Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Medical search

Dense collection of cells in the caudal pontomesencephalic tegmentum known to play a role in the functional organization of the BASAL GANGLIA and in the modulation of the thalamocortical neuronal system.

Portion of midbrain situated under the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI. The two ventrolateral cylindrical masses or peduncles are large nerve fiber bundles providing a tract of passage between the FOREBRAIN with the HINDBRAIN. Ventral MIDBRAIN also contains three colorful structures: the GRAY MATTER (PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY), the black substance (SUBSTANTIA NIGRA), and the RED NUCLEUS.

The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.

Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A region in the MESENCEPHALON which is dorsomedial to the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and ventral to the RED NUCLEUS. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of SCHIZOPHRENIA.

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.

A pair of nuclei and associated gray matter in the interpeduncular space rostral to the posterior perforated substance in the posterior hypothalamus.

The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.

A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.

A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

A small protuberance at the dorsal, posterior corner of the wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE, adjacent to the dorsal THALAMUS and PINEAL BODY. It contains the habenular nuclei and is a major part of the epithalamus.

Region of hypothalamus between the ANTERIOR COMMISSURE and OPTIC CHIASM.

A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.

A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.

Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes.

Cobalt injections into the pedunculopontine nuclei attenuate the reflex diaphragmatic responses to muscle contraction in rats. (1/87)

Previous studies have suggested that neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are activated during static muscle contraction. Furthermore, activation of the PPN, via electrical stimulation or chemical disinhibition, is associated with increases in respiratory activity observed via diaphragmatic electromyogram recordings. The present experiments address the potential for PPN involvement in the regulation of the reflex diaphragmatic responses to muscle contraction in chloralose-urethane anesthetized rats. Diaphragmatic responses to unilateral static hindlimb muscle contraction, evoked via electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve, were recorded before and subsequent to bilateral microinjections of a synaptic blockade agent (CoCl2) into the PPN. The peak reflex increases in respiratory frequency (9.0 +/- 1.0 breaths/min) and minute integrated diaphragmatic electromyogram activity (14.6 +/- 3.3 units/min) were attenuated after microinjection of CoCl2 into the PPN (2.6 +/- 0.9 breaths/min and 4.6 +/- 2.1 units/min, respectively). Consistent diaphragmatic responses were observed in the subset of animals that were barodenervated. Control experiments suggest no effects of PPN synaptic blockade on the cardiovascular responses to muscle contraction. The results are discussed in terms of a potential role for the PPN in modulation of the reflex respiratory adjustments that accompany muscular activity. (+info)

Development of REM sleep drive and clinical implications. (2/87)

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the human declines from approximately 50% of total sleep time ( approximately 8 h) in the newborn to approximately 15% of total sleep time (approximately 1 h) in the adult, and this decrease takes place mainly between birth and the end of puberty. We hypothesize that without this developmental decrease in REM sleep drive, lifelong increases in REM sleep drive may ensue. In the rat, the developmental decrease in REM sleep occurs 10-30 days after birth, declining from >70% of total sleep time in the newborn to the adult level of approximately 15% of sleep time during this period. Rats at 12-21 days of age were anesthetized with ketamine and decapitated, and brain stem slices were cut for intracellular recordings. We found that excitatory responses of pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) neurons to N-methyl-D-aspartic acid decrease, while responses to kainic acid increase, over this critical period. During this developmental period, inhibitory responses to serotonergic type 1 agonists increase but responses to serotonergic type 2 agonists do not change. The results suggest that as PPN neurons develop, they are increasingly activated by kainic acid and increasingly inhibited by serotonergic type 1 receptors. These processes may be related to the developmental decrease in REM sleep. Developmental disturbances in each of these systems could induce differential increases in REM sleep drive, accounting for the postpubertal onset of a number of different disorders manifesting increases in REM sleep drive. Examination of modulation by PPN projections to ascending and descending targets revealed the presence of common signals modulating ascending arousal-related functions and descending postural/locomotor-related functions. (+info)

Spontaneous REM sleep is modulated by the activation of the pedunculopontine tegmental GABAB receptors in the freely moving rat. (3/87)

Considerable evidence suggests that the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic system and pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) in the brain stem are critically involved in the regulation of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. GABA and its various receptors are normally present in the PPT cholinergic cell compartment. The aim of this study was to identify the role of GABA and its receptors in the regulation of REM sleep. To achieve this aim, specific receptors were activated differentially by local microinjection of selective GABA receptor agonists into the PPT while quantifying its effects on REM sleep in freely moving chronically instrumented rats (n = 21). The results demonstrated that when GABAB receptors were activated by local microinjection of a GABAB receptor selective agonist, baclofen, spontaneous REM sleep was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. The optimum dose for REM sleep reduction was 1.5 nmol. In contrast, when GABAA and GABAC receptors were activated by microinjecting their receptor selective agonists, isoguvacine (ISGV) and cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA), respectively, the total percentages of REM sleep did not change compared with the control values. In another eight freely moving rats, effects of baclofen application was tested on firing rates of REM-on cells (n = 12). Of those 12 neurons, 11 stopped firing immediately after application of baclofen [latency: 50 +/- 14 s (SD)] and remained almost silent for 130 +/- 12 min. Findings of the present study provide direct evidence that the PPT GABAB receptors and REM-on cells are involved in the regulation of REM sleep. (+info)

Novel role of brain stem pedunculopontine tegmental adenylyl cyclase in the regulation of spontaneous REM sleep in the freely moving rat. (4/87)

Physiological activation of kainate receptors and GABA(B) receptors within the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) is involved in regulation of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Because these two types of receptors may also directly and/or indirectly activate the intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway, we hypothesized that this signaling pathway may be involved in the PPT to regulate spontaneous REM sleep. To test this hypothesis, four different doses (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 nmol) of a specific adenylyl cyclase (AC) inhibitor, 9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6-amine (SQ22536), were microinjected bilaterally (100 nl/site) into the PPT, and the effects on REM sleep in freely moving chronically instrumented rats were quantified. By comparing alterations in the patterns of REM sleep after control injections of vehicle or one of the four different doses of SQ22536, the contributions made by each dose of SQ22536 to REM sleep were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the local microinjection of AC inhibitor SQ22536 into the PPT decreased the total amount of REM sleep for 3 h and increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) for 2 h in a dose-dependent manner. This reduction in REM sleep was due to increased latency and decreased frequency of REM sleep episodes. These results provide evidence that inhibition of AC within the PPT can successfully reduce REM sleep. These findings suggest that activation of the cAMP-signaling pathway within the cholinergic cell compartment of the PPT is an intracellular biochemical/molecular step for generating REM sleep in the freely moving rat. (+info)

Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus controls conditioned responses of midbrain dopamine neurons in behaving rats. (5/87)

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons respond to sensory cues that predict reward. We tested the hypothesis that projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) are involved in driving this DA cell activity. First, the activity of PPTg and DA neurons was compared in a cued-reward associative learning paradigm. The majority of PPTg neurons showed phasic responses to the onset of sensory cues, at significantly shorter latency than DA cells, consistent with a PPTg-to-DA transmission of information. However, unlike DA cells, PPTg responses were almost entirely independent of whether signals were associated with rewards. Second, DA neuron responses to the cues were recorded in free-moving rats during reversible inactivation of the PPTg by microinfusion of local anesthetic. The results showed clear suppression of conditioned sensory responses of DA neurons after PPTg inactivation that was not seen after saline infusion or in non-DA cells. We propose that the PPTg relays information about the precise timing of attended sensory events, which is integrated with information about reward context by DA neurons. (+info)

Induction of long-lasting depolarization in medioventral medulla neurons by cholinergic input from the pedunculopontine nucleus. (6/87)

Stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is known to induce changes in arousal and postural/locomotor states by activation of such descending targets as the caudal pons and the medioventral medulla (MED). Previously, PPN stimulation was reported to induce prolonged responses (PRs) in intracellularly recorded caudal pontine neurons in vitro. The present study used intracellular recordings in semihorizontal slices from rat brain stem (postnatal days 12-21) to determine responses in MED neurons following PPN stimulation. One-half (40/81) of MED neurons showed PRs after PPN stimulation. MED neurons with PRs had shorter duration action potential, longer duration afterhyperpolarization, and higher amplitude afterhyperpolarization than non-PR MED neurons. PR MED neurons were significantly larger (568 +/- 44 microm2) than non-PR MED neurons (387 +/- 32 microm2). The longest mean duration PRs and maximal firing rates during PRs were induced by PPN stimulation at 60 Hz compared with 10, 30, or 90 Hz. The muscarinic cholinergic agonist carbachol induced depolarization in all PR neurons tested, and the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist scopolamine reduced or blocked carbachol- and PPN stimulation-induced PRs in all MED neurons tested. These findings suggest that PPN stimulation-induced PRs may be due to activation of muscarinic receptor-sensitive channels, allowing MED neurons to respond to a transient, frequency-dependent depolarization with long-lasting stable states. PPN stimulation appears to induce PRs in large MED neurons using parameters known best to induce locomotion. (+info)

