Nutritional Requirements
Culture Media
Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Nutritional Support
Amino Acids
Vitamins
Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Purines
Trace Elements
Caseins
Nitrogen
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Dietary Proteins
Glucose
Acetates
Mutation
Fermentation
Escherichia coli
Molecular Sequence Data
Sodium requirement of adult cats for maintenance based on plasma aldosterone concentration. (1/2033)
The sodium requirement of adult cats for maintenance was determined using a randomized block design of eight dietary sodium treatments (0.1, 0.4, 0.5, 0.66, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 or 2.0 g Na/kg in a casein-lactalbumin-based purified diet) administered for periods of 4 wk. A total of 35 adult specific-pathogen-free domestic shorthaired cats (26 males and 9 females, 1.5-3 y of age) was given an equilibration diet (2 g Na/kg) for 14 d before assignment (or reassignment) to the treatments. A total of 12 cats (8 males, 4 females) was randomly assigned to the lowest six levels of sodium, and four cats to the highest two sodium levels. Cats consuming the diet containing 0.1 g Na/kg had significantly elevated aldosterone concentration in plasma, and packed cell volume. In addition, these cats exhibited anorexia, body weight loss, reduced urinary specific gravity and sodium excretion, and had a negative sodium balance. However, adult cats did not develop polydypsia and polyuria reported in sodium-deficient kittens. Cats given the diet containing 0.66 g Na/kg did not have an increased packed cell volume, but aldosterone concentration in the plasma was significantly elevated. However, cats given diets containing >/=0.8 g Na/kg had plasma aldosterone concentrations +info)Lysine deficiency alters diet selection without depressing food intake in rats. (2/2033)
Under states of protein deficiency, the dietary limiting amino acid, rather than protein content, can act as the dietary stimulus to control diet selection. If fact, threonine-deficient rats will alter their diet selection patterns solely on the basis of very small changes (0.009 g/100 g) in the dietary threonine concentration. In these studies, we assessed whether lysine-deficient rats will also alter their diet selection patterns on the basis of small changes in dietary Lys concentration. In all experiments, growing rats were adapted to diets in which the protein fraction (purified amino acids or wheat gluten) was limiting in Lys. They were then given a choice between the adaptation diet (AD) diet and a slightly more deficient diet. Rats that were adapted to a Lys-deficient diet (0.25 g Lys/100 g) selected their AD over diets containing as little as 0.01% less Lys (P < 0.01) within 5 d. To determine how deficient rats must be before they alter their selection patterns, rats were adapted to diets containing various levels of Lys, i.e., 2 levels below the requirement for growth and 2 levels above the requirement for growth, but below the requirement for maximal nitrogen retention. Only rats adapted to diets containing Lys below their requirement for growth selected their AD over a diet containing 0.05% less Lys (P < 0.005). Finally, to determine whether rats will alter their selection to whole protein-based diets, rats were adapted to 25% wheat gluten diets supplemented with 0.03-0.21% Lys. Rats selected the AD over a diet containing as little as 0.09% less supplemental Lys by d 4 of the trial (P < 0.05). We conclude that rats are sensitive to changes as small as 0.01% in dietary Lys concentration, but that sensitivity requires prior adaptation to Lys-deficient diets. (+info)An estimation of the requirement for folic acid in gestating sows: the metabolic utilization of folates as a criterion of measurement. (3/2033)
Sows at their second parity were randomly distributed in five groups of seven animals each to determine the dietary concentration of folic acid that optimizes the metabolic utilization of the vitamin during gestation. The groups differed by dietary supplement of folic acid: 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 ppm. Sows were fed 2.5 kg of diet each day. The response of serum folates and folate binding capacity to treatments and the excretion of urinary folates after an i.v. injection of folic acid were measured. The total daily excretion of urinary folates was corrected according to the response to one i.v. injection of saline on the day preceding the i.v. injection of folic acid. The decrease of total serum folates throughout gestation was less pronounced in the groups fed 15 and 20 ppm of dietary folic acid (supplement x period interaction, P<.06) than it was in the other three treatments. The proportion of i.v. folic acid not recovered in sow urine (injected - excreted) decreased as the amount of dietary folic acid increased to reach a minimum, which differed according to the period (supplement x period interaction, P<.02); it was 15 ppm during wk 1 of gestation and 10 ppm for the other periods studied. The unrecovered folates increased over a dietary concentration of 15 ppm. These minimum values correspond to the most appropriate feed concentration that covered the whole body utilization (tissue and cell metabolism, catabolism, and storage) of folates by the sows and could be interpreted as a reliable index of the requirement. (+info)Comparison of indirect calorimetry, the Fick method, and prediction equations in estimating the energy requirements of critically ill patients. (4/2033)
BACKGROUND: Accurate measurement of resting energy expenditure (REE) is helpful in determining the energy needs of critically ill patients requiring nutritional support. Currently, the most accurate clinical tool used to measure REE is indirect calorimetry, which is expensive, requires trained personnel, and has significant error at higher inspired oxygen concentrations. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare REE measured by indirect calorimetry with REE calculated by using the Fick method and prediction equations by Harris-Benedict, Ireton-Jones, Fusco, and Frankenfield. DESIGN: REEs of 36 patients [12 men and 24 women, mean age 58+/-22 y and mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score 22+/-8] in a hospital intensive care unit and receiving mechanical ventilation and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were measured for > or = 15 min by using indirect calorimetry and compared with REEs calculated from a mean of 2 sets of hemodynamic measurements taken during the metabolic testing period with an oximetric pulmonary artery catheter. RESULTS: Mean REE by indirect calorimetry was 8381+/-1940 kJ/d and correlated poorly with the other methods tested (r = 0.057-0.154). This correlation did not improve after adjusting for changes in respiratory quotient (r2 = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: These data do not support previous findings showing a strong correlation between REE determined by the Fick method and other prediction equations and indirect calorimetry. In critically ill patients receiving TPN, indirect calorimetry, if available, remains the most appropriate clinical tool for accurate measurement of REE. (+info)Dietary pantothenic acid requirement of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. (5/2033)
