large pulp chambers and short roots.
7. Supernumerary teeth - having more teeth than the typical number (20 primary and 32 permanent teeth).
8. Hypodontia - missing one or more teeth due to a failure of development.
9. Germination - two adjacent teeth fused together, usually occurring in the front teeth.
10. Fusion - two separate teeth that have grown together during development.

Tooth abnormalities may not always require treatment unless they cause functional, aesthetic, or dental health issues. A dentist can diagnose and manage tooth abnormalities through various treatments, such as fillings, extractions, orthodontic care, or restorative procedures.

Biofilms are defined as complex communities of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, that adhere to surfaces and are enclosed in a matrix made up of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS matrix is composed of polysaccharides, proteins, DNA, and other molecules that provide structural support and protection to the microorganisms within.

Biofilms can form on both living and non-living surfaces, including medical devices, implants, and biological tissues. They are resistant to antibiotics, disinfectants, and host immune responses, making them difficult to eradicate and a significant cause of persistent infections. Biofilms have been implicated in a wide range of medical conditions, including chronic wounds, urinary tract infections, middle ear infections, and device-related infections.

The formation of biofilms typically involves several stages, including initial attachment, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion. Understanding the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and development is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat biofilm-associated infections.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

Bone resorption is the process by which bone tissue is broken down and absorbed into the body. It is a normal part of bone remodeling, in which old or damaged bone tissue is removed and new tissue is formed. However, excessive bone resorption can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, in which bones become weak and fragile due to a loss of density. This process is carried out by cells called osteoclasts, which break down the bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the bloodstream.

Calcium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2. It is also known as slaked lime or hydrated lime. Calcium hydroxide is a white, odorless, tasteless, and alkaline powder that dissolves in water to form a caustic solution.

Medically, calcium hydroxide is used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, indigestion, and upset stomach. It is also used as a topical agent to treat skin conditions such as poison ivy rash, sunburn, and minor burns. When applied to the skin, calcium hydroxide helps to reduce inflammation, neutralize irritants, and promote healing.

In dental applications, calcium hydroxide is used as a filling material for root canals and as a paste to treat tooth sensitivity. It has the ability to stimulate the formation of new dentin, which is the hard tissue that makes up the bulk of the tooth.

It's important to note that calcium hydroxide should be used with caution, as it can cause irritation and burns if it comes into contact with the eyes or mucous membranes. It should also be stored in a cool, dry place away from heat and open flames.

... is much less common than chronic periodontitis and generally affects younger patients than does the ... Aggressive periodontitis describes a type of periodontal disease and includes two of the seven classifications of periodontitis ... Aggressive periodontitis runs in the patient's family. Familial aggregation of aggressive periodontitis is often discovered by ... Caries levels have seen to be lower in cases of aggressive periodontitis. Staging Cases of aggressive periodontitis have been ...
... is one of the seven categories of periodontitis as defined by the American Academy of Periodontology 1999 ... Periodontitis initially begins as gingivitis and can progress onto chronic and subsequent aggressive periodontitis according to ... Not every case of gingivitis will progress onto chronic periodontitis, but all chronic periodontitis results from gingivitis. ... "Patients with periodontitis were more likely to have poorly differentiated oral cavity SCC than those without periodontitis ( ...
Note: alternative names for periapical periodontitis include 'apical periodontitis' and 'periradicular periodontitis'.) Acute ( ... Periapical periodontitis or apical periodontitis (AP) is an acute or chronic inflammatory lesion around the apex of a tooth ... Periapical periodontitis of some form is a very common condition. The prevalence of periapical periodontitis is generally ... periapical periodontitis. In addition to periapical abscesses, periapical periodontitis can give rise to various related ...
... s is one of the seven categories of periodontitis as defined by the ... At least 16 systemic diseases have been linked to periodontitis. These systemic diseases are associated with periodontal ... Associated with hematologic disorders: Acquired neutropenia Leukemia For those patients with periodontitis as a manifestation ... July 2009). "The American Journal of Cardiology and Journal of Periodontology Editors' Consensus: periodontitis and ...
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Periodontitis. Animal model: periodontitis in the rice rat (Oryzomys palustris). American Journal of Pathology 96(2):643-646. ... The marsh rice rat is quite susceptible to periodontitis and has been used as a model system for the study of that disease. The ... Periodontitis, a bacterial disease affecting the jaws, is particularly virulent in marsh rice rats; the animal has been ... against bone loss associated with this disease in the rice rat and a high-sucrose diet increases the severity of periodontitis ...
"Periodontitis - Cat". Vetbook.org. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2013. Niewold TA, van der Linde-Sipman JS, Murphy C, ... The breed can be prone to gingivitis, which can lead to more serious periodontitis. Familial renal amyloidosis or AA ...
TNFRSF1A Periodontitis, juvenile; 170650; CTSC Periventricular heterotopia with microcephaly; 608097; ARFGEF2 Peroxisomal acyl- ...
such as periodontitis. and particularly those conditions associated with a mature anaerobic biofilm. This is probably by ... critical events in the pathogenesis of periodontitis?". Journal of Periodontal Research. 50 (5): 570-85. doi:10.1111/jre.12248 ...
Wang CJ, McCauley LK (December 2016). "Osteoporosis and Periodontitis". Current Osteoporosis Reports. 14 (6): 284-291. doi: ...
Periodontitis is an oral infection that can damage the bones supporting teeth and lead to tooth loss. One of the major risk ... "Periodontitis - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2018-06-27. Jin, M.; Qian, Z.; Yin, J.; Xu, W.; Zhou, X. (2019). " ... Studies show that the oral microbiota changes as periodontitis progress, shifting from gram-positive aerobes to gram-negative ... Nath SG, Raveendran R (July 2013). "Microbial dysbiosis in periodontitis". Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 17 (4 ...
Moderate periodontitis Stage III: Severe periodontitis with potential for additional tooth loss Stage IV: Severe periodontitis ... codes Periodontitis Stages: Based on severity and complexity of management Stage I: Initial periodontitis Stage II: ... Unlike chronic periodontitis, it often occurs in patients with good oral health and plaque control and can be genetic. Patients ... Necrotizing periodontal diseases Necrotizing gingivitis Necrotizing periodontitis Necrotizing stomatitis Periodontitis as ...
This guideline approaches the treatment of periodontitis (stages I, II and III) using a pre-established stepwise approach to ... 2019: Evidence-based guideline for management of stages I-III periodontitis. 2021: Evidence-based guideline for management of ... "Time to take gum disease seriously: the societal and economic impact of periodontitis". The Economist, June 15, 2021. " ... Journal of Clinical Periodontology, Volume 45, issue S20 (June 2018). Special Issue: Treatment of Stage I-III Periodontitis. ...