Urotensin II modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of brainstem cholinergic neurons. (7/87)

Urotensin II (UII) is a cyclic neuropeptide with strong vasoconstrictive activity in the peripheral vasculature. UII receptor mRNA is also expressed in the CNS, in particular in cholinergic neurons located in the mesopontine tegmental area, including the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) and lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei. This distribution suggests that the UII system is involved in functions regulated by acetylcholine, such as the sleep-wake cycle. Here, we tested the hypothesis that UII influences cholinergic PPT neuron activity and alters rapid eye movement (REM) sleep patterns in rats. Local administration of UII into the PPT nucleus increases REM sleep without inducing changes in the cortical blood flow. Intracerebroventricular injection of UII enhances both REM sleep and wakefulness and reduces slow-wave sleep 2. Intracerebroventricular, but not local, administration of UII increases cortical blood flow. Moreover, whole-cell recordings from rat-brain slices show that UII selectively excites cholinergic PPT neurons via an inward current and membrane depolarization that were accompanied by membrane conductance decreases. This effect does not depend on action potential generation or fast synaptic transmission because it persisted in the presence of TTX and antagonists of ionotropic glutamate, GABA, and glycine receptors. Collectively, these results suggest that UII plays a role in the regulation of REM sleep independently of its cerebrovascular actions by directly activating cholinergic brainstem neurons. (+info)

Regional neural activity within the substantia nigra during peri-ictal flurothyl generalized seizure stages. (8/87)

Structures responsible for the onset, propagation, and cessation of generalized seizures are not known. Lesion and microinfusion studies suggest that the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) seizure-controlling network could play a key role. However, the expression of neural activity within the SNR and its targets during discrete pre- and postictal periods has not been investigated. In rats, we used flurothyl to induce generalized seizures over a controlled time period and 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography mapping technique. Changes in neural activity within the SNR were region-specific. The SNRposterior was selectively active during the pre-clonic period and may represent an early gateway to seizure propagation. The SNRanterior and superior colliculus changed their activity during progression to tonic-clonic seizure, suggesting the involvement in coordinated regional activity that results in inhibitory effects on seizures. The postictal suppression state was correlated with changes in the SNR projection targets, specifically the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and superior colliculus. (+info)

The Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (PPN) is a group of neurons located in the brainstem, specifically in the rostral pons and caudal mesencephalon. It plays a crucial role in various functions such as sleep-wake regulation, motor control, reward processing, and attention.

The PPN can be further divided into two subregions: the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus pars oralis (PPTg) and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus pars caudalis (PPTc). These subregions contain cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons that project to various brain regions, including the thalamus, basal forebrain, and cerebral cortex.

Dysfunction of the PPN has been implicated in several neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, REM sleep behavior disorder, and depression. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of the PPN is essential for developing potential therapeutic strategies for these conditions.

The tegmentum mesencephali, also known as the mesencephalic tegmentum, is a region in the midbrain (mesencephalon) of the brainstem. It contains several important structures including the periaqueductal gray matter, the nucleus raphe, the reticular formation, and various cranial nerve nuclei. The tegmentum mesencephali plays a crucial role in various functions such as pain modulation, sleep-wake regulation, eye movement control, and cardiovascular regulation.

The pons is a part of the brainstem that lies between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. Its name comes from the Latin word "ponte" which means "bridge," as it serves to connect these two regions of the brainstem. The pons contains several important structures, including nerve fibers that carry signals between the cerebellum (the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements) and the rest of the nervous system. It also contains nuclei (clusters of neurons) that help regulate various functions such as respiration, sleep, and facial movements.

Cholinergic fibers are nerve cell extensions (neurons) that release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at their synapses, which are the junctions where they transmit signals to other neurons or effector cells such as muscles and glands. These fibers are a part of the cholinergic system, which plays crucial roles in various physiological processes including learning and memory, attention, arousal, sleep, and muscle contraction.

Cholinergic fibers can be found in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the CNS, cholinergic neurons are primarily located in the basal forebrain and brainstem, and their projections innervate various regions of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and other brain areas. In the PNS, cholinergic fibers are responsible for activating skeletal muscles through neuromuscular junctions, as well as regulating functions in smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands via the autonomic nervous system.

Dysfunction of the cholinergic system has been implicated in several neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and myasthenia gravis.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

The Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) is a collection of neurons located in the midbrain that is part of the dopamine system. It is specifically known as the A10 group and is the largest source of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. These neurons project to various regions, including the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens, and are involved in reward, motivation, addiction, and various cognitive functions. The VTA also contains GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons that modulate dopamine release and have various other functions.

REM sleep, or Rapid Eye Movement sleep, is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, low muscle tone, and active brain activity. It is one of the two main types of sleep along with non-REM sleep and is marked by vivid dreaming, increased brain metabolism, and altered brain wave patterns. REM sleep is often referred to as "paradoxical sleep" because of the seemingly contradictory nature of its characteristics - an active brain in a state of relaxation. It is thought to play a role in memory consolidation, learning, and mood regulation. A typical night's sleep cycle includes several episodes of REM sleep, with each episode becoming longer as the night progresses.

The mamillary bodies are a pair of small, round structures located in the hypothalamus region of the brain. They play a crucial role in the limbic system, which is involved in emotions, memory, and learning. Specifically, the mamillary bodies are part of the circuit that forms the Papez circuit, a neural network responsible for memory and cognitive functions.

The mamillary bodies receive inputs from several brain regions, including the hippocampus, anterior thalamic nuclei, and cingulate gyrus. They then project this information to the thalamus, which in turn sends it to the cerebral cortex for further processing.

Damage to the mamillary bodies can result in memory impairment, as seen in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, a condition often associated with chronic alcohol abuse.

The mesencephalon, also known as the midbrain, is the middle portion of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) and the forebrain (prosencephalon). It plays a crucial role in several important functions including motor control, vision, hearing, and the regulation of consciousness and sleep-wake cycles. The mesencephalon contains several important structures such as the cerebral aqueduct, tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles, and several cranial nerve nuclei (III and IV).

The reticular formation is not a single structure but rather a complex network of interconnected neurons located in the brainstem, extending from the medulla oblongata through the pons and mesencephalon (midbrain) up to the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus). It forms part of the reticular activating system, which is involved in regulating arousal, awareness, and sleep-wake cycles.

The reticular formation plays a crucial role in various functions such as:

1. Modulation of sensory input: The neurons in the reticular formation receive inputs from all senses (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) and help filter and prioritize this information before it reaches higher cognitive areas.

2. Control of motor function: The reticular formation contributes to the regulation of muscle tone, posture, and locomotion by modulating the activity of motor neurons in the spinal cord.

3. Regulation of autonomic functions: The reticular formation is involved in controlling heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and other visceral functions through its connections with the autonomic nervous system.

4. Consciousness and arousal: The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) originates from the reticular formation and projects to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, where it helps maintain wakefulness and arousal. Damage to the ARAS can lead to coma or other states of altered consciousness.

5. Sleep-wake cycle regulation: The reticular formation contains cells that release neurotransmitters like histamine, serotonin, and orexin/hypocretin, which are essential for sleep-wake regulation. Dysfunction in these circuits has been implicated in various sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy and insomnia.

Wakefulness is a state of consciousness in which an individual is alert and aware of their surroundings. It is characterized by the ability to perceive, process, and respond to stimuli in a purposeful manner. In a medical context, wakefulness is often assessed using measures such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) to evaluate brain activity patterns associated with consciousness.

Wakefulness is regulated by several interconnected neural networks that promote arousal and attention. These networks include the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which consists of a group of neurons located in the brainstem that project to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as other regions involved in regulating arousal and attention, such as the basal forebrain and hypothalamus.

Disorders of wakefulness can result from various underlying conditions, including neurological disorders, sleep disorders, medication side effects, or other medical conditions that affect brain function. Examples of such disorders include narcolepsy, insomnia, hypersomnia, and various forms of encephalopathy or brain injury.

