Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing
Pancreatitis
Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic
Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative
Noma
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
Pancreatitis, Chronic
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
Amylases
Pancreas
Necrosis
Taurocholic Acid
Glycodeoxycholic Acid
Pancreatitis, Alcoholic
Ceruletide
Fatal Outcome
Biota
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Disease Models, Animal
Trypsinogen
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde
Pancreatic Ducts
Treatment Outcome
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
DNA, Ribosomal
Sialometaplasia, Necrotizing
Debridement
Encyclopedias as Topic
L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
Hematocrit
APACHE
Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Pyrazines
Triazoles
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Lactation
A monoclonal anti-interleukin 8 antibody (WS-4) inhibits cytokine response and acute lung injury in experimental severe acute necrotising pancreatitis in rabbits. (1/258)
BACKGROUND: Interleukin 8 (IL-8) has recently been proposed to have an important role in mediating the development of the systemic sequelae associated with severe acute pancreatitis. AIMS: To define the role of IL-8 in acute pancreatitis by neutralising its effects with a monoclonal anti-IL-8 antibody (WS-4), in a rabbit model of severe acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Acute pancreatitis was induced by retrograde injection of 5% chenodeoxycholic acid into the pancreatic duct and duct ligation. Twenty rabbits were divided equally into two groups: acute pancreatitis controls received physiological saline and the treated group received WS-4, 30 minutes before induction of acute pancreatitis. RESULTS: Pretreatment of animals with WS-4 resulted in significant down regulation of serum IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) from three to six hours after induction of acute pancreatitis (p = 0.011 and 0.047 for IL-8 and 0.033 and 0.022 for TNF-alpha, respectively). In addition, a significant reduction in the CD11b and CD18 positive cells and the amount of interstitial neutrophil infiltration in the lungs from WS-4 treated animals was seen. In contrast, WS-4 did not alter the amount of pancreatic necrosis and the serum concentrations of amylase, lipase, calcium, and glucose. CONCLUSION: WS-4 cannot change the amount of pancreatic necrosis induced by injection of 5% bile acid, but does reduce the acute lung injury, presumably through inhibition of circulating IL-8 and TNF-alpha, and CD11b/CD18 in lung tissue. Therefore, a role of IL-8 in the progression of acute pancreatitis and the development of its systemic complications is suggested. (+info)Influence of zero-balanced hemofiltration on the course of severe experimental pancreatitis in pigs. (2/258)
OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) on the course of experimental pancreatitis in pigs. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The activation of different mediator cascades is assumed to trigger multiple organ dysfunction or failure during necrotizing pancreatitis. CVVH has been suggested to be beneficial in those instances by eliminating several inflammatory mediators released in the circulation. METHODS: Pancreatitis was induced by a combined intraductal injection of sodium taurocholate and enterokinase. Control group animals received no treatment after induction. A second group underwent "therapeutic" CVVH after a 20% decline of mean arterial pressure. In the third group, "prophylactic" CVVH was started simultaneously with the induction of pancreatitis. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta1, kinin, and phospholipase A2 were measured at different time points in blood (pre- and postfilter) and in the hemofiltrate to calculate the respective sieving coefficients that reflect most accurately the plasma clearance of mediators by CVVH. RESULTS: Survival time was significantly prolonged both by therapeutic and prophylactic CVVH; it was more pronounced in the latter. CVVH did not influence the increase in transforming growth factor concentrations. However, 6 hours after induction, the increases of plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor, phospholipase, and kinin were significantly weakened by CVVH compared with controls. In the treatment groups, the plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor and phospholipase showed a significant negative correlation with the respective sieving coefficients, which decreased in the later course of the experiments. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental necrotizing pancreatitis was associated with a tremendous increase of plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor, phospholipase, and kinin. The effective removal of these mediators by CVVH resulted in significantly improved survival time. Animals that received prophylactic CVVH had a longer survival period than those in which CVVH was started after clinical impairment. The decreasing efficiency of CVVH in eliminating inflammatory mediators in the later course of the experiments suggested that the filter membranes were compromised by long-term application. These findings provide further evidence that CVVH offers therapeutic options even in the absence of conventional indications for blood-purifying treatments. (+info)Specific therapy for local and systemic complications of acute pancreatitis with monoclonal antibodies against ICAM-1. (3/258)
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the time points and levels of the expression of adhesion molecules in the pancreas and lung in pancreatitis of different severities, and to assess whether treatment with a monoclonal antibody against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) can reduce local and systemic complications. BACKGROUND: The outcome of severe acute pancreatitis relates to its pulmonary and septic complications. Leukocyte adhesion and infiltration, both mediated by ICAM-1, are central events in the pathogenesis of necrotizing pancreatitis. METHODS: Expression of ICAM-1 at different time points was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis in pancreas and lungs from rats with mild edematous or severe necrotizing pancreatitis. ICAM-1 expression was correlated with leukocyte infiltration and histologic changes. The possible therapeutic effect of monoclonal antibodies against ICAM-1 was assessed by measuring pancreatic and lung injury. RESULTS: In edematous pancreatitis, increased ICAM-1 expression in pancreas was evident by 6 hours but did not occur in lung. In contrast, ICAM-1 was upregulated at 3 hours in the pancreas and at 12 hours in lung in necrotizing pancreatitis. Increased expression of ICAM-1 preceded leukocyte infiltration. Treatment of severe necrotizing pancreatitis with monoclonal antibodies against ICAM-1 decreased both local pancreatic injury and systemic lung injury compared with untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS: Upregulation of ICAM-1 and subsequent leukocyte infiltration appear to be significant mediators of pancreatic and pulmonary injury in pancreatitis, and both the onset and extent correlate with severity. The time course should permit effective prevention of tissue damage by treatment with ICAM-1 antibodies. (+info)Polyarticular heterotopic ossification complicating critical illness. (4/258)
A patient with generalized heterotopic ossification (HO) complicating critical illness due to necrotizing pancreatitis is described; data on two other cases with HO are briefly presented. The clinical features, prevention and therapy of HO are discussed. The effect of surgical therapy of the HO in our three patients was good. (+info)Role of procalcitonin and granulocyte colony stimulating factor in the early prediction of infected necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis. (5/258)
BACKGROUND: Infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is the main cause of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Therefore an early prediction of IPN is of utmost importance. AIM: Analysis of new blood variables as potential early predictors to differentiate between IPN and sterile pancreatic necrosis (SPN). PATIENTS: 64 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were enrolled in this prospective study; 29 were suffering from acute oedematous pancreatitis (AIP), and 35 from necrotising disease (NP) as diagnosed by contrast enhanced computed tomography. METHODS: Procalcitonin (PCT) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the serum were examined and compared with C reactive protein (CRP). CRP was measured with a turbidimetric immunoassay (Autokit CRP; Wako, Osaka, Japan), and PCT and G-CSF by ELISA (Lumitest PCT; Brahms Diagnostica, Berlin, Germany; G-CSF-Elisa; R&D Systems, Abingdon, Oxon, UK). Monitoring was performed daily and related to the onset of symptoms. RESULTS: Within the first week, all three variables (CRP, PCT, and G-CSF) were significantly higher in patients with NP than in those with AIP (CRP, p<0.001; G-CSF, p<0. 001; PCT, p<0.001). During the course of the study, 12 of the 35 patients with NP developed late IPN after a median of 20.5 (range 3-49) days. Neither the peak nor the lowest concentrations during the monitoring period were of any value for predicting IPN (median peak values in SPN v IPN: PCT, 0.93 v 1.93 ng/ml; G-CSF, 347 v 421 pg/ml; CRP, 270 v 325 mg/l). CONCLUSIONS: Serum PCT, G-CSF, and CRP concentrations are of similar value for early differentiation between mild and severe acute pancreatitis. However, these variables are not suitable for the early prediction of IPN. (+info)Pathophysiologic role of oxygen free radicals in acute pancreatitis: initiating event or mediator of tissue damage? (6/258)