Venugopal, Sanjay; Smitha, BV; Saurabh, Sprithyani (2013). "Paramolar concrescence and periodontitis". Journal of Indian ...
When gingivitis and periodontitis bacteria move into the blood vessels, it can cause inflammation and damaged vessels. It clogs ... Tooth plaque leads to gingivitis and periodontitis bacteria build-up, which produces bad-smelling odors. Having bad breath is ... "Periodontitis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 6 November 2022. "Bad breath - Symptoms and causes ...
Williams, B. L.; Pantalone, R. M.; Sherris, J. C. (1976). "Subgingival microflora and periodontitis". Journal of Periodontal ...
... caused by Periodontitis is almost always treatable and if it has advanced severely, surgery can help to treat it. It ... Periodontitis can also cause eclabium. As eclabium is a symptom, it is treated by addressing its cause. When the underlying ... If periodontitis is prevented, it reduces the chances of eclabium caused by poor dental hygiene. To reduce the tightness and ... If the eclabium is caused by periodontitis,[citation needed] treatment includes removal of plaque and calculus from the teeth, ...
Periodontitis and tooth loss are common in people with rheumatoid arthritis. RA is a systemic (whole body) autoimmune disease. ... Two bacterial species associated with periodontitis are implicated as mediators of protein citrullination in the gums of people ... de Pablo P, Chapple IL, Buckley CD, Dietrich T (April 2009). "Periodontitis in systemic rheumatic diseases". Nature Reviews. ... There is an association between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), hypothesised to lead to enhanced generation of RA- ...
"FAM5C contributes to aggressive periodontitis". PLOS ONE. 5 (4): e10053. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510053C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. ... "FAM5C contributes to aggressive periodontitis". PLOS ONE. 5 (4): e10053. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510053C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. ...
Periodontitis: an archetypical biofilm disease. J Am Dent Assoc 2009;140:978-86. Melnick M, Sedghizadeh PP, Allen CM, Jaskoll T ...
Perri R, Nares S, Zhang S, Barros SP, Offenbacher S (January 2012). "MicroRNA modulation in obesity and periodontitis". Journal ...
A possible increased risk of periodontitis. Overall increased risk of death in both adults, where it was estimated to kill ... "Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association Between Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Periodontitis ...
Another example is that the cause of aggressive periodontitis - resulting in rapid bone loss and teeth in need of extraction - ... "Aggressive periodontitis: The unsolved mystery" (PDF). Quintessence International. doi:10.3290/j.qi.a37387. (Articles with ...
They are often misdiagnosed as periodontitis. SOT should be suspected where isolated periodontal defects occur without obvious ...
The seven categories are as follows: Gingivitis Chronic periodontitis Aggressive periodontitis Periodontitis as a manifestation ... also increase susceptibility to periodontitis. Periodontitis may be associated with higher stress. Periodontitis occurs more ... Periodontitis Necrotizing periodontal diseases Necrotizing Gingivitis Necrotizing periodontitis Necrotizing stomatitis ... although this may be a symptom of progressing periodontitis in that person. Periodontitis has been linked to increased ...
Adult periodontitis affects less than 10 to 15% of the population in industrialized countries, mainly adults around the ages of ... Aggressive periodontitis was found in 5.9% of the subjects (4.3% localized and 1.6% generalized). This was significantly ... Often "incidence" refers to new sites that meet the definition of periodontitis, even if they occur within a person that ... Levin L, Baev V, Lev R, Stabholz A, Ashkenazi M (August 2006). "Aggressive periodontitis among young Israeli army personnel". J ...
Preshaw PM, Alba AL, Herrera D, Jepsen S, Konstantinidis A, Makrilakis K, Taylor R (January 2012). "Periodontitis and diabetes ... Periodontal disease (gum disease): is associated with diabetes Diabetes is a substantial risk factor for periodontitis, with ...
... has also been associated with periodontitis. Campylobacter testing needs to be done to manage the risk of ...
As of October 2017 studies of lasers in the treatment of periodontitis have yet to provide sufficient evidence that the use of ... Cobb CM, Low SB, Coluzzi DJ (2010). "Lasers and the treatment of chronic periodontitis". Dent. Clin. North Am. 54 (1): 35-53. ... Laser-assisted new attachment procedure (LANAP) is a surgical therapy for the treatment of periodontitis, intended to work ... Cobb, Charles M. (October 2017). "Lasers and the treatment of periodontitis: the essence and the noise". Periodontology 2000. ...
Aggressive periodontitis is much less common than chronic periodontitis and generally affects younger patients than does the ... Aggressive periodontitis describes a type of periodontal disease and includes two of the seven classifications of periodontitis ... Aggressive periodontitis runs in the patients family. Familial aggregation of aggressive periodontitis is often discovered by ... Caries levels have seen to be lower in cases of aggressive periodontitis. Staging Cases of aggressive periodontitis have been ...
"On the other hand, each patient who comes to the dental office and has a diagnosis of periodontitis could be screened to ... Data from the report show that individuals with periodontitis are at 2.8 times higher risk of ischemic stroke. The available ... As far as its link to Alzheimers disease, meta-analyses of epidemiologic studies show that periodontitis is associated with a ... Cite this: Are Periodontitis, Stroke, and Alzheimers Disease Linked? - Medscape - Jun 15, 2023. ...
... have periodontitis: 8.7% with mild periodontitis, 30.0% with moderate, and 8.5% with severe periodontitis (7). Periodontitis ... Severe periodontitis was estimated to occur in 8.5% of U.S. adults aged ≥30 years (Table 3). Severe periodontitis was twice as ... The prevalence of moderate periodontitis was 30.0% (Table 2). Prevalence of moderate periodontitis increased with age and ... and severe periodontitis. Severe periodontitis was defined as having two or more interproximal sites with ≥6 mm attachment (not ...
The meaning of PERIODONTITIS COMPLEX is a rare form of chronic periodontitis which is characterized by deep and irregular ... Post the Definition of periodontitis complex to Facebook Facebook Share the Definition of periodontitis complex on Twitter ... a rare form of chronic periodontitis which is characterized by deep and irregular pocketing around the teeth and by resorption ... www.merriam-webster.com/medical/periodontitis%20complex. Accessed 1 Oct. 2023. ...
... the more severe the periodontitis, the higher the risk. The findings are presented at ESC Congress 2021. ... 489 had moderate periodontitis, and 113 had severe periodontitis. Participants were followed up for the occurrence of ... Gum disease is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease: the more severe the periodontitis, the higher the ... In the overall cohort, participants with periodontitis at baseline had 49% higher odds of the primary endpoint compared to ...
