Optic Nerve Glioma
Cranial Nerve Neoplasms
Optic Nerve Neoplasms
Glioma
Optic Nerve
Optic Nerve Diseases
Neurofibromatosis 1
Optic Nerve Injuries
Optic Disk
Optic Neuritis
Optic Chiasm
Optic Atrophy
Retinal Ganglion Cells
Nerve Fibers
Sciatic Nerve
Brain Neoplasms
Peripheral Nerves
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic
Retina
Glaucoma
Papilledema
Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian
Optic Atrophies, Hereditary
Mutations affecting mRNA splicing are the most common molecular defects in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. (1/43)
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common inherited disorders in humans and is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene. To date, the majority of the reported NF1 mutations are predicted to result in protein truncation, but very few studies have correlated the causative NF1 mutation with its effect at the mRNA level. We have applied a whole NF1 cDNA screening methodology to the study of 80 unrelated NF1 patients and have identified 44 different mutations, 32 being novel, in 52 of these patients. Mutations were detected in 87% of the familial cases, but in 51% of the sporadic ones. At least 15 of the 80 NF1 patients (19%) had recurrent mutations. The study shows that in 50% of the patients in whom the mutations were identified, these resulted in splicing alterations. Most of the splicing mutations did not involve the conserved AG/GT dinucleotides of the splice sites. One frameshift, two nonsense and two missense mutations were also responsible for alterations in mRNA splicing. The location and type of mutation within the NF1 gene, and its putative effect at the protein level, do not indicate any relationship to any specific clinical feature of NF1. The high proportion of aberrant spliced transcripts detected in NF1 patients stresses the importance of studying mutations at both the genomic and RNA level. It is possible that part of the clinical variability in NF1 could be due to mutations affecting mRNA splicing, which is the most common molecular defect in NF1. (+info)Optic pathway glioma: correlation of imaging findings with the presence of neurofibromatosis. (2/43)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Despite the benign histology of optic pathway glioma (OPG) (low-grade astrocytoma), its biological behavior is unpredictable, and it is unclear whether specific morphologic or anatomic patterns may be predictive of prognosis. It is also unclear whether OPG associated with neurofibromatosis (NF) is a distinct entity from non-NF-OPG. Our purpose was to describe the MR imaging features of OPG, compare the findings between patients with and those without NF, and identify prognostic imaging signs. METHODS: MR examinations of 91 patients with OPG (47 with NF and 44 without) were reviewed at presentation and during follow-up. The images were evaluated for size and extension of tumor, and imaging parameters. Statistical bivariate analysis was used to compare the patients with and those without NF, and Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the correlation between the different imaging parameters and prognosis. Kappa values were calculated to determine intraobserver and interobserver variability. RESULTS: The most common site of involvement in the NF group was the orbital nerve (66%), followed by the chiasm (62%). In the non-NF group, the chiasm was the most common site of involvement (91%); the orbital nerves were involved in only 32%. Extension beyond the optic pathway at diagnosis was uncommon in the NF group (2%) but frequent in the non-NF group (68%). In the NF group, the tumor was smaller and the original shape of the optic pathways was preserved (91% vs. 27% in the non-NF group). The presence of cystic components was significantly more common in the non-NF patients (66% vs. 9% in the NF group). During follow-up, half the NF patients remained stable, in contrast to 5% of the non-NF group. No statistical correlation was found between imaging features and biological behavior of the tumor. CONCLUSION: NF-OPG is a separate entity from non-NF-OPG, with different imaging features and prognosis, thereby warranting a specific diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic approach. (+info)Neurofibromatosis type 1 and sporadic optic gliomas. (3/43)
AIMS: To compare the natural history of sporadic optic glioma with those associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). METHODS: Optic glioma cases were identified using both the Manchester Children's Tumour Registry (CTR) and the North West Regional NF1 Database (NF1DB), with detailed information on natural history available from the former (in 34 of 36 cases identified). RESULTS: A total of 52 cases over a period of 41 years were identified. From the 34 whose natural history was known, almost all (n = 31) were symptomatic, with mean ages of presentation of 4.5 and 5.1 years for NF1 and sporadic cases respectively. The majority (n = 22) presented with visual impairment, seven of whom were blind in at least one eye. Sporadic cases were over twice as likely as NF1 to have visual impairment. Recurrence occurred in 12 patients. Fewer NF1 patients died as a direct result of their optic glioma, but overall mortality and 5 and 10 year survival rates between the two groups were similar. All five primary (non-metastatic) second central nervous system (CNS) tumours occurred in NF1 cases, two of these following radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic sporadic optic gliomas presented with impaired vision more frequently and were more aggressive than NF1 optic gliomas. Only optic glioma cases with NF1 were at risk of developing a second CNS tumour. Aggressive treatment of sporadic optic gliomas and early surveillance of NF1 optic gliomas may be required. The use of radiotherapy in these children requires further clarification. (+info)A patient with optic pathway glioma, scoliosis, Chiari type I malformation and syringomyelia: is it Neurofibromatosis type 1? (4/43)
A 22 years old girl had features of optic pathway glioma, scoliosis, Chiari type 1 malformation and cervical syringomyelia. She had no cutaneous lesions. We considered this combination to be more than coincidental and argue in favour of considering the case as a variant form of Neurofibromatosis type 1. The relevent literature in favour of our contention has been reviewed. (+info)Neuropsychological outcome in children with optic pathway tumours when first-line treatment is chemotherapy. (5/43)
