A weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear fission and/or fusion.
The material that descends to the earth or water well beyond the site of a surface or subsurface nuclear explosion. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Warfare involving the use of NUCLEAR WEAPONS.
The collective name for islands of the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, including the Mariana, PALAU, Caroline, Marshall, and Kiribati Islands. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p761 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p350)
Unstable isotopes of cesium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cs atoms with atomic weights of 123, 125-132, and 134-145 are radioactive cesium isotopes.
Global conflict involving countries of Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America that occurred between 1939 and 1945.
Pollutants, present in air, which exhibit radioactivity.
Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.
The observation, either continuously or at intervals, of the levels of radiation in a given area, generally for the purpose of assuring that they have not exceeded prescribed amounts or, in case of radiation already present in the area, assuring that the levels have returned to those meeting acceptable safety standards.
Tumors, cancer or other neoplasms produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
Plutonium. A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, atomic number 94, and atomic weight 242. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.
The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv).
Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants.
Weapons that are capable of a high order of destruction and/or of being used to destroy large numbers of people. It includes NUCLEAR WEAPONS, and biological, chemical, and radiation weapons.
Small-arms weapons, including handguns, pistols, revolvers, rifles, shotguns, etc.
Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases.
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.
'Horns' is not a term used in medical terminology; however, in a general context, it may refer to abnormal bony growths arising from the skull, which can be caused by various conditions such as tumors, cysts, or genetic disorders.
Hostile conflict between organized groups of people.
The injuries caused by conducted energy weapons such as stun guns, shock batons, and cattle prods.
Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc.
Substances and materials manufactured for use in various technologies and industries and for domestic use.
The use or threatened use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of criminal laws for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom, in support of political or social objectives.
The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS, from a person or object.
Agencies of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT of the United States.
Regulations to assure protection of property and equipment.
Deliberate and planned acts of unlawful behavior engaged in by aggrieved segments of the population in seeking social change.
Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during WARFARE.
"Military science" is not typically considered a medical term, but rather refers to the study and practice of the techniques, methods, and theories used in warfare, including strategy, tactics, logistics, and military technology.
Devices or tools used in combat or fighting in order to kill or incapacitate.
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The use of biological agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of BACTERIA; VIRUSES; or other BIOLOGICAL TOXINS against people, ANIMALS; or PLANTS.
The use of chemical agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of nerve agents, blood agents, blister agents, and choking agents (NOXAE).
The killing of one person by another.
Procedures outlined for the care of casualties and the maintenance of services in disasters.
A weapon designed to explode when deployed. It frequently refers to a hollow case filled with EXPLOSIVE AGENTS.
INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.

Genetic effects of radiation in atomic-bomb survivors and their children: past, present and future. (1/75)

Genetic studies in the offspring of atomic bomb survivors have been conducted since 1948 at the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and its successor, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Past studies include analysis of birth defects (untoward pregnancy outcome; namely, malformation, stillbirth, and perinatal death), chromosome aberrations, alterations of plasma and erythrocyte proteins as well as epidemiologic study on mortality (any cause) and cancer incidence (the latter study is still ongoing). There is, thus far, no indication of genetic effects in the offspring of survivors. Recently, the development of molecular biological techniques and human genome sequence databases made it possible to analyze DNA from parents and their offspring (trio-analysis). In addition, a clinical program is underway to establish the frequency of adult-onset multi-factorial diseases (diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease etc) in the offspring. The complementary kinds of data that will emerge from this three-pronged approach (clinical, epidemiologic, and molecular aspects) promise to shed light on health effects in the offspring of radiation-exposed people.  (+info)

Mortality from diseases other than cancer following low doses of ionizing radiation: results from the 15-Country Study of nuclear industry workers. (2/75)

BACKGROUND: Ionizing radiation at very high (radio-therapeutic) dose levels can cause diseases other than cancer, particularly heart diseases. There is increasing evidence that doses of the order of a few sievert (Sv) may also increase the risk of non-cancer diseases. It is not known, however, whether such effects also occur following the lower doses and dose rates of public health concern. METHODS: We used data from an international (15-country) nuclear workers cohort study to evaluate whether mortality from diseases other than cancer is related to low doses of external ionizing radiation. Analyses included 275 312 workers with adequate information on socioeconomic status, over 4 million person-years of follow-up and an average cumulative radiation dose of 20.7 mSv; 11 255 workers had died of non-cancer diseases. RESULTS: The excess relative risk (ERR) per Sv was 0.24 [95% CI (confidence intervals) -0.23, 0.78] for mortality from all non-cancer diseases and 0.09 (95% CI -0.43, 0.70) for circulatory diseases. Higher risk estimates were observed for mortality from respiratory and digestive diseases, but confidence intervals included zero. Increased risks were observed among the younger workers (attained age <50 years, identified post hoc) for all groupings of non-cancer causes of death, including external causes. It is unclear therefore whether these findings reflect real effects of radiation, random variation or residual confounding. CONCLUSIONS: The most informative low-dose radiation study to date provides little evidence for a relationship between mortality from non-malignant diseases and radiation dose. However, we cannot rule out risks per unit dose of the same order of magnitude as found in studies at higher doses.  (+info)

Decisions made by critical care nurses during mechanical ventilation and weaning in an Australian intensive care unit. (3/75)

BACKGROUND: Responsibilities of critical care nurses for management of mechanical ventilation may differ among countries. Organizational interventions, including weaning protocols, may have a variable impact in settings that differ in nursing autonomy and interdisciplinary collaboration. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the role of Australian critical care nurses in the management of mechanical ventilation. METHODS: A 3-month, prospective cohort study was performed. All clinical decisions related to mechanical ventilation in a 24-bed, combined medical-surgical adult intensive care unit at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, a university-affiliated teaching hospital in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, were determined. RESULTS: Of 474 patients admitted during the 81-day study period, 319 (67%) received mechanical ventilation. Death occurred in 12.5% (40/319) of patients. Median durations of mechanical ventilation and intensive care stay were 0.9 and 1.9 days, respectively. A total of 3986 ventilation and weaning decisions (defined as any adjustment to ventilator settings, including mode change; rate or pressure support adjustment; and titration of tidal volume, positive end-expiratory pressure, or fraction of inspired oxygen) were made. Of these, 2538 decisions (64%) were made by nurses alone, 693 (17%) by medical staff, and 755 (19%) by nurses and staff in collaboration. Decisions made exclusively by nurses were less common for patients with predominantly respiratory disease or multiple organ dysfunction than for other patients. CONCLUSIONS: In this unit, critical care nurses have high levels of responsibility for, and autonomy in, the management of mechanical ventilation and weaning. Revalidation of protocols for ventilation practices in other clinical contexts may be needed.  (+info)

Solid cancer incidence and low-dose-rate radiation exposures in the Techa River cohort: 1956 2002. (4/75)

BACKGROUND: This is the first analysis of solid cancer incidence in the Techa River cohort, a general population of men and women of all ages who received chronic low-dose rate exposures from environmental radiation releases associated with the Soviet nuclear weapons programme. This cohort provides one of the few opportunities to evaluate long-term human health risks from low-dose radiation exposures. METHODS: Cancer incidence rates in this cohort were analysed using excess relative risk (ERR) models. The analyses make use of individualized dose estimates that take into account residence history, age and other factors. Cases are identified on the basis of continuing, active follow-up of mortality and cancer incidence. RESULTS: Based on 1836 solid cancer cases with 446 588 person years accrued over 47 years of follow-up, solid cancer incidence rates were found to increase with dose and about 3% of the cases were attributable to radiation exposure. The ERR was 1.0/Gy (P = 0.004 95% CI (0.3; 1.9) in a linear dose-response model. There was no significant non-linearity in the dose response and no indication of effect modification by gender, ethnicity, attained age or age at first exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The Techa River cohort provides strong evidence that low-dose, low-dose rate exposures lead to significant increases in solid cancer risks that appear to be linear in dose. The results do not suggest that risks associated with low-dose rate exposures are less than those seen following acute exposures such as were received by atomic bomb survivors.  (+info)

Radiologic and nuclear events: contingency planning for hematologists/oncologists. (5/75)

 (+info)

Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero or as young children. (6/75)

 (+info)

Significance of HER2 and C-MYC oncogene amplifications in breast cancer in atomic bomb survivors: associations with radiation exposure and histologic grade. (7/75)

 (+info)

Differences in mortality and incidence for major sites of cancer by education level in a Japanese population. (8/75)

 (+info)

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "nuclear weapons" is not a medical term. It falls under the field of nuclear physics and military technology. However, I can provide a general definition:

Nuclear weapons are explosive devices that derive their destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (splitting of heavy atomic nuclei like uranium or plutonium) or fusion (combining of light atomic nuclei like hydrogen). These reactions release enormous amounts of energy in the form of heat, light, and radiation. The explosion from a nuclear weapon can cause widespread destruction and loss of life due to the blast wave, thermal radiation, and ionizing radiation.

Radioactive fallout refers to the radioactive material that falls to the Earth's surface following a nuclear explosion. It includes any solid, liquid or gaseous particles that contain radioactive isotopes produced by the explosion. These isotopes can have half-lives ranging from days to millions of years and can contaminate large areas, making them dangerous to human health and the environment.

The fallout can be local, affecting the area immediately surrounding the explosion, or it can be global, affecting regions far from the explosion site due to wind currents and atmospheric circulation patterns. Exposure to radioactive fallout can result in radiation sickness, genetic mutations, and an increased risk of cancer.

Nuclear warfare is not a medical term per se, but it refers to a military conflict using nuclear weapons. However, the medical and public health communities have studied the potential consequences of nuclear warfare extensively due to its catastrophic health impacts.

In a medical context, a nuclear explosion releases a massive amount of energy in the form of light, heat, and a shockwave, which can cause significant destruction and loss of life from the blast alone. Additionally, the explosion produces radioactive materials that contaminate the environment, leading to both immediate and long-term health effects.

Immediate medical consequences of nuclear warfare include:

1. Blast injuries: The shockwave from a nuclear explosion can cause severe trauma, including fractures, internal injuries, and burns.
2. Radiation exposure: Acute radiation sickness can occur in individuals exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and potentially death.
3. Thermal burns: The intense heat generated by a nuclear explosion can cause severe thermal burns, similar to those seen in major fires or explosions.
4. Eye injuries: Flash blindness and retinal burns can occur due to the bright flash of light emitted during the explosion.

Long-term medical consequences of nuclear warfare include:

1. Radiation-induced cancers: Exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of developing various types of cancer, such as leukemia and solid tumors, over time.
2. Genetic mutations: Ionizing radiation can cause genetic mutations that may be passed down through generations, potentially leading to birth defects and other health issues.
3. Psychological trauma: The aftermath of a nuclear war would likely result in significant psychological distress, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety.
4. Environmental contamination: Radioactive fallout from a nuclear explosion can contaminate the environment, making large areas uninhabitable for extended periods. This contamination could lead to food and water shortages, further exacerbating health issues.

Preparing for and responding to a nuclear warfare event would require a coordinated effort between medical professionals, emergency responders, and public health officials to minimize the immediate and long-term health impacts on affected populations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Micronesia" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, which includes countries such as the Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, and the Marshall Islands. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Cesium radioisotopes are different forms of the element cesium that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation. Some commonly used medical cesium radioisotopes include Cs-134 and Cs-137, which are produced from nuclear reactions in nuclear reactors or during nuclear weapons testing.

In medicine, cesium radioisotopes have been used in cancer treatment for the brachytherapy of certain types of tumors. Brachytherapy involves placing a small amount of radioactive material directly into or near the tumor to deliver a high dose of radiation to the cancer cells while minimizing exposure to healthy tissues.