Supplements for healthy gums may help with gum disease or periodontitis. Learn more about omega fatty acids, lycopene, and ... www.consumerlab.com/answers/do-any-supplements-help-with-gum-disease-or-periodontitis/gum-disease-periodontitis/ ... Several different types of supplements may be helpful in improving gum disease and/or periodontitis -- the inflammation around ... Do any supplements help with gum disease or periodontitis? ... Do any supplements help with gum disease or periodontitis? ...
Periodontitis affects the membrane and bone, causing the bone to be lost and a pocket to form between the tooth and the socket ... Gingivitis and Periodontitis. Both are caused by the presence of plaque.. Gingivitis is a local inflammation around the neck of ... We used to think that gingivitis inevitably would progress to periodontitis over time, this now appears not to be the case, but ... How do my teeth and gums look from this photo?. Do I have gingivitis, periodontitis or are my gums ok? ...
H2S level was significantly higher in the gingivitis (100.51 ± 183.69 ppb) and periodontitis (91.57 ± 132.06 ppb) ... 19.80 ± 40.19 ppb, p = 0.035). There was no significant difference between the gingivitis and periodontitis (153.79 ± ... Additionally, the incidence rates of gingivitis and periodontitis in patients with halitosis were investigated. Through various ... and periodontitis (H2S:62.0 ppb, CH3SH:3.5 ppb) were (all p < 0.05). Our results emphasize the close and strong ...
... in the group of patients with periodontitis was significantly higher than that in the control group without periodontitis (5.2 ... The risk of patients with periodontitis also going on to develop dementia increased with age; among 80-year-olds, the risk was ... Periodontitis has already been identified as a possible risk factor for developing dementia, but some of the studies involved ... This study once again shows us that periodontitis can lead not only to increased tooth loss, but also to a higher risk of ...
Moderate to severe periodontitis affects one in 3 adults and more than 50% of Australians older than the age of 65 years. It is ... Vaccine Could Inhibit Periodontitis Dentistry Today December 8, 20161 Mins read1k Views ... Clinical trials on periodontitis could begin in 2018.. The vaccine targets enzymes produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis to ... "Periodontitis is widespread and destructive," said Reynolds. "We hold high hopes for this vaccine to improve quality of life ...
Periodontitis shares pathogenic mechanisms with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may trigger its onset. A study presented at the ... BOSTON - Periodontitis shares pathogenic mechanisms with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may trigger its onset. A study presented ... New research in mice has revealed a potential role for metformin in managing periodontitis, according to a study published in ... Of the 23 RA patients, 10 had gingivitis and nine had periodontitis. The patients with RA had increased pocket depth, clinical ...
Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside of the US and Canada) is dedicated to using the power of leading-edge science to save and improve lives around the world. The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in 1955 as a service to the community. The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Veterinary Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Vet Manual outside of North America.. ...
Large Study Links Periodontitis With Dementia Dentistry Today July 16, 20202 Mins read1.9k Views ... Rehabilitation of Patients With Stage IV Advanced Periodontitis: A Review. Written by: Drs. Ahmad Soolari and Nkem Obiechina ... The study, "Clinical and Bacterial Markers of Periodontitis and Their Association with Incident All-Cause and Alzheimers ... online oral cancer Oral health Oral healthcare oral hygiene orthodontics pandemic patients periodontal disease periodontitis ...
... fluorescent mouthguard can detect early signs of tooth decay and periodontitis by ferreting out the secretions of volatile ... New research in mice has revealed a potential role for metformin in managing periodontitis, according to a study published in ... A wearable, fluorescent mouthguard can detect early signs of tooth decay and periodontitis by ferreting out the secretions of ... A plant flavonoid found in dark berries and red wine alleviated cigarette smoke-induced periodontitis, according to a study. ...
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Periodontitis - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the Merck Manuals - Medical Professional ... Pathophysiology of Periodontitis Periodontitis usually develops when gingivitis Gingivitis Gingivitis is a type of periodontal ... Periodontitis as a direct manifestation of systemic disease Periodontitis as a direct manifestation of systemic disease is ... Periodontitis. This photo shows receding gums and a periodontal abscess (arrow) in a person who has periodontitis. ...
Choose from 17 Periodontitis Treatment Clinics in Bristol, UK with 16 verified patient reviews. ... Periodontitis Treatment prices from £56 - Enquire for a fast quote ★ ... Periodontitis Treatment prices from £56 - Enquire for a fast quote ★ Choose from 17 Periodontitis Treatment Clinics in Bristol ... Periodontitis Treatment Bristol, UK. All 17 Periodontitis Treatment Clinics in Bristol, UK. ...
Until now, no statement on the effectiveness of CoQ10 in non-surgical periodontitis therapy is possible. Further high-quality ... This systematic review focuses on the different study protocols on CoQ10 as an adjunct in non-surgical periodontitis therapy. ... patients of all age and gender with chronic periodontitis according to the criteria of Armitage 1999 [31] or periodontitis of ... Flemmig, T.F. Periodontitis. Ann. Periodontol. 1999, 4, 32-38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] ...
Periodontitis at baseline was associated with a relative increase in the pro-inflammatory state (CRP, TNF-α) and decrease in ... The presence of periodontitis at baseline was not related to baseline cognitive state but was associated with a 6-fold increase ... All participants had a minimum of 10 teeth and had not been treated for periodontitis in the 6 months prior to the study. Fifty ... Knowing that periodontitis was associated with faster cognitive decline during this studys 6-month follow-up period suggests ...
Chronic periodontitis is the most common types of periodontitis and the inflammation occurs slowly and may result in tooth loss ... Common Issues Surrounding Periodontitis. Are you suffering from periodontitis? Actually, this is among the top reasons why ... Plaque buildup is also one of the causes of periodontitis. There are also several types of periodontitis that you should ... periodontitis related to some conditions and necrotizing periodontal disease.. Aggressive periodontitis is a bacterial disease ...
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... stage of gum disease called periodontitis. Periodontitis attacks gums, bone and the connective tissue that holds teeth in place ... Gingivitis & Periodontitis. Gingivitis is an early stage of gum disease caused by plaque buildup on teeth. If plaque isnt ... The term "periodontitis" is used to describe the later, more severe stages of gum disease. If gingivitis goes untreated, it can ... In early periodontitis, slight loss of bone that supports the teeth occurs even though other symptoms may not be easily ...
Moderate periodontitis. The inflammation is severe, pockets and pus are present; there is some bone loss and slight mobility. ... Periodontitis is by far the main oral pathology encountered, and its universal characteristics are attachment loss, pocket ... The consequences of periodontitis are patients with difficulty chewing, chronic periodontal abscesses, bacteremias, weight loss ... Severe periodontitis. There is advanced bone loss, definite tooth mobility, and tooth loss. ...