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress is an important factor in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis, as shown in vivo by the beneficial effects of scavenger treatment and in vitro by the potential of free radicals to induce acinar cell damage. However, it is still unclear whether oxygen free radicals (OFR) act only as mediators of tissue damage or represent the initiating event in acute pancreatitis in vivo as well. In the present study the authors aimed to address this issue in an experimental set-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of the following experimental groups. In two groups, acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced by retrograde intraductal infusion of 3% sodium taurocholate. Through the abdominal aorta, a catheter was advanced to the origin of the celiac artery for continuous regional arterial (CRA) pretreatment with isotonic saline (NP-S group) or superoxide dismutase/catalase (NP-SOD/CAT group). In another group, oxidative stress was generated by CRA administration of xanthine oxidase and intravenous administration of hypoxanthine (HX/XOD group). Sham-operated rats received isotonic saline both arterially and intraductally. After observation periods of 5 and 30 minutes and 3 and 6 hours, the pancreas was removed for light microscopy and determination of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), conjugated dienes (CD), and malondialdehyde as a marker for OFR-induced lipid peroxidation as well as myeloperoxidase as a parameter for polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation. RESULTS: A significant decrease of GSH was paralleled by an increased ratio of GSSG per total glutathione and elevated CD levels after 5 minutes in the NP-S group versus the sham-operated group. Thereafter, the percentage of GSSG and GSH returned to normal levels until the 6-hour time point. After a temporary decrease after 30 minutes, CD levels increased again at 3 hours and were significantly higher at 6 hours in contrast to sham-operated rats. Myeloperoxidase levels were significantly elevated at 3 and 6 hours after pancreatitis induction. In contrast to NP-S rats, treatment with SOD/CAT significantly attenuated the changes in glutathione metabolism within the first 30 minutes and the increase of CDs after 6 hours. HX/XOD administration lead to changes in levels of GSH, GSSG, and CDs at 5 minutes as well as to increased myeloperoxidase levels at 3 hours; these changes were similar to those observed in NP-S rats. Acinar cell damage including necrosis was present after 5 minutes in both NP groups, but did not develop in HX/XOD rats. In addition, serum amylase and lipase levels did not increase in the latter group. SOD/CAT treatment significantly attenuated acinar cell damage and inflammatory infiltrate compared with NP-S animals during the later time intervals. CONCLUSION: OFRs are important mediators of tissue damage. However, extracellular OFR generation alone does not induce the typical enzymatic and morphologic changes of acute pancreatitis. Factors other than OFRs must be involved for triggering acute pancreatitis in vivo. (+info)Percutaneous necrosectomy and sinus tract endoscopy in the management of infected pancreatic necrosis: an initial experience. (7/258)
OBJECTIVE: To describe the development of a minimally invasive technique aimed at surgical debridement in addition to simple drainage of the abscess cavity. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Surgical intervention for secondary infection of pancreatic necrosis is associated with a death rate of 25% to 40%. Although percutaneous approaches may drain the abscess, they have often failed in the long term as a result of inability to remove the necrotic material adequately. METHODS: Fourteen consecutive patients with infected necrosis secondary to acute pancreatitis were studied. The initial four patients underwent sinus tract endoscopy along a drainage tract for secondary sepsis after prior open necrosectomy. This technique was then modified to allow primary debridement for proven sepsis to be carried out percutaneously in a further 10 patients. The techniques and initial results are described. RESULTS: Additional surgery for sepsis was successfully avoided in the initial four patients managed by sinus tract endoscopy, and none died. Of the following 10 patients managed by percutaneous necrosectomy, 2 died. The median inpatient stay was 42 days. There was one conversion for intraoperative bleeding. Eight patients recovered and were discharged from the hospital after a median of three percutaneous explorations. Only 40% of patients required intensive care management after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: These initial results in an unselected group of patients are encouraging and show that unlike with percutaneous or endoscopic techniques, both resolution of sepsis and adequate necrosectomy can be achieved. The authors' initial impression of a reduction in postoperative organ dysfunction is particularly interesting; however, the technique requires further evaluation in a larger prospective series. (+info)Fluconazole penetration into the pancreas. (8/258)
Because of antibiotic prophylaxis for necrotizing pancreatitis, the frequency of fungal superinfection in patients with pancreatic necrosis is increasing. In this study we analyzed the penetration of fluconazole into the human pancreas and in experimental acute pancreatitis. In human pancreatic tissues, the mean fluconazole concentration was 8.19 +/- 3.38 microg/g (96% of the corresponding concentration in serum). In experimental edematous and necrotizing pancreatitis, 88 and 91% of the serum fluconazole concentration was found in the pancreas. These data show that fluconazole penetration into the pancreas is sufficient to prevent and/or treat fungal contamination in patients with pancreatic necrosis. (+info)Acute necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe and potentially life-threatening form of acute pancreatitis, which is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas. In acute necrotizing pancreatitis, there is widespread death (necrosis) of pancreatic tissue due to autodigestion caused by the activation and release of digestive enzymes within the pancreas. This condition can lead to systemic inflammation, organ failure, and infection of the necrotic areas in the pancreas. It typically has a more complicated clinical course and worse prognosis compared to acute interstitial pancreatitis, which is another form of acute pancreatitis without significant necrosis.
Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The inflammation can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent and recurring), and it can lead to various complications if left untreated.
Acute pancreatitis often results from gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis may be caused by long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, or metabolic disorders like high triglyceride levels. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate, while chronic pancreatitis may present with ongoing abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and malabsorption issues due to impaired digestive enzyme production. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.
Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) is a rare and severe inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, characterized by extensive hemorrhage (bleeding) and destruction of the white matter in the brain. It is considered a hyperacute form of necrotizing vasculitis, which affects small blood vessels in the brain, leading to their rupture and subsequent bleeding into the surrounding white matter.
AHLE typically presents with sudden onset of symptoms, including fever, headache, altered mental status, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and signs of increased intracranial pressure. The condition can rapidly progress to coma and death within a few days if not promptly diagnosed and treated.
The exact cause of AHLE remains unclear; however, it is often associated with or preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection, suggesting a possible post-infectious immune-mediated etiology. Some cases have been linked to specific pathogens, such as influenza A virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Treatment typically involves high-dose corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, plasma exchange, and sometimes additional immunosuppressive therapies to control the inflammatory response. Supportive care, including management of increased intracranial pressure and prevention of complications, is also crucial for patient survival. Despite treatment, AHLE has a high mortality rate, and survivors often experience significant neurological sequelae.
Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), also known as trench mouth or acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis, is a severe and painful form of gingivitis that is characterized by the presence of necrosis (tissue death) and ulcers in the gum tissue. It is caused by a combination of factors, including poor oral hygiene, stress, smoking, and a weakened immune system. The condition is often associated with the presence of certain types of bacteria that produce toxins that can damage the gum tissue.
NUG is characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms such as severe pain, bleeding, bad breath, and a grayish-white or yellowish film covering the gums. The gums may also appear bright red, swollen, and shiny, and may bleed easily when brushed or touched. In some cases, the condition can progress to involve other areas of the mouth, such as the lining of the cheeks and lips.
NUG is typically treated with a combination of professional dental cleaning, antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection, and pain management. It is important to maintain good oral hygiene practices to prevent recurrence of the condition. If left untreated, NUG can lead to more serious complications such as tooth loss or spread of the infection to other parts of the body.
Noma, also known as cancrum oris, is a rare but severe gangrenous disease that primarily affects children who are malnourished, have weakened immune systems, and lack access to proper oral hygiene and healthcare. The condition typically starts as a small ulcer in the mouth and quickly progresses, causing extensive tissue damage and necrosis of the soft and hard tissues of the face.
Noma can also affect the genital region (genital noma) or the anus (anorectal noma). The disease is caused by a polymicrobial infection, involving both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, that thrive in necrotic tissue. If left untreated, noma can result in significant disfigurement, disability, and even death.
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with antibiotics, surgery, and nutritional support are crucial to prevent the progression of the disease and improve the chances of a successful recovery. Preventive measures, such as improving oral hygiene, promoting access to healthcare, and addressing malnutrition, can help reduce the risk of noma in vulnerable populations.
"Ligusticum" is a genus name in botany, which refers to a group of plants belonging to the carrot family (Apiaceae). There are several species within this genus, including "Ligusticum porteri" and "Ligusticum sinense," which have been used in traditional medicine.
In a medical context, "Ligusticum" is not commonly used as a standalone term but rather refers to the medicinal properties of specific species within this genus. For example, "Ligusticum porteri," also known as Osha or Porter's Lovage, has been traditionally used in Native American medicine for treating respiratory and digestive issues. Similarly, "Ligusticum sinense," or Chinese Lovage, is commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat various conditions such as cough, asthma, and menstrual disorders.
It's important to note that while some species of Ligusticum have been used in traditional medicine, there is limited scientific evidence to support their efficacy or safety. Therefore, it's recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies.
Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious bacterial infection that affects the fascia, which is the tissue that surrounds muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. The infection can also spread to the muscle and skin. It is often caused by a combination of different types of bacteria, including group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.
The infection causes extensive tissue damage and necrosis (death) of the fascia and surrounding tissues. It can progress rapidly and can be fatal if not treated promptly with aggressive surgical debridement (removal of dead tissue) and antibiotics.
Symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis include severe pain, swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area; fever; chills; and general weakness. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if these symptoms occur, as early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes.
Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas that leads to irreversible structural changes and impaired function of the pancreas. It is characterized by recurrent or persistent abdominal pain, often radiating to the back, and maldigestion with steatorrhea (fatty stools) due to exocrine insufficiency. The pancreatic damage results from repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis, alcohol abuse, genetic predisposition, or autoimmune processes. Over time, the pancreas may lose its ability to produce enough digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, which can result in diabetes mellitus. Chronic pancreatitis also increases the risk of developing pancreatic cancer.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal condition that primarily affects premature infants. It is characterized by the inflammation and death of intestinal tissue, which can lead to perforations (holes) in the bowel wall. Here's a brief medical definition:
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEK-roh-tiz-ing en-ter-koh-li-TIE-tis): A gastrointestinal emergency in which the inner lining of the intestinal wall undergoes necrosis (tissue death) due to inflammation, often affecting premature infants. The condition may result in bowel perforations, sepsis, and other systemic complications, requiring surgical intervention and intensive care management.
The exact cause of NEC is not fully understood, but it's thought to be associated with factors such as prematurity, formula feeding, intestinal immaturity or injury, and disturbed blood flow in the intestines. Symptoms may include abdominal distention, bloody stools, feeding intolerance, lethargy, and temperature instability. Early recognition and prompt treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in affected infants.
Amylases are enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates, such as starch and glycogen, into simpler sugars like maltose, glucose, and maltotriose. There are several types of amylases found in various organisms, including humans.
In humans, amylases are produced by the pancreas and salivary glands. Pancreatic amylase is released into the small intestine where it helps to digest dietary carbohydrates. Salivary amylase, also known as alpha-amylase, is secreted into the mouth and begins breaking down starches in food during chewing.
Deficiency or absence of amylases can lead to difficulties in digesting carbohydrates and may cause symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Elevated levels of amylase in the blood may indicate conditions such as pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or other disorders affecting the pancreas.
The pancreas is a glandular organ located in the abdomen, posterior to the stomach. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of acinar cells that produce and secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. These enzymes help in the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in food.
The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which include alpha, beta, delta, and F cells. These cells produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin and glucagon are critical regulators of blood sugar levels, with insulin promoting glucose uptake and storage in tissues and glucagon stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose when it is low.
Necrosis is the premature death of cells or tissues due to damage or injury, such as from infection, trauma, infarction (lack of blood supply), or toxic substances. It's a pathological process that results in the uncontrolled and passive degradation of cellular components, ultimately leading to the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space. This can cause local inflammation and may lead to further tissue damage if not treated promptly.
There are different types of necrosis, including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous necrosis, each with distinct histological features depending on the underlying cause and the affected tissues or organs.
Taurocholic acid is a bile salt, which is a type of organic compound that plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. It is formed in the liver by conjugation of cholic acid with taurine, an amino sulfonic acid.
Taurocholic acid has a detergent-like effect on the lipids in our food, helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed through the intestinal wall and transported to other parts of the body for energy production or storage. It also helps to maintain the flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine, where it is stored until needed for digestion.
Abnormal levels of taurocholic acid in the body have been linked to various health conditions, including gallstones, liver disease, and gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, it is important to maintain a healthy balance of bile salts, including taurocholic acid, for optimal digestive function.
Glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, it appears to be a chemical compound that can be formed as a result of the metabolic process in the body. It is a glycine-conjugated bile acid, which means that it is a combination of the bile acid deoxycholic acid and the amino acid glycine.
Bile acids are produced by the liver to help with the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. They are conjugated, or combined, with amino acids like glycine or taurine before being released into the bile. These conjugated bile acids help to keep the bile acid salts in their soluble form and prevent them from being reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
Glycodeoxycholic acid may be involved in various physiological processes, but there is limited research on its specific functions or medical significance. If you have any concerns about this compound or its potential impact on your health, it would be best to consult with a healthcare professional for more information.
Alcoholic pancreatitis is a specific type of pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas. This condition is caused by excessive and prolonged consumption of alcohol. The exact mechanism by which alcohol induces pancreatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed that alcohol causes damage to the cells of the pancreas, leading to inflammation. This can result in abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate. Chronic alcoholic pancreatitis can also lead to serious complications such as diabetes, malnutrition, and pancreatic cancer. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as hydration, pain management, and nutritional support, along with abstinence from alcohol. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or to relieve blockages in the pancreas.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Niger" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, officially known as the Republic of Niger. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please provide more details and I would be happy to help.