Neural pathways, also known as nerve tracts or fasciculi, refer to the highly organized and specialized routes through which nerve impulses travel within the nervous system. These pathways are formed by groups of neurons (nerve cells) that are connected in a series, creating a continuous communication network for electrical signals to transmit information between different regions of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Neural pathways can be classified into two main types: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory neural pathways carry sensory information from various receptors in the body (such as those for touch, temperature, pain, and vision) to the brain for processing. Motor neural pathways, on the other hand, transmit signals from the brain to the muscles and glands, controlling movements and other effector functions.

The formation of these neural pathways is crucial for normal nervous system function, as it enables efficient communication between different parts of the body and allows for complex behaviors, cognitive processes, and adaptive responses to internal and external stimuli.

Microinjection is a medical technique that involves the use of a fine, precise needle to inject small amounts of liquid or chemicals into microscopic structures, cells, or tissues. This procedure is often used in research settings to introduce specific substances into individual cells for study purposes, such as introducing DNA or RNA into cell nuclei to manipulate gene expression.

In clinical settings, microinjections may be used in various medical and cosmetic procedures, including:

1. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI): A type of assisted reproductive technology where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg to increase the chances of fertilization during in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments.
2. Botulinum Toxin Injections: Microinjections of botulinum toxin (Botox, Dysport, or Xeomin) are used for cosmetic purposes to reduce wrinkles and fine lines by temporarily paralyzing the muscles responsible for their formation. They can also be used medically to treat various neuromuscular disorders, such as migraines, muscle spasticity, and excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis).
3. Drug Delivery: Microinjections may be used to deliver drugs directly into specific tissues or organs, bypassing the systemic circulation and potentially reducing side effects. This technique can be particularly useful in treating localized pain, delivering growth factors for tissue regeneration, or administering chemotherapy agents directly into tumors.
4. Gene Therapy: Microinjections of genetic material (DNA or RNA) can be used to introduce therapeutic genes into cells to treat various genetic disorders or diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, or cancer.

Overall, microinjection is a highly specialized and precise technique that allows for the targeted delivery of substances into small structures, cells, or tissues, with potential applications in research, medical diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions.

The habenula is a small, paired nucleus located in the epithalamus region of the brain. It plays a crucial role in the modulation of various functions such as mood, reward, and motivation. The habenula can be further divided into two subregions: the medial and lateral habenula.

The medial habenula is involved in the regulation of emotional behaviors, including responses to stress and anxiety. It receives inputs from several brain regions associated with emotion, such as the amygdala and hippocampus, and projects to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) in the midbrain.

The lateral habenula is primarily involved in processing aversive stimuli and modulating dopaminergic reward pathways. It receives inputs from various regions associated with motivation, learning, and memory, such as the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus. The lateral habenula then projects to the midbrain's dopamine-producing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), which are critical components of the brain's reward system.

Dysfunction of the habenula has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, addiction, and schizophrenia.

The preoptic area (POA) is a region within the anterior hypothalamus of the brain. It is named for its location near the optic chiasm, where the optic nerves cross. The preoptic area is involved in various functions, including body temperature regulation, sexual behavior, and sleep-wake regulation.

The preoptic area contains several groups of neurons that are sensitive to changes in temperature and are responsible for generating heat through shivering or non-shivering thermogenesis. It also contains neurons that release inhibitory neurotransmitters such as GABA and galanin, which help regulate arousal and sleep.

Additionally, the preoptic area has been implicated in the regulation of sexual behavior, particularly in males. Certain populations of neurons within the preoptic area are involved in the expression of male sexual behavior, such as mounting and intromission.

Overall, the preoptic area is a critical region for the regulation of various physiological and behavioral functions, making it an important area of study in neuroscience research.

Sleep is a complex physiological process characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced voluntary muscle activity, and decreased interaction with the environment. It's typically associated with specific stages that can be identified through electroencephalography (EEG) patterns. These stages include rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with dreaming, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which is further divided into three stages.

Sleep serves a variety of functions, including restoration and strengthening of the immune system, support for growth and development in children and adolescents, consolidation of memory, learning, and emotional regulation. The lack of sufficient sleep or poor quality sleep can lead to significant health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cognitive decline.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) defines sleep as "a period of daily recurring natural rest during which consciousness is suspended and metabolic processes are reduced." However, it's important to note that the exact mechanisms and purposes of sleep are still being researched and debated among scientists.

Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) is a naturally occurring neuropeptide that was first discovered in 1977. It is a small protein-like molecule made up of eight amino acids, and it has been found to play a role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness.

DSIP is thought to function by inhibiting the release of certain neurotransmitters that promote arousal and excitement, while simultaneously promoting the release of others that promote relaxation and sleep. It has been shown to have sedative effects in both animals and humans, reducing the time it takes to fall asleep and increasing the amount of deep, slow-wave sleep (also known as delta sleep) that occurs during the night.

DSIP is produced in various parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus and the pineal gland, and its levels have been found to fluctuate throughout the day in a pattern that corresponds to the normal sleep-wake cycle. While the exact mechanisms by which DSIP regulates sleep are not fully understood, it is thought to play an important role in maintaining healthy sleep patterns and may have potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of sleep disorders.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

The optic chiasm is a structure in the brain where the optic nerves from each eye meet and cross. This allows for the integration of visual information from both eyes into the brain's visual cortex, creating a single, combined image of the visual world. The optic chiasm plays an important role in the processing of visual information and helps to facilitate depth perception and other complex visual tasks. Damage to the optic chiasm can result in various visual field deficits, such as bitemporal hemianopsia, where there is a loss of vision in the outer halves (temporal fields) of both eyes' visual fields.

... the raphe nuclei; the locus coeruleus (LC); the pedunculopontine (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT); and the ... The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), also known as the intermediate nucleus of the preoptic area (IPA), is a small ... The brain's sleep-promoting nuclei (e.g., the VLPO, parafacial zone, nucleus accumbens core, and lateral hypothalamic MCH ... The "master clock" for circadian rhythms in mammals is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN has little if any projection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrolateral_preoptic_nucleus

... it also projects to the pedunculopontine nucleus and tegmental motor areas. Its function is to serve as a limbic-somatic motor ... For a long time the globus pallidus was linked to the putamen and termed the lentiform nucleus (nucleus lenticularis or ... the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle). It projects to the dorsomedial nucleus of the dorsal thalamus, which, in ... Lentiform nucleus Reiner, Anton; Perkel, David J.; Bruce, Laura L.; Butler, Ann B.; Csillag, András; Kuenzel, Wayne; Medina, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_pallidus

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT or PPTg) is a collection of neurons located in ... Winn P (October 2006). "How best to consider the structure and function of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: evidence ... Pedunculopontine nucleus neurons project axons to a wide range of areas in the brain, particularly parts of the basal ganglia ... The pedunculopontine nucleus is one of the main components of the reticular activating system. It was first described in 1909 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedunculopontine_nucleus

... and GABAergic Neurons of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Have Distinct Effects on Sleep/Wake Behavior in Mice". The ... The subparabrachial nucleus, also known as the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and diffuse reticular nucleus, is one of the three ... along with glutamatergic neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, provide a critical node in the brainstem for ... the lateral parabrachial nucleus and the subparabrachial nucleus. The medial parabrachial nucleus is one of the three main ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabrachial_nuclei

... in the first pathway is an acetylcholine-producing cell group called pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. These ... including the tubermammillary nucleus, raphe nuclei, and locus coeruleus. Thus, they are inhibited by histamine, serotonin, and ... The neurons in the locus coeruleus produce noradrenaline, as fore the neurons in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, ventral ... Chou, TC; AA Bjorkum; SE Gaus; J Lu (2002). "Afferents to the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus". The Journal of Neuroscience. 22 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_onset

In the brainstem acetylcholine originates from the Pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus collectively ... deep cerebellar nuclei, pontine nuclei, locus coeruleus, raphe nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus and inferior olive. It also ... Basal nucleus of Meynert acts mainly on M1 receptors in the neocortex. Medial septal nucleus acts mainly on M1 receptors in the ... In the basal forebrain, it originates from the basal nucleus of Meynert and medial septal nucleus: The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine

In the brainstem acetylcholine originates from the pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus collectively ... The suprachiasmatic nucleus of mice, hamsters, and rats have a small amount of cholinergic innervation. A "time memory" is the ... This allows the suprachiasmatic nucleus to perform time stamping and produce a time memory of what has just occurred to the ... The suprachiasmatic nucleus functions as the hypothalamic master clock, controlling the body's Circadian rhythm. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic_neuron

... cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine and the lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei and some cytochemical comparisons to ... It also gives output to other areas including the pedunculopontine nucleus and to the area behind the red nucleus. The ... The pedunculopontine nucleus is a part of the reticular formation in the brainstem and a main component of the reticular ... The SN also send axons to the pedunculopontine nucleus. and to the parafascicular part of the central complex. The SNpr is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_basal_ganglia

The cholinergic system consists of projection neurons from the pedunculopontine nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and ... Parkinson's disease is at least in part related to dropping out of dopaminergic cells in deep-brain nuclei, primarily the ... basal forebrain and interneurons from the striatum and nucleus accumbens. It is not yet clear whether acetylcholine as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation

... and also the brainstem cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (PPT ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urotensin_II–related_peptide

... and also the brainstem cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (PPT ... When the arcuate nucleus, and the paraventricular nucleus, two different areas of the brain which are known to control blood ... that U-II affected the excitatory neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and the inhibitory neurons of the arcuate nucleus. U- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urotensin-II

... a member of the palmitoyl protein thioesterase family Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, a collection of neurons located in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPT

... may refer to: Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, a part of the brainstem Pennsylvania Public Television Network, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPTN

... the lateral hypothalamus and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. ... It is also important to mention that a small ... The nucleus accumbens is made up of the nucleus accumbens core and the nucleus accumbens shell, which differ by neural ... The striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus. The lentiform nucleus is made up of the larger ... Additionally, the mesolimbic pathway projects from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens of the ventral striatum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum

GABAergic neurons of the MPRF are activated by Acetylcholine (released by the Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus), and in turn ... activate cells in the basal forebrain -- namely the Dorsal raphe nucleus (which produces serotonin) and the Locus coeruleus ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_pontine_reticular_formation

Brainstem cholinergic nuclei include the pedunculopontine nucleus (Ch5), the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (Ch6), the medial ... cholinergic and also glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and pedunculopontine nucleus, ... The thalamic projection is dominated by cholinergic neurons originating from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of pons and ... The basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei are comprised the medial septal nucleus (Ch1), the vertical nucleus of the diagonal band ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter

... the raphe nucleus and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, which reveal mechanistic and functional details in dreaming. ... nucleus basalis, stria terminalis, shell of nucleus accumbens) and terminates in the amygdala, anterior cingulate gyrus and ... A dopaminergic pathway runs from the ventral tegmental area, ascends through the lateral hypothalamus, various basal forebrain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_dreams

... cholinergic and also glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and pedunculopontine nucleus, ... The cerebellum and afferents from the raphe nuclei also project to the LC, in particular the pontine raphe nucleus and dorsal ... Thus, it is also known as the nucleus pigmentosus pontis, meaning "heavily pigmented nucleus of the pons." The neuromelanin is ... noradrenergic inputs from the locus ceruleus, serotonergic inputs from the raphe nuclei, and GABAergic inputs from the nucleus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_coeruleus

... pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus MeSH A08.186.211.132.659.822.595 - periaqueductal gray MeSH A08.186.211.132.659.822.642 - ... vestibular nucleus, lateral MeSH A08.186.211.132.810.507 - raphe nuclei MeSH A08.186.211.132.931 - trigeminal nuclei MeSH ... red nucleus MeSH A08.186.211.132.659.822.820 - ventral tegmental area MeSH A08.186.211.132.772 - reticular formation MeSH ... caudate nucleus MeSH A08.186.211.730.885.105.487.550.784 - putamen MeSH A08.186.211.730.885.105.683 - nucleus accumbens MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(A08)

... the lateral hypothalamus and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Finally, unlike the dorsal striatum, the substantia nigra ... the GPe is a tonically active inhibitory nucleus. The GPe projects to the excitatory subthalamic nucleus (STN), which in turn ... In the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), these mixed-type MSNs that contain both D1-type and D2-type receptors are mostly contained in ... Both the GPi and SNpr send inhibitory projections to nuclei within the thalamus. MSNs are inhibitory GABAergic neurons, but the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_spiny_neuron

1). The thalamic projection is dominated by cholinergic neurons originating from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of pons ... and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of pons and midbrain (LDT) nuclei [17, 18]. The hypothalamic projection involves ... Raphe nuclei and dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra (SN) and periaqueductal gray projections that ... magnocellular nuclei and reticular nuclei of pontine tegmentum). The reticular activating system begins in the dorsal part of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep

1). The thalamic projection is dominated by cholinergic neurons originating from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of pons ... and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of pons and midbrain (LDT) nuclei [17, 18]. The hypothalamic projection involves ... The neurons arise in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, and projects to the nucleus accumbens, the striatum forebrain ... magnocellular nuclei and reticular nuclei of pontine tegmentum). The reticular activating system begins in the dorsal part of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arousal

... and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (PPT) both of which are important for REM sleep. These two different results are ... urotensin II receptor mRNA was shown to be restricted to the brainstem cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urotensin-II_receptor

... may refer to: Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus Pedunculopontine nucleus or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus ... nucleus Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tegmental nucleus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegmental_nucleus

Locus coeruleus Pedunculopontine nucleus Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus Nucleus incertus ... nucleus Red nucleus Ventral tegmental area Parabrachial pigmented nucleus Paranigral nucleus Rostromedial tegmental nucleus ... nucleus Prepositus nucleus Sublingual nucleus Area postrema Medullary cranial nerve nuclei Inferior salivatory nucleus Nucleus ... Flocculonodular lobe Cerebellar nuclei Fastigial nucleus Interposed nucleus Globose nucleus Emboliform nucleus Dentate nucleus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LTD), pedunculopontine nucleus (PPTg), and lateral habenula (LHb) (both directly and ... the orexinergic nucleus in the lateral hypothalamus), thalamus (multiple nuclei), subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus (both ... You ZB, Chen YQ, Wise RA (2001). "Dopamine and glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area of rat ... Ventral tegmental area The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is important in responding to stimuli and cues that indicate a reward ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward_system

... region receive stimuli from both cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus as ... Additionally, drug intake changes synaptic plasticity in the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens. Repeated ... neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the ventral striatum, which includes the nucleus accumbens (NAcc ... "Dopamine and glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area of rat following lateral hypothalamic self- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway

... the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, which project widely throughout the brain. The PPN ... the tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, the mesopontine cholinergic system comprising the pedunculopontine nucleus and the ... The superior vestibular nucleus, one of four vestibular nuclei, is located within the pons. The vestibular nuclei process ... the pontine nuclei, which are located within the basilar pons, and the raphe nucleus and the locus ceruleus, nuclei of cranial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontine_tegmentum

1). The thalamic projection is dominated by cholinergic neurons originating from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of pons ... Lesions along the pedunculopontine (PPT/PPN) / laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) nuclei are associated with narcolepsy. There is a ... and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of pons and midbrain (LDT) nuclei [17, 18]. The hypothalamic projection involves ... gigantocellular reticular nuclei (medial zone), and parvocellular reticular nuclei (lateral zone). The raphe nuclei are the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_formation

It is regulated by inputs from brainstem cholinergic nuclei such as the Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and pedunculopontine ... parafascicular nucleus and central lateral nucleus) and higher-order nuclei such as the lateral posterior nucleus. The zona ... and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (but only its pars dissipata area). It also has less important connections to the ... Brainstem Zona incerta receives input from many parts of the brainstem nuclei including the periaqueductal gray, raphe nuclei, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_incerta

... the raphe nuclei; the locus coeruleus (LC); the pedunculopontine (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT); and the ... The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), also known as the intermediate nucleus of the preoptic area (IPA), is a small ... The brains sleep-promoting nuclei (e.g., the VLPO, parafacial zone, nucleus accumbens core, and lateral hypothalamic MCH ... The "master clock" for circadian rhythms in mammals is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN has little if any projection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrolateral_preoptic_nucleus

Fixational-saccade related activity of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus neurons in monkeys. *O1-H-5-4 ... Anti-saccade signals in the primate cerebellar dentate nucleus. *O1-H-5-3 ...

https://www.jnss.org/abstract/neuro2014/meeting_planner/sessionlist.php?id=2014010071&u=b2de66a598012ba51c11bec5de6e87d7

Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. nTPM: 29.2 1921. Female, age 85, both hemispheres. 33.1. ... Dorsal tegmental nucleus. nTPM: 32.8 2358. Male, age 61, both hemispheres. 40.0. ... Ventrolateral tegmental area, A5 NE cell group. nTPM: 33.9 2449. Male, age 74, both hemispheres. 36.6. ... Nuclei of the trapezoid body. nTPM: 34.3 2735. Female, age 85, both hemispheres. 40.1. ...

http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000007047-MARK4/tissue/pons

Kobayashi, Y., and Okada, K. (2007). Reward prediction error computation in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus neurons. Ann ... 2000). Organization of somatic motor inputs from the frontal lobe to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the macaque ... Hong, S., and Hikosaka, O. (2011b). Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus neurons provide reward-related and salience signals to ... Jhou, T. C., Fields, H. L., Baxter, M. G., Saper, C. B., and Holland, P. C. (2009). The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00854/full

2016) Lesions of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Impair Probabilistic Reversal Learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 131:1-8. ...

https://spu.edu/academics/university-scholars/faculty/faculty-source/baker-philip

E.C. Hirsch, A.M. Graybiel, C. Duyckaerts, F. Javoy-Agid, Neuronal loss in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in Parkinson ... Deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) influences visual contrast sensitivity in human ... C. Hamani, E. Moro, A.M. Lozano, The pedunculopontine nucleus as a target for deep brain stimulation. J. Neural Transm. 118, ... P. Wen, M. Li, H. Xiao, R. Ding, H. Chen, J. Chang, et al., Low-frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus affects ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-38740-2_7?error=cookies_not_supported&code=bbba8707-8f82-40d9-bb6e-ae11aada146d

Modulation of hippocampal theta rhythm by the opioid system of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Acta Neurobiol Exp ( ... Deactivations were observed in the anterior cingulate cortex in the nucleus accumbens and insula (Fig. 4A). The parametric ... nucleus accumbens; PCC = posterior cingulate cortex; Prec = precuneus; S1 = primary somatosensory cortex; Tha = thalamus. ...

https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/early/2023/07/13/jnumed.123.265512

2009) Pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei contain distinct populations of cholinergic, glutamatergic and ... APT, Anterior pretectal nucleus; BA, basal nucleus; CeA, central nucleus; d, dendrite; MGn, medial geniculate nucleus; ml, ... BA, Basal nucleus; CeA, central nucleus; ic, intermediate capsule; LA, lateral nucleus. ... BA, Basal nucleus; CeA, central nucleus; Ent, entorhinal cortex; LA, lateral nucleus. ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/35/5/2044

2007) Reward prediction error computation in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus neurons Annals of the New York Academy of ... 2009) The mesopontine rostromedial tegmental nucleus: a structure targeted by the lateral habenula that projects to the ventral ... Most dopamine neurons reside in midbrain nuclei called the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the substantia nigra pars compacta ( ... 2008) Organization of ventral tegmental area projections to the ventral tegmental area-nigral complex in the rat Neuroscience ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/10032

... laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. The hypocretin (orexin) neurons in the lateral ... 7] The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and the lateral dorsal tegmental (LDT) neurons use acetylcholine to trigger ... These spikes appear to be generated by lateral dorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine tegmental neuronal bursts. They are ... promoted by projections from cholinergic lateral dorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine tegmental neurons to the thalamic nuclei ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188226-overview

Hirsch, E. C., Graybiel, A. M., Duyckaerts, C. & Javoy-Agid, F. Neuronal loss in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in ... Jellinger, K. The pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinsons disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimers disease. J. ... McCollum, L. A. & Roberts, R. C. Ultrastructural localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in tree shrew nucleus accumbens core and ... with no change in perimeter of either the nucleus or the neuron (Fig. 2k and Supplementary Fig. 3h, i). ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-022-00369-w?error=cookies_not_supported&code=31a2d7af-59b2-47a4-bece-ff84fcfe2b41

2003) Excitotoxic lesions of the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus impair copulation in naive male rats and block the ... 2005) Regulation of anxiety and initiation of sexual behavior by CREB in the nucleus accumbens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: ... The Influence of ΔFosB in the Nucleus Accumbens on Natural Reward-Related Behavior. Deanna L Wallace, Vincent Vialou, Loretta ... 2006) An essential role for DeltaFosB in the nucleus accumbens in morphine action. Nat Neurosci 9:205-211. ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/41/10272.full

Understanding the role of cholinergic tone in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, Kaie Rosborough ...

https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/index.16.html

... but vital brain region known to be altered in PD called the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN). ... Contribution of pedunculopontine nucleus cholinergic neurons to L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and PD motor deficits in hemi- ...

https://www.apdaparkinson.org/article/apda-funded-research-2019-international-congress/

Thesis: The role of particular neuromodulatory systems of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the regulation of ...

https://ars.electronica.art/newdigitaldeal/de/illness-of-consciousness/

Excitable and inhibitory neurons in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei and the pedunculopontine, laterodorsal and laterodorsal ... tegmental nuclei are involved in the reward and aversion functions, respectively.. You may also be at risk for developing the ...

https://www.tnla.com/members/1030/thompson-machinery/

Recently there has been a growing interest in converging inputs from the tegmental pedunculopontine (PPN) and subthalamic ... The third set is to re-examine functional circuits involved among these nuclei (e.g., subthalamo-pallidal, striato-nigral, etc ... entopeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, and subthalamus to three sets of aims: The first set will characterize the membrane ... nucleus (STN) to the SNc DA and SNr GABA neurons. Although the functional role of these inputs is poorly understood, our ...

https://neurotree.org/neurotree/grants.php?pid=875

Deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus renders neuroprotection through the suppression of hippocampal ...

https://hub.tmu.edu.tw/en/persons/chien-hung-lai/publications/

Computational modeling of pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation. Zitella, L. M., Mohsenian, K., Pahwa, M., Gloeckner ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/persons/matthew-d-johnson/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle&page=1

Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus A8.186.211.653.822.575. Penicillanic Acid D2.886.675.966.500.750.687 D2.886.108.750.687. ... Ventral Tegmental Area A8.186.211.653.822.820. Ventral Thalamic Nuclei A8.186.211.730.385.826.701.900 A8.186.211.730.317.826. ... Vestibular Nuclei A8.186.211.865.428.600.800. Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral A8.186.211.865.428.600.800.800. Visual Cortex A8.186. ... Suprachiasmatic Nucleus A8.186.211.730.385.357.342.625 A8.186.211.730.317.357.342.625. Supraoptic Nucleus A8.186.211.730. ...

https://decs2014.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2013.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2012.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2011.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2010.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), also known as the intermediate nucleus of the preoptic area (IPA), is a small cluster of neurons situated in the anterior hypothalamus, sitting just above and to the side of the optic chiasm in the brain of humans and other animals. (wikipedia.org)
The brain's sleep-promoting nuclei (e.g., the VLPO, parafacial zone, nucleus accumbens core, and lateral hypothalamic MCH neurons), together with the ascending arousal system which includes components in the brainstem, hypothalamus and basal forebrain, are the interconnected neural systems which control states of arousal, sleep, and transitions between these two states. (wikipedia.org)
Instead, they project strongly to the adjacent subparaventricular zone, which in turn contains inhibitory GABAergic neurons that innervate the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. (wikipedia.org)
The highest density of GABAergic neurons is present in the so-called intercalated cell (ITCc) masses, which surround the deep amygdaloid nuclei ( Millhouse, 1986 ). (jneurosci.org)
However, we found that dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum were outliers, receiving relatively few inputs from the ventral striatum and instead receiving more inputs from the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and zona incerta. (elifesciences.org)
Excitable and inhibitory neurons in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei and the pedunculopontine, laterodorsal and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei are involved in the reward and aversion functions, respectively. (tnla.com)
Here we used an optogenetic approach to selectively stimulate cholinergic brainstem neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus during focal limbic seizures induced in a lightly anesthetized rat model. (princeton.edu)
Cholinergic neurons projecting to both the basal forebrain and thalamus were found in the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, representing an average of 8.0% of the total cholinergic cell population in these nuclei. (mcmaster.ca)
Serotonergic neurons with dual projections were observed in the dorsal, median and caudal linear raphe nuclei, accounting for a mean of 4.7% of total serotonergic neurons in these nuclei. (mcmaster.ca)
Relatively few noradrenergic neurons (2.0%) in the locus ceruleus projected to both target structures, and a very small subpopulation of histaminergic neurons (1.5%) in the tuberomammillary hypothalamic nucleus had dual projections. (mcmaster.ca)
Pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (PPT and LDT, respectively) cholinergic neurons innervate the thalamus and cortex firing most actively during wakefulness. (pediagenosis.com)
GABAergic-containing neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) promote sleep by inhibiting arousal centers. (pediagenosis.com)
UII receptor mRNA is also expressed in the CNS, in particular in cholinergic neurons located in the mesopontine tegmental area, including the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) and lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei. (touro.edu)