Cesium-137, for example, has been used in the treatment of cervical, endometrial, and prostate cancers. However, due to concerns about potential long-term risks associated with the use of cesium radioisotopes, their use in cancer therapy is becoming less common.

It's important to note that handling and using radioactive materials requires specialized training and equipment to ensure safety and prevent radiation exposure.

I must clarify that there is no medical definition for "World War II." World War II (1939-1945) was a major global conflict involving many of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was marked by significant events, such as the Holocaust, and had profound social, economic, and political consequences. The medical field did play a crucial role during this time, with advancements in battlefield medicine, military medicine, and the treatment of injuries and diseases on a large scale. However, there is no specific medical definition or concept associated with World War II itself.

Radioactive air pollutants refer to radioactive particles or gases that are present in the atmosphere and can have harmful effects on human health and the environment. These pollutants can originate from a variety of sources, including nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons testing, industrial processes, and natural events such as volcanic eruptions.

Radioactive air pollutants emit ionizing radiation, which has the ability to damage living tissue and DNA. Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation can increase the risk of cancer, genetic mutations, and other health problems. Even low levels of exposure over a long period of time can have harmful effects on human health.

Some common radioactive air pollutants include radon gas, which is produced by the decay of uranium in soil and rocks and can seep into buildings through cracks in the foundation; and cesium-137 and iodine-131, which were released into the atmosphere during nuclear weapons testing and accidents at nuclear power plants.

Efforts to reduce radioactive air pollution include stricter regulations on nuclear power plants and other industrial sources of radiation, as well as efforts to reduce emissions from nuclear weapons testing and cleanup of contaminated sites.

Radiation-induced leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood-forming tissues of the body, such as the bone marrow. It is caused by exposure to high levels of radiation, which can damage the DNA of cells and lead to their uncontrolled growth and division.

There are several types of radiation-induced leukemia, depending on the specific type of blood cell that becomes cancerous. The most common types are acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These forms of leukemia tend to progress quickly and require prompt treatment.

Radiation-induced leukemia is a rare complication of radiation therapy, which is used to treat many types of cancer. The risk of developing this type of leukemia increases with the dose and duration of radiation exposure. It is important to note that the benefits of radiation therapy in treating cancer generally outweigh the small increased risk of developing radiation-induced leukemia.

Symptoms of radiation-induced leukemia may include fatigue, fever, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and weight loss. If you have been exposed to high levels of radiation and are experiencing these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. A diagnosis of radiation-induced leukemia is typically made through a combination of physical exam, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood counts and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation.

Radiation monitoring is the systematic and continuous measurement, assessment, and tracking of ionizing radiation levels in the environment or within the body to ensure safety and to take appropriate actions when limits are exceeded. It involves the use of specialized instruments and techniques to detect and quantify different types of radiation, such as alpha, beta, gamma, neutron, and x-rays. The data collected from radiation monitoring is used to evaluate radiation exposure, contamination levels, and potential health risks for individuals or communities. This process is crucial in various fields, including nuclear energy production, medical imaging and treatment, radiation therapy, and environmental protection.

Radiation-induced neoplasms are a type of cancer or tumor that develops as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms or molecules, leading to the formation of ions. This type of radiation can damage DNA and other cellular structures, which can lead to mutations and uncontrolled cell growth, resulting in the development of a neoplasm.

Radiation-induced neoplasms can occur after exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as that received during radiation therapy for cancer treatment or from nuclear accidents. The risk of developing a radiation-induced neoplasm depends on several factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the type of radiation, and the individual's genetic susceptibility to radiation-induced damage.

Radiation-induced neoplasms can take many years to develop after initial exposure to ionizing radiation, and they often occur at the site of previous radiation therapy. Common types of radiation-induced neoplasms include sarcomas, carcinomas, and thyroid cancer. It is important to note that while ionizing radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer, the overall risk is still relatively low, especially when compared to other well-established cancer risk factors such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.

Plutonium is not a medical term, but it is a chemical element with the symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is a dense, silvery-red, transuranic radioactive metal that occurs in minute quantities naturally as an intermediate product of uranium decay, or can be produced by neutron capture in uranium-238.

Plutonium is highly toxic and radioactive, and it has been classified as a Category II carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). It is mainly used in the production of nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear reactors. Medical uses of plutonium are limited due to its high radioactivity and toxicity.

In medicine, plutonium-210 has been used in some cancer therapies, such as brachytherapy, where a small amount of the isotope is implanted directly into the tumor. However, due to its high radioactivity and potential for causing radiation damage to surrounding tissues, its use in medicine is highly regulated and relatively rare.

Radiation dosage, in the context of medical physics, refers to the amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by a material or tissue, usually measured in units of Gray (Gy), where 1 Gy equals an absorption of 1 Joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter. In the clinical setting, radiation dosage is used to plan and assess the amount of radiation delivered to a patient during treatments such as radiotherapy. It's important to note that the biological impact of radiation also depends on other factors, including the type and energy level of the radiation, as well as the sensitivity of the irradiated tissues or organs.

Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological agents or toxins with the intent to cause disease or death in humans, animals, or plants. These agents can be spread through the air, water, or food and can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, or toxic substances produced by living organisms. The purpose of using these agents is typically to cause widespread illness, fear, and disruption. Biological warfare is considered a weapon of mass destruction and is illegal under international law.

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) is a term used in policy, military, and political discussions to describe weapons that can cause widespread destruction and loss of life. In a strict medical sense, there isn't a specific definition for WMDs. However, from a public health and emergency response perspective, WMDs typically include nuclear, chemical, biological, and radiological weapons.

1. Nuclear Weapons: These are explosive devices that derive their destructive power from the release of energy due to nuclear fission or a combination of fission and fusion reactions. The blast wave, heat, and radiation generated by a nuclear explosion can cause significant loss of life, property damage, and environmental contamination.

2. Chemical Weapons: These are weapons that use toxic chemicals to cause harm or death. They include substances such as nerve agents (e.g., sarin, VX), blister agents (e.g., mustard gas), choking agents (e.g., phosgene), and blood agents (e.g., hydrogen cyanide). Exposure to these chemicals can lead to a range of symptoms, from mild irritation to severe organ damage and death, depending on the type and amount of chemical, route of exposure, and duration of exposure.

3. Biological Weapons: These are weapons that use microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi) or their toxic products (toxins) to cause disease and death in humans, animals, or plants. Examples of biological agents include anthrax, smallpox, botulinum toxin, and the causative agent of plague. Biological weapons can be difficult to contain and control once released due to their ability to spread through the air, water, or contaminated surfaces.

4. Radiological Weapons: These are weapons that use radioactive materials to cause harm. A radiological dispersal device (RDD), also known as a "dirty bomb," combines conventional explosives with radioactive material. When detonated, the explosion spreads radioactive material over a wide area, contaminating surfaces and potentially causing radiation exposure to people in the vicinity.

The medical community plays a critical role in preparing for and responding to WMD incidents, including developing treatment guidelines, training healthcare professionals, and conducting research on medical countermeasures (e.g., vaccines, therapeutics) to protect against these threats.

Firearms are not a medical condition or disease, so they do not have a medical definition. However, I can provide you with a general definition:

A firearm is a portable gun, being a weapon consisting of a tube or barrel from which shots, shells, or bullets are discharged by the action of gunpowder or other explosive. Firearms may be manual, semi-automatic, or automatic in their operation and can vary in size, shape, and capacity. They are used for various purposes, including hunting, sport shooting, self-defense, and law enforcement. It is important to note that the possession, use, and regulation of firearms are subject to laws and regulations that vary by country and jurisdiction.

Chemical warfare is the use of chemicals in military conflict to incapacitate, injure, or kill enemy personnel or destroy equipment and resources. It involves the employment of toxic gases, liquids, or solids that have harmful effects on humans, animals, or plants. Chemical weapons can cause a wide range of symptoms, from temporary discomfort to permanent disability or death, depending on the type and amount of chemical used, as well as the duration and route of exposure.

Chemical warfare agents are classified into several categories based on their primary effects:

1. Nerve agents: These chemicals inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Examples include sarin, tabun, soman, and VX. Exposure to nerve agents can cause symptoms such as muscle twitching, convulsions, respiratory failure, and death.
2. Blister agents: Also known as vesicants, these chemicals cause severe blistering and burns to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Mustard gas is a well-known example of a blister agent. Exposure can lead to temporary or permanent blindness, respiratory problems, and scarring.
3. Choking agents: These chemicals cause damage to the lungs and respiratory system by irritating and inflaming the airways. Phosgene and chlorine are examples of choking agents. Symptoms of exposure include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and potentially fatal lung edema.
4. Blood agents: These chemicals interfere with the body's ability to transport oxygen in the blood, leading to asphyxiation. Cyanide is a common example of a blood agent. Exposure can cause rapid heart rate, dizziness, headache, seizures, and death due to lack of oxygen.
5. Incapacitating agents: These chemicals are designed to temporarily disable or disorient enemy personnel without causing serious harm or death. Examples include riot control agents such as tear gas (CS) and pepper spray (OC). Exposure can cause symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, tears, and temporary blindness.

The use of chemical weapons in warfare is prohibited by several international treaties, including the Geneva Protocol and the Chemical Weapons Convention. Despite these bans, there have been numerous instances of their use throughout history, most notably during World War I and more recently in Syria's ongoing civil war.

Gunshot wounds are defined as traumatic injuries caused by the penetration of bullets or other projectiles fired from firearms into the body. The severity and extent of damage depend on various factors such as the type of firearm used, the distance between the muzzle and the victim, the size and shape of the bullet, and its velocity.

Gunshot wounds can be classified into two main categories:

1. Penetrating gunshot wounds: These occur when a bullet enters the body but does not exit, causing damage to the organs, tissues, and blood vessels along its path.

2. Perforating gunshot wounds: These happen when a bullet enters and exits the body, creating an entry and exit wound, causing damage to the structures it traverses.

Based on the mechanism of injury, gunshot wounds can also be categorized into low-velocity (less than 1000 feet per second) and high-velocity (greater than 1000 feet per second) injuries. High-velocity gunshot wounds are more likely to cause extensive tissue damage due to the transfer of kinetic energy from the bullet to the surrounding tissues.

Immediate medical attention is required for individuals with gunshot wounds, as they may experience significant blood loss, infection, and potential long-term complications such as organ dysfunction or disability. Treatment typically involves surgical intervention to control bleeding, remove foreign material, repair damaged structures, and manage infections if present.

I am not aware of a medical condition called "horns." The term "horns" is commonly used to refer to a hard, pointed projection on the head of certain animals, such as cattle or antelopes. In humans, abnormal growths that resemble horns are usually referred to as "cutaneous horns," which are benign or malignant skin tumors that protrude from the skin in a conical shape. They typically occur on sun-exposed areas of the body, such as the face and scalp. However, it's important to note that medical conditions can vary widely, and it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and treatment options.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "war" is not a medical term. It refers to a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or between political or social groups, usually with large-scale violence and loss of life. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them.

A conducted energy weapon (CEW) is a device that uses electrical current to incapacitate individuals, commonly known as a "taser." CEW injuries refer to the physical harm caused by the use of these weapons. The primary injury mechanism is the disruption of the body's electrical system, which can lead to various symptoms such as muscle contractions, pain, and potential cardiac arrest.

CEW injuries can be classified into two categories: direct and indirect. Direct injuries result from the electrical current passing through the body and include burns, puncture wounds (from probes), and nerve damage. Indirect injuries may occur due to falls or other impacts resulting from muscle contractions caused by the CEW and can include fractures, contusions, and concussions.