An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.
Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.
Examples of acute diseases include:
* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.
Ceruletide is a synthetic analog of the natural hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). It is a decapeptide with the following sequence: cyclo(D-Asp-Tic-Phe-Ser-Leu-Hand-Ala-Lys-Thr-Nle-NH2).
Ceruletide has several pharmacological actions, including stimulation of the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas, contraction of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi, and inhibition of gastric acid secretion. It is used in clinical medicine for diagnostic purposes to test the motor function of the biliary tract and to diagnose gastrointestinal motility disorders.
Ceruletide has also been investigated as a potential treatment for certain conditions such as pancreatitis, gallstones, and intestinal obstruction, but its use is limited due to its side effects, which include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.
Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.
A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.
Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It's important to note that it is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional dental treatment. If left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to a more severe form of gum disease known as periodontitis, which can result in tissue damage and eventual tooth loss.
Gingivitis is most commonly caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. When not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, this plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and contributes to gum inflammation. Other factors like hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, smoking or a weakened immune system may also increase the risk of developing gingivitis.
'Biota' is a term that refers to the total collection of living organisms in a particular habitat, ecosystem, or region. It includes all forms of life such as plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. Biota can be used to describe the communities of living things in a specific area, like a forest biota or marine biota, and it can also refer to the study of these organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment. In medical contexts, 'biota' may specifically refer to the microorganisms that inhabit the human body, such as the gut microbiota.
Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.
Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.
These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.
Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.
The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.
Examples of animal disease models include:
1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.
Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.
Trypsinogen is a precursor protein that is converted into the enzyme trypsin in the small intestine. It is produced by the pancreas and released into the duodenum, where it is activated by enterokinase, an enzyme produced by the intestinal mucosa. Trypsinogen plays a crucial role in digestion by helping to break down proteins into smaller peptides and individual amino acids.
In medical terms, an elevated level of trypsinogen in the blood may indicate pancreatic disease or injury, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Therefore, measuring trypsinogen levels in the blood is sometimes used as a diagnostic tool to help identify these conditions.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a medical procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the bile ducts and pancreas.
During ERCP, a flexible endoscope (a long, thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) is passed through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A narrow plastic tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope and into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are taken to visualize the ducts.
ERCP can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions affecting the bile ducts and pancreas, including gallstones, tumors, strictures (narrowing of the ducts), and chronic pancreatitis. It can also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing gallstones from the bile duct or placing stents to keep the ducts open in cases of stricture.
ERCP is an invasive procedure that carries a risk of complications, including pancreatitis, infection, bleeding, and perforation (a tear in the lining of the GI tract). It should only be performed by experienced medical professionals in a hospital setting.
The pancreatic ducts are a set of tubular structures within the pancreas that play a crucial role in the digestive system. The main pancreatic duct, also known as the duct of Wirsung, is responsible for transporting pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid from the pancreas to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.
The exocrine portion of the pancreas contains numerous smaller ducts called interlobular ducts and intralobular ducts that merge and ultimately join the main pancreatic duct. This system ensures that the digestive enzymes and fluids produced by the pancreas are effectively delivered to the small intestine, where they aid in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food.
In addition to the main pancreatic duct, there is an accessory pancreatic duct, also known as Santorini's duct, which can sometimes join the common bile duct before emptying into the duodenum through a shared opening called the ampulla of Vater. However, in most individuals, the accessory pancreatic duct usually drains into the main pancreatic duct before entering the duodenum.
Pancreatic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the structure and function of the pancreas, a vital organ located in the abdomen. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function, which involves the production of digestive enzymes that help break down food in the small intestine, and an endocrine function, which involves the production of hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.
Pancreatic diseases can be broadly classified into two categories: inflammatory and non-inflammatory. Inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as acute pancreatitis, which is characterized by sudden inflammation of the pancreas, and chronic pancreatitis, which is a long-term inflammation that can lead to scarring and loss of function.
Non-inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as pancreatic cancer, which is a malignant tumor that can arise from the cells of the pancreas, and benign tumors such as cysts or adenomas. Other non-inflammatory conditions include pancreatic insufficiency, which can occur when the pancreas does not produce enough digestive enzymes, and diabetes mellitus, which can result from impaired insulin production or action.
Overall, pancreatic diseases can have serious consequences on a person's health and quality of life, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for optimal outcomes.
Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.
A pancreatic pseudocyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the abdomen, usually as a result of pancreatitis or trauma to the pancreas. It is composed of cells and tissues from the pancreas, along with enzymes, debris, and fluids. Unlike true cysts, pseudocysts do not have an epithelial lining. They can vary in size and may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or fever. In some cases, they may resolve on their own, but larger or symptomatic pseudocysts may require medical intervention, such as drainage or surgery.
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.
In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.
Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.
The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.
Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a relatively uncommon, self-limiting condition that primarily affects the salivary glands. It is typically characterized by the presence of necrosis (tissue death) and metaplastic changes in the salivary gland tissue, particularly within the minor salivary glands located in the upper aerodigestive tract.
The condition often manifests as a sudden onset of painful swelling in the affected area, such as the palate, lips, or tongue. This is followed by the development of necrosis and metaplastic changes in the salivary gland tissue, which can lead to the formation of ulcers or pseudocarcinomatous lesions that may resemble malignant tumors.
Necrotizing sialometaplasia is thought to be caused by local ischemia (reduced blood flow) or injury to the salivary glands, and it is often associated with a history of recent trauma, surgery, or radiation therapy in the affected area. However, in some cases, the condition may occur spontaneously without any obvious triggering factor.
Despite its sometimes alarming appearance, necrotizing sialometaplasia is generally a benign and self-limiting condition that does not require specific treatment beyond symptomatic management of pain and discomfort. The lesions typically resolve on their own within 4-6 weeks, although in some cases they may persist for several months before ultimately regressing.
Debridement is a medical procedure that involves the removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing process or prevent further infection. This can be done through various methods such as surgical debridement (removal of tissue using scalpel or scissors), mechanical debridement (use of wound irrigation or high-pressure water jet), autolytic debridement (using the body's own enzymes to break down and reabsorb dead tissue), and enzymatic debridement (application of topical enzymes to dissolve necrotic tissue). The goal of debridement is to promote healthy tissue growth, reduce the risk of infection, and improve overall wound healing.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in various tissues within the body, including the heart, liver, kidneys, muscles, and brain. It plays a crucial role in the process of energy production, particularly during anaerobic conditions when oxygen levels are low.
In the presence of the coenzyme NADH, LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, generating NAD+ as a byproduct. Conversely, in the presence of NAD+, LDH can convert lactate back to pyruvate using NADH. This reversible reaction is essential for maintaining the balance between lactate and pyruvate levels within cells.
Elevated blood levels of LDH may indicate tissue damage or injury, as this enzyme can be released into the circulation following cellular breakdown. As a result, LDH is often used as a nonspecific biomarker for various medical conditions, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), liver disease, muscle damage, and certain types of cancer. However, it's important to note that an isolated increase in LDH does not necessarily pinpoint the exact location or cause of tissue damage, and further diagnostic tests are usually required for confirmation.