Although DBS at the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi) are well established for the treatment of the distal symptoms in PD, long-term studies of axial symptoms show a decline in efficacy with progression of the disease. (springer.com)
In PD, these symptoms are currently inadequately managed by drugs and also the present surgical treatment of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the sub-thalamic nucleus (STN) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi). (ox.ac.uk)
The internal (GPi) and external (GPe) segments of the primate globus pallidus receive a significant cholinergic (ACh) innervation from the brainstem pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. (ulaval.ca)

OBJECT: The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) region of the brainstem has become a new stimulation target for the treatment of gait freezing, akinesia, and postural instability in advanced Parkinson disease (PD). (ox.ac.uk)
Cell survival patterns in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated monkeys and 6OHDA-lesioned rats: evidence for differences to idiopathic Parkinson disease patients? (hal.science)
We explore the patterns of cell loss in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PpT), a major locomotor and muscle tone suppression centre of the brainstem, in two animal models of Parkinson disease, namely MPTP (methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-treated monkeys and 6-hydroxydopamine(6OHDA)-lesioned rats. (hal.science)

Furthermore, although the organisation of subcortical connections within the PPN has not been extensively demonstrated in animals, we show here in a rhesus monkey that there are clearly separated connections of the PPN with the thalamus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. (ox.ac.uk)
RESULTS: The PPN region was connected with the cerebellum and spinal cord below and to the thalamus, pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, and motor cortex above. (ox.ac.uk)

Cortical and subcortical connections within the pedunculopontine nucleus of the primate Macaca mulatta determined using probabilistic diffusion tractography. (ox.ac.uk)

Their input comes instead from a set of other brain structures, and in particular from a region called the subthalamic nucleus. (elifesciences.org)
Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus can help to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (elifesciences.org)

6 LBs are widely distributed in the brains of PD patients, including the SNc, raphe nucleus, locus ceruleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, olfactory bulb, and some cortical structures. (touchneurology.com)

Thus, the design of novel stimulation strategies to treat gait disturbances and postural instability has been investigated, including targets such as the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). (springer.com)

The pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson's disease: primate studies. (ox.ac.uk)

Urinary incontinence following deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus. (gold.ac.uk)
Pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation improves akinesia in a Parkinsonian monkey. (ox.ac.uk)
Our results show that in the normal monkey high frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nuclei reduces motor activity while low frequency stimulation increases it significantly over baseline. (ox.ac.uk)
After making the monkey Parkinsonian with MPTP, unilateral low frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nuclei led to significant increases in activity. (ox.ac.uk)
These results suggest that pedunculopontine nuclei stimulation could be clinically effective in treating advanced Parkinson's disease and other akinetic disorders. (ox.ac.uk)

The anatomical connections of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), a brainstem structure associated with locomotion, have been determined recently in healthy humans using probabilistic diffusion tractography (PDT). (ox.ac.uk)

The transcription factor deltaFosB (ΔFosB), induced in nucleus accumbens (NAc) by chronic exposure to drugs of abuse, has been shown to mediate sensitized responses to these drugs. (jneurosci.org)

Garcia-Rill E. Neuroepigenetics of arousal: Gamma oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus. (uams.edu)

Local administration of UII into the PPT nucleus increases REM sleep without inducing changes in the cortical blood flow. (touro.edu)

Thesis: The role of particular neuromodulatory systems of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the regulation of hippocampal theta rhythm (2007). (electronica.art)

The surgical anatomy of the pedunculopontine nucleus cannot be disputed, buried or exhumed. (gold.ac.uk)

We identified the major connections of the PPN from single seed voxels that could be confidently located within the nucleus on the diffusion images. (ox.ac.uk)
Connectivity of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region and diffusion tensor imaging in surgical targeting. (ox.ac.uk)

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been implicated in these symptoms. (ox.ac.uk)

Dr. Bishop's APDA grant focused on understanding the role of an under-studied, but vital brain region known to be altered in PD called the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN). (apdaparkinson.org)
This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. (uams.edu)

Uncertainty, misunderstanding and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus - Response to letter by Mazzone et al. (gold.ac.uk)

The glutamatergic subthalamic nucleus (STN) exerts control over motor output through nuclei of the basal ganglia. (jneurosci.org)
The main input nuclei are the striatum (STR) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). (scholarpedia.org)
The basal ganglia comprise two principal input nuclei, the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and two principal output nuclei, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi) (primates) which in cats and rodents is known as the entopeduncular nucleus ( Figure 1 ). (scholarpedia.org)
Subthalamic nucleus was considered an important relay in the "indirect output pathway" from the striatum via the external globus pallidus (Albin et al. (scholarpedia.org)
The subthalamic nucleus has a predominant cell type that is immunoreactive for glutamate that sends excitatory projections to both basal ganglia output nuclei and the external globus pallidus. (scholarpedia.org)
Thus, it receives inhibitory GABAergic afferents from the striatum and external globus pallidus, and excitatory glutamatergic input from the subthalamic nucleus. (scholarpedia.org)
Efferent projections of rat subthalamic nucleus were studied by use of the axonal transport of phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), and the results were analyzed with light and electron microscopes. (nih.gov)
PHA-L injections in the subthalamic nucleus (STH) resulted in heavy labeling of fiber plexus with en passant boutons and terminals in the pallidal complex, i.e., the entopeduncular nucleus (EP), the globus pallidus (GP) and the ventral pallidum (VP), and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR). (nih.gov)
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the most common surgical therapy for Parkinson' s disease (PD). (ox.ac.uk)
1 In PD, gait difficulties are initially improved by dopaminergic medication, or subthalamic nucleus (STN) or internal globus pallidus stimulation, but become progressively resistant to these therapies in patients with advanced disease. (bmj.com)
Furthermore, although the organisation of subcortical connections within the PPN has not been extensively demonstrated in animals, we show here in a rhesus monkey that there are clearly separated connections of the PPN with the thalamus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. (ox.ac.uk)
The glutamate afferents arise from three primary sources: the medial prefrontal cortex, the pedunculopontine region, and the subthalamic nucleus ( Fallon and Loughlin, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)

Recent findings indicate that pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) neurons encode reward-related information that is context-dependent. (nih.gov)
The laterodorsal tegmental (LDTg) and pedunculopontine tegmental (PPTg) nuclei provide the only known source of cholinergic input to the ventral tegmental area (VTA). (nih.gov)

Excitable and inhibitory neurons in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei and the pedunculopontine, laterodorsal and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei are involved in the reward and aversion functions, respectively. (tnla.com)

Finally, important modulatory afferents come from substantia nigra pars compacta ( dopamine ) and the raphe nuclei (serotonin) in the midbrain. (scholarpedia.org)
There were moderate projections to the neostriatum and sparse projections to the frontal cortex, substantia innominata, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC), pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, ventral part of the central gray matter including the dorsal raphe nucleus, and the mesencephalic and pontine reticular formation. (nih.gov)
In the first category, we included dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra, noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), serotonin neurons of the raphe nuclei (R), and cholinergic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). (eneuro.org)
Some of these regions such as the amygdala, the solitary nucleus, raphe nuclei also have established roles in cardiovascular control and pain modulation, suggesting that Li may share these functions, if these regions are confirmed to project to the Li. (biomedcentral.com)
Also, dense vascular net is noted within the red nucleus, trochlear nucleus , and the dorsal raphe nucleus. (brainmaps.org)
and (3) other regions such as the red nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, pontine nuclei, three cerebellar nuclei (medial, interposed and lateral), Purkinje cells, cells in the granular layer of the cerebellum, locus coeruleus, several areas of the reticular nucleus and area postrema. (brainmaps.org)

He demonstrated that NA is released from the axon terminals of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, and this then suppresses the activity of neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus that promotes REM sleep. (darmedicare.com)