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Periodontitis And Erectile Dysfunction! Researchers from Taipei Medical University have discovered a link between gum disease ... Periodontitis And Erectile Dysfunction. Researchers from Taipei Medical University have discovered a link between Periodontitis ... Periodontitis and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Effect of Periodontitis on Erectile Function and Its Possible ... The researchers found that the periodontitis group suffered from several specific conditions that all contribute to poor ...
Detection and quantification of periodontal pathogens in smokers and never-smokers with chronic periodontitis by real-time ... Keywords: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; bacteria; chronic periodontitis; microbiology; polymerase chain reaction; ... and number of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival microbiota of smokers versus never-smokers with chronic periodontitis ...
It may be a more mild form or can be generalized aggressive periodontitis. ... Generalized periodontitis affects several areas throughout the mouth. ... Mild Periodontitis/Early Periodontitis This is the earliest form of periodontitis. Clinical findings show mild gum detachment ... Localized Periodontitis When periodontitis is limited to just a few teeth in the mouth without having spread to other teeth it ...
Types of Periodontitis. *Aggressive periodontitis *This is an acute form of periodontitis which develops quite rapidly. ... What is Periodontitis? Types, Differences and Treatment. Posted by Dr. Alison. Periodontitis is the inflammation and ... Chronic periodontitis *This is the more common type of periodontitis.. *There may be occasional bursts of rapid progression, ... What Happens in Periodontitis?. Gum disease may include a wide spectrum of disorders ranging from the milder gingivitis to the ...
Overview Gum Health for a Better LifePeriodontitis and General HealthThe Sound of Periodontitis ... Webinar - BSP UK Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Periodontitis: STEP 1. 10.02.2021, 7:00pm-8:30pm ... Webinar - BSP UK Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Periodontitis: STEP 1. .cls-1,.arrow{fill:none;stroke-miterlimit:10; ... 2017 World Workshop Classification SystemBSP UK Version of the S3 Treatment Guidelines for PeriodontitisClinical FAQs ...
  • Aggressive periodontitis describes a type of periodontal disease and includes two of the seven classifications of periodontitis as defined by the 1999 classification system: Localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) Generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) LAP is localised to first molar or incisor interproximal attachment loss, whereas GAP is the interproximal attachment loss affecting at least three permanent teeth other than incisors and first molar. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aggressive periodontitis is much less common than chronic periodontitis and generally affects younger patients than does the chronic form. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of the microflora characterised in aggressive periodontitis, approximately 65-75% of bacteria are Gram-negative bacilli, with few spirochaetes or motile rods present. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aggressive periodontitis is often characterised by a rapid loss of periodontal attachment associated with highly pathogenic bacteria and an impaired immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Various studies have associated Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, formerly known as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, with aggressive periodontitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • An early study dating back to 1983 explains its prevalence and documents its role in localised aggressive periodontitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobe associated with the pathogenicity of periodontal disease, and aggressive periodontitis is no exception. (wikipedia.org)
  • Capnocytophaga spp are implicated as prime periodontal pathogens, especially in localised aggressive periodontitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both Capnocytophaga spp and Prevotella intermedia were the most frequently detected microorganisms in a study, which also noted that Capnocytophaga spp was the most prominent bacteria in subgingival samples of patients with aggressive periodontitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • An impaired ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to react to chemotactic stimuli is found in the majority of patients with aggressive periodontitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aggressive periodontitis is a multifactorial disease with many complex interactions including host factors, microbiology and genetics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients with localised aggressive periodontitis have large amount of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans specific IgG2. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are also several types of periodontitis that you should consider and they are aggressive periodontitis, chronic, periodontitis related to some conditions and necrotizing periodontal disease. (coverallfamilies.org)
  • Aggressive periodontitis is a bacterial disease of the teeth that occurs before the aged thirty five and usually common to prepubescent children. (coverallfamilies.org)
  • You can still have localized aggressive periodontitis, so being localized doesnt simply mean it is minor. (trustedhealthproducts.com)
  • It may be a more mild form or can be generalized aggressive periodontitis. (trustedhealthproducts.com)
  • Aggressive periodontitis tends to run in families and may be more common in smokers. (healthhype.com)
  • Gum disease is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease: the more severe the periodontitis, the higher the risk. (news-medical.net)
  • Participants underwent a dental examination between 2010 and 2014: 985 were classified as healthy, 489 had moderate periodontitis, and 113 had severe periodontitis. (news-medical.net)
  • Moderate to severe periodontitis affects one in 3 adults and more than 50% of Australians older than the age of 65 years. (dentistrytoday.com)
  • This study did not find a clear relationship between the dementia severity and periodontitis, but that may be because patients with severe dementia were not included in the cohort. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Untreated periodontitis can lead to severe kinds of diseases. (coverallfamilies.org)
  • Advanced periodontitis is the most severe stage of the disease. (listerine.com)
  • The term "periodontitis" is used to describe the later, more severe stages of gum disease. (listerine.com)
  • If gingivitis goes untreated, it can lead to periodontitis, which carries symptoms and health implications such as receding gums, damage to the bone and connective tissue around teeth, and (in the severe cases) tooth loss. (listerine.com)
  • Severe periodontitis. (vin.com)
  • Severe periodontitis involves advanced bone loss with gum pockets deeper than six millimeters found during a dental examination. (trustedhealthproducts.com)
  • The degree of damage in periodontitis can result in loss of teeth and severe deformity of the gum and oral cavity. (healthhype.com)
  • Gum disease may include a wide spectrum of disorders ranging from the milder gingivitis to the more severe periodontitis. (healthhype.com)
  • Gingivitis is usually a mild form of gum disease while periodontitis is more severe and extensive. (healthhype.com)
  • Severe forms of periodontitis have a considerable impact on oral health and quality of life. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Between 8% and 13% of the worldwide adult population exhibit severe generalized periodontitis, with many more having clinical signs of mild to moderate disease. (baycitycapital.com)
  • Dentists take x-rays and measure the depth of pockets in the gums to determine how severe periodontitis is. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some people have severe gingivitis for many years without developing periodontitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Based on the CDC and American Academy of Periodontology definition of moderate and severe periodontitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the overall prevalence of moderate and severe periodontitis declined substantially among adults aged 20--64 years, from nearly 10% during 1988--1994 to 5% during 1999--2004, current smokers continued to be nearly five times as likely to have periodontitis compared with nonsmokers. (cdc.gov)