Hematocrit is a medical term that refers to the percentage of total blood volume that is made up of red blood cells. It is typically measured as part of a complete blood count (CBC) test. A high hematocrit may indicate conditions such as dehydration, polycythemia, or living at high altitudes, while a low hematocrit may be a sign of anemia, bleeding, or overhydration. It is important to note that hematocrit values can vary depending on factors such as age, gender, and pregnancy status.
"APACHE" stands for "Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation." It is a system used to assess the severity of illness in critically ill patients and predict their risk of mortality. The APACHE score is calculated based on various physiological parameters, such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate, and laboratory values, as well as age and chronic health conditions.
There are different versions of the APACHE system, including APACHE II, III, and IV, each with its own set of variables and scoring system. The most commonly used version is APACHE II, which includes 12 physiological variables measured during the first 24 hours of ICU admission, as well as age and chronic health points.
The APACHE score is widely used in research and clinical settings to compare the severity of illness and outcomes between different patient populations, evaluate the effectiveness of treatments and interventions, and make informed decisions about resource allocation and triage.
Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors are a class of medications used to treat type 2 diabetes. They work by increasing the levels of incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), which help regulate blood sugar levels in the body.
Incretin hormones are released from the gut in response to food intake and promote insulin secretion, suppress glucagon secretion, slow down gastric emptying, and reduce appetite. However, these hormones are rapidly degraded by the enzyme DPP-4, which reduces their effectiveness.
DPP-4 inhibitors block the action of this enzyme, thereby increasing the levels of incretin hormones in the body and enhancing their effects on blood sugar control. Some examples of DPP-4 inhibitors include sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin.
These medications are usually taken orally once or twice a day and are often used in combination with other diabetes medications, such as metformin or sulfonylureas, to achieve better blood sugar control. Common side effects of DPP-4 inhibitors include upper respiratory tract infections, headache, and nasopharyngitis (inflammation of the throat and nasal passages).
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose (or sugar) levels resulting from the body's inability to produce sufficient amounts of insulin or effectively use the insulin it produces. This form of diabetes usually develops gradually over several years and is often associated with older age, obesity, physical inactivity, family history of diabetes, and certain ethnicities.
In Type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, meaning they don't respond properly to the hormone. As a result, the pancreas produces more insulin to help glucose enter the cells. Over time, the pancreas can't keep up with the increased demand, leading to high blood glucose levels and diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is managed through lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular exercise, and a healthy diet. Medications, including insulin therapy, may also be necessary to control blood glucose levels and prevent long-term complications associated with the disease, such as heart disease, nerve damage, kidney damage, and vision loss.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pyrazines" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. Pyrazines are actually a class of organic compounds that contain a ring made up of two nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. They are found in various foods and contribute to their flavors. If you have any questions about organic chemistry or food science, I'd be happy to try to help!
Triazoles are a class of antifungal medications that have broad-spectrum activity against various fungi, including yeasts, molds, and dermatophytes. They work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and disruption of fungal growth. Triazoles are commonly used in both systemic and topical formulations for the treatment of various fungal infections, such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytoses. Some examples of triazole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Economics, Nursing" is not a standard medical or nursing term or concept. Economics is the social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, while nursing is a field of healthcare concerned with the care of individuals, families, and communities to achieve, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life.
If you're looking for information on how economics intersects with nursing or healthcare more broadly, there is a subfield of study known as "health economics" that examines issues related to the financing, delivery, and consumption of healthcare resources. However, I would need more context to provide a more specific definition or explanation.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin. This results in an inability to regulate blood glucose levels, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or early adulthood, although it can develop at any age. It is usually managed with regular insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, along with monitoring of blood glucose levels and adjustments to diet and physical activity. Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, nerve damage, blindness, and cardiovascular disease.
Lactation is the process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals, including humans, for the nourishment of their young. This physiological function is initiated during pregnancy and continues until it is deliberately stopped or weaned off. The primary purpose of lactation is to provide essential nutrients, antibodies, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immune system of newborns and infants.
The process of lactation involves several hormonal and physiological changes in a woman's body. During pregnancy, the hormones estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth and development of the mammary glands. After childbirth, the levels of these hormones drop significantly, allowing another hormone called prolactin to take over. Prolactin is responsible for triggering the production of milk in the alveoli, which are tiny sacs within the breast tissue.
Another hormone, oxytocin, plays a crucial role in the release or "let-down" of milk from the alveoli to the nipple during lactation. This reflex is initiated by suckling or thinking about the baby, which sends signals to the brain to release oxytocin. The released oxytocin then binds to receptors in the mammary glands, causing the smooth muscles around the alveoli to contract and push out the milk through the ducts and into the nipple.
Lactation is a complex and highly regulated process that ensures the optimal growth and development of newborns and infants. It provides not only essential nutrients but also various bioactive components, such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and growth factors, which protect the infant from infections and support their immune system.
In summary, lactation is the physiological process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young. It involves hormonal changes, including the actions of prolactin, oxytocin, estrogen, and progesterone, to regulate the production, storage, and release of milk.
Ranson criteria
Ngawang Sangdrol
Pancreatitis
Pancreatic abscess
Parasutterella
László Czakó
Invasive candidiasis
List of MeSH codes (C06)
Outline of emergency medicine
List of diseases (A)
Livedo reticularis
Pancreatectomy
Icos
Distributive shock
Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs
Sepsis
Gastrointestinal disease
Necrosis
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Necrosis14
- 6L Alternatively, pancreatitis severity can be assessed by any of the following: APACHE II score ≥ 8 Balthazar computed tomography severity index (CTSI) BISAP score Organ failure Substantial pancreatic necrosis (at least 30% glandular necrosis according to contrast-enhanced CT) If the score ≥ 3, severe pancreatitis likely. (wikipedia.org)
- Prophylactic antibiotics cannot reduce infected pancreatic necrosis and mortality in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (wustl.edu)
- BACKGROUND: There is no agreement whether intravenous prophylactic antibiotics can reduce infected pancreatic necrosis and mortality in acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). (wustl.edu)
- Necrosis usually develops early in the course of acute pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
- Outcomes after implementing a tailored endoscopic step-up approach to walled-off necrosis in acute pancreatitis. (thieme-connect.com)
- Necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe form of acute pancreatitis characterized by necrosis in and around the pancreas. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Some people have more than one attack and recover completely after each episode, yet 20 percent of patients with acute pancreatitis have a severe, life-threatening illness with multiple complications, including walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN). (eurekalert.org)
- A life-threatening complication of acute pancreatitis is infected pancreatic necrosis (dead pancreatic tissue), which accounts for the majority of deaths in patients with acute pancreatitis. (eurekalert.org)
- Until now, there has not been a trial comparing conservative and surgical therapy in patients with infected pancreatitis necrosis because conservative management was never considered a viable treatment option," said Pramod Kumar Garg, MD, DM, of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, and lead author of this study. (eurekalert.org)
- A group of 28 patients with infected pancreatitis necrosis were treated with surgery, while 52 patients in a second group were given primary conservative treatment. (eurekalert.org)
- Clinically, pancreatitis can be classified as mild or severe based on the severity of secondary systemic effects, pancreatic necrosis and mortality. (vin.com)
- Mice treated with glutathione monoethyl ester (20 mmol/kg 1 h before caerulein, 10 mmol/kg 3 and 7 h after starting caerulein) were found to have blunted depletion of pancreatic glutathione, diminished histologic evidence of pancreatitis (necrosis, inflammation, and vacuolization), and lower serum amylase values compared with mice treated with caerulein alone. (jci.org)
- Intra- and extrapancreatic necrosis was more widespread and pancreatitis-associated ascites was more frequent in patients with proven contamination. (nih.gov)
- A severe form of acute INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS characterized by one or more areas of NECROSIS in the pancreas with varying degree of involvement of the surrounding tissues or organ systems. (edu.au)
Pancreas22
- The National Pancreas Foundation has designated the center a Pancreatitis Center of Academic and Clinical Excellence. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- If you have acute pancreatitis that keeps coming back and that affects your quality of life, or painful chronic pancreatitis that doesn't improve after other treatments, you may benefit from pancreas removal (pancreatectomy). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Long term complications may be devastating for patients which include of pseudocyst pancreas and chronic pancreatitis. (ina-jghe.com)
- Acute pancreatitis (AP), an inflammatory disorder of the pancreas, refers to the autodigestion of the pancreas, in which pancreatic enzymes injure pancreatic tissue and lead to dysfunction of the gland, as well as remote organs and systems. (medscape.com)
- Casaburo G, Cerrato M, Fierro GB, Cimmino G, Panascì G. Acute pancreatitis in pancreas divisum secondary to a stone in the papilla minor. (minervamedica.it)
- Patients can present in the emergency department (ED) with acute pancreatitis, in which the pancreas can sometimes heal without any impairment of function or any morphologic changes, or they may present with chronic pancreatitis, in which individuals suffer recurrent, intermittent attacks that contribute to the functional and morphologic loss of the gland. (medscape.com)
- Pancreatitis simply means inflammation of the pancreas. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Most acute cases of pancreatitis are treated in the hospital or the goal is to relieve symptoms in support body functions so that the pancreas can recover from the inflammation (if the inflammation is caused by infection, antibiotics are given). (emedicinehealth.com)
- Surgical treatment of pancreatitis may be used to remove gallstones and the gallbladder or abnormalities in the pancreas. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Inflammation of the pancreas is termed pancreatitis and its inflammation has various causes. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Acute pancreatitis usually begins soon after the damage to the pancreas begins. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Some people have only one attack, whereas other people have more than one attack, but the pancreas always returns to its normal state unless necrotizing pancreatitis develops and becomes life-threatening. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Pancreatitis refers to the inflammation of the pancreas that usually begins as a sudden attack and is often caused by gallstones or alcohol abuse. (eurekalert.org)
- Severe acute pancreatitis is the initial stage of pancreatitis, characterized by gradual or sudden severe pain in the center part of the abdomen that moves around to the back, signaling a damaged or severely irritated pancreas. (eurekalert.org)
- Regardless of the underlying or inciting event, the development of pancreatitis is generally thought to be secondary to a failure of the inherent protective mechanisms of the pancreas. (vin.com)
- These findings suggest that the profound depletion of pancreatic glutathione caused by hyperstimulation of the pancreas with caerulein is critically important in the pathogenesis of acute caerulein-induced pancreatitis. (jci.org)
- Acute pancreatitis is sudden inflammation of the pancreas that may be mild or life threatening but usually subsides. (msdmanuals.com)
- Overview of Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. (msdmanuals.com)
- The part of the pancreas that produces hormones, especially insulin , tends not to be affected by acute pancreatitis. (msdmanuals.com)
- Chronic Pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis is long-standing inflammation of the pancreas that results in irreversible deterioration of the structure and function of the pancreas. (msdmanuals.com)
- Another theory is that alcohol may cause the small ductules in the pancreas that drain into the pancreatic duct to clog, eventually causing acute pancreatitis. (msdmanuals.com)
- The elevation is believed to result from hyperstimulation of the pancreas via a central mechanism, but no evidence of acute pancreatitis is present on imaging studies. (medscape.com)
Complications5
- Dr. Berry Clinical question: Is drainage within 24 hours of diagnosis of infected necrotizing pancreatitis superior at preventing complications? (the-hospitalist.org)
- Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is the standard imaging modality for the evaluation of acute pancreatitis and its complications. (medscape.com)
- early intervention to prevent complications of gallstones also may reduce the chance of developing pancreatitis. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Some people may develop chronic pancreatitis or die from complications such as kidney failure , diabetes , breathing problems and/or brain damage. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Further inpatient care depends on whether any of the complications of severe pancreatitis develop and how well patients respond to treatment. (medscape.com)
Renal Failure1
- Depending on the organ system affected, the systemic sequelae of pancreatitis may include diabetes/DKA, renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hepatic dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, acute respiratory distress syndrome, myocardial dysfunction, sepsis or death. (vin.com)
Complication2
- Admitted to the pediatric ICU, he was diagnosed with a dangerous complication of acute pancreatitis, necrotizing pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
- 8. Kishida M, Otsuka F, Mimura Y. A Lethal Complication, Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis, of Turners Syndrome with Primary Hyperparathyroidism. (ispub.com)
Inflammation7
- Acute pancreatitis is one of the noted causes of multiple organ failure but the mechanism by which local inflammation progresses to systemic disease is unknown. (nih.gov)
- Feline pancreatitis is a multifaceted disease that can result in severe and potentially fatal systemic inflammation and comorbidities. (vin.com)
- Although pancreatitis is a substantial risk factor for the subsequent development of pancreatic cancer, due to the chronic inflammation and increased cell turn over, Amylin Pharmaceuticals failed to warn users or the medical community about the importance of monitoring for the first signs of changes to the pancrease. (aboutlawsuits.com)
- A form of necrotizing non-granulomatous inflammation occurring primarily in medium-sized ARTERIES, often with microaneurysms. (edu.au)
- In acute pancreatitis, inflammation develops quickly and subsides within a few days but can last for to a few weeks. (msdmanuals.com)
- The diagnosis of acute cholangitis is based on a combination of characteristic clinical features, evidence of systemic inflammation (i.e., leukocytosis , ↑ CRP ), and evidence of cholestasis (e.g., elevated direct bilirubin , GGT , and ALP ). (amboss.com)
- Acute cholangitis is diagnosed based on s y stemic signs of inflammation ( fever , leukocytosis , ↑ CRP ) in combination with signs of cholestasis ( jaundice , ↑ GGT , ↑ ALP ) and/or characteristic imaging findings (e.g., dilated CBD , periductal inflammation). (amboss.com)