Standard treatment of optic pathways gliomas consists of radiotherapy and surgery when feasible. Owing to the toxicity of irradiation, chemotherapy has emerged as an interesting therapeutic option, especially in young children. This study describes the neuropsychological profile of 27 children (aged between 1.5 and 15.7 years) with optic pathways gliomas treated with chemotherapy as first-line treatment. Eight of them also received radiotherapy as salvage treatment. Eight had neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Intellectual outcome was preserved in children treated with chemotherapy only (mean=107+/-17) compared to children also receiving radiotherapy (mean IQ=88+/-24) or children having NF1 and treated with chemotherapy (mean IQ=80+/-13). Scores for abstract reasoning, mental arithmetic, chessboard/coding, perception, judgement of line orientation were lower in children irradiated than in those treated only by chemotherapy. Children with Nf1 showed subnormal IQ scores with marked impairment of short- and long-term memory. With respect to long-term neuropsychological outcome, our study shows that a chemotherapy-first strategy can preserve the intellectual outcome of these patients either by avoiding the need of radiotherapy or by delaying its use as much as possible. (+info)Optic nerve glioma in mice requires astrocyte Nf1 gene inactivation and Nf1 brain heterozygosity. (6/43)
Whereas biallelic neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) inactivation is observed in NF1-associated gliomas, astrocyte-restricted Nf1 conditional knockout mice do not develop gliomas. These observations suggest that NF1 glioma formation requires additional cellular or genetic conditions. To determine the effect of an Nf1 heterozygous brain environment on NF1 glioma formation, we generated Nf1+/- mice lacking Nf1 expression in astrocytes. In contrast to astrocyte-restricted Nf1 conditional knockout mice, Nf1+/- mice lacking Nf1 in astrocytes develop optic nerve gliomas. This mouse model demonstrates that Nf1+/- cells contribute to the pathogenesis of gliomas in NF1 and provides a tool for the preclinical evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions for these tumors. (+info)Optic nerve glioma manifesting as intratumoral hemorrhage in a pregnant woman--case report. (7/43)
A 33-year-old pregnant woman presented with intratumoral hemorrhage in an astrocytoma of the left optic nerve and chiasm manifesting as poor vision in her left eye. Visual examination found no light perception in the left eye and deteriorated acuity with temporal hemianopsia in the right eye. Computed tomography demonstrated a round high-density mass in the suprasellar region. T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed the center of the mass as mildly hypointense and T2-weighted MR imaging as hypointense. Both T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging showed the rim of the mass as hyperintense. She delivered a healthy baby by cesarean section. A left frontotemporal craniotomy was then performed. Incision of the lateral surface of the left optic nerve revealed clotted blood from the left optic nerve and the left side of the chiasm. No vascular malformation was noted in the hematoma cavity. Histological examination revealed a neoplasm composed of well-differentiated astrocytic cells. No Rosenthal fibers were identified. The patient made an uneventful postoperative recovery. Her right visual acuity returned to normal, but the temporal hemianopsia in the right eye and the blindness in the left eye persisted. Gliomas of the anterior visual pathways are rare, especially in adults. The hemorrhage may have been caused by the hypercoagulable state associated with pregnancy. Optic nerve astrocytic glioma with intratumoral hemorrhage should be considered in the differential diagnosis of suprasellar hematoma. (+info)Rapid development of optic glioma in a patient with hybrid phakomatosis: neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis. (8/43)
Increased propensity for tumor formation in neurofibromatosis and tuberous sclerosis exists because of defective tumor-suppressor genes. Although different tumor-suppressor genes may be involved in neurofibromatosis and tuberous sclerosis, at the cellular level these genes share rather common enzymatic pathways. We believe these genetic malfunctions have resulted in a cumulative or additive effect for rapid growth of optic glioma in the following unusual case that has hybrid phakomatosis. (+info)An Optic Nerve Glioma is a type of brain tumor that arises from the glial cells (supportive tissue) within the optic nerve. It is most commonly seen in children, particularly those with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). These tumors are typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms, especially if they are small. However, as they grow larger, they can put pressure on the optic nerve, leading to vision loss or other visual disturbances. In some cases, these tumors can also affect nearby structures in the brain, causing additional neurological symptoms. Treatment options may include observation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, depending on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health.
Cranial nerve neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within or near the cranial nerves. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory and motor information between the brain and various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, each with a specific function and location in the skull.
Cranial nerve neoplasms can be benign or malignant and may arise from the nerve itself (schwannoma, neurofibroma) or from surrounding tissues that invade the nerve (meningioma, epidermoid cyst). The growth of these tumors can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include:
* Facial weakness or numbness
* Double vision or other visual disturbances
* Hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Loss of smell or taste
* Uncontrollable eye movements or drooping eyelids
Treatment for cranial nerve neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or complications.
Optic nerve neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within or near the optic nerve. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Benign optic nerve neoplasms include optic nerve meningiomas and schwannomas, which originate from the sheaths surrounding the optic nerve. They usually grow slowly and may not cause significant vision loss, but they can lead to compression of the optic nerve, resulting in visual field defects or optic disc swelling (papilledema).
Malignant optic nerve neoplasms are rare but more aggressive. The most common type is optic nerve glioma, which arises from the glial cells within the optic nerve. These tumors can quickly damage the optic nerve and cause severe vision loss.