A feeding trial was conducted to estimate the minimal dietary pantothenic acid (PA) requirement for juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Purified diets with seven levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 120, 240, and 480 mg/kg) of supplemental PA were fed to P. monodon (mean weight 0.88 +/- 0.01 g) for 8 wk. The level of PA detected in the unsupplemented diet was 0.02 mg/kg. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of shrimp. Feed efficiencies (FE) and protein efficiency ratios were highest in shrimp fed the diets supplemented with 120, 240, and 480 mg PA/kg diet, followed by the groups fed 60 mg/kg, then 40 mg/kg, and finally the unsupplemented control group (P < 0.05). Shrimp fed diets supplemented with PA had significantly higher survival percentages and lower hepatopancreatic lipid concentration than those fed the unsupplemented, control diets. Broken-line regression analyses of weight gain percentage and hepatopancreatic CoA and PA concentrations of the shrimp indicated that the adequate dietary PA concentration in growing P. monodon is 101-139 mg/kg. (+info)Criteria for choosing amino acid therapy in acute renal failure. (6/2033)
Metabolic studies were performed on 19 patients with acute renal failure. Therapy included intravenous hyperalimentation using 15 to 20 g of essential amino acids or 20 to 40 g of essential plus nonessential amino acids and hypertonic glucose (37 to 50%). The effect of this parenteral feeding appears to be primarily pharmacological. Hypertonic glucose promotes the hyperinsulinemia important to be membrane function, the operation of the sodium pump, and cell metabolism. Administration of high biological value crystalline amino acdis potentiates the effect of insulin by inhibiting protein breakdown and promoting protein synthesis, particularly in muscle. This reduces tissue catabolism and urea formation, and promotes potassium, magnesium, and phosphate homeostasis. The branched-chain ketogenic amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine may be of particular importance. When indicated, administration of renal failure hyperalimentation and peritoneal or hemodialysis can be expected to complement each other and accelerate recovery. This intravenous fluid therapy, in turn, must be coordinated with proper hemodynamics, usually requiring a colloidal solution to maintain intravascular volume, and cardiotrophic agents such as digitalis and dopamine. Early use of renal failure can be expected to demonstrate the most striking response in terms of survival, early recovery from acute renal failure, and the preservation of physiological homeostasis. (+info)Folate metabolism and requirements. (7/2033)
Folate functions in multiple coenzyme forms in acceptance, redox processing and transfer of one-carbon units, including nucleotides and certain amino acids. Folate-requiring metabolic processes are influenced by folate intake, intake of other essential nutrients, including vitamins B-12 and B-6, and at least one common genetic polymorphism. Estimates of folate requirements have been based on intakes associated with maintenance of normal plasma and erythrocyte folate concentrations and functional tests that reflect abnormalities in folate-dependent reactions. Dietary Reference Intakes for folate that have been developed recently are based primarily on metabolic studies in which erythrocyte folate concentration was considered the major indicator of adequacy. For adults >/=19 y, the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 400 microg/d of dietary folate equivalents (DFE); for lactating and pregnant women, the RDAs include an additional 100 and 200 microg of DFE/d, respectively. (+info)Postnatal profiles of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis are modified in rat pups by maternal dietary glucose restriction. (8/2033)
Because glucose is an important metabolic fuel during perinatal development, the effect of restriction of maternal dietary glucose on the developmental profile of neonatal glucoregulatory pathways was investigated. Pregnant rats were fed isoenergetic diets (0, 12, 24 or 60% glucose) and offspring were killed at seven postpartum time periods: 0-2, 4-6, 12-16 and 24 h, and 3, 6 and 15 d. Failure of the most restricted pups (0%) to survive 24 h was explained by persistent hypoglycemia resulting from the following: 1) insufficient tissue glycogen reserves at birth; 2) lower liver glycogen mobilization; 3) delayed phosphorylase a induction; and 4) low phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene expression, all of which occurred despite the lower insulin:glucagon ratio. Differences in liver glycogen stores, which had been exhausted in all dietary groups by 16 h, could not account for the high d 1 pup mortality in the moderately restricted (12 and 24% glucose) groups. However, a certain metabolic distress was suggested because these moderately restricted neonates had significantly higher liver PEPCK gene expression at 12-16 h but significantly lower plasma glucose at 24 h. The high d 3 mortality, confirmed by analysis of deviance, was not supported by significant differences in any of the measured glucoregulatory indices. We conclude that dietary glucose during pregnancy is required for neonatal survival; its restriction not only lowers tissue glycogen reserves, but can disrupt the normal gene expression of liver PEPCK and the neonatal profile of phosphorylase a activity. Importantly, these observations show that the development of neonatal glucoregulatory mechanisms is modified by the availability of maternal dietary glucose. (+info)Nutritional requirements refer to the necessary amount of nutrients, including macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), that an individual requires to maintain good health, support normal growth and development, and promote optimal bodily functions. These requirements vary based on factors such as age, sex, body size, pregnancy status, and physical activity level. Meeting one's nutritional requirements typically involves consuming a balanced and varied diet, with additional consideration given to any specific dietary restrictions or medical conditions that may influence nutrient needs.
Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. It seems to be a very specific phrase that may refer to the physiological processes and phenomena related to nutrition.
Nutrition, in a medical context, refers to the process of providing or obtaining food necessary for health and growth. Physiological phenomena, on the other hand, refer to the functional manifestations of living organisms and their parts.
So, "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" could hypothetically refer to the various physiological processes that occur in the body in relation to nutrition, such as digestion, absorption, metabolism, transportation, and storage of nutrients. However, I would recommend consulting the specific source or context where this term was used for a more accurate definition.
Nutritional support is medical care that focuses on providing nutrition to individuals who are unable to consume or absorb adequate nutrients through their regular diet. This may include patients with chronic illnesses, eating disorders, swallowing difficulties, or those recovering from surgery or injury. Nutritional support can take many forms, including oral supplements, enteral feeding (tube feeding), and parenteral nutrition (intravenous feeding). The goal of nutritional support is to maintain or improve the patient's nutritional status, promote healing and recovery, enhance quality of life, and reduce complications associated with malnutrition.
Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They consist of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha carbon, which is bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a variable side chain (R group). The R group can be composed of various combinations of atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, which determine the unique properties of each amino acid.
There are 20 standard amino acids that are encoded by the genetic code and incorporated into proteins during translation. These include:
1. Alanine (Ala)
2. Arginine (Arg)
3. Asparagine (Asn)
4. Aspartic acid (Asp)
5. Cysteine (Cys)
6. Glutamine (Gln)
7. Glutamic acid (Glu)
8. Glycine (Gly)
9. Histidine (His)
10. Isoleucine (Ile)
11. Leucine (Leu)
12. Lysine (Lys)
13. Methionine (Met)
14. Phenylalanine (Phe)
15. Proline (Pro)
16. Serine (Ser)
17. Threonine (Thr)
18. Tryptophan (Trp)
19. Tyrosine (Tyr)
20. Valine (Val)
Additionally, there are several non-standard or modified amino acids that can be incorporated into proteins through post-translational modifications, such as hydroxylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. These modifications expand the functional diversity of proteins and play crucial roles in various cellular processes.
Amino acids are essential for numerous biological functions, including protein synthesis, enzyme catalysis, neurotransmitter production, energy metabolism, and immune response regulation. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the human body (non-essential), while others must be obtained through dietary sources (essential).
Vitamins are organic substances that are essential in small quantities for the normal growth, development, and maintenance of life in humans. They are required for various biochemical functions in the body such as energy production, blood clotting, immune function, and making DNA.
Unlike macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats), vitamins do not provide energy but they play a crucial role in energy metabolism. Humans require 13 essential vitamins, which can be divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are stored in the body's fat tissues and liver, and can stay in the body for a longer period of time. Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex vitamins and vitamin C) are not stored in the body and need to be replenished regularly through diet or supplementation.
Deficiency of vitamins can lead to various health problems, while excessive intake of certain fat-soluble vitamins can also be harmful due to toxicity. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced diet that provides all the essential vitamins in adequate amounts.
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in certain metabolic reactions, particularly in the conversion of carbohydrates into energy in the body. It is essential for the proper functioning of the heart, nerves, and digestive system. Thiamine acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Deficiency in thiamine can lead to serious health complications, such as beriberi (a disease characterized by peripheral neuropathy, muscle wasting, and heart failure) and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (a neurological disorder often seen in alcoholics due to chronic thiamine deficiency). Thiamine is found in various foods, including whole grains, legumes, pork, beef, and fortified foods.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard or widely recognized medical term. It seems to be a very specific phrase that may relate to various physiological processes and phenomena related to infant nutrition.
To try and provide some clarity, I can offer a brief explanation of the individual terms:
1. Infant: A young child, typically under one year of age.
2. Nutritional: Relating to food or nourishment, particularly in relation to energy and the balance of essential nutrients required for growth, repair, and maintenance of bodily functions.
3. Physiological: Describing processes and functions that occur within a living organism as part of normal bodily function, including biochemical reactions, organ function, and responses to environmental stimuli.
4. Phenomena: Observable events or occurrences.
So, "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" could refer to observable events or processes related to an infant's nutrition and physiology. However, without further context, it is difficult to provide a more precise definition. Examples of such phenomena might include the development of feeding skills, growth patterns, or changes in metabolism related to dietary intake.
Purines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds that consist of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. They are fundamental components of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. In the body, purines can be synthesized endogenously or obtained through dietary sources such as meat, seafood, and certain vegetables.
Once purines are metabolized, they are broken down into uric acid, which is excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels of uric acid in the body can lead to the formation of uric acid crystals, resulting in conditions such as gout or kidney stones. Therefore, maintaining a balanced intake of purine-rich foods and ensuring proper kidney function are essential for overall health.
Trace elements are essential minerals that the body needs in very small or tiny amounts, usually less than 100 milligrams per day, for various biological processes. These include elements like iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride, selenium, and iodine. They are vital for maintaining good health and proper functioning of the human body, but they are required in such minute quantities that even a slight excess or deficiency can lead to significant health issues.
"Animal nutritional physiological phenomena" is not a standardized medical or scientific term. However, it seems to refer to the processes and functions related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Here's a breakdown of the possible components:
1. Animal: This term refers to non-human living organisms that are multicellular, heterotrophic, and have a distinct nervous system.
2. Nutritional: This term pertains to the nourishment and energy requirements of an animal, including the ingestion, digestion, absorption, transportation, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients.
3. Physiological: This term refers to the functions and processes that occur within a living organism, including the interactions between different organs and systems.