Chronic Pancreatitis and Pseudocyst1
- Here we present 18-year-old male with ALL and asparaginase induced acute necrotizing pancreatitis which complicated to chronic pancreatitis and pseudocyst. (ina-jghe.com)
Causes of acute pancreatitis4
- Gallstones and alcohol abuse are the most common causes of acute pancreatitis, accounting for 60-80% of cases. (medscape.com)
- The most common causes of acute pancreatitis were systemic and metabolic diseases and medications. (biomedcentral.com)
- Therefore, it is important to find the etiological causes of acute pancreatitis for disease management in children. (biomedcentral.com)
- Gallstones and alcohol abuse are the main causes of acute pancreatitis. (msdmanuals.com)
Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis5
- A diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on a combination of compatible clinical, clinicopathological and imaging findings. (ivis.org)
- In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, a total of 60 children with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, were studied. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, a total of 60 children with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, admitted to Children's Medical Center Hospital in Tehran, Iran, from 2013 to 2020, were studied. (biomedcentral.com)
- On the other hand, patients diagnosed with another disease during hospitalization or those without a definite diagnosis of acute pancreatitis were excluded. (biomedcentral.com)
- Following the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, a 50 year old man awaits treatment in the emergency department. (bestbets.org)
Pseudocyst2
- The development of both pseudocyst and abscess usually requires 4 or more weeks from the initial clinical onset of acute pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
- The transgastric pseudocyst-gastrostomy is the standard approach for internal drainage of persistent and large retrogastric pancreatic pseudocysts that complicate acute necrotizing pancreatitis. (sages.org)
Surgical7
- Surgical management of necrotizing pancreatitis: An overview. (wjgnet.com)
- 6 Thompson D, Bolourani S, Giangola M. Surgical management of necrotizing pancreatitis. (thieme-connect.com)
- Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed aortic thromboembolism (ATE), and surgical histopathology diagnosed necrotizing pancreatitis. (hindawi.com)
- Surgical resections of PHPT have resulted in the cure of acute PTS. (ispub.com)
- Objective Minimally invasive surgical necrosectomy and endoscopic necrosectomy, compared with open necrosectomy, might improve outcomes in necrotising pancreatitis, especially in critically ill patients. (bmj.com)
- The Division consists of 13 faculty that staff an ACS verified Level 1 Trauma Center, a 30-bed critical care unit, which provides trauma and acute care surgical services. (healthecareers.com)
- The distribution offers a wide-variety of cases including patients with trauma, elective and emergent vascular surgery, neurosurgical diseases and stroke, surgical oncology, and complex general surgical conditions (e.g.-severe pancreatitis, necrotizing fasciitis, etc. (healthecareers.com)
Cholecystitis1
- See also " Cholelithiasis ", " Choledocholithiasis ", and " Acute cholecystitis . (amboss.com)
Severity3
- With advantages of being simple to perform with only 5 parameters to consider and a quick prediction at 24 hours following admission, you are unsure if BISAP score is accurate in predicting clinical severity in acute pancreatitis when compared with the more established Ranson's/modified Glasgow score. (bestbets.org)
- AND (bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis.mp. (bestbets.org)
- This article reviews the experimental models of acute pancreatitis in common use, their severity, the criteria for the selection of an appropriate model, standards in monitoring and relevance to clinical disease. (annals.edu.sg)
Respiratory Distress1
- Lung injury (LI) is commonly involved in 15%~60% of severe AP, and severe LI is likely to trigger acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure (RF). (hindawi.com)
Clinical13
- Following the jury verdict, the defense attorney noted: Absent the "classic" symptoms of pancreatitis, the jury saw that his client "was working with a reasonable diagnosis until [the child's] clinical picture deteriorated. (medscape.com)
- The Ranson criteria form a clinical prediction rule for predicting the prognosis and mortality risk of acute pancreatitis. (wikipedia.org)
- Does early, aggressive, fluid resuscitation improve clinical outcomes in acute pancreatitis when compared to moderate fluid resuscitation? (the-hospitalist.org)
- Early aggressive fluid resuscitation in mild-moderate acute pancreatitis resulted in a higher incidence of fluid overload without improvement in clinical outcomes when compared to moderate resuscitation. (the-hospitalist.org)
- Dr. Ally Clinical question: What impact does procalcitonin have on the management of acute cholangitis? (the-hospitalist.org)
- Dr. Hammond Clinical question: Is early, aggressive, fluid resuscitation in acute pancreatitis or moderate fluid resuscitation the best and safest way to prevent progression to moderately severe. (the-hospitalist.org)
- The use of combined treatments for severe acute pancreatitis is safe and effective in managing the disease, resulting in shorter hospitalizations and fewer radiological procedures than standard therapy, according to a study in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology , the official journal of the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute. (eurekalert.org)
- The unique physiology in cats is also related to the clinical manifestations of pancreatitis. (vin.com)
- Unfortunately, the clinical signs seen in cases of feline pancreatitis are often vague and nonspecific. (vin.com)
- This absence of pathognomonic clinical or clinicopathologic signs may explain the fact that antemortem diagnosis of pancreatitis in the cat is rare. (vin.com)
- As only few original studies have investigated acute pancreatitis in children in Iran, in the present study, the clinical manifestations and etiological factors of this disease, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic measures, were investigated in children. (biomedcentral.com)
- In a prospective clinical study including 114 patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis, but excluding patients with a pancreatic abscess, necrotic material obtained at surgery was tested bacteriologically. (nih.gov)
- Charcot triad , which consists of RUQ pain , fever , and jaundice , is the classical clinical manifestation of acute cholangitis though not all patients manifest with the triad. (amboss.com)
Debridement2
- Susak YM, Opalchuk K, Tkachenko O, Rudyk M, Skivka L. Routine laboratory parameters in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis by the time of operative pancreatic debridement: Food for thought. (wjgnet.com)
- Necrotizing pancreatitis: description of videoscopic assisted retroperitoneal debridement (vard) technique with covered metallic stent. (thieme-connect.com)
Lymphocytic Leukemia1
- L-Asparaginase is one of the main chemotherapy regiments for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) management. (ina-jghe.com)
Diagnostic6
- Routine diagnostic testing, although essential for evaluation of other organ systems, often provides little assistance in the diagnosis of pancreatitis. (vin.com)
- The incidence of acute pancreatitis in children is increasing, but causes and diagnostic and therapeutic methods are various in different centers. (biomedcentral.com)
- The aim of this study was to investigate the common causes and routine diagnostic and therapeutic methods of acute pancreatitis in children in a pediatric gastrointestinal referral center and its accordance with existing guidelines. (biomedcentral.com)
- Based on the evaluation of medical records, patients under the age of 18 years, who met the diagnostic criteria for acute pancreatitis according to the INSPPIRE criteria, were included in the study. (biomedcentral.com)
- A 7-year-old castrated male Pomeranian was evaluated on emergency for diagnostic work-up and treatment for acute nonpainful paraparesis. (hindawi.com)
- Charcot triad is not included in the diagnostic criteria because, although specific, it is not a sensitive criterion and may even be absent in patients with acute cholangitis. (amboss.com)
Course of acute pancreatitis1
- The prevalence of fatty liver disease (FLD) and that of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) share some risk factors known to exacerbate the course of acute pancreatitis (AP). (mdpi.com)
Diabetes3
- Polyuria and polydipsia may be present in dogs with diabetes mellitus and pancreatitis. (ivis.org)
- The use of the diabetes drug Byetta may increase the risk of developing chronic, asymptomatic pancreatitis, which could ultimately lead to a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer from Byetta . (aboutlawsuits.com)