  • We currently treat periodontitis with professional cleaning sometimes involving surgery and antibiotic regimes. (dentistrytoday.com)
  • Professional dental attention is necessary to treat periodontitis effectively. (healthhype.com)
  • There are different ways to treat periodontitis, but prevention is always better than having to spend hundreds of dollars treating your gums and teeth. (dspassme.com)
  • Several different types of supplements may be helpful in improving gum disease and/or periodontitis -- the inflammation around the teeth causing pocketing -- such as DHA from algal oil, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), lycopene, green tea, vitamin C, vitamin D, cranberry extract, and a certain type of probiotic. (consumerlab.com)
  • To observe any associations between periodontitis and dementia severity, rate of cognitive decline, or chronic inflammation in adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Periodontitis was associated with an increase in cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD), independent of baseline cognitive state, which may be related to systemic inflammation. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Chronic periodontitis is the most common types of periodontitis and the inflammation occurs slowly and may result in tooth loss not properly treated. (coverallfamilies.org)
  • Periodontitis is the inflammation and degeneration of the deep tissues of gum, including the bone, which may arise from an untreated case of gingivitis . (healthhype.com)
  • Chronic periodontitis is a bacterial-induced chronic inflammation within the structures that support the teeth, resulting in progressive attachment and bone loss ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Periradicular, periapical or apical periodontitis can be defined as inflammation of all the supporting structures of the teeth in the area surrounding the apex of the tooth. Periapical inflammation is usually due to tooth infection which characteristically causes pain of tooth in its socket. (intelligentdental.com)
  • Periodontitis is characterized by the inflammatory destruction of periodontal support tissues, with main clinical manifestations including gingival inflammation, bleeding, periodontal pocket formation, alveolar bone resorption, progressive loss of attachment and tooth loosening and displacement [3]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Hence, how immunocytes mediate the occurrence and development of periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone destruction and how the molecular regulation network function in immunocytes reaction and differentiation are the focus of current research on periodontitis. (researchsquare.com)
  • As far as its link to Alzheimer's disease, meta-analyses of epidemiologic studies show that periodontitis is associated with a 1.7 times greater risk of this type of dementia and that the risk triples among patients with more serious forms of periodontitis. (medscape.com)
  • Plaque buildup is also one of the causes of periodontitis. (coverallfamilies.org)
  • Most cases suggest that dental plaque is one of the most common causes of periodontitis. (dspassme.com)
  • In moderate periodontitis, more bone and gum tissue is destroyed and loosening of teeth may also occur. (listerine.com)
  • Moderate periodontitis. (vin.com)
  • Moderate periodontitis exists when gum pockets measure between four and six millimeters in depth and there is clinical evidence of bone loss evident on the X-rays. (trustedhealthproducts.com)
  • On the six-month follow-up of 59 people with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease , the authors found that those with periodontitis had a much higher rate of cognitive impairment than those with better oral health. (cancuncosmeticdentistry.com)
  • Epidemiological evidence suggests patients with rheumatoid arthritis are more likely to have periodontitis, which cannot be completely explained by shared risk factors. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Likewise, periodontitis decreased regardless of sex, and men remained twice as likely to have periodontitis as women. (cdc.gov)
  • scurvy), and emotional distress also are risk factors for periodontitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Periodontitis affects the membrane and bone, causing the bone to be lost and a pocket to form between the tooth and the socket. (dentalfearcentral.org)
  • This study once again shows us that periodontitis can lead not only to increased tooth loss, but also to a higher risk of diseases that may have serious consequences for those affected. (wh.com)
  • A wearable, fluorescent mouthguard can detect early signs of tooth decay and periodontitis by ferreting out the secretions of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in the oral cavity, according to a recent study published online in Advanced Materials . (drbicuspid.com)
  • Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory oral disease that progressively destroys the tooth-supporting apparatus. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Periodontitis is by far the main oral pathology encountered, and its universal characteristics are attachment loss, pocket formation, and ultimate tooth loss. (vin.com)
  • Only the superficial layer of the gum is involved in gingivitis while in periodontitis the deeper layers of the gums may be pulled back from the tooth to form pockets. (healthhype.com)
  • The tooth remains firmly fixed in place in gingivitis while in periodontitis it may become loose in its socket or fall off. (healthhype.com)
  • According to the researchers, 80% of adults over 55 years in the UK in 2009 had periodontitis, which is the major cause of tooth loss. (cancuncosmeticdentistry.com)
  • Periodontitis is one of the main causes of tooth loss in adults and is the main cause of tooth loss in older people. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As we have discussed, removing an affected tooth connected with our jaw can often lead to periodontitis. (dspassme.com)
  • Epidemiological investigation revealed that periodontitis is the primary cause of tooth loss worldwide [2]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Systemic diseases such as diabetes and HIV infection may be associated with this type of periodontitis. (healthhype.com)
  • Chronic periodontitis is considered to be a multifactorial disease, where clinical expression is determined by several environmental and host-derived risk factors, including microbial biofilm composition, and genetic background susceptibility or systemic disorders. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Systemic antibiotics are also used for the treatment of periodontitis. (druglib.com)
  • First Year Dentistry Mind Map on Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic diseases, created by sanna pathy on 03/07/2020. (goconqr.com)
  • Host-Microbial Interactions in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Periodontitis. (jcvi.org)
  • Apical periodontitis: systemic repercussions? (bvsalud.org)
  • Likewise, studies suggest that individuals with dementia or neurocognitive impairment are at a greater risk of suffering periodontitis. (medscape.com)
  • Periodontitis has already been identified as a possible risk factor for developing dementia, but some of the studies involved had either small case numbers or methodological weaknesses. (wh.com)
  • After controlling for potential confounding factors, statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between dementia and periodontitis . (wh.com)
  • Risk of dementia in patients with periodontitis and related protective factors: A nationwide retrospective cohort study. (wh.com)
  • The study, " Clinical and Bacterial Markers of Periodontitis and Their Association with Incident All-Cause and Alzheimer's Disease Dementia in a Large National Survey ," was published by the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease . (dentistrytoday.com)
  • The study examined precisely whether periodontitis is associated with increased severity of dementia and subsequent progression of impairment in people with Alzheimer's disease. (cancuncosmeticdentistry.com)
  • This is the earliest form of periodontitis. (trustedhealthproducts.com)
  • This is an acute form of periodontitis which develops quite rapidly. (healthhype.com)
  • But to a certain extent, an advanced form of periodontitis can affect osteoporosis among older individuals. (dspassme.com)