It's important to note that any optic nerve neoplasm requires prompt medical evaluation and treatment, as they can potentially lead to significant visual impairment or even blindness if left untreated.
A glioma is a type of tumor that originates from the glial cells in the brain. Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for nerve cells (neurons) within the central nervous system, including providing nutrients, maintaining homeostasis, and insulating neurons.
Gliomas can be classified into several types based on the specific type of glial cell from which they originate. The most common types include:
1. Astrocytoma: Arises from astrocytes, a type of star-shaped glial cells that provide structural support to neurons.
2. Oligodendroglioma: Develops from oligodendrocytes, which produce the myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers.
3. Ependymoma: Originate from ependymal cells, which line the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) in the brain and spinal cord.
4. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): A highly aggressive and malignant type of astrocytoma that tends to spread quickly within the brain.
Gliomas can be further classified based on their grade, which indicates how aggressive and fast-growing they are. Lower-grade gliomas tend to grow more slowly and may be less aggressive, while higher-grade gliomas are more likely to be aggressive and rapidly growing.
Symptoms of gliomas depend on the location and size of the tumor but can include headaches, seizures, cognitive changes, and neurological deficits such as weakness or paralysis in certain parts of the body. Treatment options for gliomas may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.
Optic nerve diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color vision, and visual field defects. Examples of optic nerve diseases include optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), glaucoma (damage to the optic nerve due to high eye pressure), optic nerve damage from trauma or injury, ischemic optic neuropathy (lack of blood flow to the optic nerve), and optic nerve tumors. Treatment for optic nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that affects the development and growth of nerve tissue. It's also known as von Recklinghausen disease. NF1 is characterized by the growth of non-cancerous tumors on the nerves, as well as skin and bone abnormalities.
The symptoms of Neurofibromatosis 1 can vary widely, even among members of the same family. Some common features include:
* Multiple café au lait spots (flat, light brown patches on the skin)
* Freckles in the underarms and groin area
* Benign growths on or under the skin called neurofibromas
* Larger, more complex tumors called plexiform neurofibromas
* Optic gliomas (tumors that form on the optic nerve)
* Distinctive bone abnormalities, such as a curved spine (scoliosis) or an enlarged head (macrocephaly)
* Learning disabilities and behavioral problems
Neurofibromatosis 1 is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, which provides instructions for making a protein called neurofibromin. This protein helps regulate cell growth and division. When the NF1 gene is mutated, the production of neurofibromin is reduced or absent, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of tumors.
NF1 is an autosomal dominant disorder, which means that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent. However, about half of all cases are the result of new mutations in the NF1 gene, and occur in people with no family history of the disorder.
There is currently no cure for Neurofibromatosis 1, but treatments are available to manage the symptoms and complications of the disease. These may include medications to control pain or reduce the size of tumors, surgery to remove tumors or correct bone abnormalities, and physical therapy to improve mobility and strength. Regular monitoring by a healthcare team experienced in treating Neurofibromatosis 1 is also important to detect any changes in the condition and provide appropriate care.
Optic nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the optic nerve, which is a crucial component of the visual system. The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain, enabling us to see. Injuries to the optic nerve can result in various visual impairments, including partial or complete vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color perception, and reduced field of view.
These injuries may occur due to several reasons, such as:
1. Direct trauma to the eye or head
2. Increased pressure inside the eye (glaucoma)
3. Optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve
4. Ischemia, or insufficient blood supply to the optic nerve
5. Compression from tumors or other space-occupying lesions
6. Intrinsic degenerative conditions affecting the optic nerve
7. Toxic exposure to certain chemicals or medications
Optic nerve injuries are diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, slit-lamp examination, dilated fundus exam, and additional diagnostic tests like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual field testing. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the injury but may include medications, surgery, or vision rehabilitation.
The optic disk, also known as the optic nerve head, is the point where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye and transmit visual information to the brain. It appears as a pale, circular area in the back of the eye, near the center of the retina. The optic disk has no photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), so it is insensitive to light. It is an important structure to observe during eye examinations because changes in its appearance can indicate various ocular diseases or conditions, such as glaucoma, optic neuritis, or papilledema.
Optic neuritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various symptoms such as vision loss, pain with eye movement, color vision disturbances, and pupillary abnormalities. Optic neuritis may occur in isolation or be associated with other underlying medical conditions, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune disorders. The diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, dilated funduscopic examination, and possibly imaging studies like MRI to evaluate the optic nerve and brain. Treatment options may include corticosteroids or other immunomodulatory therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the optic nerve.
The optic chiasm is a structure in the brain where the optic nerves from each eye meet and cross. This allows for the integration of visual information from both eyes into the brain's visual cortex, creating a single, combined image of the visual world. The optic chiasm plays an important role in the processing of visual information and helps to facilitate depth perception and other complex visual tasks. Damage to the optic chiasm can result in various visual field deficits, such as bitemporal hemianopsia, where there is a loss of vision in the outer halves (temporal fields) of both eyes' visual fields.
Optic atrophy is a medical term that refers to the degeneration and shrinkage (atrophy) of the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various vision abnormalities, including loss of visual acuity, color vision deficiencies, and peripheral vision loss.