4. Phenomena: This term generally means an observable fact or event.
Therefore, "animal nutritional physiological phenomena" could refer to the observable events and processes related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Examples of such phenomena include digestion, absorption, metabolism, energy production, growth, reproduction, and waste elimination.
Caseins are a group of phosphoproteins found in the milk of mammals, including cows and humans. They are the major proteins in milk, making up about 80% of the total protein content. Caseins are characterized by their ability to form micelles, or tiny particles, in milk when it is mixed with calcium. This property allows caseins to help transport calcium and other minerals throughout the body.
Caseins are also known for their nutritional value, as they provide essential amino acids and are easily digestible. They are often used as ingredients in infant formula and other food products. Additionally, caseins have been studied for their potential health benefits, such as reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and improving bone health. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits.
Nitrogen is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is an element that is crucial to medicine and human life.
In a medical context, nitrogen is often mentioned in relation to gas analysis, respiratory therapy, or medical gases. Nitrogen (N) is a colorless, odorless, and nonreactive gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is an essential element for various biological processes, such as the growth and maintenance of organisms, because it is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds.
In some medical applications, nitrogen is used to displace oxygen in a mixture to create a controlled environment with reduced oxygen levels (hypoxic conditions) for therapeutic purposes, such as in certain types of hyperbaric chambers. Additionally, nitrogen gas is sometimes used in cryotherapy, where extremely low temperatures are applied to tissues to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.
However, it's important to note that breathing pure nitrogen can be dangerous, as it can lead to unconsciousness and even death due to lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) within minutes.
A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.
A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.
It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a species of gram-negative, aerobic diplococcus that is the etiologic agent of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection. It is commonly found in the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, urethra, and rectum, as well as the throat and eyes. The bacterium can cause a range of symptoms, including discharge, burning during urination, and, in women, abnormal menstrual bleeding. If left untreated, it can lead to more serious complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. It is important to note that N. gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to many antibiotics over time, making treatment more challenging. A culture or nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) is used for the diagnosis of this infection.
Dietary proteins are sources of protein that come from the foods we eat. Protein is an essential nutrient for the human body, required for various bodily functions such as growth, repair, and immune function. Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion, which are then absorbed and used to synthesize new proteins in the body.
Dietary proteins can be classified as complete or incomplete based on their essential amino acid content. Complete proteins contain all nine essential amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Examples of complete protein sources include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, soy, and quinoa.
Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids and are typically found in plant-based foods such as grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. However, by combining different incomplete protein sources, it is possible to obtain all the essential amino acids needed for a complete protein diet. This concept is known as complementary proteins.
It's important to note that while dietary proteins are essential for good health, excessive protein intake can have negative effects on the body, such as increased stress on the kidneys and bones. Therefore, it's recommended to consume protein in moderation as part of a balanced and varied diet.
"Energy intake" is a medical term that refers to the amount of energy or calories consumed through food and drink. It is an important concept in the study of nutrition, metabolism, and energy balance, and is often used in research and clinical settings to assess an individual's dietary habits and health status.
Energy intake is typically measured in kilocalories (kcal) or joules (J), with one kcal equivalent to approximately 4.184 J. The recommended daily energy intake varies depending on factors such as age, sex, weight, height, physical activity level, and overall health status.
It's important to note that excessive energy intake, particularly when combined with a sedentary lifestyle, can lead to weight gain and an increased risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, inadequate energy intake can lead to malnutrition, decreased immune function, and other health problems. Therefore, it's essential to maintain a balanced energy intake that meets individual nutritional needs while promoting overall health and well-being.
Glucose is a simple monosaccharide (or single sugar) that serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms. It's a fundamental molecule in biology, often referred to as "dextrose" or "grape sugar." Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and is vital to the functioning of cells, especially those in the brain and nervous system.
In the body, glucose is derived from the digestion of carbohydrates in food, and it's transported around the body via the bloodstream to cells where it can be used for energy. Cells convert glucose into a usable form through a process called cellular respiration, which involves a series of metabolic reactions that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the main currency of energy in cells.
Glucose is also stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen, a polysaccharide (multiple sugar) that can be broken down back into glucose when needed for energy between meals or during physical activity. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is crucial for overall health, and imbalances can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus.
Acetates, in a medical context, most commonly refer to compounds that contain the acetate group, which is an functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom (-COO-). An example of an acetate is sodium acetate (CH3COONa), which is a salt formed from acetic acid (CH3COOH) and is often used as a buffering agent in medical solutions.
Acetates can also refer to a group of medications that contain acetate as an active ingredient, such as magnesium acetate, which is used as a laxative, or calcium acetate, which is used to treat high levels of phosphate in the blood.
In addition, acetates can also refer to a process called acetylation, which is the addition of an acetyl group (-COCH3) to a molecule. This process can be important in the metabolism and regulation of various substances within the body.
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.
Methionine is an essential amino acid, which means that it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including:
1. Protein synthesis: Methionine is one of the building blocks of proteins, helping to create new proteins and maintain the structure and function of cells.
2. Methylation: Methionine serves as a methyl group donor in various biochemical reactions, which are essential for DNA synthesis, gene regulation, and neurotransmitter production.
3. Antioxidant defense: Methionine can be converted to cysteine, which is involved in the formation of glutathione, a potent antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative damage.
4. Homocysteine metabolism: Methionine is involved in the conversion of homocysteine back to methionine through a process called remethylation, which is essential for maintaining normal homocysteine levels and preventing cardiovascular disease.
5. Fat metabolism: Methionine helps facilitate the breakdown and metabolism of fats in the body.
Foods rich in methionine include meat, fish, dairy products, eggs, and some nuts and seeds.
Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts carbohydrates into alcohol or organic acids using enzymes. In the absence of oxygen, certain bacteria, yeasts, and fungi convert sugars into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and various end products, such as alcohol, lactic acid, or acetic acid. This process is commonly used in food production, such as in making bread, wine, and beer, as well as in industrial applications for the production of biofuels and chemicals.
Bacteriological techniques refer to the various methods and procedures used in the laboratory for the cultivation, identification, and study of bacteria. These techniques are essential in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and research. Here are some common bacteriological techniques:
1. **Sterilization**: This is a process that eliminates or kills all forms of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Common sterilization methods include autoclaving (using steam under pressure), dry heat (in an oven), chemical sterilants, and radiation.
2. **Aseptic Technique**: This refers to practices used to prevent contamination of sterile materials or environments with microorganisms. It includes the use of sterile equipment, gloves, and lab coats, as well as techniques such as flaming, alcohol swabbing, and using aseptic transfer devices.
3. **Media Preparation**: This involves the preparation of nutrient-rich substances that support bacterial growth. There are various types of media, including solid (agar), liquid (broth), and semi-solid (e.g., stab agar). The choice of medium depends on the type of bacteria being cultured and the purpose of the investigation.
4. **Inoculation**: This is the process of introducing a bacterial culture into a medium. It can be done using a loop, swab, or needle. The inoculum should be taken from a pure culture to avoid contamination.
5. **Incubation**: After inoculation, the bacteria are allowed to grow under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric composition. This process is called incubation.
6. **Staining and Microscopy**: Bacteria are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Therefore, they need to be stained and observed under a microscope. Gram staining is a common method used to differentiate between two major groups of bacteria based on their cell wall composition.
7. **Biochemical Tests**: These are tests used to identify specific bacterial species based on their biochemical characteristics, such as their ability to ferment certain sugars, produce particular enzymes, or resist certain antibiotics.
8. **Molecular Techniques**: Advanced techniques like PCR and DNA sequencing can provide more precise identification of bacteria. They can also be used for genetic analysis and epidemiological studies.
Remember, handling microorganisms requires careful attention to biosafety procedures to prevent accidental infection or environmental contamination.
'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.
While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.
E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Mila Rechcigl
Aphid
Cupriavidus necator
Cooley's Anemia Foundation
Camponotus herculeanus
Dough conditioner
Plamil Foods
Cat food
Thrips
Sport dog nutrition
Dietary fiber
Guinea pig
Puppy nutrition
Polysaccharide
Raw feeding
Chocoholic
Seymour Hutner
Rabbit
Angomonas deanei
Corynebacterium
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Tortoise
Old man's beard in New Zealand
Palm cockatoo
Lacticaseibacillus paracasei
Vernon Ahmadjian
Epiphytic bacteria
Paul Franklin Clark
Cod
Mexican violetear
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Commission Website: National Inquiry into Children in Immigration Detention | Australian Human Rights Commission
Results of search for 'su:{Nutritional requirements}' › WHO HQ Library catalog
Nutritional Requirements of Adults Before Transplantation: Background, Nutritional Assessment, Nutritional Requirements
The role of nutrition in reducing the risk of NCDs in aging populations I DSM Nutrition Blog
Nutritional Needs of Older Cats | PetMD
Best goldfish food | CIProud.com
Dog Nutrition: An In-depth Dive into Dog Nutritional Requirements
How Your Dog's Nutritional Requirements Change As They Age - DogForms
Food and Nutrition PgCert/PgDip/MSc at Ulster University 2023/24 entry - Full-time Postgraduate Study Online Course
Human Nutrition MSc at Ulster University 2024/25 entry - Full-time Postgraduate Study in Coleraine
All You Want to Know About Large Breed Nutritional Requirements - BarkAndSqueak.com
What Are the Nutritional Requirements For 3 to 5 Year Olds? - Ifsptv.net
SciELO - Brazil - Nutritional and quality changes in piglet concentrate affected by the mix Nutritional and quality changes in...
Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences | UMass Lowell
What Are the Best Nutritional Requirements for Seniors?, Miami - Coconut Grove Adult Day Care Center
Dog's10
- Like our own diets, your dog's nutritional needs aren't always black and white - the same goes for your dog's energy requirements. (homesalive.ca)
- Your dog's nutritional needs will change as he grows older and matures. (dogforms.com)
- Nutritional requirements of dogs also change according to dog's breed. (barkandsqueak.com)
- In this blog post, we will know more about the nutritional demands specific to each stage of a dog's life and how this will be reflected in the formulation of animal feed. (brfingredients.com)
- Dry foods have more nutrients per bite, so a smaller amount will be needed to meet the dog's nutritional requirements. (brfingredients.com)
- By understanding your dog's nutritional needs, you can ensure that they are getting the right types and amounts of food for optimal health. (todaysmeet.com)
- They can provide valuable insights into your dog's specific needs and help you create a diet plan that is tailored to their individual requirements. (todaysmeet.com)
- A veterinarian is a trusted source of information when it comes to your dog's nutritional needs. (todaysmeet.com)
- Another important factor to consider when determining your dog's nutritional needs is their age and activity level. (todaysmeet.com)
- Once you have determined your dog's nutritional needs, the next step is to choose the right type of dog food. (todaysmeet.com)
Nutrients5
- Although previously healthy children can do without these nutrients for days, children who have been chronically malnourished, have abnormal GI losses, or require prolonged nutritional support may already have or may develop critical deficits of vitamins, essential fatty acids, minerals, and trace elements. (medscape.com)
- The Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) can be used as a guide to determine your requirements for energy and other nutrients. (myhealth.gov.my)
- General guidelines for a healthy diet have been developed even though daily nutritional requirements, including those for essential nutrients, vary depending on age, sex, height, weight, physical activity, and the rate at which the body burns calories (metabolic rate). (msdmanuals.com)
- The BS Nutritional Sciences degree provides you with a strong foundation in the biological and social sciences so you can understand, navigate, interpret, apply and communicate evidence-based relationships between food, nutrients, eating behavior and human health. (uwm.edu)
- From puppies to old dogs, every life phase will bring with it different requirements of protein, fat, carbohydrates and other nutrients. (brfingredients.com)
Deficiency3
- Energy deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in sheep. (premier1supplies.com)
- C Starvation and nutritional deficiency diseases in communities affected by natural and man-made disasters. (who.int)
- When proteins detected in pupae A were compared with those in pupae B, 233 and 239 proteins were, respectively, under- and over-expressed in pupae B, while 167 proteins were overlapped in both pupae A and B. Differential protein profiles indicate that nutritional deficiency induced over-expression of flightless-I protein (fli-I) in medfly. (cdc.gov)
Deficiencies3
- Despite the increasing use of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) in the treatment of morbid obesity, data about postoperative nutritional deficiencies and their treatment remain scarce. (nih.gov)
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a standard multivitamin preparation in the prevention and treatment of nutritional deficiencies in obese patients after RYGBP. (nih.gov)
- Nutritional deficiencies are very common after RYGBP and occur despite supplementation with the standard multivitamin preparation. (nih.gov)
Assessment9
- Clinical assessment of nutritional status should be included in the history and physical examination of every surgical patient. (medscape.com)
- The use of clinical judgment as the basis for global nutritional assessment has been validated for children. (medscape.com)
- Standard parameters of nutritional assessment are often invalid in end-stage organ failure, which leads to difficulty in identifying and assessing nutritional status. (medscape.com)
- The combination of objective and subjective parameters has been established as the best approach in the nutritional assessment of these individuals and is an excellent independent predictor of outcomes in patients undergoing liver transplantation. (medscape.com)
- Based on the results of this history and physical assessment, patients can be placed in nutritional risk categories of well nourished, mildly to moderately malnourished, or severely malnourished. (medscape.com)
- The more traditional nutritional assessment parameters of anthropometrics, including triceps skinfold (TSF) and arm muscle circumference (AMC), can be used to assess the degree of fat or muscle store loss and are useful in monitoring changes in a patient's status over time. (medscape.com)
- As part of your course induction, you will be provided with details of the organisation and management of the course, including attendance and assessment requirements - usually in the form of a timetable. (ulster.ac.uk)
- You will study modules in Biochemical and Molecular Approaches to Nutrition, Applied Nutrition, Nutritional Assessment Recommendations and Requirements, Research Methods and Biostatistics, Diet and Disease, Public Health and Nutrition Behaviour, Food Science & Microbiology. (ulster.ac.uk)
- Nutritional Assessment of Free Meal Programs in San Franc. (cdc.gov)
Digestive system2
- However, as with any exotic pet, it's important to understand their nutritional requirements and digestive system before introducing any new food to their diet. (articleinsider.com)
- Now that we understand the nutritional requirements and digestive system of Chinese Water Dragons, we can start discussing if flatbread is a suitable food choice for them. (articleinsider.com)
Protein7
- Although previously healthy children have reserves of energy and protein that allow survival and wound healing without exogenous nutritional support, these reserves are limited. (medscape.com)
- Carbohydrates, fat, and excess protein in the diet all contribute towards fulfilling the energy requirements of sheep. (premier1supplies.com)
- Protein requirements are highest for young, growing lambs who are building muscle and lactating ewes who are producing milk proteins. (premier1supplies.com)
- Overall, cats have a very high requirement for protein. (kymythy.com)
- A carnivore is defined as an animal whose nutritional requirements cannot be met with plant protein alone. (homesalive.ca)
- We also analysed the botanical composition of their diet, the quality forage (metabolizable energy, crude protein and digestibility) contribution offered by the species and the proportions of the nutritional requirements of the goats during the last third of gestation. (springeropen.com)
- The potato adds positively to the nutritional balance and the recommended requirements for energy, protein, iron and zinc of women and children. (cipotato.org)
Diet1
- Legumes are part of the nutritional requirements of a child's diet. (ifsptv.net)
Pellets2
- These have more nutritional value, and you're less likely to overfeed your fish with floating pellets. (centralillinoisproud.com)
- Despite what their name suggests, turtle pellets contain different nutritional values than fish food. (safeharborfishing.com)
Optimal3
- In addition to the food pyramid, another way to help ensure optimal dietary health by referring nutritional guides that provide the nutrient (vitamin and mineral) amounts in any given food. (healthstatus.com)
- Objective To describe the growth trajectory of children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) during the first year, to assess the risk factors for growth failure (GF) at 1 year and to determine nutritional intakes at discharge required for early optimal growth. (bmj.com)
- Data will be used for research to further define nutrient requirements as well as optimal levels for disease prevention and health promotion. (cdc.gov)
Physiological1
- However, the physical, dietary and physiological changes that occur as individuals age mean that they can have difficulties swallowing and digestive problems, which can cause their nutritional status to decline. (dsm.com)
Sciences7
- Courses offered by Nutritional Sciences faculty and staff also respect and honor the important role food and food-related traditions serve in a multicultural, diverse society. (uwm.edu)
- Although the BS Nutritional Sciences is not an ACEND-accredited program, the coursework can be customized to prepare you to apply to graduate-level dietetics programs including UWM's Master of Public Health (MPH) - Nutrition and Dietetics . (uwm.edu)
- Because of required foundational coursework in the natural and social sciences, combined with the rich array of nutritional sciences courses, you will graduate ready to apply your knowledge and skills in many professional settings including health care, food and neutraceutical industries, community nutrition and public health organizations, and fitness/wellness companies. (uwm.edu)
- Want to get started in the Nutritional Sciences major or sample some courses in this dynamic, exciting field of study? (uwm.edu)
- This 1-credit fall course will introduce you to the field of nutritional sciences and dietetics, career opportunities, and how to maximize your time studying this discipline at UWM. (uwm.edu)
- You will build life skills related to food preparation all the while learning more about nutritional sciences through the science of food. (uwm.edu)
- For more information, contact the Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences . (uml.edu)
Oral nutritional supplements2
- Medical nutrition solutions - like oral nutritional supplements, enteral and parenteral nutrition - can help to address DRM in medical settings and care homes. (dsm.com)
- Eligible patients were matched and compared with those who had nasogastric tube feeding (NTF) or oral nutritional supplements (ONS). (bvsalud.org)
Dogs4
- Large breed dogs have a different nutritional requirement compared to small breed dogs. (barkandsqueak.com)
- Dogs have very specific nutritional demands for healthy growth and development. (brfingredients.com)
- Just like humans, dogs have specific nutritional requirements that need to be met in order to thrive. (todaysmeet.com)
- Puppies, adult dogs, and senior dogs all have different dietary requirements. (todaysmeet.com)
Oils and Fats1
- Often, there is no single natural fat, or even combination of naturally occurring fats, that give the exact functional requirements for a given product application and so oils and fats need to undergo some form of processing. (ifst.org)
Infants3
- Conclusions Growth patterns of CDH infants suggest that nutritional risk stratification and feeding practices may influence growth outcomes. (bmj.com)
- Our results support individualised and active nutritional management based on CDH severity, with energy requirements as high as 140% of recommended intakes for healthy term infants. (bmj.com)
- The first explored the sociodemo- nutritional requirements, infants should fulfil the goals set by WHO. (who.int)
Food9
- Your nutritional status is determined by your food intake and nutrient requirement. (myhealth.gov.my)
- 1. To approve the 'Requirements for Substances Used in Manufacture of Food Intended for Particular Nutritional Uses, Requirements for Handling of Food Intended for Particular Nutritional Uses, and Special Requirements and Procedure for Labelling of and Presentation of Information in Any Other Manner Concerning Food Intended for Particular Nutritional Uses' (annexed). (who.int)
- Concerning Food Intended for Particular Nutritional Uses' approved by clause 1 may be manufactured and marketed until 1 April 2004. (who.int)
- Because cats are designed to fulfill most of their water requirements by eating fresh raw food, they naturally have a low thirst drive. (kymythy.com)
- Goldfish have more complex care requirements than many people think - choosing the right food is important, but you also need the correct tank size and the right setup. (centralillinoisproud.com)
- Unlike other calcium sources that necessitate supplementation be in conjunction with a meal to ensure an appreciable benefit is derived, CCM can be consumed with or without food and delivers a significant nutritional benefit to individuals of all ages. (nih.gov)
- While fish food may have similar nutritional value, there could be adverse effects on turtles when they consume too much fish food. (safeharborfishing.com)
- From a product functionality point of view, different groups of food products will have different requirements. (ifst.org)
- and 3) to evaluate the effect of changes in nutrition and public health policies including welfare reform legislation, food fortification policy, and child nutrition programs on the nutritional status of the U.S. population. (cdc.gov)
Nutrient requirements3
- To help address the rising burden of NCDs, DSM supports public health authorities in optimizing essential nutrient requirements as an integral part of their strategies. (dsm.com)
- Nutrient requirements/nutritional support in premature neonate. (medlineplus.gov)
- Desirable growth, animal health and product quality are most readily obtained by providing pigs their daily nutrient requirements, each day. (swineweb.com)
Puppies1
- There are different nutritional requirements for mature, adult, and growing puppies. (dogforms.com)
Status5
- Surgeons must be aware of these limits, must constantly monitor their patients' nutritional status, and must ensure that nutritional support is provided when necessary. (medscape.com)
- How to assess your nutritional status? (myhealth.gov.my)
- One way to asses your nutritional status is by measuring your BMI using Body Mass Index or BMI using the BMI cut - off Points for Overweight or Obesity by Sex between 9 - 18 Years. (myhealth.gov.my)
- This problem has led to the development of other parameters for measuring nutritional status in patients awaiting transplantation. (medscape.com)
- CONCLUSION: Pretreatment PEG is associated with better nutritional status and treatment outcome in ESCC patients treated with CCRT compared with ONS and NTF. (bvsalud.org)
Understanding2
Transplantation1
- Prolonged waiting times for transplant candidates-even up to 1-2 years (as long as 5-7 y for kidney transplantation)-have led to rising concerns regarding the nutritional management of these patients in combination with required medical therapy. (medscape.com)