  • To examine racial/ethnic disparities in the estimated percentage of adults aged ≥30 years with periodontitis by age, sex, education, poverty levels, and smoking status, CDC analyzed data from the 2009-2010 NHANES cycle. (cdc.gov)
  • The current report presents the evidence from three clearly defined perspectives: the epidemiologic association between periodontitis and these neurologic diseases, the biological mechanisms that may explain this link, and interventional studies of dental treatment as a means of preventing stroke and Alzheimer's disease. (medscape.com)
  • As far as the evidence of an epidemiologic association between periodontitis and both neurologic diseases, Frank cited the exponential increase in risk brought on by periodontitis. (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Observational studies have reported an association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease but whether this association is causal is uncertain. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Other studies indicate that individuals with periodontitis have worse outcomes on various neuropsychological tests of cognitive function. (medscape.com)
  • Addressing these conditions can improve the treatment outcomes of periodontitis. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Dental health was assessed by a dental hygienist, blind to cognitive testing outcomes, to determine the presence or absence of periodontitis following established Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology (CDC/AAP) case definitions. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • With regard to therapeutic biomarkers, several studies have hypothesised that inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, may be used as biomarkers to assess therapeutic outcomes in chronic periodontitis, based on studies where a reduction in inflammatory cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was observed in response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy ( 3 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The Company believes risk stratification of patients without a history of periodontitis may optimize preventative dental care to improve outcomes. (baycitycapital.com)
  • These results are expected to challenge the long-standing belief that LPS/TLR signaling is the main pathway of oral innate immune responses and will lay the foundation for opening a new paradigm of ceramide-mediated periodontitis pathology, leading to a future R01 grant application for development of novel therapeutic approaches for aging-associated periodontitis and other chronic age-associated inflammatory diseases, such as Rheumatoid arthritis. (nova.edu)
  • BOSTON - Periodontitis shares pathogenic mechanisms with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may trigger its onset. (drbicuspid.com)
  • Periodontitis shares similarities in risk factors and aspects of immunopathology with rheumatoid arthritis. (gla.ac.uk)
  • This has led to the hypothesis that the two diseases are immunologically linked, and that periodontitis may precede, and cause, rheumatoid arthritis. (gla.ac.uk)
  • A further objective of this research was to investigate whether the autoimmunity characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis emerges in periodontitis. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Periodontitis patients were found to have elevated serum titers of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies which were generally below the diagnostic threshold for rheumatoid arthritis, and were reduced following non-surgical periodontal treatment. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Treatment of periodontitis can reduce titers of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies in patients, potentially reducing their risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. (gla.ac.uk)
  • As the U.S. adult population ages and is more likely to retain more teeth than previous generations, the prevalence of periodontitis is expected to increase and consequently could increase the need for expenditures for preventive care and periodontal treatment ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In developmental or acquired deformities and conditions , faulty occlusion, causing an excessive functional load on teeth, plus the requisite plaque and gingivitis may contribute to progression of a particular type of periodontitis characterized by angular bony defects. (merckmanuals.com)
  • All participants had a minimum of 10 teeth and had not been treated for periodontitis in the 6 months prior to the study. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • The symptoms of this periodontitis include red gums, sore gums, sour taste in the mouth, swollen gums, bleeding gums, sensitivity on teeth, pulling away of gums on teeth, teeth loss, dentures fitting poorly, difficulty chewing and biting and bad breath. (coverallfamilies.org)
  • In early periodontitis, slight loss of bone that supports the teeth occurs even though other symptoms may not be easily observed. (listerine.com)
  • Periodontitis attacks gums, bone and the connective tissue that holds teeth in place, eventually loosening teeth over time to the point that they could fall out. (listerine.com)
  • When periodontitis is limited to just a few teeth in the mouth without having spread to other teeth it is considered localized. (trustedhealthproducts.com)
  • Stop the progression of gingivitis and periodontitis now, before you lose your teeth. (cunningdental.com)
  • Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition affecting teeth resulting in progressive destruction of periodontal ligaments, resorption of alveolar bone and loss of teeth. (druglib.com)
  • Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease initiated by specific bacteria that activate host mechanisms destroying the bone and connective tissues that support the teeth. (baycitycapital.com)
  • Although, it's important not to confuse osteoporosis with periodontitis (gum disease), as the latter being a disease that affects most of the soft tissues and the teeth area. (dspassme.com)
  • Other than causing problems with the jaw, periodontitis is also known to affect the build-up of plaque on the teeth and can often lead to different types of serious diseases. (dspassme.com)
  • Since it's such a serious disease, what are some guaranteed ways of treating periodontitis in the teeth? (dspassme.com)
  • Maintaining your teeth in a good and clean condition means that you won't have to spend on treating periodontitis if it can be effectively prevented. (dspassme.com)
  • Mostly, x-ray is requested to know if you are suffering from bone loss due to periodontitis. (coverallfamilies.org)
  • B cell-deficient mice were protected from the alveolar bone loss normally induced in the model of periodontitis. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Periapical periodontitis can be divided into acute and chronic apical periodontitis. (intelligentdental.com)
  • The relationship between apical periodontitis and general health is a controversial subject in medical and dental field. (bvsalud.org)
  • Are Periodontitis, Stroke, and Alzheimer's Disease Linked? (medscape.com)
  • MADRID - Recent research has confirmed the impact of periodontitis on risk of neurologic diseases, especially the increased risks for stroke and Alzheimer's disease . (medscape.com)
  • As Yago Leira, DDS, PhD, periodontist and coordinator of the SEPA-SEN working group, told Medscape Spanish Edition , "The main takeaway from this scientific report is that patients with periodontitis are at nearly twice the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and at triple the risk of ischemic stroke . (medscape.com)
  • The purposes of this periodontitis in adults report are to discuss and raise awareness of differences in the characteristics of people with periodontal disease and to prompt actions to reduce these disparities. (cdc.gov)
  • The Swedish PAROKRANK study previously showed that periodontitis (gum disease) was significantly more common in first time heart attack patients compared to their healthy peers of the same age and sex and living in the same area. (news-medical.net)
  • Do any supplements help with gum disease or periodontitis? (consumerlab.com)
  • Periodontitis and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • While we may look for other explanations for this association, the most obvious one, that periodontitis drives Alzheimer's disease progression, makes the most sense in light of other recent research and the newer hypothesis that suggests AD is an immune reaction to infection. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Periodontal disease or gum disease includes gingivitis and periodontitis. (coverallfamilies.org)