Optic atrophy can occur due to a variety of causes, such as:
* Traumatic injuries to the eye or optic nerve
* Glaucoma
* Optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve)
* Ischemic optic neuropathy (reduced blood flow to the optic nerve)
* Compression or swelling of the optic nerve
* Hereditary or congenital conditions affecting the optic nerve
* Toxins and certain medications that can damage the optic nerve.
The diagnosis of optic atrophy typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, refraction assessment, slit-lamp examination, and dilated funduscopic examination to evaluate the health of the optic nerve. In some cases, additional diagnostic tests such as visual field testing, optical coherence tomography (OCT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and determine the underlying cause.
There is no specific treatment for optic atrophy, but addressing the underlying cause can help prevent further damage to the optic nerve. In some cases, vision rehabilitation may be recommended to help patients adapt to their visual impairment.
Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) are a type of neuron located in the innermost layer of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. These cells receive visual information from photoreceptors (rods and cones) via intermediate cells called bipolar cells. RGCs then send this visual information through their long axons to form the optic nerve, which transmits the signals to the brain for processing and interpretation as vision.
There are several types of RGCs, each with distinct morphological and functional characteristics. Some RGCs are specialized in detecting specific features of the visual scene, such as motion, contrast, color, or brightness. The diversity of RGCs allows for a rich and complex representation of the visual world in the brain.
Damage to RGCs can lead to various visual impairments, including loss of vision, reduced visual acuity, and altered visual fields. Conditions associated with RGC damage or degeneration include glaucoma, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, and some inherited retinal diseases.
Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.
The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.
A nerve crush injury is a type of peripheral nerve injury that occurs when there is excessive pressure or compression applied to a nerve, causing it to become damaged or dysfunctional. This can happen due to various reasons such as trauma from accidents, surgical errors, or prolonged pressure on the nerve from tight casts, clothing, or positions.
The compression disrupts the normal functioning of the nerve, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in the affected area. In severe cases, a nerve crush injury can cause permanent damage to the nerve, leading to long-term disability or loss of function. Treatment for nerve crush injuries typically involves relieving the pressure on the nerve, providing supportive care, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the damaged nerve.
Brain neoplasms, also known as brain tumors, are abnormal growths of cells within the brain. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign brain tumors typically grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause serious problems if they press on sensitive areas of the brain. Malignant brain tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can grow quickly, invading surrounding brain tissue and spreading to other parts of the brain or spinal cord.
Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain, including glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), neurons (nerve cells that transmit signals in the brain), and meninges (the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). They can also result from the spread of cancer cells from other parts of the body, known as metastatic brain tumors.
Symptoms of brain neoplasms may vary depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis in the limbs, difficulty with balance and coordination, changes in speech or vision, confusion, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality.
Treatment for brain neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.
Nerve regeneration is the process of regrowth and restoration of functional nerve connections following damage or injury to the nervous system. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular events, such as the activation of support cells called glia, the sprouting of surviving nerve fibers (axons), and the reformation of neural circuits. The goal of nerve regeneration is to enable the restoration of normal sensory, motor, and autonomic functions impaired due to nerve damage or injury.
Peripheral nerves are nerve fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. These nerves convey motor, sensory, and autonomic information, enabling us to move, feel, and respond to changes in our environment. They form a complex network that extends from the CNS to muscles, glands, skin, and internal organs, allowing for coordinated responses and functions throughout the body. Damage or injury to peripheral nerves can result in various neurological symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, or pain, depending on the type and severity of the damage.
Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is a medical condition that refers to the damage or death of the optic nerve due to insufficient blood supply. The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain.
In ION, the blood vessels that supply the optic nerve become blocked or narrowed, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the nerve fibers. This results in inflammation, swelling, and ultimately, damage to the optic nerve. The damage can cause sudden, painless vision loss, often noticed upon waking up in the morning.
There are two types of ION: anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION). AION affects the front part of the optic nerve, while PION affects the back part of the nerve. AION is further classified into arteritic and non-arteritic types, depending on whether it is caused by giant cell arteritis or not.
Risk factors for ION include age (most commonly occurring in people over 50), hypertension, diabetes, smoking, sleep apnea, and other cardiovascular diseases. Treatment options depend on the type and cause of ION and may include controlling underlying medical conditions, administering corticosteroids, or undergoing surgical procedures to improve blood flow.
An axon is a long, slender extension of a neuron (a type of nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses (nerve impulses) away from the cell body to target cells, such as other neurons or muscle cells. Axons can vary in length from a few micrometers to over a meter long and are typically surrounded by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect the axon and allows for faster transmission of nerve impulses.
Axons play a critical role in the functioning of the nervous system, as they provide the means by which neurons communicate with one another and with other cells in the body. Damage to axons can result in serious neurological problems, such as those seen in spinal cord injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis.
The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates and some cephalopods. It receives light that has been focused by the cornea and lens, converts it into neural signals, and sends these to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina contains several types of photoreceptor cells including rods (which handle vision in low light) and cones (which are active in bright light and are capable of color vision).
In medical terms, any pathological changes or diseases affecting the retinal structure and function can lead to visual impairment or blindness. Examples include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa among others.
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure within the eye, specifically within the anterior chamber, which is the space between the cornea and the iris. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The aqueous humor, a clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber, is constantly produced and drained, maintaining a balance that determines the IOP. Normal IOP ranges from 10-21 mmHg, with average values around 15-16 mmHg. Elevated IOP is a key risk factor for glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively. Regular monitoring of IOP is essential in diagnosing and managing glaucoma and other ocular health issues.