Foods3
- D) No breakfast assistance payment may be made under this subsection for any breakfast served by a school unless such breakfast consists of a combination of foods which meet the minimum nutritional requirements prescribed by the Secretary under subsection (e) of this section. (house.gov)
- Avoid giving them high-calorie and low-nutrient foods like bread, pasta, rice, or processed human snacks, which do not provide any nutritional value for turtles. (safeharborfishing.com)
- Look for dog foods that are formulated to meet the nutritional standards set by reputable organizations, such as the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). (todaysmeet.com)
Characteristics1
- The main aspects of this functionality choice are (a) melting point and melting profile (how the solid fat content changes with temperature), (b) crystallization characteristics, (c) storage stability (particularly oxidative stability) and (d) nutritional characteristics. (ifst.org)
Conclusion1
- En conclusion, des stratégies préventives sont recommandées afin de promouvoir l'allaitement au sein tout en prenant particulièrement en compte les facteurs liés à un arrêt précoce de l'allaitement, et de viser une mise en oeuvre intégrale des recommandations mondiales de l'OMS en santé publique pour la réussite de l'allaitement maternel au Koweït. (who.int)
Healthy1
- Energy (measured in Calorie) requirements for most healthy adolescents are high. (myhealth.gov.my)
Patient1
- Taking a condition-specific approach enables manufacturers to develop targeted and appealing products that address the special nutritional requirements presented in specific patient groups. (dsm.com)
Handling1
- Adjustments are imperative in the handling and use procedures of this kind of mixer to meet the quality requirements required in the concentrate production. (scielo.br)
Specific4
- Specific requirements for additional substitutive treatments were systematically assessed by a biologic workup at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 mo. (nih.gov)
- This can be confusing for parents with athletes who need to meet a specific weight requirement, for example a boxer. (youthsportnutrition.com)
- Daily rations should be specific to the stage of growth and (or) reproduction, and they should provide minimum daily requirements suggested by the National Research Council (NRC) 2 . (swineweb.com)
- Consider factors such as ingredient quality, price, and any specific nutritional requirements your dog may have. (todaysmeet.com)
Vitamins1
- They were also below target for potassium, calcium, and vitamins A and E. These findings may inform development of nutritional content standards for free meals, particularly for vulnerable patients who might have, or be at risk of developing, a chronic illness. (cdc.gov)
Content3
- Look for labels that provide detailed information about the ingredients, nutritional content, and feeding guidelines. (todaysmeet.com)
- We conducted a nutritional analysis of 22 meals from 6 free meal sites in San Francisco to determine macronutrient and micronutrient content. (cdc.gov)
- The nutritional content of soup kitchen menus have been infrequently examined, but the few existing studies suggest that soup kitchens are inconsistently able to provide nutritionally balanced and healthful meals (2-5). (cdc.gov)
Objective1
- Our objective was to evaluate to what extent the winter rangelands of northern Argentine Patagonia satisfy the nutritional requirements needed by Criollo transhumant goats during late gestating. (springeropen.com)
Meals1
- Maximizing the nutritional value of meals is often secondary to the soup kitchen's mission of providing calories, especially given limited financial resources. (cdc.gov)
Extent1
- These funds shall be used to assist States, to the extent feasible, in improving the nutritional quality of the breakfasts. (house.gov)
Findings1
- This review article summarizes the scant research findings on the nutritional and therapeutic benefits of cherry silverberry. (iasp-pain.org)
Meet1
- To be considered eligible for Medicaid, individuals must meet the income level requirement and need 24-hour skilled nursing care. (caring.com)
Energy1
- Meeting energy requirements without over or underfeeding animals is one of the producer's biggest challenges. (premier1supplies.com)
Patients1
- In a study by Alvares and colleagues, handgrip strength was shown to be an easy and effective tool in assessing nutritional risk in patients with end-stage liver disease. (medscape.com)
Ingredients1
- Taking on responsibility for devising the nutritional program and making the feed must result in equivalent or improved production and a cost improvement that accounts for the added time and knowledge (more time formulating, buying individual ingredients, more automation for bulk procurement of ingredients, equipment and power to manufacture feed, automation for delivery to bins, and delivery to feeders). (swineweb.com)
Daily2
- What is your daily requirement? (myhealth.gov.my)
- This table demonstrates a youth athlete's daily carbohydrate requirements. (youthsportnutrition.com)
Severe2
- In cold areas, winter rangeland has low forage quality where goats may suffer severe nutritional restrictions during gestation which lead to significant reproductive losses in the form of abortions and perinatal losses. (springeropen.com)
- 2019 ). In arid areas under extensive conditions, goats may suffer severe nutritional restrictions during gestation which lead to significant reproductive losses in the form of abortions and perinatal losses (Mellado et al. (springeropen.com)
Species1
- is a lesser-known plant species with high nutritional and therapeutic potential. (iasp-pain.org)
Support1
- Our experienced nutritionists provide personalized guidance, meal planning, and educational resources to support the unique nutritional journey of each participant. (coconutgroveadultdaycare.com)
Intakes1
- Because extensively reared pigs are typically outdoors for part each day, the requirements of NRC , which are minimum requirements, are sufficient because feed intakes are generally greater in extensive/outdoor situations. (swineweb.com)
Life2
- Available online: http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends/en/(accessed on 20 September 2018). (dsm.com)
- The nutritional requirement of your dog changes with the span of their life, however, there is not much difference in basic dietary requirement. (barkandsqueak.com)
Organizations1
- Despite perceived barriers, several participants indicated that their organizations have successfully implemented nutritional standards that include limits on sodium. (cdc.gov)
Provide1
- In this article, we will discuss in detail whether cockatiels can eat pralines and provide other valuable information about the nutritional requirements of these birds. (articleinsider.com)
Quality2
- We conclude that forage quality in winter rangelands in Argentinean Patagonia is not high enough to satisfy the nutritional requirements of Criollo transhumant goats during the last third of gestation. (springeropen.com)
- When you purchase a complete feed, you are buying their expertise in knowing the dietary requirements, nutrient availability in the feedstuffs used in the mix, grinding and mixing, and quality control. (swineweb.com)