  • Gum disease is the general term used to describe all the stages of periodontal disease - including gingivitis and periodontitis. (listerine.com)
  • If gingivitis is not addressed, it can progress and develop into the more serious (non-reversible) stage of gum disease called periodontitis. (listerine.com)
  • Researchers from Taipei Medical University have discovered a link between Periodontitis (gum disease) and erectile dysfunction. (boost-your-low-testosterone.com)
  • So if you have periodontitis induced erectile dysfunction… and you opt for the blue pill to treat your condition, your gum disease will continue it's progression, uninterrupted, while your body literally falls apart at the seams. (boost-your-low-testosterone.com)
  • Gingivitis is the first stage of gum disease which may progress to the next stage, which is periodontitis . (healthhype.com)
  • Gingivitis is usually a reversible form of gum disease while periodontitis may cause irreversible bone and tissue damage. (healthhype.com)
  • In a murine model of periodontitis, subtle changes to B cell phenotype were observed in tissues regional to the oral cavity in mice with periodontitis, at an early stage of disease. (gla.ac.uk)
  • In total, 52 GCF samples from disease sites of patients with chronic periodontitis, prior to and following periodontal therapy, and ten non‑disease sites from non‑periodontitis subjects, were collected and cytokine concentrations were determined using a multiplex method. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The results support the hypothesis that proinflammatory cytokines, including IL‑1α, IL‑1β and IL‑6, are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and are good markers to evaluate the success of nonsurgical therapy in disease sites of patients with periodontitis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The study authors concluded that periodontitis is associated with increased neurological damage of this disease, possibly by mechanisms linked to the body's inflammatory response and the immune system overworking. (cancuncosmeticdentistry.com)
  • I also had, believe it or not, periodontitis disease where I had deep pockets as deep as 9, 10, 11, and 12. (curezone.org)
  • It's just when I went for my 4 month follow up with my dentist, he was amazed and asked what did I do because he had never seen healing of periodontitis disease. (curezone.org)
  • Is periodontitis a risk factor for ischaemic stroke, coronary artery disease and subclinical atherosclerosis? (cam.ac.uk)
  • We therefore used Mendelian randomization to test whether periodontitis is causally associated with stroke, coronary artery disease, or subclinical atherosclerosis. (cam.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide no robust evidence for a causal relationship between periodontitis and stroke or coronary artery disease. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The progression of the disease not only depends on the bacteria but also the host's immune response, because the inappropriate immune response to microorganisms can accelerate the development and progress of periodontitis[5]. (researchsquare.com)
  • The Brazilian study analysed 21 research papers published between 1979 and 2017 that examined links between asthma and gum disease , also known as periodontitis. (medscape.com)
  • A paradigm-shift in oral gerontology has recently occurred with the realization that TLR signal is attenuated in elders suggesting that an alternative pro-inflammatory mechanism in age-associated periodontitis. (nova.edu)
  • In the study, Sheila Arvikar, of Massachusetts General Hospital, and colleagues performed joint and dental examinations, determined Porphyromonas gingivalis antibodies, and examined inflammatory microenvironments in 23 early and chronic RA patients and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects without periodontitis/RA. (drbicuspid.com)
  • Periodontitis at baseline was associated with a relative increase in the pro-inflammatory state (CRP, TNF- α ) and decrease in the anti-inflammatory state (IL10) over the 6-month follow-up period. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Conclusion: B cells form a substantial proportion of the inflammatory infiltrate in the gingiva of periodontitis patients. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Although a number of inflammatory cytokines have been shown to be associated with periodontal pathogenesis, it is important to investigate further whether these biomarkers are associated with the degree of success in nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycle is the first to include a full-mouth periodontal examination for U.S. adults (aged ≥30 years) and provides the most direct evidence for the true prevalence of periodontitis in this population. (cdc.gov)
  • Worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of dental caries and periodontitis are high, affecting about 2.4 billion people. (drbicuspid.com)
  • The prevalence of periodontitis decreased substantially for all adults regardless of smoking status to 11% for smokers and 2% for nonsmokers during 1999--2004. (cdc.gov)
  • If you are suffering from symptoms of periodontitis, make sure to visit your dentist immediately for proper treatment. (coverallfamilies.org)
  • The causes, risk factors and even some of the symptoms of periodontitis are the same as gingivitis. (healthhype.com)
  • The poster (#1290), titled "IL1 Genotype and Obesity Characteristics Interact to Influence Periodontitis Progression," will be presented by Leon Williams, Ph.D., Senior Director of Translational Sciences, Interleukin Genetics, on Thursday, March 12, from 2:00-3:15 p.m. (baycitycapital.com)
  • Using a longitudinal clinical database, the new evidence presented today demonstrates how the functional IL-1 gene variants, shown to influence periodontitis (PD) severity, affect the previously demonstrated association between obesity and PD progression," stated Lynn Doucette-Stamm, Ph.D., Vice President Development and Clinical Operations. (baycitycapital.com)
  • Interleukin used obesity-related risk factors and IL-1 genetic variations along with other well established risk factors to analyze for significant associations and interactions relative to periodontitis progression. (baycitycapital.com)
  • A link between periodontitis and Alzheimer's? (cancuncosmeticdentistry.com)
  • A Study from the University of Southampton and King's College London links periodontitis with an increased likelihood of cognitive impairment with early-stage Alzheimer's. (cancuncosmeticdentistry.com)
  • In periodontitis, deep pockets form in the periodontal tissue and can harbor anaerobic organisms that do more damage than those usually present in simple gingivitis. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Concentrations of Immunoglobulins in Granulation Tissue from Pockets of Periodontosis and Periodontitis Patients. (dtic.mil)
  • It was felt that research should be continued in this area, and a study was initiated to determine the IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations in the granulation tissue removed from deep infrabony pockets of patients with periodontosis and advanced periodontitis. (dtic.mil)
  • These pockets collect plaque in an oxygen-poor environment, which promotes, in people with immune system susceptibilities to periodontitis, the growth of aggressive forms of bacteria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • New research in mice has revealed a potential role for metformin in managing periodontitis, according to a study published in Genes & Diseases . (drbicuspid.com)
  • Some periodontitis can occur due to other health problems like heart diseases, diabetes and lung disorder. (coverallfamilies.org)
  • Periodontitis is one of the three most common oral diseases with high morbidity rate [1]. (researchsquare.com)
  • INTRODUCTION focus on diseases only (such as caries, periodontitis, Oral health is important to the quality of life of al gingivitis et cetera. (who.int)
  • Necrotizing periodontitis typically occurs in patients with an impaired immune system and thus is often called HIV-associated periodontitis because HIV is a common cause. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Periodontitis occurs when the infection of the gums is allowed to advance without treatment. (cancuncosmeticdentistry.com)
  • Dr. Ferrannini said: "The risk of experiencing a cardiovascular event during follow-up was higher in participants with periodontitis, increasing in parallel with the severity. (news-medical.net)