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an abnormally high pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). This damage can lead to permanent vision loss or even blindness if left untreated. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma, which has no warning signs and progresses slowly. Angle-closure glaucoma, on the other hand, can cause sudden eye pain, redness, nausea, and vomiting, as well as rapid vision loss. Other less common types of glaucoma also exist. While there is no cure for glaucoma, early detection and treatment can help slow or prevent further vision loss.
Papilledema is a medical term that refers to swelling of the optic nerve head, also known as the disc, which is the point where the optic nerve enters the back of the eye (the retina). This swelling can be caused by increased pressure within the skull, such as from brain tumors, meningitis, or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Papilledema is usually detected through a routine eye examination and may be accompanied by symptoms such as headaches, visual disturbances, and nausea. If left untreated, papilledema can lead to permanent vision loss.
The optic lobe in non-mammals refers to a specific region of the brain that is responsible for processing visual information. It is a part of the protocerebrum in the insect brain and is analogous to the mammalian visual cortex. The optic lobes receive input directly from the eyes via the optic nerves and are involved in the interpretation and integration of visual stimuli, enabling non-mammals to perceive and respond to their environment. In some invertebrates, like insects, the optic lobe is further divided into subregions, including the lamina, medulla, and lobula, each with distinct functions in visual processing.
Hereditary optic atrophies (HOAs) are a group of genetic disorders that cause degeneration of the optic nerve, leading to vision loss. The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. In HOAs, this nerve degenerates over time, resulting in decreased visual acuity, color vision deficits, and sometimes visual field defects.
There are several types of HOAs, including dominant optic atrophy (DOA), Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), autosomal recessive optic atrophy (AROA), and Wolfram syndrome. Each type has a different inheritance pattern and is caused by mutations in different genes.
DOA is the most common form of HOA and is characterized by progressive vision loss that typically begins in childhood or early adulthood. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease-causing mutation from an affected parent.
LHON is a mitochondrial disorder that primarily affects males and is characterized by sudden, severe vision loss that typically occurs in young adulthood. It is caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA and is inherited maternally.
AROA is a rare form of HOA that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that both copies of the gene must be mutated to cause the disease. It typically presents in infancy or early childhood with progressive vision loss.
Wolfram syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects multiple organs, including the eyes, ears, and endocrine system. It is characterized by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and hearing loss. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
There is currently no cure for HOAs, but treatments such as low-vision aids and rehabilitation may help to manage the symptoms. Research is ongoing to develop new therapies for these disorders.
Optic flow is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in the field of visual perception and neuroscience. It refers to the pattern of motion of objects in the visual field that occurs as an observer moves through the environment. This pattern of motion is important for the perception of self-motion and the estimation of egocentric distance (the distance of objects in the environment relative to the observer). Optic flow has been studied in relation to various clinical populations, such as individuals with vestibular disorders or visual impairments, who may have difficulty processing optic flow information.
Optic nerve glioma
Oncomodulin
Glioma
Optic nerve tumor
Nervous system neoplasm
Neurofibromatosis type I
Rory Guilday
Orbital cellulitis
List of MeSH codes (C04)
List of cancer types
List of MeSH codes (C10)
Pilocytic astrocytoma
Neurofibromin 1
Orbit (anatomy)
Legius syndrome
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Cranial nerves
Papilledema
Optic neuropathy
List of diseases (O)
Chiasmal syndrome
Phakomatosis
Role of microglia in disease
Eugène Devic
Endoscopic endonasal surgery
Megalopapilla
Brain tumor
Astroblastoma
List of MeSH codes (C11)
Neurofibromatosis
Optic nerve glioma - Wikipedia
Optic Pathway (Optic Nerve) Glioma Imaging and Diagnosis: Practice Essentials, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Optic nerve glioma (Concept Id: C0346326)
- MedGen - NCBI
Opthalmology Lec 56 Topic 47 Optic Nerve Glioma | Incus Quiz Private
glioma - Symptoms, Treatments and Resources for glioma
Who can get brain cancer? Risk factors, genetics, and more
Fighting brain cancer with the Zika virus
Visual field: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Use of Gadolinium in MRI and MRA Linked to NSF/NFD in Patients With...