- However, as a result of Amylin Pharmaceutical's failure to warn about the risk of pancreatitis, many individuals continued to use the diabetes injection. (aboutlawsuits.com)
Pancreatic duct2
- Pancreatic duct stones are common in people with chronic pancreatitis and can be painful as they block the duct along with pancreatic enzymes needed for digestion. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- From a historical perspective, the first experimental pancreatitis was induced by Claude Bernard in 1856 by the injection of bile and olive oil into the canine pancreatic duct, thus producing an acute necrotising pancreatitis. (annals.edu.sg)
Disease5
- Pancreatitis in cats can be the primary disease manifestation or it can occur secondary to disease in other areas of the body. (vin.com)
- Underlying etiologies for canine ATE include cardiovascular disease and endocrinopathies, but canine ATE secondary to pancreatitis has not yet been reported. (hindawi.com)
- Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a life-threatening inflammatory disease characterized by significant morbidity and mortality [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Experimental models of chronic pancreatitis have not yet added greatly to the understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease in man. (annals.edu.sg)
- Since that time, acute experimental pancreatitis has attracted thousands of researchers, who employ animal models of pancreatitis for two principal reasons: to answer questions regarding the pathophysiology and cellular biology of the disease and to test novel treatment modalities. (annals.edu.sg)
Autoimmune pancreatitis2
- Autoimmune pancreatitis is a rare condition. (medscape.com)
- Corticosteroids should not be used to treat this condition in the short term in patients who are suspected of having autoimmune pancreatitis and who present with acute pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
Mild acute pancreatitis2
- Morbidity and mortality are greater than those of mild acute pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
- Medical management of mild acute pancreatitis is relatively straightforward. (medscape.com)
Gallstones2
- Gallstones cause about 40% of cases of acute pancreatitis. (msdmanuals.com)
- If ultrasonograms show evidence of gallstones and if the cause of pancreatitis is believed to be biliary, a cholecystectomy should be performed during the same hospital admission. (medscape.com)
Fasciitis1
- Learn the names of certain germs and terms that are linked to sepsis - VRE (Vancomycin- resistant Enterococcus), E. coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella, MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and necrotizing fasciitis. (cdc.gov)
Prognosis1
- The prognosis for someone with chronic pancreatitis is less optimistic than for acute pancreatitis. (emedicinehealth.com)
Primary hyperparathyroidism7
- The association between pancreatitis (PTS) and primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has been previously reported in a few case studies. (ispub.com)
- Pancreatitis and Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Forty Cases. (ispub.com)
- 3. Abdullah M. Pancreatitis in Primary Hyperparathyroidism. (ispub.com)
- The Association of Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Pancreatitis. (ispub.com)
- 7. Jawaheer S. Primary Hyperparathyroidism, Acute Urinary Infection and Pancreatitis. (ispub.com)
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Acute Pancreatitis During Pregnancy. (ispub.com)
- Primary hyperparathyroidism and acute pancreatitis during the third trimester of pregnancy. (ispub.com)
Cholangitis3
- Other conditions, such as biliary pancreatitis associated with cholangitis, also need antibiotic coverage. (medscape.com)
- Acute cholangitis (ascending cholangitis) refers to a bacterial infection of the biliary tract , typically secondary to biliary obstruction and stasis (e.g., due to choledocholithiasis , biliary stricture ). (amboss.com)
- Acute cholangitis may present atypically, particularly in older patients. (amboss.com)
Endoscopic1
- Endoscopic management of acute necrotizing pancreatitis: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) evidence-based multidisciplinary guidelines. (thieme-connect.com)
Surgery4
- In this study, we used an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) to investigate whether multiple organ failure due to acute pancreatitis is mediated by IL-1, as in other causes such as severe infection, trauma, and major surgery. (nih.gov)
- In June 2019, the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) released updated guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
- According to various practice guidelines, the standard of care for necrotizing pancreatitis is surgery. (eurekalert.org)
- Albany Medical College is seeking a BC/BE Acute Care Surgeon to join our division of Acute Care Surgery and Critical Care. (healthecareers.com)
Mortality2
- Although treatment with recombinant human IL-1ra did not affect the degree of local pancreatic insult, it significantly reduced mortality, improved urine output as an indicator of the state of shock, and ameliorated the accumulation of neutrophils into the lung in a rat experimental pancreatitis model. (nih.gov)
- Severe acute pancreatitis is associated with persistent organ failure (cardiovascular, respiratory, and/or renal), and high mortality. (medscape.com)
Experimental1
- Experimental animal models are helpful tools that have been employed to study pancreatitis for more than a century. (annals.edu.sg)
Dehydration1
- Physical findings in dogs with acute pancreatitis are very variable, ranging from depression, to mild dehydration with signs of abdominal pain, to acute abdominal crisis, shock (tachycardia, prolonged capillary refill time, tacky mucous membranes, hypothermia), petechiation, icterus and ascites. (ivis.org)
Myocardial infarction1
- Surveillance examples from the literature There are many examples of public well being surveillance methods in the literature and their use to establish public health interventions: the District of Columbia Department of Health Environmental Public Health Tracking Network used climate change and well being knowledge to evaluate vulnerabilities and illness burden related to heat, air high quality, and hospitalizations for asthma and acute myocardial infarction. (ehd.org)
Patients with severe1
- Patients with severe acute pancreatitis require intensive care. (medscape.com)
Cholecystectomy1
- A 50-year-old female with past medical history of irritable bowel syndrome and cholecystectomy presented with acute onset of abdominal pain associated with nausea and vomiting. (ispub.com)
Incidence1
- During the COVID-19 pandemic, the relative incidence of acute pancreatitis was increased. (biomedcentral.com)
Adult2
- Asparaginase induced pancreatitis is rare among adult due to the nature of ALL which commonly occurred in children population. (ina-jghe.com)
- Group 1: All adult patients with necrotizing acute pancreatitis who were treated at the participating centers during the study period will be considered. (who.int)
Diagnosed with severe1
- If diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis, people will need to be admitted to a high-dependency unit or intensive care unit. (wikipedia.org)
Fluid resuscitation2
- Studies comparing different volumes of intravenous fluid resuscitation in acute pancreatitis have provided conflicting results. (the-hospitalist.org)
- Most of the pancreatitis cases presenting to the emergency department (ED) are treated conservatively, which includes fluid resuscitation, pain management, and sepsis control. (medscape.com)
Manifestation1
- We present a case report of a young female patient with hypercalcemia-induced acute necrotizing pancreatitis as first manifestation of a benign parathyroid adenoma.Case: A 46-year-old female presented at the emergency room with a sudden attack of severe epigastric pain and vomiting. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Computed Tomography1
- An abdominal computed tomography shows findings concerning for pancreatitis. (medbullets.com)
Divides1
- One classification scheme divides pancreatitis into acute, chronic active, and chronic. (vin.com)
Interventions1
- Given these symptoms, he argued, the standard of care required that steps be taken - including the proper tests and other interventions - to prevent the child's acute pancreatitis from progressing even further. (medscape.com)
Biliary1
- Of note, the majority of the patients were diagnosed with biliary pancreatitis and had less than two of the four SIRS criteria. (the-hospitalist.org)
Develops1
- If a user of the Byetta pen develops pancreatitis, it is important that the medication be stopped to avoid further risk of more serious injury. (aboutlawsuits.com)
Differential2
Organ failure2
- We concluded that multiple organ failure in severe pancreatitis is mediated, at least in part, by IL-1 through the activation of neutrophils. (nih.gov)
- 40 patient were classified as severe acute pancreatitis based on the presence of organ failure for more than 48h. (bestbets.org)
Classification1
- Within this classification acute is further broken down into acute necrotizing and acute suppurative. (vin.com)