  • IL-1 gene variants have been previously shown to amplify the detrimental effects of smoking and diabetes on periodontitis severity. (baycitycapital.com)
  • In separate studies, composite IL1 patterns identified by the PST® and PerioPredict® genetic tests have been shown to be significantly associated with the severity of chronic periodontitis, with the latter showing consistent associations across multiple ethnic populations. (baycitycapital.com)
  • B cells infiltrate the gingiva of periodontitis patients, but their role in pathology has not been well characterised. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Results: B cell infiltrate in the gingiva of periodontitis patients was confirmed. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Your dentist will use a probe to closely examine your gums to determine if you have gingivitis or Periodontitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Observational studies have shown that those who have had an ischemic stroke and have a confirmed diagnosis of periodontitis are at greater risk of suffering a recurrent vascular event, worse neurologic deficit, and postictal depression than patients without periodontitis. (medscape.com)
  • This study aimed to measure the levels of volatile sulfur compounds and investigate the occurrence of halitosis in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. (nature.com)
  • Additionally, the incidence rates of gingivitis and periodontitis in patients with halitosis were investigated. (nature.com)
  • One-hundred-and-four participants (52 females and 52 males, mean age: 46.49 ± 16.03 years) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, comprising 33 healthy controls, 43 patients with gingivitis, and 28 patients with periodontitis. (nature.com)
  • Halitosis was found in 3% of healthy controls and 39.5% and 42.9% of patients with gingivitis and periodontitis patients, respectively, making it significantly higher in the gingivitis and periodontitis groups than the healthy controls (p = 0.005). (nature.com)
  • and compared them with an age- and sex-adjusted group of 56,000 patients without periodontitis . (wh.com)
  • At the approximately eight-year follow-up, the rate of new cases (incidence) in the group of patients with periodontitis was significantly higher than that in the control group without periodontitis (5.2 cases compared with 3.0 per 1000 person-years). (wh.com)
  • Of the 23 RA patients, 10 had gingivitis and nine had periodontitis. (drbicuspid.com)
  • Six of the 23 patients had P. gingivalis antibodies, and all six also had periodontitis. (drbicuspid.com)
  • Knowing that periodontitis was associated with faster cognitive decline during this study's 6-month follow-up period suggests that we should be far more proactive with patients showing early signs of AD and insist on aggressive dental care. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • The consequences of periodontitis are patients with difficulty chewing, chronic periodontal abscesses, bacteremias, weight loss, poor physical condition and pain. (vin.com)
  • Patients with ED were more likely to have been diagnosed with CP (chronic periodontitis) prior to the index date than the controls. (boost-your-low-testosterone.com)
  • The aim of the present study was to quantify the total levels of interleukin (IL)‑1α, ‑1β, ‑6, ‑10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis patients prior to and following nonsurgical periodontal therapy. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • After six months, the researchers repeated the evaluation in 52 of the patients and found that periodontitis as a basis was associated with a relative increase in the degree of cognitive impairment. (cancuncosmeticdentistry.com)
  • We have all the information you need about public and private dental clinics that provide periodontitis treatment in Limerick. (whatclinic.com)
  • Compare all the dentists and contact the periodontitis treatment clinic in Limerick that's right for you. (whatclinic.com)
  • Periodontitis Treatment prices from €50 - Enquire for a fast quote ★ Choose from 7 Periodontitis Treatment Clinics in Limerick with 32 verified patient reviews. (whatclinic.com)
  • Extensive dental treatment is typically required to try to correct the damage of advanced periodontitis. (listerine.com)
  • The treatment of periodontitis may require repeat professional care and more extensive measures, including surgery. (healthhype.com)
  • While good oral hygiene is a requisite, treatment of periodontitis requires more aggressive measures. (healthhype.com)
  • Some of these trends were enhanced in mice with periodontitis exacerbated by interleukin-33 treatment. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Treatment of periodontitis includes surgical and non surgical management. (druglib.com)
  • The aim of this research was to formulate smart gel system of azithromycin (AZT) and to evaluate in vitro and in vivo for non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis. (druglib.com)
  • Azithromycin dihydrate, used systemically in the treatment of periodontitis, was formulated into smart gels using biodegradable, thermosensitive polymer Pluronic® F-127 (PF-127) and Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose (HEC) as copolymer. (druglib.com)
  • Periodontitis results from imbalances in the oral microbiome and the host immune response. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Background: Immunity and immunocyte reaction play an essential role in periodontitis progress and we aim to investigate the underlying regulatory network of periodontitis immune alterations. (researchsquare.com)
  • Immune-related periodontitis subtypes were identified by the NMF algorithm. (researchsquare.com)
  • Two distinct immune-related periodontitis subtypes were identified and one is characterized by B cell reaction and the other is IL-6 cytokine reactions. (researchsquare.com)
  • Last, an easy-to-use and user-friendly interactive web-tool were developed for periodontitis related immune analysis and visualization ( http://118.24.100.193:3838/tool-PIA/ ). (researchsquare.com)
  • Conclusions: This study systematically investigated periodontitis immune atlas and glimpse the underlying mechanism of periodontitis from gene-pathway-immunocyte networks, which can not only inspire researchers but also help them in periodontitis related immune researches. (researchsquare.com)
  • While periodontitis is a specific condition, there are various periodontitis classification categories that help identify the type of infection when being described among dental professionals. (trustedhealthproducts.com)
  • The study, " A Therapeutic Porphyromonas Gingivalis Gingipain Vaccines Induces Neutralising IgG1 Antibodies That Protect Against Experimental Periodontitis ," was published by NPJ Vaccines . (dentistrytoday.com)
  • The presence of periodontitis at baseline was not related to baseline cognitive state but was associated with a 6-fold increase in the rate of cognitive decline ( P =0.005). (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Data from the report show that individuals with periodontitis are at 2.8 times' higher risk of ischemic stroke. (medscape.com)
  • The purpose of the present investigation is to compare the presence and number of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival microbiota of smokers versus never-smokers with chronic periodontitis and matched probing depths (PDs) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (nih.gov)
  • Overall, participants who were positive for this Periodontitis composite genotype progressed significantly faster than those who were negative. (baycitycapital.com)
  • Cite this: Asthma Increases Risk for Periodontitis - Medscape - Sep 25, 2017. (medscape.com)
  • Periodontitis - Pipeline Review, H2 2013', provides an overview of the indications therapeutic pipeline. (sbwire.com)
  • This report provides information on the therapeutic development for Periodontitis, complete with latest updates, and special features on late-stage and discontinued projects. (sbwire.com)
  • It also reviews key players involved in the therapeutic development for Periodontitis. (sbwire.com)
  • A snapshot of the global therapeutic scenario for Periodontitis. (sbwire.com)
  • Scientists at the Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre at the University of Melbourne have been working on the vaccine for chronic periodontitis for the past 15 years with industry partner CSL . (dentistrytoday.com)
  • The oral signs of periodontitis are pocket formation and attachment loss. (vin.com)