Zimmerman Lecture - American Academy of Ophthalmology
Optic Neuritis Clinical Guide | Cleveland Clinic
Visual field
Around the Eye in 365 Days - SLACK Books
Conditions Treated | Brain Tumor Center
Brain Tumor Treatment: Neuro-Oncology Expertise | UVA Health
Clinical Profile of Unilateral Proptosis in a Tertiary Care Centre
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 | Denver Health
Brain Tumors | Boston Children's Hospital
Toddler With Progressive Proptosis From Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Idiopathic reactive hyperplasia of the retinal pigment epithelium
Clinical - The University of Auckland
Kaiser Permanente Genetics Northern California
Volume 63 Issue 24 | Cancer Research | American Association for Cancer Research
Proton Therapy Survivor | Stephanie Mullins | MD Anderson Cancer Center
Strabismus - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Meningiomas Pathology: Definition, Overview, Etiology
Ashwagandha 60 caps - Trusted Ashwagandha OTC
Roman G
Yimei Li, PhD | Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Cranial Nerve Palsy | 3rd nerve palsy | 4th nerve palsy | 6th nerve palsy
Tumor25
- While CT scans allow for optic nerve evaluation, MRI allows for intracranial evaluation to observe if the tumor has extended to other regions such as the optic chiasm & hypothalamus. (wikipedia.org)
- Optic nerve gliomas in children are also diagnosed from screening studies, as the tumor may not be symptomatic. (childrensnational.org)
- In children with neurofibromatosis type 1 with an isolated optic nerve tumor, treatment choices at the time of diagnosis include: observation alone, surgery or chemotherapy . (childrensnational.org)
- In the cases where vision is completely lost in the eye and there is considerable proptosis (eye-bulging), surgery can be performed in isolated optic nerve gliomas to remove the tumor but spare the globe of the eye. (childrensnational.org)
- The symptoms are due to the tumor growing and pressing on the optic nerve and nearby structures. (medlineplus.gov)
- Surgery to remove the tumor may cure some optic gliomas. (medlineplus.gov)
- Once vision is lost from the growth of an optic tumor, it may not return. (medlineplus.gov)
- The tumor eventually replaces the normal architecture of the nerves. (eye.com.ph)
- If the tumor is localized in one optic nerve, many advocate sacrificing vision, by surgical removal of the optic nerve. (eye.com.ph)
- A glioma is a type of brain tumor that starts in glial cells. (akronchildrens.org)
- Glioma (glee-OH-muh) tumors can happen anywhere in the brain or spine and symptoms depend on the location of the tumor. (akronchildrens.org)
- Gliomas are the most common type of brain tumor in children. (akronchildrens.org)
- However, the tumor cells required help from surrounding non-cancerous cells in the optic nerve to form gliomas," said Dr. Gutmann, who was also a senior author of this study. (nih.gov)
- While we had previously shown that immune cells, like T-cells and microglia, provide growth factors essential for tumor growth, the big question was: 'What role did neurons and neural activity play in optic glioma initiation and progression? (nih.gov)
- Artificially stimulating neural activity during the critical ages of tumor development enhanced cancer cell growth, resulting in bigger optic nerve tumors. (nih.gov)
- Gliomas are not a specific type of tumor. (cancer.org)
- An optic glioma is a tumor of the optic nerve (the nerve which controls vision). (kaiserpermanente.org)
- She went in to see a neurosurgeon who diagnosed her with a brain tumor known as optic nerve glioma, a cancer typically seen in children. (mdanderson.org)
- Vestibular Schwannoma A vestibular schwannoma (also called an acoustic neuroma) is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that originates in the cells that wrap around the vestibular nerve (Schwann cells). (msdmanuals.com)
- Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a genetic disorder that has a higher risk of tumor formation (e.g., optic nerve glioma). (luriechildrens.org)
- Retinoblastoma (RB) is a tumor of the retina (i.e., the light-sensitive nerve tissue in the back of the eye that allows us to see) and is the most common malignant eye tumor in children. (luriechildrens.org)
- CORTICAL MAPPING USING MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS IN GLIOMA SURGERY INTRODUCTION The aim of glioma surgery is to get maximum resection of a tumor with minimal violation of normal brain tissue. (cram.com)
- Brain Cancer and Gliomas) This particular type of tumor does not grow into the normal brain tissue, but has a high risk of recurrence. (cram.com)
- Worldwide, malignant glioma is the most common type of central nervous system tumor in humans, and is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates (1). (cram.com)
- When papilledema occurs in one eye, it is due to the development of a tumor, known as an optic nerve glioma . (myvision.org)
Association between optic glioma and neurofibromatosis1
- There is a strong association between optic glioma and neurofibromatosis type 1 ( NF1 ). (medlineplus.gov)
Tumors that grow3
- Gliomas are tumors that grow in various parts of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
- The research team, funded by the National Institutes of Health, focused on tumors that grow within the optic nerve, which relays visual signals from the eyes to brain. (nih.gov)
- Plexiform neurofibromas are tumors that grow in and around nerves. (nih.gov)
Neurofibromatosis13
- Optic nerve glioma (or optic glioma), a form of glioma which affects the optic nerve, is often one of the central nervous system manifestations of neurofibromatosis 1. (wikipedia.org)
- Optic gliomas are usually associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 in 30% of people with the condition. (wikipedia.org)
- Tumors of the optic nerve and visual pathway are the most common types of brain tumors in children with neurofibromatosis . (childrensnational.org)
- About half of all visual pathway and optic nerve tumors occur in children with neurofibromatosis. (childrensnational.org)
- In general, the rate of progression is somewhat slower and the degree of visual and neurologic disability caused by optic nerve gliomas is less in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). (childrensnational.org)