It is important to note that while CEWs are generally considered non-lethal, they can still pose a risk of serious injury or death, particularly when used on individuals with certain medical conditions or those under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Additionally, there is ongoing debate about the safety and effectiveness of CEWs in law enforcement and other settings.

Violence is not typically defined in medical terms, but it can be described as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation. This definition is often used in public health and medical research to understand the impact of violence on health outcomes.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question as "manufactured materials" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. Instead, it is more related to the field of materials science and engineering. However, I can provide you with an example of how manufactured materials might be relevant in a medical context:

Manufactured materials refer to substances that are produced or synthesized through human-engineered processes, as opposed to naturally occurring materials. In the medical field, manufactured materials can include a wide range of products such as biomaterials, implants, medical devices, and pharmaceuticals. These materials are designed and created to interact with biological systems for various therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.

For instance, biomaterials like polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites can be used in the development of medical devices such as hip implants, stents, or contact lenses. Similarly, pharmaceutical companies manufacture drugs and medications using synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds to create active ingredients for various treatments.

In summary, while "manufactured materials" is not a formal medical term, it can refer to any synthetic or engineered substances designed and produced for medical applications, such as biomaterials, implants, medical devices, and pharmaceuticals.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "terrorism" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a concept that is typically defined within the contexts of criminal law, international relations, and political science. Generally, terrorism refers to the use of violence or threat of violence, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political, religious, or ideological objectives. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Decontamination is the process of removing, inactivating or destroying harmful contaminants from a person, object, environment or substance. In a medical context, decontamination typically refers to the removal of pathogens, toxic chemicals, or radioactive substances from patients, equipment, or surfaces in order to prevent infection or illness.

There are different methods and techniques for decontamination depending on the type and extent of contamination. For example, mechanical cleaning (such as washing with soap and water), chemical disinfection (using antimicrobial agents), radiation sterilization (using ionizing radiation), and heat sterilization (using steam or dry heat) are some common methods used in medical settings to decontaminate surfaces, equipment, and supplies.

Decontamination is an important process in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and clinics, as well as in emergency response situations involving hazardous materials or bioterrorism incidents. Proper decontamination procedures can help prevent the spread of infectious diseases, reduce the risk of chemical or radiation exposure, and protect the health and safety of patients, healthcare workers, and the public.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States Government Agencies" is not a medical term. It refers to administrative units within the US government that are responsible for carrying out specific functions and policies. These agencies can be involved in various areas, including public health and healthcare regulation, but they are not medical terms per se.

However, I can provide a brief overview of some US government agencies that play significant roles in healthcare and public health:

1. **Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)**: This is the primary federal agency responsible for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. It includes various operating divisions like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and more.

2. **Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)**: The CDC is the nation's leading public health agency, dedicated to protecting America from health, safety, and security threats, both foreign and in the domestic landscape.

3. **National Institutes of Health (NIH)**: NIH is the nation's medical research agency, conducting and supporting research that leads to healthier lives.

4. **Food and Drug Administration (FDA)**: The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, medications, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, and products that emit chemical emissions.

5. **Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)**: HRSA is the primary federal agency for improving health care to people who are geographically isolated, economically or medically vulnerable.

6. **Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)**: CMS administers Medicare, Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and the Health Insurance Marketplace.

These agencies play crucial roles in shaping healthcare policies, conducting medical research, ensuring food and drug safety, providing health services, and more.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "security measures" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a more general term that can be applied to various fields, including healthcare, and refers to the steps or actions taken to protect individuals, data, or systems from harm or unauthorized access. In a medical context, security measures might include things like physical security measures to protect patients and staff (such as locks on doors and surveillance cameras), as well as cybersecurity measures to protect patient data (such as encryption and firewalls).

Civil disorders refer to disturbances of peace and order in a civil society, often involving large groups of people engaging in protest, rioting, or other forms of disorderly conduct. These events can result in property damage, injury, and even loss of life. Civil disorders may be sparked by a variety of factors, including social inequality, political unrest, or economic instability. In the medical field, civil disorders can have significant impacts on public health, as they can disrupt access to healthcare services, increase the risk of violence and trauma, and exacerbate existing health disparities.

Biological warfare agents are pathogenic organisms or toxins that are intentionally used in a military conflict or act of terrorism to cause disease, death, or disruption. These agents can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or toxins produced by living organisms. They can be spread through the air, water, or food and can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms to serious diseases that can be fatal if left untreated.

Biological warfare agents are considered weapons of mass destruction because they have the potential to cause widespread harm and panic. The use of such agents is prohibited by international law, and their production, storage, and transportation are closely monitored and regulated. Despite these efforts, there remains a risk that biological warfare agents could be used in acts of terrorism or other hostile actions.

"Military science" is not a term that is typically used in the field of medicine as it does not have a direct medical definition. However, military science can be generally defined as the study and practice of the principles of warfare, including strategy, tactics, logistics, and leadership. It involves the application of knowledge to plan, conduct, and analyze military operations.

In some cases, military science may intersect with medical fields such as military medicine or battlefield medicine, which involve providing medical care and support to military personnel during times of conflict or peacekeeping missions. Military medical professionals must have a strong understanding of military science in order to effectively coordinate their efforts with the overall mission objectives and to provide the best possible care for wounded soldiers in challenging environments.

In the context of medical law and ethics, "weapons" may refer to objects or substances that can cause harm or injury to individuals. This can include firearms, knives, and other types of physical weapons, as well as biological or chemical agents that can cause harm if used intentionally. In a healthcare setting, the term "weapons" might also refer to any object that is used in a threatening or harmful manner, such as using a medical instrument as a bludgeon. It's important to note that the use of weapons in a healthcare setting is generally prohibited and can give rise to legal and ethical concerns.

Blast injuries are traumas that result from the exposure to blast overpressure waves, typically generated by explosions. These injuries can be categorized into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast injuries.

1. Primary Blast Injuries: These occur due to the direct effect of the blast wave on the body, which can cause barotrauma to organs with air-filled spaces such as the lungs, middle ear, and gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to conditions like pulmonary contusion, traumatic rupture of the eardrums, or bowel perforation.

2. Secondary Blast Injuries: These result from flying debris or objects that become projectiles due to the blast, which can cause penetrating trauma or blunt force injuries.

3. Tertiary Blast Injuries: These occur when individuals are thrown by the blast wind against solid structures or the ground, resulting in blunt force trauma, fractures, and head injuries.

4. Quaternary Blast Injuries: This category includes all other injuries or illnesses that are not classified under primary, secondary, or tertiary blast injuries. These may include burns, crush injuries, inhalation of toxic fumes, or psychological trauma.

It is important to note that blast injuries can be complex and often involve a combination of these categories, requiring comprehensive medical evaluation and management.

Smallpox is a severe, contagious, and fatal infectious disease caused by the variola virus. It's characterized by fever, malaise, prostration, headache, and backache; followed by a distinctive rash with flat, red spots that turn into small blisters filled with clear fluid, then pus, and finally crust, scab, and fall off after about two weeks, leaving permanent scarring. There are two clinical forms of smallpox: variola major and variola minor. Variola major is the severe and most common form, with a mortality rate of 30% or higher. Variola minor is a less common presentation with milder symptoms and a lower mortality rate of about 1%.

Smallpox was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980 following a successful global vaccination campaign, and routine smallpox vaccination has since been discontinued. However, due to concerns about bioterrorism, military personnel and some healthcare workers may still receive smallpox vaccinations as a precautionary measure.

Bioterrorism is the intentional use of microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to cause disease, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. Biological agents can be spread through the air, water, or food and may take hours to days to cause illness, depending on the agent and route of exposure. Examples of biological agents that could be used as weapons include anthrax, smallpox, plague, botulism toxin, and viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola. Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism and is considered a public health emergency because it has the potential to cause widespread illness and death, as well as social disruption and economic loss.

The medical definition of bioterrorism focuses on the use of biological agents as weapons and the public health response to such attacks. It is important to note that the majority of incidents involving the intentional release of biological agents have been limited in scope and have not resulted in widespread illness or death. However, the potential for large-scale harm makes bioterrorism a significant concern for public health officials and emergency responders.

Preparation and response to bioterrorism involve a multidisciplinary approach that includes medical professionals, public health officials, law enforcement agencies, and government organizations at the local, state, and federal levels. Preparedness efforts include developing plans and procedures for responding to a bioterrorism event, training healthcare providers and first responders in the recognition and management of biological agents, and stockpiling vaccines, medications, and other resources that may be needed during a response.

In summary, bioterrorism is the intentional use of biological agents as weapons to cause illness, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. It is considered a public health emergency due to its potential for widespread harm and requires a multidisciplinary approach to preparedness and response.

Chemical terrorism is the use or threatened use of chemicals, typically in the form of toxic gases or liquids, with the intent to cause harm, death, disruption, or fear among a population. This type of terrorism falls under the broader category of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and can pose significant risks to public health and safety. Chemical agents used in terrorist attacks can range from industrial chemicals that are easily accessible, such as chlorine and ammonia, to more sophisticated and deadly nerve agents like sarin and VX. The effects of chemical terrorism can be immediate and catastrophic, causing mass casualties and long-term health consequences for survivors. Preparation, response, and recovery efforts require a coordinated effort among local, state, and federal agencies, as well as the medical community, to effectively mitigate the impact of such attacks.

Homicide is a legal term used to describe the taking of another human life. It is not a medical diagnosis, but rather a legal concept that may result in criminal charges. In medical terms, it might be referred to as "unnatural death" or "violent death." The term itself does not carry a connotation of guilt or innocence; it simply describes the factual occurrence of one person causing the death of another.

The legal definition of homicide varies by jurisdiction and can encompass a range of criminal charges, from manslaughter to murder, depending on the circumstances and intent behind the act.

Disaster planning in a medical context refers to the process of creating and implementing a comprehensive plan for responding to emergencies or large-scale disasters that can impact healthcare facilities, services, and patient care. The goal of disaster planning is to minimize the impact of such events on the health and well-being of patients and communities, ensure continuity of medical services, and protect healthcare infrastructure and resources.

Disaster planning typically involves:

1. Risk assessment: Identifying potential hazards and assessing their likelihood and potential impact on healthcare facilities and services.
2. Developing a disaster plan: Creating a detailed plan that outlines the steps to be taken before, during, and after a disaster to ensure the safety of patients, staff, and visitors, as well as the continuity of medical care.
3. Training and education: Providing training and education to healthcare personnel on disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.
4. Exercises and drills: Conducting regular exercises and drills to test the effectiveness of the disaster plan and identify areas for improvement.
5. Resource management: Identifying and securing necessary resources, such as medical supplies, equipment, and personnel, to support disaster response efforts.
6. Communication and coordination: Establishing clear communication protocols and coordinating with local emergency responders, public health authorities, and other healthcare facilities to ensure a coordinated response to disasters.
7. Recovery and restoration: Developing plans for restoring medical services and infrastructure after a disaster has occurred.

Disaster planning is an essential component of healthcare delivery and is critical to ensuring the safety and well-being of patients and communities during emergencies or large-scale disasters.

I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "bombs." The term is most commonly used in non-medical contexts to refer to explosive devices or, metaphorically, to something that has a sudden and major impact. If you are looking for information about a specific medical concept or condition, please provide more context or try rephrasing your question. I'm here to help!

"Beetles" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to insects belonging to the order Coleoptera, which is one of the largest orders in the class Insecta. Beetles are characterized by their hardened forewings, known as elytra, which protect their hind wings and body when not in use for flying.