In contrast, fewer cholinergic neurons were retrogradely labelled following placement of tracer into the nucleus basalis of Meynert or into the central, medial, and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala, while numerous noncholinergic neurons of the central tegmental field rostral to the PPT and of the retrorubral field adjacent to the PPT were retrogradely labelled in these cases. (nih.gov)
In the second category, we included DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area, cholinergic neurons of the hypoglossal nucleus, and cholinergic interneurons of the dorsal striatum. (eneuro.org)
Yeomans, J. S., Mathur, A. and Tampakeras, M. Rewarding brain stimulation: Role of tegmental cholinergic neurons that activate dopamine neurons. (utoronto.ca)
Yeomans, J. S. Role of tegmental cholinergic neurons in dopaminergic activation, anti-muscarinic psychosis and schizophrenia. (utoronto.ca)
Interestingly, NPR-C immunoreactivity was detected in the cholinergic neurons of the oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus , dorsal tegmental nucleus, motor trigeminal nucleus, facial nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, nucleus ambiguus and hypoglossal nucleus. (brainmaps.org)

Those that propound an extended localization of the pedunculopontine nucleus (Garcia-Rill, 1991) expand the nucleus from the posterior end of the substantia nigra to the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, which is caudally adjacent to the pedunculopontine nucleus within the central grey matter. (medscape.com)
The main output nuclei are the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the internal globus pallidus/entopeduncular nucleus (not shown). (scholarpedia.org)
Finally, dopaminergic neurones in substantia nigra (pars compacta) (SNc) and the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA) provide other basal ganglia nuclei, principally the striatum, with important modulatory signals. (scholarpedia.org)
In the midbrain, NAIP-LI was located primarily within neurons of the red nucleus, the substantia nigra pars compacta, the oculomotor nucleus, and the trochlear nucleus . (brainmaps.org)

Functional coupling between the prefrontal cortex and dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. (ac.ir)
Moorman DE, Aston-Jones G. Orexin/hypocretin modulates response of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons to prefrontal activation: Diurnal influences. (ac.ir)
The laterodorsal tegmentum is essential for burst firing of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. (ac.ir)
Increased dopamine D2 receptor activity in the striatum alters the firing pattern of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. (ac.ir)
Neurotensin receptor 1-biased ligand attenuates neurotensin-mediated excitation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. (ucsd.edu)

It is also possible that the cerebellum may influence the function of various basal ganglia components and the entire thalamus via a relay in the pedunculopontine nucleus (Hazrati and Parent, 1992). (medscape.com)
Direct connections to both input nuclei are from the thalamus , cerebral cortex and limbic structures ( amygdala and hippocampus ). (scholarpedia.org)
Globus pallidus (internal)/entopeduncular nucleus is one of the two output nuclei that receive inputs from other basal ganglia nuclei and provides output to external targets in the thalamus and brainstem. (scholarpedia.org)
PPTN nuclei was chosen as the first because it sends strongs projections to Thalamus and represents one of the key hubs of the ascending arousal system and, as such, is implicated in core conciousness mechanisms such as awareness. (digicortex.net)
Tracing experiments to chart cerebellar nuclei-NAc pathways identified disynaptic pathways that recruit the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and intralaminar thalamus (Centromedial and Parafascicular nuclei) as intermediary nodes. (elifesciences.org)

and the parabrachial nucleus (PB). (wikipedia.org)
The pedunculopontine nucleus forms a cluster of cells that is located in the caudal mesencephalic tegmentum, extending from the caudal border of the red nucleus to the parabrachial nucleus. (medscape.com)

Simulation of the mammalian thalamocortical system with ascending activation from brainstem pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN). (dimkovic.com)
SpikeFun v0.82 brings support for modeling of brainstem nuclei - in this early phase, only one nuclei is supported (Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus - PPTN). (digicortex.net)

The study expands our understanding of the neural circuitry downstream of the cerebellum by describing pathways between the deep cerebellar nuclei and the nucleus accumbens. (elifesciences.org)

2. Cardiovascular responses induced by the activation of muscarinic receptors of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in anesthetized rats. (nih.gov)
Mathur, A. Shandarin, A., LaViolette, S. R., Parker, J. and Yeomans, J. S. Locomotion and stereotypy induced by scopolamine: Contributions of muscarinic receptors near the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus. (utoronto.ca)
Yeomans, J. and Baptista, M. Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in ventral tegmental area contribute to brain‑stimulation reward. (utoronto.ca)

The anatomical connections of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), a brainstem structure associated with locomotion, have been determined recently in healthy humans using probabilistic diffusion tractography (PDT). (ox.ac.uk)
A rostral brainstem structure, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), is severely affected by Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology and is regarded a promising target for therapeutic deep-brain stimulation (DBS). (ox.ac.uk)

2000). It is also directly connected to other motor nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord (Garcia-Rill et al . (medscape.com)

The external globus pallidus (GP) is an intrinsic nucleus as most of its connections are with the input and output nuclei of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
Striatal medium spiny neurones are GABAergic providing inhibitory inputs to adjacent spiny neurones via local axon collaterals, to the globus pallidus (external), and to both basal ganglia output nuclei. (scholarpedia.org)

Lesions of the dorsomedial nucleus almost completely eliminate the circadian rhythm of sleep. (wikipedia.org)
6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of the ventral tegmental area suppress ghrelin's ability to elicit food-reinforced behavior. (ac.ir)

Anterogradely labelled fibers and varicosities were observed in the thalamic nuclei, confirming the findings of our previous retrograde studies (Hallanger et al: J. Comp. (nih.gov)
Another change is the new algorithm for tracking subcortical white matter connectivity, allowing for identification of thalamic nuclei (still in very early phase - and error prone). (digicortex.net)

The brain's sleep-promoting nuclei (e.g., the VLPO, parafacial zone, nucleus accumbens core, and lateral hypothalamic MCH neurons), together with the ascending arousal system which includes components in the brainstem, hypothalamus and basal forebrain, are the interconnected neural systems which control states of arousal, sleep, and transitions between these two states. (wikipedia.org)
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected subcortical nuclei that represent one of the brain 's fundamental processing units. (scholarpedia.org)
The external globus pallidus (GPe) is principally an intrinsic structure that receives most of its afferents from, and provides efferent connections to other basal ganglia nuclei. (scholarpedia.org)
Striatum is the largest nucleus of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
1989). While still serving this function, it is now also considered a second important input nucleus of the basal ganglia (Nambu et al. (scholarpedia.org)
Pedunculopontine nucleus and basal ganglia: distant relatives or part of the same family? (ox.ac.uk)
The basal ganglia are more highly interconnected with the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) than with any other brain region. (ox.ac.uk)
Neurons containing hybridization signal for ChAT mRNA were observed in the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, the basal nucleus of Meynert, the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the parabigeminal nucleus, the oculomotor nucleus and the trochlear nucleus . (brainmaps.org)

Previous studies have found that the nucleus accumben is involved in the regulation of reward, addiction, feeding, learning, sleep-wake and other neurobiological behaviors, and has complex fibrous connections with the cortex and midbrain dopaminergic nuclei. (301hospital.com.cn)

Topography of cortical and subcortical connections of the human pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei. (ox.ac.uk)
Cortical and subcortical connections within the pedunculopontine nucleus of the primate Macaca mulatta determined using probabilistic diffusion tractography. (ox.ac.uk)

In primates the striatum comprises the caudate nucleus and the putamen, and in all mammals, the ventral striatum or nucleus accumbens (Gerfen and Wilson 1996, Voorn et al. (scholarpedia.org)
Zhou, S. ‑S. and Yeomans, J. S. Connections between anterior and medial cortex and caudate‑putamen nucleus in fixed brain with DiI‑‑a fluorescent labeling method. (utoronto.ca)

the balance consisted of noncholinergic neurons of the central tegmental field, retrorubral field, and cuneiform nucleus. (nih.gov)
14. Pharmacological study of cholinergic system on cardiovascular regulation in the cuneiform nucleus of rat. (nih.gov)
18. Effect of opioid receptors of the cuneiform nucleus on cardiovascular responses in normotensive and hypotensive hemorrhagic rats. (nih.gov)

and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, hypoglossal nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, nucleus ambiguus and inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata. (brainmaps.org)

Functional Connectivity of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus and Surrounding Region in Parkinson's Disease. (ox.ac.uk)
An animal model mimicking pedunculopontine nucleus cholinergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease. (ox.ac.uk)

Bilateral projections with an ipsilateral dominance were observed after injections in a) jointly the paralemniscal nucleus, the noradrenergic group 7/ Köllike -Fuse nucleus/subcoeruleus nucleus, b) the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, c) and the solitary nucleus/the parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
The main objective of the study is to examine afferents to Li from the central amygdaloid nucleus, KF, the paralemniscal nucleus (PL) which is rostral and adjacent to KF, Gi, Sol and adjacent parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus (PCRt/IRt). (biomedcentral.com)
Modulation of GABA release from the thalamic reticular nucleus by cocaine and caffeine: role of serotonin receptors. (uams.edu)