- In the majority of cases, optic nerve gliomas in children with neurofibromatosis are not isolated and involve structures deeper in brain, including the chiasm (where nerves cross to send signals to the brain) and the visual pathways. (childrensnational.org)
- The chemotherapy regimen, which has been found to be most successful in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and optic nerve gliomas, is the combination of carboplatin and vincristine (chemotherapy drugs). (childrensnational.org)
- Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a multisystemic genetic disease in which patients develop benign tumors including optic nerve gliomas (ONG). (nih.gov)
- There is an important association between optic nerve glioma and neurofibromatosis. (eye.com.ph)
- Likewise, approximately 15% of neurofibromatosis patients will develop optic nerve gliomas. (eye.com.ph)
- Optic pathway gliomas in children with neurofibromatosis 1: concensus statement from the NF1 Optic Pathway Glioma Task Force. (eye.com.ph)
- Neurofibromatosis is a group of genetic disorders in which many soft, fleshy growths of nerve tissue (neurofibromas) form under the skin and in other parts of the body, and flat spots that are the color of coffee with milk (café-au-lait spots) often develop on the skin. (msdmanuals.com)
- Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder, associated with a variable clinical phenotype including café-au-lait spots, intertriginous freckling, Lisch nodules, neurofibromas, optic pathway gliomas and distinctive bony lesions. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
Pathway glioma3
- i was recently diagnosed with optic nerve pathway glioma. (cancer.org)
- Optic nerve glioma (also known as optic pathway glioma) is the most common primary neoplasm of the optic nerve. (medscape.com)
- The NF1 Optic Pathway Glioma Task Force has recommended annual screening, including neuroimaging, for children with asymptomatic NF1 until age 6 and examinations every 2 years thereafter. (eye.com.ph)
Hypothalamic2
- An optic glioma may also grow along with a hypothalamic glioma . (medlineplus.gov)
- Goodden J, Mallucci C. Optic pathway hypothalamic gliomas. (medlineplus.gov)
Malignant2
Astrocytomas5
- Optic pathway gliomas are benign tumors that are classified as pilocytic astrocytomas . (medscape.com)
- Other types of gliomas that are less common than pilocytic astrocytomas, but still grow slowly, include tectal glioma, oligodendroglioma, ganglioglioma, and pleomorphic xanthroastrocytoma. (akronchildrens.org)
- Astrocytomas are tumors that start in cells called astrocytes , a kind of glial cell that helps support and nourish nerve cells. (cancer.org)
- The three types of Gliomas are called Ependymomas, Astrocytomas, and Oligodendrogliomas. (cram.com)
- The focus of this review is on grade I pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs), the most commonly observed histologic subtype of low grade gliomas in NF1. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
Benign4
- The tumor's slow & self-limiting growth indicates that it is not immediately problematic in most benign cases, with long-term studies showing that people with optic glioma may still have stable functional vision without intervention. (wikipedia.org)
- A low-grade form of this neoplasm, benign optic glioma, occurs most often in pediatric patients. (medscape.com)
- Most optic gliomas are slow-growing and noncancerous ( benign ) and occur in children, almost always before age 20. (medlineplus.gov)
- In contrast to that found in adults, optic nerve gliomas in children are benign. (eye.com.ph)
Affects the optic nerve1
- To define papilledema, you first have to understand how it develops and affects the optic nerve. (myvision.org)
Sheath3
- Nerve impulses travel much faster in nerves with a myelin sheath than in those without one. (msdmanuals.com)
- Acoustic neuroma arises from cells that form a protective sheath around nerve fibers. (cbdinstead.com)
- These are neoplasms that cause unilateral papilledema, and they affect the optic nerve sheath as well. (myvision.org)
Pilocytic2
- Optic gliomas are usually pilocytic tumors, and can involve the optic nerve or optic chiasm. (wikipedia.org)
- 17. Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic nerve diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy. (nih.gov)
Neurofibromas1
- Neurofibromas develop along peripheral nerves-for example, under or within the skin and just outside the spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
Acoustic neuromas2
- They develop around spinal, cranial, and peripheral nerves, but acoustic neuromas do not develop. (msdmanuals.com)
- Optic Nerve Gliomas and Acoustic Neuromas. (cram.com)
Orbital tumors1
- They constitute 50% of primary optic nerve tumors and 1.5-4% of all orbital tumors. (medscape.com)
Treatment for optic2
- However, fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy (FSRT) is gaining traction as the most preferred interventional treatment for optic nerve glioma due to its combination of the therapeutic efficiency of radiation therapy without the negative side effects. (wikipedia.org)
- What is the treatment for optic nerve gliomas in children? (childrensnational.org)
Third ventricle1
- If there is involvement of the hypothalamus or third ventricle or gross enlargement of the optic tract, treatment by radiotherapy is 50% effective in controlling the disease. (eye.com.ph)
Astrocytoma1
- Astrocytoma is a type of glioma that develops in these cells. (cbdinstead.com)
Chiasm is involved1
- Once the optic chiasm is involved, the prognosis for life & vision worsens. (wikipedia.org)
Enlargement of the optic nerve3
- Enlargement of the optic nerve along with a downward kink in the mid-orbit is usually observed. (wikipedia.org)
- In children, unenhanced CT scans typically reveal a marked, diffuse enlargement of the optic nerve, with characteristic kinking or bending. (medscape.com)
- The classic fusiform enlargement of the optic nerve can be documented by CT scan. (eye.com.ph)
Meningiomas1
- about the Gliomas, Meningiomas, Metastatic tumors and miscellaneous tumors. (cram.com)
Childhood3
Diagnosis3
- The diagnosis may be made with a high degree of confidence when the lesion involves the optic chiasm and retrochiasmatic optic pathway. (medscape.com)
- An MRI scan is extremely sensitive in the diagnosis of a visual pathway or optic nerve glioma. (childrensnational.org)
- Optic nerve thickening and tortuosity are radiologic markers of tumors but can also be present in children with NF1 who do not have gliomas, thus complicating screening and diagnosis. (nih.gov)
Bilateral1
- Autopsy report of a case of bilateral glioma retinæ with gliomatous involvement of iris. (nih.gov)
Spinal cord3
- These cells support the nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord. (akronchildrens.org)
- About half of all brain and spinal cord tumors in children are gliomas. (cancer.org)
- the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord). (msdmanuals.com)
Cranial2
- It typically grows around the eighth cranial nerve, but they can also be found around other cranial or spinal nerves. (cbdinstead.com)
- The optic nerve represents the second cranial nerve (CN II). (myvision.org)
Typically1
- Typically, optic nerve gliomas appear in these mice between six to sixteen weeks of age. (nih.gov)
Retina3
- A cancer in the glial cells that surround and support the optic nerve (the nerve that carries messages from the retina to the brain). (kinesiologyshop.com)
- The nerve that carries messages from the retina to the brain. (kinesiologyshop.com)
- The retina is the light-sensitive, nerve tissue in the back of the eye that allows us to see. (luriechildrens.org)
Symptoms3
- Optic nerve and chiasmal gliomas are slow-growing, and patients may present with different symptoms. (eye.com.ph)
- What Are the Signs & Symptoms of a Glioma? (akronchildrens.org)
- A glioma can cause symptoms by pressing on parts of the brain near it. (akronchildrens.org)
Intracranial2
- When the optic disc (part of the optic nerve within the eye) becomes swollen, it's due to increased pressure around and inside the brain or from intracranial hypertension (IH). (myvision.org)
- Therefore, increased pressure in and around the brain, known as increased intracranial pressure , leads to swelling of the optic discs, or the optical nerves inside the eyes. (myvision.org)
Metastatic1
- 15. Pinealoblastoma metastatic to the optic nerve. (nih.gov)
Patients2
- What can be done to patients suffering from optic nerve glioma? (eye.com.ph)
- Patients often experience headache pain from optic pathway gliomas (OPGs). (myvision.org)
Patient's1
- Axial T2-weighted MRI in a 46-year-old man demonstrates a mass in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus resulting from contiguous extension of the patient's known optic nerve glioma. (medscape.com)
Lesions2
- [ 9 , 10 ] Although MRI may reveal even subtle lesions of the optic nerve, CT scanning can detect a subtle erosion or expansion of the optic canal. (medscape.com)
- False-positive results can occur because of unilateral optic nerve enhancement or other unilateral disorders, such as optic meningioma, vascular lesions, neuritis, pseudotumor, and sarcoidosis. (medscape.com)
Relays visual1
- This nerve relays visual details from the eyes to the brain. (myvision.org)
Intraorbital1
- Coronal noncontrast T1-weighted MRI reveals a large intraorbital mass (arrow) centered on the optic nerve. (medscape.com)
Chiasmal1
- There is no single accepted indication for treatment of chiasmal glioma. (eye.com.ph)
Neurons1
- More commonly, they involve the optic chiasm, the part of the visual system where the neurons of both optic nerves cross. (eye.com.ph)
Abnormalities1
- Abnormalities of the optic nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
Papillary1
- 2. [Papillary recurrence of glioma of the optic nerve]. (nih.gov)
Glial cells1
- Glioma is a general term for a group of tumors that start in glial cells (the supporting cells of the brain). (cancer.org)
Involve1
- A PN is defined as a neurofibroma that has grown along the length of a nerve and may involve multiple fascicles and branches. (nih.gov)
Tract1
- However, it is visually threatening because the tumors can occur anywhere along the optic nerve, chiasm or optic tract. (eye.com.ph)
Involvement1
- Contrasted computed tomography (CT) scanning can be used to characterize local involvement of optic nerve glioma within the orbit. (medscape.com)
Tumours1
- NF1 is a known tumour predisposition syndrome, associated with different tumours of the nervous system including low grade gliomas (LGGs) in the paediatric population. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
Choroid1
- 3. [Clinical aspects of leukemic infiltration of the choroid and the optic nerve]. (nih.gov)
Represents1
- Optic nerve glioma represents 2/3 of all primary optic nerve tumors and is commonly seen in children younger than 10 years of age. (eye.com.ph)
Grow slowly1
- Although optic nerve gliomas are serious tumors, they usually grow slowly, have a high cure rate, and rarely cause blindness. (cancer.org)
Lesion1
- In addition, fine calcification, which may help to identify a lesion as a meningioma rather than a glioma, is visualized best through CT scanning. (medscape.com)
Primary1
- There are over 120 different types of brain tumors , the most common being primary brain tumors called gliomas. (cbdinstead.com)
Form1
- These form in or around the optic nerve that connects the eye to the brain. (akronchildrens.org)
Children3
- Optic nerve gliomas have low mortality but extremely high prevalence of vision loss & eye-bulging exophthalmos) in children. (wikipedia.org)
- How are optic nerve gliomas diagnosed in children? (childrensnational.org)
- Children with NF1 may also have optic nerve gliomas in both eyes. (childrensnational.org)
Fibers1
- A nerve cell (neuron) consists of a large cell body and nerve fibers-one elongated extension (axon) for sending impulses and usually many branches (dendrites) for receiving impulses. (msdmanuals.com)
Type4
- These are the most common type of gliomas. (akronchildrens.org)
- Treatment depends on the type of glioma. (akronchildrens.org)
- Gliomas are formed from newborn cells that usually become a type of brain cell called glia. (nih.gov)
- Gliomas are named based on what type of brain cell they affect. (cram.com)