There are many different species of beetles found all over the world, and some can have an impact on human health. For example, certain types of beetles, such as bed bugs and carpet beetles, can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people. Other beetles, like the Colorado potato beetle, can damage crops and lead to economic losses for farmers. However, it is important to note that most beetles are not harmful to humans and play an essential role in ecosystems as decomposers and pollinators.

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The UCS Nuclear Weapons Complex Map is a free, publicly available, interactive tool that allows users to explore the U.S. ... The UCS Nuclear Weapons Complex Map is a free, publicly available, interactive tool that allows users to explore the US nuclear ... How Nuclear Weapons Work At the center of every atom is a nucleus. Breaking that nucleus apart-or combining two nuclei together ... Nuclear Weapons. Theyre the most dangerous invention the world has ever seen. Can we prevent them from being used again? ...
... national-security adviser John Bolton discusses the recent nuclear incident in Russia and Irans nuclear program in an ... U.S. national-security adviser John Bolton discusses the recent nuclear incident in Russia and Irans nuclear program in an ...
... with nuclear weapons. But his goal already hit a snag: The infrastructure that supports the countrys nuclear weapons is ... with nuclear weapons. But his goal already hit a snag: The infrastructure that supports the countrys nuclear weapons is ... In 2012, three anti-nuclear activists including an octogenarian nun broke into one of the countrys most secure nuclear weapons ... Much of the infrastructure that supports the U.S. nuclear weapons programs, including labs, production facilities, and weapons ...
Whats Worse Than a Nuclear War? What could be worse than a nuclear war? A nuclear famine following a nuclear war. ... Proponents push nuclear power as "clean" energy, but the Fukushima meltdown shows why nuclear energy should be examined more ... Washington Post "Fact Checker" Fails on Iran Nuclear Fatwa The column is less a disinterested investigation of the truth about ... The Air Forces December 17 ICBM launch was to provide "data to ensure a safe, secure and effective nuclear deterrent." But no ...
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... will not use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon state-parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ... "The American Physical Society notes that any policy by the United States to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapon ... "The American Physical Society is deeply concerned about the possible use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states ... or sustained by such a non-nuclear-weapon state in association or alliance with a nuclear-weapon state." ...
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In the past, nuclear doctrine was such that weapons needed to have larger yields to make up for their inaccuracy. Now that ... Donald Trump made a $1 trillion error about nuclear weapons during the first presidential debate. Paul Szoldra ... But the idea that the US is not keeping up with Russia, or any other country, in regards to nuclear weapons is wrong. ... Though the US and Russia will likely reduce their numbers of nuclear weapons, experts say a smaller number of more ...
Nuclear Notebook: Nuclear Weapons Sharing, 2023 The FAS Nuclear Notebook is one of the most widely sourced reference materials ... New Voices on Nuclear Weapons Fellowship: Creative Perspectives on Rethinking Nuclear Deterrence ... Cirincione: Obamas Turn on Nuclear Weapons 02.03.12 , 1 min read , Text by Hans Kristensen ... To empower new voices to start their career in nuclear weapons studies, the Federation of American Scientists launched the New ...
The Foreign Office minister ought to withdraw any suggestion that Israel has no nuclear weapons. I have asked Mr Bellingham to ... It has not signed the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. It has signed but not ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear Test- ... In the process the emphasis on Israels nuclear, biological and chemical weapons of mass destruction was mysteriously lost. ... Israel: a Non-nuclear Weapons State?. by Stuart Littlewood / November 14th, 2012 ...
Democrats and Republicans are in a war of words over whether to curb or continue the trajectory of spending on nuclear weapons ... 1 priority is the nuclear deterrent.. "If you prioritize something, thats the first thing you fund," she said. "Nuclear ... Departments National Nuclear Security Administration to produce more replacement plutonium pits for aging nuclear weapons. ... Fischer suggested nuclear weapons shouldnt take a hit. She pointed to testimony from Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin that the ...
In a closely divided ruling, the Court found that the threat or use of nuclear weapons... ... the International Court of Justice issued its Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat and Use of Nuclear Weapons. ... in the midst of a global pandemic with an endless succession of catastrophic climate disasters and thousands of nuclear weapons ... For Nuclear Disarmament, the Long Run Is Here*. Jul 8, 2021 , Opinions ...
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A single North Korean nuclear weapon with the yield (explosive power) of the Norths sixth nuclear weapon test could kill or ... Once North Koreas nuclear weapons are paired with a significant number of ICBMs over the next few years, they will raise ... From a Chinese perspective, while Kims nuclear weapons may not be ideal, the situation could become more dangerous should a ... North Korea may have 45 or so nuclear weapons.. China might want to consider whether they have reason to be concerned about the ...
Does possessing of nuclear weapons offset conventional force imbalance and deter military threat? The historian... ... Do Nuclear Weapons Prevent A War?. Do Nuclear weapon prevent a war? Dose possessing of nuclear weapons offset conventional ... Persuasive Essay On Nuclear Weapons. Nuclear weapons are one of, if not the most dangerous weapons in the world today and they ... The Effects of Nuclear Weapons on the World. Nuclear weapons are the most dangerous weapons on earth. One can demolish a whole ...
Swedens Green Party has called on the parliament to bring in a law outlawing nuclear weapons from Swedens territory in both ... which would mean that nuclear weapons can never be used unless a nuclear power had already been attacked with nuclear weapons ... Swedens Green Party demands nuclear weapons ban. TT/The Local - [email protected] Published: 18 May, 2022 CET. Updated: Wed 18 ... If Nato were to require member states to accept nuclear weapons at a later date, national law would be required for Sweden to ...
Brookings experts discuss their assessments of the new nuclear world order; the current state of arms control with Russia and ... Russia, nuclear threats, and nuclear signaling Arms Control & Nonproliferation Russia, nuclear threats, and nuclear signaling ... In an effort to strengthen nuclear weapons policies that will re-establish global stability and reduce the risk of nuclear war ... The context surrounding U.S. nuclear weapons has shifted drastically in the last decade, amplified by the resurgence of great ...
Debate in Europe about the role and future of tactical nuclear weapons (TNW) has revealed different positions between allies. ... NATOs Nuclear Posture, Publication Italys Tactical Nuclear Weapons. Laura Spagnuolo on May 20, 2011 ... Debate in Europe about the role and future of tactical nuclear weapons (TNW) has revealed different positions between allies. ... "BASIC makes a vital contribution to sustaining recognition that nearly 35 years after the end of the Cold War nuclear weapons ...
... and other bizarre uses for our nuclear arsenal. ... Even though this weapon wouldnt involve nuclear warheads, one ... expanding nuclear weapons complex.. US government scientists have been dreaming up unusual applications for nuclear weapons ... Ideas for Nuclear Weapons. Bomb-powered spaceships, mininukes, atomic excavation, and other bizarre uses for our nuclear ... Atomic Annie: This nuclear field cannon could fire a nuclear shell up to 20 miles. It was fired only once, at a May 1953 test ...
... nuclear weapons Russia might use is raising fears of a new crisis. But what are these weapons and how might they be used? ... nuclear weapons and how might they be used? President Bidens stark warning about the "tactical" nuclear weapons Russia might ... RASCOE: ...But to resort to nuclear weapons. So how would Russia use nuclear weapons in a situation where they felt the need? ... What are "tactical" nuclear weapons and how might they be used?. Listen · 4:33 4:33 ...
  • The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty states that "Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1996, the International Court of Justice concluded that this means "There exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each year since 1996, the UN General Assembly has passed a resolution calling on all countries immediately to fulfill their disarmament obligation, as articulated by the International Court of Justice, "by commencing multilateral negotiations leading to an early conclusion of a nuclear weapons convention. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1997, a consortium of experts in law, science, disarmament and negotiation drafted a model nuclear weapons convention, which Costa Rica submitted to the UN Secretary-General as a discussion draft. (wikipedia.org)
  • In his five-point program he proposed two alternatives for nuclear disarmament negotiations, either "a framework of separate, mutually reinforcing instruments," or "a nuclear-weapons convention, backed by a strong system of verification," citing the Costa Rican proposal as a good point of departure on the second option. (wikipedia.org)
  • The UK signed a legally binding international treaty in 1968, the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) , agreeing to negotiate in good faith on effective measures relating to nuclear disarmament. (cnduk.org)
  • The NPT commits its signatories to undertake 'concrete disarmament efforts', not invest in a brand-new nuclear weapons system that will ensure Britain is nuclear-armed for further decades to come. (cnduk.org)
  • Along with this historic acknowledgement, the 2010 Review Conference Final Document committed nuclear-armed States Parties to accelerating progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament and to take further efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons. (icrc.org)
  • Taking matters into their own hands, following the failure of the NPT to bring about nuclear disarmament, the significant majority of states in the UN General Assembly have voted to adopt a Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. (cnduk.org)
  • With a country so out of step with global aspirations - and action - for peace and disarmament, maybe it's not surprising that our government thinks it's OK to gather the establishment to rally round a weapon of mass destruction in a place of worship. (cnduk.org)
  • He does a great job in describing the Obama administration's ongoing nuclear targeting review and its place in the life of the administration with the myriads of policy issues and special interests that limit the president's options in fulfilling the nuclear disarmament vision he presented in Prague in 2009. (fas.org)
  • We need to keep working towards nuclear disarmament," the party's joint leader, Märta Stenevi, said. (thelocal.se)
  • We think Sweden should continue to work towards nuclear disarmament," she said. (thelocal.se)
  • For about 35 years, in the pursuit of nuclear disarmament, BASIC have championed the cause of mutuality of security. (basicint.org)
  • Yes, Russia and the United States had downsized their stockpiles under bilateral deals, and there existed an agreement that supposedly committed nuclear and non-nuclear states alike to work toward disarmament, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which entered into force in 1970. (thebulletin.org)
  • Yet the United States and world nuclear nations stand in breach of the 1968 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, which commits these nations to work in good faith to end the arms race and to achieve nuclear disarmament. (counterpunch.org)
  • Greg Mello with the Los Alamos Study Group, which advocates for nuclear disarmament, said ballooning schedules and budgets are hallmarks of incipient failure even in normal times and that the U.S. is facing economic turbulence that will only exacerbate the agency's problems. (clickondetroit.com)
  • The worst part is that many of these incidents were caused by minor mistakes or basic miscommunications, and any one of these examples could make the case for nuclear disarmament. (listverse.com)
  • It's just as easy for a nuclear disarmament advocate as a hawk to believe that a state such as Iran that has not only established a nuclear energy program but also experimented with nuclear weapons until 2003 is still developing them. (antiwar.com)
  • The author argues that for a long period ahead, the TPNW is not expected to effectively guide a process of nuclear disarmament and, consequently, the achievement of its primary object and purpose-i.e. attaining the elimination of nuclear weapons-will remain illusory. (lu.se)
  • The study will examine the anti-nuclear movement during the Cold War, focusing on what I call witness activists and how they used their knowledge to oppose nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific, both within the network of disarmament activists and to a broader public. (lu.se)
  • The model convention text requires countries with nuclear weapons to destroy them in stages, including taking them off high alert status, removing them from deployment, removing the warheads from their delivery vehicles, disabling the warheads by removing the explosive "pits", and placing the fissile material under UN control. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the 1980s there were around 500 US nuclear warheads in Turkey, out of which 300 were bombs carried by aircraft. (globalsecurity.org)
  • Following the announcement of a planned increase in the number of Britain's nuclear warheads, legal experts have confirmed that this contravenes Britain's obligations under the NPT. (cnduk.org)
  • In 2010, President Barack Obama and then Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed the New START Treaty, which bound Russia and the US to having just 1,550 deployed nuclear warheads each by 2018. (businessinsider.com)
  • He sidesteps the taboo subject of Israel's hundreds of nuclear warheads, which have never been subject to international safeguards, while he and his colleagues enjoy their sport of punishing Iran, which is properly signed up to the NPT and has no nuclear weapons. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • U.S. analysts believe North Korea has nuclear warheads that can fit inside of missiles, the Washington Post reported on Tuesday. (cnbc.com)
  • The nuclear warheads resting on ballistic missiles in silos, circling the globe in submarines or carried-sometimes mistakenly-by aircraft hail from an era when the U.S. targeted its largest foe, the U.S.S.R. and, more recently, Russia and China. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Even though this weapon wouldn't involve nuclear warheads, one possible flaw is that its profile would be hard to distinguish from a conventional nuke-which could be a problem if it had to fly over, say, Russia or China. (motherjones.com)
  • The deployment of nuclear weapons in Belarus is Moscow's first move of such warheads outside Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union. (jpost.com)
  • The deployment is Moscow's first move of such warheads - shorter-range less powerful nuclear weapons that could potentially be used on the battlefield - outside Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union. (jpost.com)
  • A nuclear weapons convention is a proposed multilateral treaty to eliminate nuclear weapons. (wikipedia.org)
  • This might include prohibitions on the possession, development, testing, production, stockpiling, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons, such as those in the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, along with provisions for their verified elimination. (wikipedia.org)
  • The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons launched an updated version of the model convention in 2007 at a meeting of parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and Costa Rica submitted this as a Conference Document. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arms control Nuclear-weapon-free zone Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons Nuclear technology portal International Court of Justice advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 8 July 1996, [1] "International Shipping Companies Sydney" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • A legal opinion by Rabinder Singh QC and Professor Christine Chinkin, Matrix Chambers, on The Maintenance and Possible Replacement of the Trident Nuclear Missile System in 2005 concluded that Trident replacement would constitute a breach of Article VI of the NPT and would be a material breach of the treaty itself. (cnduk.org)
  • Of particular concern was the danger that any change in US policy would undermine the Non-Proliferation Treaty regime, which seeks to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. (aps.org)
  • The American Physical Society urges a prompt, full and informed public debate about the circumstances under which the United States might use or threaten to use nuclear weapons, and the consequences for the Non-Proliferation Treaty. (aps.org)
  • The American Physical Society notes that any policy by the United States to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapon states threatens to undermine the Non-Proliferation Treaty regime. (aps.org)
  • The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is grateful for the opportunity to address the States party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). (icrc.org)
  • It has signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, and the Chemical Weapons Convention. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • When the nuclear patrols began in 1969, Britain had just signed up to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). (cnduk.org)
  • Signatories to this treaty, the Treaty of Tlatelolco, also agreed to IAEA jurisdiction over their nuclear power facilities. (cnduk.org)
  • Israel refuses (unlike Iran) to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and open its nuclear programme to international inspection. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • It has signed but not ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, similarly the Chemical Weapons Convention. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs what steps he is taking to encourage Israel to (a) sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and (b) open its nuclear programme to international inspection. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • The British Government supports fully the universalisation of the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT). (dissidentvoice.org)
  • My understanding of the Israeli nukes situation is that in 2009 the IAEA again called on Israel to join the Non-Proliferation Treaty, open its nuclear facilities to inspection and place them under comprehensive IAEA safeguards. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • NASA entertained it as an option for powering a manned mission to Mars until the Nuclear Test Ban treaty put the kibosh on it. (motherjones.com)
  • A year ago, a majority of the world's countries-122 of them-voted to enact a treaty with the highly ambitious goal of abolishing nuclear weapons entirely. (thebulletin.org)
  • But these rumblings might not have fused into the powerful movement they became without the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), the consortium of organizations that led the drive to create the new ban treaty. (thebulletin.org)
  • She is the first to acknowledge that the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (the TPNW, or simply the "ban treaty") has now entered a more plodding phase. (thebulletin.org)
  • In this interview, Fihn shares her thoughts on why the United States really pulled out of the Iran deal, how Trump and Kim have shifted global attitudes to nuclear weapons, the responsibilities of "umbrella states" who accept Washington's nuclear protection, and the ultimate impact she expects the new ban treaty to have. (thebulletin.org)
  • It's been a year since a majority of the world's nations, voting at the United Nations in July 2017, adopted the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. (thebulletin.org)
  • So it's less visible, in a way, but it's extremely essential work that is going to be really necessary for stigmatizing nuclear weapons and making this treaty a normative instrument. (thebulletin.org)
  • Not just because of the treaty, but also because of the nuclear-armed states and their behavior. (thebulletin.org)
  • At the United Nations this past week, 123 nations voted to commence negotiations next year on a new treaty to prohibit the possession of nuclear weapons. (counterpunch.org)
  • Despite President Obama's own words in his 2009 pledge to seek the security of a world free of nuclear weapons, the U.S. voted "no" and led the opposition to this treaty. (counterpunch.org)
  • Led by the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)-a global partnership of 440 partners in 98 countries-along with the International Red Cross, the world's health associations representing more than 17 million health professionals worldwide, the Catholic Church and World Council of Churches, are all calling for a treaty to ban and eliminate nuclear weapons. (counterpunch.org)
  • Koreans bristle at this, as many states in the world do, because they feel that the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) constitutes nuclear discrimination. (koreatimes.co.kr)
  • The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) is a coalition of non-governmental organizations promoting adherence to and implementation of the United Nations nuclear weapon ban treaty. (icanw.org)
  • Legislators are in a key position to promote the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in every country, pushing for its signature and ratification or promoting it abroad. (icanw.org)
  • The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) is a coalition of non-governmental organisations in one hundred countries promoting adherence to and implementation of the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. (icanw.org)
  • To examine the consequences in international law of altering the telos of a treaty, this contribution uses the example of the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) against the backdrop of the considerations regarding a possible treaty accession by Sweden as a defence-technologically advanced State located in an intricate geopolitical environment. (lu.se)
  • What they did in the 60s was to educate both sides - everybody who was involved in what was then a nuclear arms race - about the medical global consequences of nuclear war and played an important part through that element of health diplomacy in reducing the nuclear arms race and trying to bring in a nonproliferation treaty. (medscape.com)
  • We know that the health community played a decisive element during the Cold War, and more recently, were important proponents of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. (medscape.com)
  • During the WILPF International Congress 2022, held in Brisbane (Australia) and online, WILPF adopted a resolution on the Middle East Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone. (wilpf.org)
  • Nuclear weapons are the only weapon of mass destruction not explicitly and comprehensively prohibited under international law today. (icrc.org)
  • For years, the Kingdom has been the primary leader in pushing for a Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Free Zone in the Middle East. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • In the process the emphasis on Israel's nuclear, biological and chemical weapons of mass destruction was mysteriously lost. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • But a document newly obtained by the Washington, D.C.-based Federation of American Scientists (FAS)-founded by the creators of the original nuclear bomb in 1945 and monitoring the weapons ever since-reveals that in recent years the U.S. target list has expanded to include so-called 'regional proliferators,' smaller states seeking to acquire such weapons of mass destruction. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Saudi support for the Iran nuclear deal was based on the Kingdom's belief in the need to limit the spread of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East and worldwide, he said. (arabnews.com)
  • Students and faculty must demand their universities stop helping to build weapons of mass destruction. (icanw.org)
  • It will take bold leadership backed by a people-powered movement to topple these weapons of mass destruction and the systems of injustice that uphold them. (globalzero.org)
  • Between 1946 and 1958, the United States detonated 67 nuclear bombs on, in and above the Marshall Islands - vaporizing whole islands, carving craters into its shallow lagoons and exiling hundreds of people from their homes. (latimes.com)
  • It could be similar to existing conventions outlawing other categories of weapons, such as biological weapons, chemical weapons, anti-personnel mines and cluster bombs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The placement of nuclear missiles, artillery shells, and bombs in Turkey provided the forces required to prevent the USSR from overrunning the Near and Middle Eastern oil resources. (globalsecurity.org)
  • The bombs in Turkey are in storage, as Turkey neither maintains nuclear capable aircraft nor allows the U.S. to permanently deploy its own at the base. (globalsecurity.org)
  • The B61 nuclear bombs are equipped with "permissive action links" or PALs, which prevent arming and using the weapon without an authorization code. (globalsecurity.org)
  • Still other nuclear bombs are going through a "life extension program" that refurbishes and upgrades their aging components. (businessinsider.com)
  • With some spare parts of other bombs and a tail fin upgrade, the B61-12 will replace (and retire) at least four other models of nuclear bombs once it's completed. (businessinsider.com)
  • The military also claims this will cut the total number of nuclear gravity bombs by " a factor of two . (businessinsider.com)
  • Similar to how some people might consolidate their debt into one lower bill, the strategy is meant to reduce the number of nuclear bombs and their destructive power while maintaining a "technical" edge. (businessinsider.com)
  • That problem has been addressed by the design of a 'new triad'-traditionally the three nuclear limbs comprising intercontinental ballistic missiles , air-delivered gravity bombs, and submarine-launched ballistic missiles -to include other weapons systems. (scientificamerican.com)
  • A map of the nuclear bombs in your backyard and a look at our expensive, expanding nuclear weapons complex . (motherjones.com)
  • As part of the Plowshare project, 27 bombs were set off between 1961 and 1973, and plans were drawn up to use nuclear explosions to create new roadways, widen the Panama Canal, and tap natural gas reserves. (motherjones.com)
  • Professor Takesada said nuclear weapons production potentially offers huge profits for Pyongyang, which could export bombs to countries like Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Pakistan to earn foreign currency. (voanews.com)
  • Nuking Canada for oil, detonating a nuke on the moon, and creating a massive lake in Egypt by detonating 200 hydrogen bombs in the Qattara Depression were all kicked around by madmen scientists who really should have known better than to use nuclear technology as a development tool! (neatorama.com)
  • A B-52 bomber carrying two Mark 39 nuclear bombs was flying over the state when it experienced a massive fuel leak in its right wing. (listverse.com)
  • Nuclear weapons can be in the form of bombs or missiles. (cdc.gov)
  • And in spite of its NPT commitments and repeated claims to want a nuclear weapons-free world, it has retained its nuclear arsenal with its phenomenal killing capacity. (cnduk.org)
  • Donald Trump made a $1 trillion error when talking about the US military's nuclear arsenal during Monday's presidential debate. (businessinsider.com)
  • The pricey bomb is actually less than 1% of a $1 trillion push to keep the US nuclear arsenal up to date. (businessinsider.com)
  • In ' Atomic Audit ,' published in 1998, Stephen I. Schwartz claimed the U.S. had spent $5 trillion since 1940 on developing and maintaining its nuclear arsenal. (cnbc.com)
  • Among Democrats who have expressed concerns about nuclear modernization costs, House Armed Services Committee Chairman Adam Smith, D-Wash., has noted that America's nuclear arsenal would tower over China's, even if Beijing doubles its arsenal . (defensenews.com)
  • Bomb-powered spaceships, mininukes, atomic excavation, and other bizarre uses for our nuclear arsenal. (motherjones.com)
  • So Russia has 1 to 2000 of these weapons in its arsenal. (npr.org)
  • This campaign has also seen the increasing diversification of the DPRK's arsenal to include a wide array of missiles and other weapons, ranging from a new liquid-fuel intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and long-range cruise missiles to a newly introduced underwater nuclear drone. (rand.org)
  • ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. - The U.S. agency that oversees development and maintenance of the nation's nuclear arsenal is moving ahead with plans to modernize production of key components for the weapons, but some watchdog groups and members of Congress are concerned about persistent delays and cost overruns. (clickondetroit.com)
  • Some Ukrainian politicians have also claimed that had the country not given up its post-Soviet nuclear arsenal, Russia would not have annexed Crimea in 2014, though Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko has rejected calls for Kiev to become a nuclear power again. (cnn.com)
  • According to the authors of U.S. Nuclear and Extended Deterrence, Those who believe Ankara would find itself under pressure to acquire its own nuclear deterrent if Iran becomes a nuclear power argue that the presence of U.S. nuclear weapons in Turkey counters such pressure by providing reassurance of a U.S. commitment. (globalsecurity.org)
  • The Air Force's December 17 ICBM launch was to provide "data to ensure a safe, secure and effective nuclear deterrent. (truthout.org)
  • She pointed to testimony from Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin that the military's No. 1 priority is the nuclear deterrent. (defensenews.com)
  • Talking up nuclear triad modernization in a call with reporters on Monday, HASC ranking member Mike Rogers, R-Ala., said he expects Austin to recommend Biden continue the Ground Based Strategic Deterrent program. (defensenews.com)
  • North Korea's official news agency said that a nuclear deterrent will let it scale back its massive army, which is more than a million strong. (voanews.com)
  • Putin's order, which applies to Russia's traditional nuclear deterrent and its new hypersonic missiles, does not mean he is ordering preparations for a nuclear strike. (irishtimes.com)
  • In the past, Pyongyang has repeatedly pointed to US military interventions around the world as a justification for its nuclear program, viewing it as a vital deterrent to any attempts at regime change instigated or led by Washington. (cnn.com)
  • What are the humanitarian costs of the use of tactical nuclear weapons? (ucsusa.org)
  • Debate in Europe about the role and future of tactical nuclear weapons ( TNW ) has revealed different positions between allies. (basicint.org)
  • This tactical nuclear recoilless rifle with a 0.01-kiloton payload was designed for use on conventional battlefields . (motherjones.com)
  • What are 'tactical' nuclear weapons and how might they be used? (npr.org)
  • President Biden's stark warning about the "tactical" nuclear weapons Russia might use is raising fears of a new crisis. (npr.org)
  • RASCOE: So what is a tactical nuclear weapon? (npr.org)
  • And the U.S. got rid of its tactical nukes and actually replaced them with conventional weapons. (npr.org)
  • And she says that these tactical weapons are actually an important part of Russian war planning, in part because the conventional weapons the West have are so much more accurate and powerful than the Russian equivalent. (npr.org)
  • Leader Kim Jong-un now claims that he plans to put 180 tactical nuclear weapons on just one of his new types of short-range ballistic missiles. (rand.org)
  • This has not gone unnoticed in North Korea, with Kim announcing that he wants tactical nuclear weapons in part to neutralize the small number of South Korean airfields where advanced combat aircraft are located. (rand.org)
  • If he wanted to use tactical nuclear weapons to achieve [his aims] in Ukraine, he could do that. (irishtimes.com)
  • Two commanders ordered that a tactical nuclear torpedo be fired at the enemy fleet, which would have actually started a nuclear war. (listverse.com)
  • Russia's deployment of tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus is not time-limited, state news agency TASS quoted a senior Russian diplomat on Monday as saying. (jpost.com)
  • Russia announced in March that it was deploying tactical nuclear weapons to Belarus, a close ally that has provided support for Moscow's attack on Ukraine. (jpost.com)
  • As for the possible time frame for the presence of Russian tactical nuclear weapons on the territory of Belarus , the Russian-Belarusian agreements do not imply any restrictions in this regard," TASS cited Alexei Polishchuk, director of the Russian Foreign Ministry's department of former Soviet states, as saying in an interview. (jpost.com)
  • At KACARE, Saudi nuclear scientists have already carried out the strategic planning on a nuclear program, and plans are in place to spend around $80 billion over the next twenty years to build about sixteen nuclear power reactors. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • The plant produces mixed oxide, MOX, a type of nuclear fuel designed for use in breeder reactors, consisting of a blend of uranium and plutonium oxides. (ens-newswire.com)
  • In September 2000, the United States and Russia signed an agreement under which each side would turn 34 tons of weapons-grade plutonium, sufficient for approximately 17,000 nuclear weapons, into mixed-oxide fuel, or MOX, that could be combined with uranium for use in commercial reactors. (ens-newswire.com)
  • Small reactors, big ambitions, is this the future of nuclear energy? (weforum.org)
  • Small reactors could make nuclear energy big again. (weforum.org)
  • It is clear to everyone that nuclear reactors pose a threat even if they are used for peaceful purposes. (arabnews.com)
  • He also urged the IAEA to issue periodic reports of countries' readiness to cope with possible disasters caused by leakages in nuclear reactors, so as not to repeat the Chernobyl disaster. (arabnews.com)
  • Manmade sources of radioactive materials are found in consumer products, industrial equipment, atom bomb fallout, and to a smaller extent from hospital waste and nuclear reactors. (cdc.gov)
  • As well as outlawing nuclear weapons, this convention would prohibit the production of fissile materials suitable for making them, namely highly enriched uranium and separated plutonium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The plans for an indigenous program capable of using established methods of producing plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU) are already in place, and several Saudi nuclear scientists have earned their PhD's researching new forms of civil nuclear technology. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Fischer called for increasing the budget of the Energy Department's National Nuclear Security Administration to produce more replacement plutonium pits for aging nuclear weapons. (defensenews.com)
  • At a March 5 event, Smith said he places priority on nuclear command-and-command systems and plutonium pit production. (defensenews.com)
  • COLUMBIA, South Carolina , December 8, 2017 (ENS) - A leaked one-page document seen by ENS confirms that the U.S. Department of Energy is considering the use of a nuclear fuel plant at the government's Savannah River Site in South Carolina for production of plutonium "pits" for nuclear weapons. (ens-newswire.com)
  • A pit is the plutonium core of a nuclear weapon. (ens-newswire.com)
  • An official with the National Nuclear Security Administration confirmed at a June 7 meeting of the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board that the Savannah River Site, SRS, is being considered for plutonium pit production. (ens-newswire.com)
  • SRS has not historically produced plutonium pits and to do so would greatly expand the role of SRS in nuclear weapons production, something which would be quite controversial and be faced with both political and public opposition," said Clements. (ens-newswire.com)
  • Once completed, the facility will convert surplus nuclear weapons-grade plutonium into safe, stable fuel for civilian nuclear power generation. (ens-newswire.com)
  • The National Nuclear Security Administration released its annual plan on Monday, outlining the multibillion-dollar effort to manufacture plutonium pits, the spherical cores that trigger the explosion in thermonuclear weapons, at national laboratories in New Mexico and South Carolina. (clickondetroit.com)
  • Speciation and foodchain availability of plutonium accidentally released from nuclear weapons / B. T. Wilkins, M. Paul and A. F. Nisbet. (who.int)
  • Plutonium-239 and plutonium-240 are formed in nuclear power plants when uranium-238 captures neutrons. (cdc.gov)
  • Plutonium is used to produce nuclear weapons. (cdc.gov)
  • Plutonium-238 is used as a heat source in nuclear batteries to produce electricity in devices such as unmanned spacecraft and interplanetary probes. (cdc.gov)
  • Plutonium released during atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, which ended in 1980, is the source of most of the plutonium in the environment worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • In fact, the ongoing modernization of nuclear weapons by some States suggest that their role in security policies is not being reduced. (icrc.org)
  • The top Republican on the Senate Strategic Forces Subcommittee, Sen. Deb Fischer, center, has warned against freezing any nuclear modernization activities while the Biden administration conducts its expected nuclear posture review. (defensenews.com)
  • WASHINGTON ― The U.S. government's budget cycle is just getting started, but already Democrats and Republicans are in a war of words over whether to curb or continue the trajectory of spending on nuclear weapons modernization. (defensenews.com)
  • We shouldn't be conducting [a review] to pause nuclear modernization. (defensenews.com)
  • Nuclear modernization is not cheap, but it's necessary. (defensenews.com)
  • It is the core and most important mission, completely agreed, but then [modernization advocates] leap from that to 'therefore, we have to spend $1.5 trillion on nuclear weapons,' " Smith said. (defensenews.com)
  • One powerful Democrat who voiced support for nuclear triad modernization is Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman Jack Reed, D-R.I. "We have to modernize the triad and maintain the triad, in my view, for strategic reasons that have been successful for about 70 years," he told reporters last month . (defensenews.com)
  • Not that things were exactly boring before that, what with North Korea's nuclear and missile tests and other countries' nuclear-weapons modernization programs. (thebulletin.org)
  • In the mid-20th century, nuclear missiles were maintained with flimsy safeguards and rapidly failing technology. (edrants.com)
  • America had responded with a naval blockade to the Soviet Union placing nuclear missiles in Cuba, and war seemed inevitable. (listverse.com)
  • Today, some 12,700 nuclear weapons remain in the world's arsenals, with about 90 percent owned by the United States and Russia. (ucsusa.org)
  • U.S. national-security adviser John Bolton discusses the recent nuclear incident in Russia and Iran's nuclear program in an interview with Voice of America contributor Greta Van Susteren on August 14. (rferl.org)
  • As the June 30 deadline approaches for the P5+1 - a group of nations including the US, Russia and China - and Iran to complete a nuclear agreement, all signs seem to be pointing to the fact that Britain alongside the US and France seem to be caving in on some of their long-standing central demands. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • But the idea that the US is not keeping up with Russia, or any other country, in regards to nuclear weapons is wrong. (businessinsider.com)
  • In reality, both the US and Russia have been reducing and updating their nuclear stockpiles since 2010. (businessinsider.com)
  • It seems hard to believe that in these possible end times in the midst of a global pandemic with an endless succession of catastrophic climate disasters and thousands of nuclear weapons poised and pointed in the US and Russia, ready to destroy life on earth, we are. (abolition2000.org)
  • Some of these top concerns include issues of nuclear arms control, non-proliferation, and strategic stability related to Russia, China, Iran, and North Korea. (brookings.edu)
  • BRUMFIEL: So during the Cold War, both the U.S. and Russia had, like, a load of these weapons in their stockpiles. (npr.org)
  • But Russia has hung on to the weapons. (npr.org)
  • So how would Russia use nuclear weapons in a situation where they felt the need? (npr.org)
  • RASCOE: So what are the risk to Russia if they do use these weapons? (npr.org)
  • BRUMFIEL: Well, look, the U.S. has been very clear that Russia is going to face some kind of significant retaliation, probably some sort of military retaliation, if they decide to use nuclear weapons. (npr.org)
  • In addition to tensions between Russia and the U.S. in Ukraine and Syria, there is a real danger of nuclear war in South Asia, which could kill more than two billion people from the use of "just" 100 Hiroshima-size weapons. (counterpunch.org)
  • On Friday, US President Donald Trump announced he had given the order for US forces to strike the Syrian regime in response to an alleged chemical weapons attack on a rebel-held city in the southwest of the country, which he blames on Russia and Syria. (cnn.com)
  • Polishchuk said the weapons could hypothetically be removed from Belarus if the United States and NATO "refrained from undermining the security and sovereignty of Russia and Belarus. (jpost.com)
  • If there was a large-scale nuclear war between Russia and the United States, God forbid, that could kill 200 million people in the immediate near-term and the possibility of leading to a nuclear winter, with the possibility of the deaths of 5 or 6 billion people. (medscape.com)
  • It is the horrific suffering that the ICRC witnessed in Hiroshima, while supporting the Japanese Red Cross in assisting the victims of the atomic bombing, which led us in September 1945 to call on States to prohibit nuclear weapons, a call repeatedly made since then by the broader International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. (icrc.org)
  • The US succeeded building the first American nuclear bomb in 1945. (bartleby.com)
  • Why Have Nuclear Weapons Not Been Used in Conflict Since 1945? (bartleby.com)
  • The third argument for the absence of nuclear weapons since 1945 is through the concept of deterrence. (bartleby.com)
  • Since 1945, there has not been one military use of a nuclear weapon. (listverse.com)
  • Since 1945, nuclear-armed states have detonated over 2,000 nuclear weapons, impacting communities around the world. (icanw.org)
  • For every additional weapon my adversary has, I need two and so on and so on to our global arsenals of 15,500 weapons. (counterpunch.org)
  • We would call on all nuclear-armed states to eliminate their nuclear arsenals before they eliminate us. (medscape.com)
  • Foremost among these is that Iran must be transparent about the "possible military dimensions" (PMDs) of its nuclear program. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • This means that the ultimate agreement could leave open the potential for Iran to weaponize its nuclear program and acquire and then possibly deploy a nuclear weapon. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Finally, there are those who feel that the nuclear agreement being considered between Iran and the P5+1 adequately prevents Iran from quickly weaponizing its nuclear program. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Whereas the latter is employed by many countries, only five such nations were listed in the broader Nuclear Posture Review put together by the Bush administration in December 2001: Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea and Syria. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The United States had just pulled out of the Iran nuclear deal under, even though Iran was complying with its terms. (thebulletin.org)
  • She pointed to Russia's development of new nuclear weapon delivery systems, China's growing capabilities, and destabilization in North Korea and Iran. (clickondetroit.com)
  • Another example often cited is the Trump administration's criticism and backtracking of the Iran nuclear deal reached under President Barack Obama. (cnn.com)
  • Tehran agreed in 2015 to limit its peaceful nuclear energy program in exchange for a reduction in sanctions, but Trump has since said the deal contained "disastrous flaws" and threatened to scrap it if Iran continued ballistic missile testing not covered by the original deal. (cnn.com)
  • He called on the international community, the UN and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to urge Iran to comply with international law and nuclear safety standards. (arabnews.com)
  • The IAEA's yet-to-be-published report on the matter began circulating late Friday among reporters and Iran watchers in Washington, D.C., and it is said to show that Iran has stopped adhering to its transparency commitments under the landmark Obama-era nuclear agreement. (freebeacon.com)
  • Iranian leaders have been warning for months that the country has ended its cooperation surrounding the nuclear portfolio, including efforts by Iran to enrich uranium to levels prohibited under the nuclear deal and necessary for a functional nuclear weapon. (freebeacon.com)
  • The IAEA's findings, the contours of which were confirmed by sources to the Washington Free Beacon , are likely to fuel calls by Iran skeptics on Capitol Hill for a full snapback of international sanctions on Iran, which were lifted under the JCPOA, the acronym used for the nuclear deal. (freebeacon.com)
  • New language in IAEA's latest report indicates claims that "ongoing interactions between the Agency and Iran relating to Iran's implementation of its Safeguards Agreement [and] Additional Protocol require full [and] timely cooperation by Iran," according to a portion of the report published Friday by the Institute for Science and International Security, a nuclear watchdog group that routinely has access to such reports. (freebeacon.com)
  • Furthermore, "any potential delay, denial, or deception by Iran that inhibits the IAEA's essential nuclear safeguards verification work in Iran would be completely unacceptable," according to the official. (freebeacon.com)
  • A nuclear archive seized from Iran by Israeli spies revealed that Iran never fully shuttered its nuclear weapons program, particularly at secretive military sites across the country. (freebeacon.com)
  • One such site, the Fordow nuclear research facility, remains functional and is enriching uranium, the key component in a bomb, despite portions of the JCPOA mandating that Iran dismantle the facility. (freebeacon.com)
  • This new IAEA report comes as Iran is threatening to again expand its proliferation-sensitive nuclear activities in a transparent attempt at nuclear extortion," the official said. (freebeacon.com)
  • Iran has yet to address continuing concerns about its nuclear program, which would be only heightened by any lack of cooperation with the IAEA. (freebeacon.com)
  • When, earlier this month, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) released a report on Iran's nuclear program, several media agencies and politicians walked away with two messages: that the Vienna-based agency now refutes past estimates of the US intelligence community, and that Iran is now making a break for the bomb. (antiwar.com)
  • The Obama administration pledged that Iran would suffer painful consequences for plotting to assassinate the Saudi ambassador in Washington and for refusing to freeze its nuclear program. (antiwar.com)
  • Most analysts familiar with the report agree that there "is nothing in the report that was not previously known by the governments of the major powers" - a nuclear Iran is "neither imminent nor inevitable. (antiwar.com)
  • The new report, therefore, leaves us where we've been since 2002, when George Bush declared Iran to be a member of the Axis of Evil - with lots of belligerent talk but no definitive evidence of a nuclear-weapons program. (antiwar.com)
  • He uses a claim in the report that Iran built an explosives chamber for nuclear testing to kill two myths - that and another in the report - with one stone. (antiwar.com)
  • U.S. authorities later cleaned up contaminated soil on Enewetak Atoll, where the United States not only detonated the bulk of its weapons tests but, as The Times has learned, also conducted a dozen biological weapons tests and dumped 130 tons of soil from an irradiated Nevada testing site. (latimes.com)
  • U.S. authorities also didn't inform people in Enewetak, where the waste site is located, that they'd conducted a dozen biological weapons tests in the atoll, including experiments with an aerosolized bacteria designed to kill enemy troops. (latimes.com)
  • While the community of nations had banned other weapons designed to mass-murder civilians with little controversy-with the Biological Weapons Convention in 1975 and the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1997-until 2017, would-be nuke-launchers were free of such inconveniences. (thebulletin.org)
  • In December 2003, after months of negotiations with the US , Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi agreed to dismantle his nuclear, chemical and biological weapons programs. (cnn.com)
  • The following unclassified documents containing potential biological threat agents were reviewed: 1) the Select Agent Rule list, 2) the Australian Group List for Biological Agents for Export Control, 3) the unclassified military list of biological warfare agents, 4) the Biological Weapons Convention list, and 5) the World Health Organization Biological Weapons list ( 8 - 12 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In the last three years in particular, the inter-governmental conferences held in Oslo, Nayarit and Vienna on the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons have given the international community a much clearer grasp of the effects that a nuclear detonation would have on people and societies around the globe, as well as on the environment. (icrc.org)
  • Though flat spending is predicted between the defense budget proposal for fiscal 2022 and the $741 billion defense budget for fiscal 2021, Fischer suggested nuclear weapons shouldn't take a hit. (defensenews.com)
  • In January 1968, the Japanese prime minister pledged that Japan would not make nuclear weapons. (cnduk.org)
  • Also in 1968, a nuclear weapons-free zone was established by 20 countries in Latin America, renouncing the acquisition and siting of nuclear weapons on their territories. (cnduk.org)
  • The U.S. government is now estimated to have 6,800 nuclear weapons at its disposal, but America hasn't actually built a new warhead or bomb since the 1990s. (cnbc.com)
  • A separate Pentagon review is reportedly underway on the new W76-2 submarine-launched, low-yield nuclear warhead, which Democrats have mounted an effort to kill. (defensenews.com)
  • Scientists at NASA and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory think a spare nuclear warhead could "nudge" it out of our path. (motherjones.com)
  • Kim held a two-day munitions conference to celebrate the construction and launch of the Hwasong-15, North Korea's most advanced intercontinental ballistic missile, which the rogue regime claims could carry a "super-heavy nuclear warhead," Reuters reported. (foxnews.com)
  • But South Korea's president is repeating his commitment to peacefully ending the North's nuclear ambitions. (voanews.com)
  • Addressing Japan's Parliament, Mr. Roh said North Korea must abandon its nuclear ambitions and live in harmony with its neighbors. (voanews.com)
  • Pyongyang insists the nuclear issue can only be resolved through bilateral talks with the United States, saying it will give up its nuclear ambitions in exchange for U.S. security assurances and economic aid. (voanews.com)
  • RASCOE: What do we know about Russia's approach to using these types of weapons? (npr.org)
  • Putin's decision to prepare Russia's nuclear weapons for increased launch readiness sparked immediate condemnation from the US and Nato. (irishtimes.com)
  • Russian president Vladimir Putin orders his military command to put Russia's deterrence forces - a reference to units which include nuclear arms - on high alert, citing aggressive statements by Nato leaders and economic sanctions against Moscow. (irishtimes.com)
  • He expressed Saudi concern over Iran's Bushehr nuclear reactor, located no more than 200 km from the Arabian Gulf coast, "especially as it is located on an active seismic line. (arabnews.com)
  • Especially given the history of Iran's nuclear program, and its efforts to preserve a vast archive of materials from its past nuclear weapons program, any new concern related to Iran's safeguards implementation would be an extremely serious matter," the State Department official told the Free Beacon . (freebeacon.com)
  • To the U.S. government and much of the media, the recent report on Iran's nuclear program by the International Atomic Energy Agency is damning. (antiwar.com)
  • While it is clear that Iran's continuing research on nuclear weapons is a serious concern for international security, there "has been no smoking gun when it comes to Iran's nuclear weapons intentions. (antiwar.com)
  • This is the first formal confirmation at that high level that those countries entered mainstream strategic nuclear war planning,' says Hans Kristensen, director of the Nuclear Information Project at FAS, which obtained the excerpt from a 2002 U.S. Strategic Command (U.S. STARTCOM) briefing on the new war plan to take effect in 2003. (scientificamerican.com)
  • So when Russian president Vladimir Putin put strategic nuclear forces on high alert on Sunday, they took it seriously. (irishtimes.com)
  • Kim praised the scientists who "most faithfully and perfectly" carried out the "great November event" and "building [North Korea's] strategic nuclear force. (foxnews.com)
  • On 24 October 2008 the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon discussed a nuclear weapons convention in an address to the East-West Institute entitled "The United Nations and security in a nuclear-weapon-free world. (wikipedia.org)
  • An upcoming report by the United Nations' nuclear watchdog organization, known as the International Atomic Energy Agency, includes new language suggesting the Islamic Republic has not been cooperating with international nuclear inspectors who are mandated to provide oversight on the Islamic Republic's weapons program, according to multiple sources familiar with the contents of the report. (freebeacon.com)
  • ICAN is the international campaign to stigmatise, prohibit & eliminate nuclear weapons. (icanw.org)
  • Whether it's extractive uranium mining, nuclear testing, waste storage, or coercive nuclear threats, abolishing these weapons is a critical pillar of the global fight for equity and justice. (globalzero.org)
  • The warnings come as the U.S. government begins to pour over $1 trillion into modernizing its nuclear weapons stockpile over the next 30 years. (foreignpolicy.com)
  • The Biden administration is expected to conduct a broad nuclear posture review that would examine plans to modernize the nuclear triad - an effort estimated to cost $1.7 trillion over 30 years. (defensenews.com)
  • Rather than meet our obligations under international law, the U.S has proposed by stark contrast to begin a new nuclear arms race spending $1 trillion over the next 30 years to "upgrade" every aspect our nuclear weapons programs. (counterpunch.org)
  • In 2009 the IAEA concluded that nuclear material, facilities or other items to which safeguards were applied in Israel remained in use for peaceful activities. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • FILE - Jill Hruby, U.S. Department of Energy Under Secretary for Nuclear Security and Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration addresses the media during the 66th General Conference of the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) in Vienna, Sept. 28, 2022. (clickondetroit.com)
  • That] claim appears to be an effort to confuse Danilenko's well- established work on an explosives chamber for nanodiamond synthesis with a chamber for weapons testing, such as the IAEA now claims was built at Parchin. (antiwar.com)
  • At this pivotal moment of the NPT, it is crucial that States Parties take into account the new research, risks and perspectives on nuclear weapons that have come to light, draw the necessary conclusions and take concrete action to eliminate these horrendous weapons. (icrc.org)
  • The only way to prevent the use of nuclear weapons is to ban and eliminate them. (counterpunch.org)
  • JEDDAH: The Saudi ambassador to the UN, Abdallah Al-Mouallimi, has stressed the importance of efforts to eliminate nuclear weapons. (arabnews.com)
  • Eliminating nuclear weapons is the only way to eliminate these risks altogether. (icanw.org)
  • The American Physical Society is deeply concerned about the possible use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states and for pre-emptive counter-proliferation purposes. (aps.org)
  • We have a regular dialogue with the Israeli Government on civil nuclear and counter proliferation issues. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • 2000). Study of mortality among female nuclear weapons workers. (cdc.gov)
  • Concerns about proliferation and the spiralling stocks of the nuclear states led the UN General Assembly to try and bring these developments under control. (cnduk.org)
  • The historian Spencer Weart notes 'You say 'nuclear bomb ' and everybody immediately thinks of the end of the world' The escalation of nuclear proliferation in and around the world, especially in the Middle East has led to the fear of nuclear war in the near future. (bartleby.com)
  • Two main theorists of international relations, Kenneth Waltz and Scott Sagan have been debating on the issue of nuclear weapons and the proliferation of nuclear weapons in the 21st century. (bartleby.com)
  • In their book The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: An Enduring Debate, they both discuss their various theories, assumptions and beliefs on nuclear proliferation and nuclear weapons. (bartleby.com)
  • Since the end of the Cold War, more attention has been given to nuclear non-proliferation issues at large than to traditional issues of deterrence, strategic stability, and arms control. (brookings.edu)
  • Now, we understand some of the reasons for this in terms of the extraordinary, continued proliferation of nuclear weapons, the fact that there is a land war being waged in Europe just now, in which various threats have been made coming from the Russian high command about the possibility of deploying nuclear weapons. (medscape.com)
  • Under the concept [of a new triad] essentially everything becomes strategic-and by including conventional weapons, missile defense and the weapons facilities, they can say that the prominence of nuclear weapons has been reduced,' Kristensen says. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Does possessing of nuclear weapons offset conventional force imbalance and deter military threat? (bartleby.com)
  • Many countries built nuclear weapons because it felt insecure from the major nuclear states or from their neighbors conventional military or nuclear capabilities. (bartleby.com)
  • ANYA FINK: They look at Western conventional capabilities and basically say, hey, in a match up, they will have little recourse but to resort to nuclear weapons. (npr.org)
  • It's not just a response to how his conventional campaign [in Ukraine] is going but to these other developments, with sanctions and Germany sending weapons to Ukraine," she added. (irishtimes.com)
  • Both countries are actively planning to build new weapons, sparking a 21st century arms race and increasing the risk of nuclear war. (ucsusa.org)
  • In light of the catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons, which the NPT States Parties have recognized, filling this gap is a humanitarian imperative. (icrc.org)
  • Unlike humans, though, a tree cannot be moved into a nuclear medicine facility for radiation treatments. (neatorama.com)
  • When a nuclear weapon explodes, it gives off four types of energy: a blast wave, intense light, heat, and radiation. (cdc.gov)
  • Nuclear weapons present the greatest public health and existential threat to our survival every moment of every day. (counterpunch.org)
  • South Korean government analysis has put North Korea's nuclear spending at $1.1 billion to $3.2 billion overall,' reported Reuters last year, 'although experts say it is impossible to make an accurate calculation given the secrecy surrounding the program, and estimates vary widely. (cnbc.com)
  • Nuclear war is not a topic that many people may have thought a lot about recently, but it's on the mind of President Biden. (npr.org)
  • Biden also warned that the use of such weapons in Ukraine might spark Armageddon. (npr.org)
  • The Biden administration is requesting $18.8 billion for weapons activities , a 10% increase over spending for the last fiscal year. (clickondetroit.com)
  • The Incirlik Airbase, in southeast Turkey, houses NATO's largest nuclear-weapons storage facility, with 50 US thermonuclear weapons. (globalsecurity.org)
  • The defense budget must be in sync with U.S. nuclear policy, which now requires concrete steps to reduce the numbers and role of nuclear weapons. (fas.org)
  • Such 'broadening of nuclear targeting' is troubling, Kristensen says, 'especially when diplomats claim we have decreased the role of nuclear weapons. (scientificamerican.com)
  • But the South's potential possession of nuclear weapons would not actually serve local security from the North. (koreatimes.co.kr)
  • This body would receive progress reports from nuclear-armed states, conduct inspections of weapons facilities, acquire intelligence through satellite photography and remote sensors, and monitor the production and transfer of materials suitable for making nuclear weapons. (wikipedia.org)
  • The US opened the nuclear world race when it started the Manhattan project to acquire a nuclear bomb. (bartleby.com)
  • The U.S. government believes North Korean leader Kim Jong Un has up to 60 nuclear weapons, though some independent experts say the total is smaller. (cnbc.com)
  • Specifically, the heavily redacted document includes pictures of a North Korean missile, an underground Libyan facility to produce nuclear material, and a short-range, Russian-made SCUD ballistic missile (the weapon that played a terrifying role in the Persian Gulf War). (scientificamerican.com)
  • The United States said North Korean diplomats have admitted on three occasions that Pyongyang already possessed nuclear weapons. (voanews.com)
  • Washington and Tokyo have been more vocal in recent weeks about the possible need for stronger measures to curb North Korean nuclear programs. (voanews.com)
  • All of this raises the question of why North Korean leader Kim Jong-un is making such excessive investments in his nuclear and weapons programs and dramatically showing off his country's military capabilities, even though the United States and South Korea have no intention of invading as the DPRK claims. (rand.org)
  • As the US prepares to try and convince North Korean leader Kim Jong Un to give up his nuclear weapons, it may have made his counter argument for him. (cnn.com)
  • The North Korean despot said Tuesday that Pyongyang would continue making "more latest weapons and equipment" to "bolster up the nuclear force in quality and quantity," according to a statement by the state's Korean Central News Agency. (foxnews.com)
  • Israel's nuclear weapons program being the prime example of this failed policy. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • In the early 1980s, a group of pacifist feminists from across Europe united to protest the buildup of arms and nuclear weapons. (wilpf.org)
  • Each of the nuclear nations is expected to do the same in rebuilding their weapons programs continuing the arms race for generations to come-or until planetary thermonuclear murder, whichever comes first. (counterpunch.org)
  • Nuclear weapons have not been used for more than 60 years, reflecting a widespread appreciation of the grave human costs and political and moral consequences of crossing the nuclear threshold. (aps.org)
  • Putin's decision followed a warning he issued at the outset of his invasion of Ukraine last Thursday, that any attempt by other countries to "meddle" would be met with consequences, a phrase interpreted to mean possible nuclear attacks. (irishtimes.com)
  • This year's presidential campaign has once again done little to focus on the dangers of nuclear weapons, looking instead at who has the temperament to have their finger on the button with absolutely no indication of any understanding of the consequences to all of humanity by the use of these weapons even on a very small scale. (counterpunch.org)
  • But what is most striking is how successive British governments have engaged in 50 years of dissimulation and doublespeak over nuclear weapons. (cnduk.org)
  • Who knows, but either way their dissimulation and doublespeak over nuclear weapons renders them uniquely unfit to run a country. (cnduk.org)
  • Fed up with this inaction and doublespeak, the non-nuclear nations of the world have joined the ongoing efforts of the world's NGO, health and religious communities in demanding an end to the madness. (counterpunch.org)
  • Without that guarantee, she says, "the risk is that they might develop nuclear weapons of their own. (globalsecurity.org)
  • North Korea said it is seeking to develop nuclear weapons, and it said it is doing so as part of a plan to help its people. (voanews.com)
  • So Putin will say something or, you know, the U.S. government will confirm that there's actual Russian movement of nuclear forces or sort of things like that. (npr.org)
  • There's a real possibility Putin could turn to nuclear weapons if he continues to experience military setbacks and sees the diplomatic and political situation crumbling," said Caitlin Talmadge, a nuclear policy expert at Georgetown University. (irishtimes.com)
  • Much of the infrastructure that supports the U.S. nuclear weapons programs, including labs, production facilities, and weapons storage complexes themselves were built six decades ago. (foreignpolicy.com)
  • Gronlund predicts that, in total, the U.S. will spend $250 billion on its nuclear program in the next few decades. (cnbc.com)
  • We can build a future that promotes diplomacy, environmental justice for frontline communities, and one where we abolish these uniquely destructive weapons. (ucsusa.org)
  • President Kennedy speaking on nuclear weapons before the U.N. Security Council in September 1961 said, "The weapons of war must be abolished before they abolish us. (counterpunch.org)
  • Anything that we can do to help support the international campaign that they are promoting to abolish nuclear weapons we should do. (medscape.com)
  • The global movement for an outright ban on nuclear weapons coalesced around 2010 with rumblings from parties typically voiceless in nuclear negotiations: Survivors of nuclear weapons and testing, plus civilians from all over who observed that any nuclear conflagration would kill and injure millions of people who had nothing to do with whatever sparked it. (thebulletin.org)
  • The Greens also want Sweden to remain outside Nato's special committee for nuclear weapons. (thelocal.se)
  • US defense policy expert Kori Schake at the Hoover Institution told VOA 05 August 2016 that removing the weapons from Turkish soil would send the wrong signal to the American ally. (globalsecurity.org)
  • He has watched … what has happened around the world relative to nations that possess nuclear capabilities and the leverage they have, and seen that having the nuclear card in your pocket results in a lot of deterrence capability," he said at an event last year . (cnn.com)
  • While the initial casus belli would be to suppress the North's nuclear capabilities and force regime change, in reality, the invasion would quickly to turn into a war of national unification ― a second Korean war to finally close the rift. (koreatimes.co.kr)
  • When a nuclear weapon explodes, a large fireball is created. (cdc.gov)
  • The inherent impossibility of distinguishing between civilian and military targets and the obvious fact that the use of nuclear weapons would result in a massive number of casualties in a wide area, clearly renders the use or threat of a nuclear weapons system illegal. (cnduk.org)
  • Since Kim took power that same year, North Korea has dramatically ramped up its nuclear and missile testing , and in November 2017 Pyongyang debuted a new intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) allegedly capable of striking the whole US mainland. (cnn.com)
  • Long-time nuclear watchdog Tom Clements, director of the nonprofit Savannah River Site Watch, says, "Such a mission would greatly expand the focus on nuclear weapons at the the Savannah River Site, which is now constrained to the processing and packaging of tritium gas for use in all U.S. nuclear weapons. (ens-newswire.com)
  • The Case for a Nuclear Weapons Convention, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2007, [2] http://icanw.org/files/ICAN-campaignoverview.pdf Archived 19 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine accessed 23-12-10 Working towards the elimination of nuclear weapons, IRC Movement Council of Delegates 2011, Resolution 1, 26 November 2011. (wikipedia.org)
  • To the lay person that means half a century of British submarines, armed with nuclear weapons, on patrol 24/7. (cnduk.org)