The linear nucleus (Li) was first identified in 1978 by horseradish peroxidase retrograde labelling from rat cerebellar tactile regions [ 47 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Gait-Phase Modulates Alpha and Beta Oscillations in the Pedunculopontine Nucleus. (ox.ac.uk)

In addition, PHA-L-labelled fibers and varicosities suggestive of terminal fields were observed in the anterior, tuberal, and posterior lateral hypothalamic regions, the ventral pallidum in the region of the nucleus basalis of Meynert, the dorsal and intermediate lateral septal nuclei, and in the central and medial nuclei of the amygdala. (nih.gov)
To elucidate the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, we immunohistochemically examined the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons (GABAis) in the cerebral cortex and acetylcholine neurons (AchNs) in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (MyN) and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus pars compacta (PPNc) in an autopsy case of one PWS patient with a deletion in the 15q11-q12 region and three control patients. (nih.gov)

The linear nucleus (Li) is found in the medullary reticular formation surrounding the middle segment of the compact part of the ambiguus nucleus (AmbC) in dorsal, medial and/or lateral aspects. (biomedcentral.com)

the most dorsal aspect of the pedunculopontine nucleus is bound caudally by the cuneiform and subcuneiform nuclei and ventrally by the pontine reticular formation. (medscape.com)

The "master clock" for circadian rhythms in mammals is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). (wikipedia.org)
Process C is a circadian process controlled by a circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. (psychscenehub.com)

These anterograde and retrograde studies demonstrate that cholinergic PPT and LDT neurons provide a substantial proportion of mesopontine tegmental afferents to the hypothalamus and lateral septum, while projections to the nucleus basalis and the amygdala are minimal. (nih.gov)

Convergent neurons were further classified into vestibulospinal (n=28) and vestibulooculospinal (n=6) neurons by antidromic activation from the border between the C1 and C2 spinal cord and the oculomotor or trochlear nucleus . (brainmaps.org)

Instead, they project strongly to the adjacent subparaventricular zone, which in turn contains inhibitory GABAergic neurons that innervate the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. (wikipedia.org)

Numerous ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in the PPT and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) were retrogradely labelled from the lateral hypothalamus. (nih.gov)

7. Effect of the Non-N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor of the Glutamatergic System of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus on Cardiovascular Responses in Normotensive and Hydralazine-Induced Hypotensive Rats. (nih.gov)

5. Effect of MK-801, an antagonist of NMDA receptor in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, on cardiovascular parameters in normotensive and hydralazine hypotensive rats. (nih.gov)
Galaj E, Manuszak M, Arastehmanesh D, Ranaldi R. Microinjections of a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist into the ventral tegmental area block the expression of cocaine conditioned place preference in rats. (ac.ir)
Zhou, S. ‑S. and Yeomans, J. S. Bilateral connections of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis in fixed brain of adult rats with fluorescent labelling method. (utoronto.ca)

The release of dopamine (DA) in the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) plays an important role in cue-related learning, reward, and relapse. (ac.ir)
The posterior commissure system gave rise to dense terminal fields in the contralateral NIC, the oculomotor nucleus, and the trochlear nucleus . (brainmaps.org)

6. Evaluation of nicotinic receptor of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in central cardiovascular regulation in anesthetized rat. (nih.gov)

Ascending projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and the surrounding mesopontine tegmentum to the forebrain in the rat are here examined by using both retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques combined with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry. (nih.gov)
The linear nucleus (Li) was identified in 1978 from its projections to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
The majority of the abovementioned nuclei have recognized roles in movement control, consistent with the likely role of the projections from Li to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)

Involvement of ventral tegmental area ionotropic glutamate receptors in the expression of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference. (ac.ir)
Activation of Pedunculopontine Glutamate Neurons Is Reinforcing. (ucsd.edu)
Ventral tegmental area glutamate neurons co-release GABA and promote positive reinforcement. (ucsd.edu)
The regulation of glutamate (Glu) release from the excitatory input to dopamine cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) during acute withdrawal from morphine was studied in slices from animals treated for 6-7 d with morphine. (jneurosci.org)

In addition to projection to the SCN, the ipRGCs also project to sleep-promoting neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) and superior colliculus. (psychscenehub.com)

The pedunculopontine nucleus occupies a strategic position within the core of the brainstem tegmentum, at the crossroad of several major fibre systems. (medscape.com)

Anatomy13

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes3

Information Science1

Cobalt injections into the pedunculopontine nuclei attenuate the reflex diaphragmatic responses to muscle contraction in rats. (1/87)

Development of REM sleep drive and clinical implications. (2/87)

Spontaneous REM sleep is modulated by the activation of the pedunculopontine tegmental GABAB receptors in the freely moving rat. (3/87)

Novel role of brain stem pedunculopontine tegmental adenylyl cyclase in the regulation of spontaneous REM sleep in the freely moving rat. (4/87)

Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus controls conditioned responses of midbrain dopamine neurons in behaving rats. (5/87)

Induction of long-lasting depolarization in medioventral medulla neurons by cholinergic input from the pedunculopontine nucleus. (6/87)

Urotensin II modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of brainstem cholinergic neurons. (7/87)

Regional neural activity within the substantia nigra during peri-ictal flurothyl generalized seizure stages. (8/87)

Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus

Tegmentum Mesencephali

Pons

Cholinergic Fibers

Neurons

Ventral Tegmental Area

Sleep, REM

Mamillary Bodies

Mesencephalon

Reticular Formation

Wakefulness

Neural Pathways

Microinjections

Habenula

Preoptic Area

Sleep

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide

Encyclopedias as Topic

Optic Chiasm

Cobalt injections into the pedunculopontine nuclei attenuate the reflex diaphragmatic responses to muscle contraction in rats. (1/87)

Development of REM sleep drive and clinical implications. (2/87)

Spontaneous REM sleep is modulated by the activation of the pedunculopontine tegmental GABAB receptors in the freely moving rat. (3/87)

Novel role of brain stem pedunculopontine tegmental adenylyl cyclase in the regulation of spontaneous REM sleep in the freely moving rat. (4/87)

Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus controls conditioned responses of midbrain dopamine neurons in behaving rats. (5/87)

Induction of long-lasting depolarization in medioventral medulla neurons by cholinergic input from the pedunculopontine nucleus. (6/87)

Urotensin II modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of brainstem cholinergic neurons. (7/87)

Regional neural activity within the substantia nigra during peri-ictal flurothyl generalized seizure stages. (8/87)

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

Globus pallidus

Pedunculopontine nucleus

Parabrachial nuclei

Sleep onset

Acetylcholine

Cholinergic neuron

Primate basal ganglia

Neuromodulation

Urotensin II-related peptide

Urotensin-II

PPT

PPTN

Striatum

Medial pontine reticular formation

Neurotransmitter

Cognitive neuroscience of dreams

Locus coeruleus

List of MeSH codes (A08)

Medium spiny neuron

Neuroscience of sleep

Arousal

Urotensin-II receptor

Tegmental nucleus

List of regions in the human brain

Reward system

Mesolimbic pathway

Pontine tegmentum

Reticular formation

Zona incerta

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus - Wikipedia

Neuroscience2014 | Per session

Tissue expression of MARK4 - Staining in pons - The Human Protein Atlas

Frontiers | Dopamine system: manager of neural pathways

Phillip Baker - Seattle Pacific University

Deep Brain Stimulation for Gait and Postural Disturbances in Parkinson's Disease | SpringerLink

Plus it

Plus it

Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an anatomically distinct subclass | eLife

Normal Sleep, Sleep Physiology, and Sleep Deprivation: Normal Sleep in Adults, Infants, and the Elderly, Sleep Physiology,...

Estrogen-related receptor gamma regulates mitochondrial and synaptic genes and modulates vulnerability to synucleinopathy | npj...

The Influence of ΔFosB in the Nucleus Accumbens on Natural Reward-Related Behavior | Journal of Neuroscience

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APDA-Funded Research at 2019 International Parkinson's Conference

Deutsch

Thompson Machinery - TNLA | Tennessee Nursery & Landscape Association

Stephen T. Kitai - Grants

Chien-Hung Lai - Research output - Taipei Medical University

Matthew D Johnson - Research output - Experts@Minnesota

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH

MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH