A transcription factor that controls the expression of variety of proteins including CYTOCHROME C and 5-AMINOLEVULINATE SYNTHETASE. It plays an important role in maintenance of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN of MITOCHONDRIA.
A family of transcription factors that control expression of a variety of nuclear GENES encoding proteins that function in the RESPIRATORY CHAIN of the MITOCHONDRIA.
A basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that is involved in regulating inflammatory responses, MORPHOGENESIS, and HEME biosynthesis.
A heterotetrameric transcription factor composed of two distinct proteins. Its name refers to the fact it binds to DNA sequences rich in GUANINE and ADENINE. GA-binding protein integrates a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS and regulates expression of GENES involved in CELL CYCLE control, PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS, and cellular METABOLISM.
The cellular processes involved in adjustments to the MITOCHONDRIAL VOLUME, content, and activity, that depend on the energy demands of the cell.
Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.
A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Respiratory uncoupling induces delta-aminolevulinate synthase expression through a nuclear respiratory factor-1-dependent mechanism in HeLa cells. (1/77)

Nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)-1 appears to be important for the expression of several respiratory genes, but there is no direct evidence that NRF-1 transduces a physiological signal into the production of an enzyme critical for mitochondrial biogenesis. We generated HeLa cells containing plasmids allowing doxycycline-inducible expression of uncoupling protein (UCP)-1. In the absence of doxycycline, UCP-1 mRNA and protein were undetectable. In the presence of doxycycline, UCP-1 was expressed and oxygen consumption doubled. This rise in oxygen consumption was associated with an increase in NRF-1 mRNA. It was also associated with an increase in NRF-1 protein binding activity as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay using a functional NRF-1 binding site from the delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase promoter. Respiratory uncoupling also caused a time-dependent increase in protein levels of ALA synthase, an early marker for mitochondrial biogenesis. ALA synthase induction by respiratory uncoupling was prevented by transfecting cells with an oligonucleotide antisense to the region of the NRF-1 initiation codon; a scrambled oligonucleotide with the same base composition had no effect. Respiratory uncoupling increases oxygen consumption and lowers energy reserves. In HeLa cells, uncoupling also increases ALA synthase, an enzyme critical for mitochondrial respiration, but only if translatable mRNA for NRF-1 is available. These data suggest that the transcription factor NRF-1 plays a key role in cellular adaptation to energy demands by translating physiological signals into an increased capacity for generating energy.  (+info)

Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. (2/77)

Mitochondrial number and function are altered in response to external stimuli in eukaryotes. While several transcription/replication factors directly regulate mitochondrial genes, the coordination of these factors into a program responsive to the environment is not understood. We show here that PGC-1, a cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors, stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration in muscle cells through an induction of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) and through regulation of the nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs). PGC-1 stimulates a powerful induction of NRF-1 and NRF-2 gene expression; in addition, PGC-1 binds to and coactivates the transcriptional function of NRF-1 on the promoter for mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA), a direct regulator of mitochondrial DNA replication/transcription. These data elucidate a pathway that directly links external physiological stimuli to the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function.  (+info)

Activation of PPARgamma coactivator-1 through transcription factor docking. (3/77)

Transcriptional coactivators have been viewed as constitutively active components, using transcription factors mainly to localize their functions. Here, it is shown that PPARgamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) promotes transcription through the assembly of a complex that includes the histone acetyltransferases steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300. PGC-1 has a low inherent transcriptional activity when it is not bound to a transcription factor. The docking of PGC-1 to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) stimulates an apparent conformational change in PGC-1 that permits binding of SRC-1 and CBP/p300, resulting in a large increase in transcriptional activity. Thus, transcription factor docking switches on the activity of a coactivator protein.  (+info)

The CNC basic leucine zipper factor, Nrf1, is essential for cell survival in response to oxidative stress-inducing agents. Role for Nrf1 in gamma-gcs(l) and gss expression in mouse fibroblasts. (4/77)

Nrf1 is a member of the CNC-basic leucine zipper (CNC-bZIP) family of transcription factors. CNC bZIP factors, together with small Maf proteins, bind as heterodimers to the NF-E2/AP-1 element. Similarity between the NF-E2/AP-1 element and the antioxidant response element identified in a number of promoters of genes involved in detoxification and antioxidant response raises the possibility that Nrf1 plays a role in mediating the antioxidant response element response. In this study, we exploited the availability of cells from Nrf1 knockout mice to study the role of Nrf1 transcription factor in the regulation of antioxidant gene expression and in cellular antioxidant response. Fibroblast cells derived from Nrf1 null embryos showed lower levels of glutathione and enhanced sensitivity to the toxic effects of oxidant compounds. Our results indicate that Nrf1 plays a role in the regulation of genes involved in glutathione synthesis and suggest a basis for a correspondingly low GSH concentration and reduced stress response.  (+info)

Structural basis for the regulation of UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase-3 gene expression in adenocarcinoma cells. (5/77)

The UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase-3 (Gal NAc-T3) gene, a member of the Gal NAc transferase gene family, is expressed in a tissue-specific manner. To elucidate the function of this gene, we have focused on the molecular mechanism underlying regulation of gene expression. We have cloned Gal NAc-T3 cDNA and used it to show that Gal NAc-T3 mRNA is expressed in tumor cell lines derived from secretory epithelial tissue adenocarcinomas but not in cell lines derived from bladder and epidermoid carcinomas. Using a polyclonal antibody to Gal NAc-T3, we observed protein expression in adenocarcinoma but not non-adenocarcinoma cell lines, and in breast carcinoma cells but not in normal breast tissue. We used Gal NAc-T3 cDNA to isolate three overlapping genomic clones containing the 5'-portion of the human Gal NAc-T3 gene, and we sequenced 1.6 kb around the first exon. A transient expression assay using the luciferase gene showed that promoter activity was much higher in MCF-7 cells than in KB cells. In vivo footprint experiments showed significant protection of a distal GC box, an NRF-1 site, and an AP-2 site in MCF-7 cells. A novel stem and loop structure extending from nucleotide -103 to nucleotide -165 and contiguous to these transcription factor binding sites seemed to be functional in regulating Gal NAc-T3 gene transcription, and a KMnO4 footprint experiment showed that this stem and loop structure could be formed in vivo. We also observed dimethyl sulfate hypersensitive sites in the untranslated region around nucleotide +50 in MCF-7 but not in KB cells. These findings indicate that Gal NAc-T3 gene expression is regulated by multiple systems, including transcription factor binding sites and a stem-and-loop structure, and that this regulation is restricted to cell lines derived from epithelial gland adenocarcinomas but not cells derived from nonsecretory epithelial tissue carcinomas. In addition, our immunohistochemical results suggest that our anti-Gal NAc-T3 antibody may be useful for diagnostic purposes in the early stages of breast cancer.  (+info)

Antagonism between members of the CNC-bZIP family and the immediate-early protein IE2 of human cytomegalovirus. (6/77)

The HCMV IE2 protein negatively autoregulates its own expression as well as represses the transactivation activity of p53. Using the repression domain of IE2 as bait in the yeast two-hybrid system, Nrf1 and Nrf2, members of the CNC-bZIP family, were found to be IE2-interacting proteins. Residues 331-448 encompassing the DNA-binding and the dimerization domains of Nrf1 are sufficient for the interaction. The interaction was further confirmed in vitro by a glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay and in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation. In transient transfection studies, transcription driven by six copies of an NF-E2 site or by chimeric proteins between the DNA-binding domain of LexA and members of the CNC-bZIP family is repressed by IE2. Importantly, the DNA binding activity of the Nrf1/MafK heterodimer is not impeded by IE2. In a parallel study, CNC-bZIP factors attenuate the negative autoregulation of IE2. The attenuation could be explained by the finding that Nrf1 functions alone and synergistically with its heterodimerization partner, MafK, in inhibiting the DNA binding activity of IE2. Taken together, these results demonstrate the existence of antagonism between members of the CNC-bZIP family and IE2.  (+info)

Identification of a nuclear respiratory factor-1 binding site within the core promoter of the human polio virus receptor/CD155 gene. (7/77)

In this report we describe a cis-acting element within the core promoter of the CD155 gene specifying the polio virus receptor that is bound by the nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) transcription factor. DNase I footprint analysis identified a nuclear protein binding site from -282 to -264 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation codon of the CD155 gene, which we have called foot print IV (FPIV). Linker scanning mutagenesis revealed that a tandem repeat motif, GCGCAGGCGCAG, located within FPIV was essential for the basal activity of the CD155 core promoter. The results of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments suggested that identical FPIV binding activities were present in a variety of nuclear extracts and that the tandem repeat was essential for binding. A one-hybrid screen was then carried out using FPIV as bait to clone the cDNA of the FPIV binding factor. The sequences of the cDNAs that were cloned from the screen were identical to NRF-1, a result that was confirmed by further electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments. Overexpression of full-length NRF-1 and a dominant-negative form of NRF-1 modulated reporter gene expression driven by the core promoter. Remarkably, CD155 is the first gene shown to be regulated by NRF-1 that possesses an expression profile during embryogenesis correlating with this factor's proposed role in the development of the vertebrate optic system. We propose that NRF-1, which has been shown by others to be expressed during embryogenesis in animal systems, may be involved in regulating the expression of CD155 at specific stages of central nervous system development.  (+info)

Sequential serum-dependent activation of CREB and NRF-1 leads to enhanced mitochondrial respiration through the induction of cytochrome c. (8/77)

Progression through the cell cycle requires ATP for protein synthesis, cytoskeletal rearrangement, chromatin remodeling, and protein degradation. The mechanisms by which mammalian cells increase respiratory capacity and ATP production in preparation for cell division are largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that serum induction of cytochrome c mRNA and processed protein in quiescent BALB/3T3 fibroblasts is associated with a marked increase in mitochondrial respiration. Cytochrome c was induced in the absence of any increase in citrate synthase activity or in subunit IV of the cytochrome c oxidase complex mRNA or protein, indicating that the enhanced respiratory rate did not require a general increase in mitochondrial biogenesis or respiratory chain expression. Transfections with a series of cytochrome c promoter mutants showed that both nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) binding sites contributed equally to induced expression by serum. Moreover, CREB and NRF-1 were phosphorylated sequentially in response to serum, and the NRF-1 phosphorylation was accompanied by an increase in its ability to trans-activate target gene expression. The results demonstrate that the differential transcriptional expression of cytochrome c, through sequential transcription factor phosphorylations, leads to enhanced mitochondrial respiratory capacity upon serum-induced entry to the cell cycle.  (+info)

Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF-1) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the regulation of genes involved in nuclear and mitochondrial respiratory chain function, as well as in the biogenesis of mitochondria. It is a member of the Cap'n'Collar (CNC) family of basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors. NRF-1 regulates the expression of genes encoding subunits of complexes I, III, IV, and V of the electron transport chain, as well as enzymes involved in heme and iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis. It also plays a role in the regulation of cellular antioxidant response by regulating the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. NRF-1 is widely expressed in various tissues, including the heart, brain, liver, and skeletal muscle.

Nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs) are a family of transcription factors that play crucial roles in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. They are involved in the expression of genes encoding for proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation, the electron transport chain, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle).

There are two main types of NRFs: NRF-1 and NRF-2. Both of these factors bind to specific DNA sequences called antioxidant response elements (AREs) in the promoter regions of their target genes, thereby activating their transcription.

NRF-1 is involved in the regulation of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes that are required for oxidative phosphorylation and other mitochondrial functions. It also plays a role in the biogenesis of mitochondria by regulating the expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

NRF-2 is primarily involved in the regulation of antioxidant response genes that protect cells from oxidative stress. However, it also plays a role in mitochondrial biogenesis by regulating the expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration and metabolism.

Overall, NRFs are essential for maintaining mitochondrial function and cellular homeostasis, and their dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and metabolic diseases.

Nuclear factor, erythroid-derived 2, like 1 (NFE2L1), also known as NF-E2-related factor 1 (NRF1), is a protein involved in the regulation of genes that protect cells against oxidative stress and damage. It encodes a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor that binds to antioxidant response elements (AREs) in the promoter regions of target genes, leading to their activation and increased expression. NRF1 plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and protecting against various stressors, including chemicals, radiation, and inflammation. Mutations in the NFE2L1 gene have been associated with several diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.

A GA-binding protein (GABP) transcription factor is a type of protein complex that regulates gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences known as GATA motifs. These motifs contain the consensus sequence (T/A)GAT(A/G)(A/T). GABP is composed of two subunits, GABPα and GABPβ, which form a heterodimer that recognizes and binds to the GATA motif.

GABP plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. It is involved in the regulation of genes that are important for the function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems. Mutations in the genes encoding GABP subunits have been associated with several human diseases, such as congenital heart defects, pulmonary hypertension, and immunodeficiency disorders.

Overall, GABP transcription factors are essential regulators of gene expression that play a critical role in maintaining normal physiological functions and homeostasis in the body.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "mitochondrial turnover" is not a widely recognized or established medical term with a specific definition. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation.

The term "turnover," when used in a biological context, generally refers to the process by which cells replace or regenerate their components over time. Therefore, one might infer that "mitochondrial turnover" could refer to the replacement and regeneration of mitochondria within cells. However, this is not a standardized term, and its precise meaning could vary depending on the context.

Mitochondria are known to undergo dynamic processes such as fusion (combining) and fission (dividing), which allow them to change their size, shape, and distribution in response to cellular needs. Additionally, damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria can be removed through a process called mitophagy, where they're targeted for degradation within lysosomes. New, healthy mitochondria are generated through biogenesis, which involves the production of new mitochondrial proteins and membranes.

In summary, while "mitochondrial turnover" is not a standard medical term, it could be used to describe the ongoing processes of mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and biogenesis that contribute to the replacement and regeneration of mitochondria within cells over time.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are specialized structures within cells that generate energy. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is present in the cell nucleus and inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.

MtDNA is a circular molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP. The remaining genes encode for rRNAs and tRNAs, which are necessary for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.

Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases, which can affect any organ system in the body. These mutations can also be used in forensic science to identify individuals and establish biological relationships.

Electron Transport Complex IV is also known as Cytochrome c oxidase. It is the last complex in the electron transport chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells. This complex contains 13 subunits, two heme groups (a and a3), and three copper centers (A, B, and C).

In the electron transport chain, Complex IV receives electrons from cytochrome c and transfers them to molecular oxygen, reducing it to water. This process is accompanied by the pumping of protons across the membrane, contributing to the generation of a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase (Complex V). The overall reaction catalyzed by Complex IV can be summarized as follows:

4e- + 4H+ + O2 → 2H2O

Defects in Cytochrome c oxidase can lead to various diseases, including mitochondrial encephalomyopathies and neurodegenerative disorders.

Mitochondrial proteins are any proteins that are encoded by the nuclear genome or mitochondrial genome and are located within the mitochondria, an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. These proteins play crucial roles in various cellular processes including energy production, metabolism of lipids, amino acids, and steroids, regulation of calcium homeostasis, and programmed cell death or apoptosis.

Mitochondrial proteins can be classified into two main categories based on their origin:

1. Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins (NEMPs): These are proteins that are encoded by genes located in the nucleus, synthesized in the cytoplasm, and then imported into the mitochondria through specific import pathways. NEMPs make up about 99% of all mitochondrial proteins and are involved in various functions such as oxidative phosphorylation, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial dynamics.

2. Mitochondrial DNA-encoded proteins (MEPs): These are proteins that are encoded by the mitochondrial genome, synthesized within the mitochondria, and play essential roles in the electron transport chain (ETC), a key component of oxidative phosphorylation. The human mitochondrial genome encodes only 13 proteins, all of which are subunits of complexes I, III, IV, and V of the ETC.

Defects in mitochondrial proteins can lead to various mitochondrial disorders, which often manifest as neurological, muscular, or metabolic symptoms due to impaired energy production. These disorders are usually caused by mutations in either nuclear or mitochondrial genes that encode mitochondrial proteins.

Transcription factors are proteins that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by controlling the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). They function by binding to specific DNA sequences, known as response elements, located in the promoter region or enhancer regions of target genes. This binding can either activate or repress the initiation of transcription, depending on the properties and interactions of the particular transcription factor. Transcription factors often act as part of a complex network of regulatory proteins that determine the precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development, differentiation, and homeostasis in an organism.

Trans-activators are proteins that increase the transcriptional activity of a gene or a set of genes. They do this by binding to specific DNA sequences and interacting with the transcription machinery, thereby enhancing the recruitment and assembly of the complexes needed for transcription. In some cases, trans-activators can also modulate the chromatin structure to make the template more accessible to the transcription machinery.

In the context of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection, the term "trans-activator" is often used specifically to refer to the Tat protein. The Tat protein is a viral regulatory protein that plays a critical role in the replication of HIV by activating the transcription of the viral genome. It does this by binding to a specific RNA structure called the Trans-Activation Response Element (TAR) located at the 5' end of all nascent HIV transcripts, and recruiting cellular cofactors that enhance the processivity and efficiency of RNA polymerase II, leading to increased viral gene expression.

Promoter regions in genetics refer to specific DNA sequences located near the transcription start site of a gene. They serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase and various transcription factors that regulate the initiation of gene transcription. These regulatory elements help control the rate of transcription and, therefore, the level of gene expression. Promoter regions can be composed of different types of sequences, such as the TATA box and CAAT box, and their organization and composition can vary between different genes and species.

Mitochondria are specialized structures located inside cells that convert the energy from food into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary form of energy used by cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate most of the cell's supply of chemical energy. Mitochondria are also involved in various other cellular processes, such as signaling, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Mitochondria have their own DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is inherited maternally. This means that mtDNA is passed down from the mother to her offspring through the egg cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to a variety of diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and aging.

DNA-binding proteins are a type of protein that have the ability to bind to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material of organisms. These proteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as regulation of gene expression, DNA replication, repair and recombination.

The binding of DNA-binding proteins to specific DNA sequences is mediated by non-covalent interactions, including electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. The specificity of binding is determined by the recognition of particular nucleotide sequences or structural features of the DNA molecule.

DNA-binding proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, such as transcription factors, histones, and restriction enzymes. Transcription factors are a major class of DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences in the promoter region of genes and recruiting other proteins to modulate transcription. Histones are DNA-binding proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes, the basic unit of chromatin structure. Restriction enzymes are DNA-binding proteins that recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences, and are widely used in molecular biology research and biotechnology applications.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.

During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.

Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.

HeLa cells are a type of immortalized cell line used in scientific research. They are derived from a cancer that developed in the cervical tissue of Henrietta Lacks, an African-American woman, in 1951. After her death, cells taken from her tumor were found to be capable of continuous division and growth in a laboratory setting, making them an invaluable resource for medical research.

HeLa cells have been used in a wide range of scientific studies, including research on cancer, viruses, genetics, and drug development. They were the first human cell line to be successfully cloned and are able to grow rapidly in culture, doubling their population every 20-24 hours. This has made them an essential tool for many areas of biomedical research.

It is important to note that while HeLa cells have been instrumental in numerous scientific breakthroughs, the story of their origin raises ethical questions about informed consent and the use of human tissue in research.

'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

In the context of medical and biological sciences, a "binding site" refers to a specific location on a protein, molecule, or cell where another molecule can attach or bind. This binding interaction can lead to various functional changes in the original protein or molecule. The other molecule that binds to the binding site is often referred to as a ligand, which can be a small molecule, ion, or even another protein.

The binding between a ligand and its target binding site can be specific and selective, meaning that only certain ligands can bind to particular binding sites with high affinity. This specificity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, or drug action.

In the case of drug development, understanding the location and properties of binding sites on target proteins is essential for designing drugs that can selectively bind to these sites and modulate protein function. This knowledge can help create more effective and safer therapeutic options for various diseases.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

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... is regulated by nuclear respiratory factor 1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (44): 33602-33613. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... Eloranta JJ, Zaïr ZM, Hiller C, Häusler S, Stieger B, Kullak-Ublick GA (November 2009). "Vitamin D3 and its nuclear receptor ...
"Cyclin D1 repression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 integrates nuclear DNA synthesis and mitochondrial function". Proceedings ... Baldin V, Lukas J, Marcote MJ, Pagano M, Draetta G (May 1993). "Cyclin D1 is a nuclear protein required for cell cycle ... Adnane J, Shao Z, Robbins PD (January 1999). "Cyclin D1 associates with the TBP-associated factor TAF(II)250 to regulate Sp1- ... Ratineau C, Petry MW, Mutoh H, Leiter AB (March 2002). "Cyclin D1 represses the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, ...
Lancet 1986;i:242-245.PMID 2418322 Barnes PJ, Karin M. Nuclear factor-κB: a pivotal transcription factor in chronic ... He has edited or co-edited over 50 books on asthma, COPD and respiratory pharmacology. His Web of Science h-index is over 200 ... In 1987 he was appointed to the established chair of thoracic medicine at NHLI and was head of respiratory medicine at Imperial ... Sir Peter John Barnes, FRCP, FCCP, FMedSci, FRS (born 29 October 1946) is a British respiratory scientist and clinician, a ...
Since NFE2L1 is referred to as Nrf1, it is often confused with nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1). NFE2L1 is a cap 'n' collar ... Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 (Nrf1) also known as nuclear factor erythroid-2-like 1 (NFE2L1) is a protein that ... "The Fbw7 tumor suppressor regulates nuclear factor E2-related factor 1 transcription factor turnover through proteasome- ... Oh DH, Rigas D, Cho A, Chan JY (Nov 2012). "Deficiency in the nuclear-related factor erythroid 2 transcription factor (Nrf1) ...
2002). "Mutation of a nuclear respiratory factor 2 binding site in the 5' untranslated region of the ADSL gene in three ... Gugneja S, Virbasius CM, Scarpulla RC (1996). "Nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2 utilize similar glutamine-containing ... non-DNA-binding subunits of human nuclear respiratory factor 2 share a conserved transcriptional activation domain". Mol. Cell ... 1997). "Functional domains of transcription factor hGABP beta1/E4TF1-53 required for nuclear localization and transcription ...
... by Nuclear Respiratory Factors (NRF-1 and NRF-2) and PGC-1 Family Coactivators". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (4): 1354-66. doi:10.1128/ ... a protein that can activate mitochondrial biogenesis in part through a direct interaction with nuclear respiratory factor 1 ( ... Serum-Inducible Coactivator of Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1-Dependent Transcription in Mammalian Cells". Mol Cell Biol. 21 (11 ... 2004). "SREBP-1 interacts with hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 alpha and interferes with PGC-1 recruitment to suppress hepatic ...
... and nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs). It provides a direct link between external physiological stimuli and the regulation of ... serum-inducible coactivator of nuclear respiratory factor 1-dependent transcription in mammalian cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 ( ... Fu M, Zhang J, Lin Y, Zhu X, Ehrengruber MU, Chen YE (July 2002). "Early growth response factor-1 is a critical transcriptional ... This protein interacts with PPARgamma, which permits the interaction of this protein with multiple transcription factors. This ...
Several factors had to be considered in redevelopment. New specialties needed to be accommodated: neurology, coronary care, ... renal dialysis, respiratory research, vascular surgery, radiotherapy and nuclear medicine. Care in the community and district ... 48 During World War I hospital facilities were severely strained by several factors: soldiers from the Trentham Military Camp ...
"Increased expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A and nuclear respiratory factor-1 in skeletal muscle from aged ... Mitochondrial transcription factor A, abbreviated as TFAM or mtTFA, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFAM gene. ... Ngo, HB; Kaiser, JT; Chan, DC (30 October 2011). "The mitochondrial transcription and packaging factor Tfam imposes a U-turn on ... This gene encodes a mitochondrial transcription factor that is a key activator of mitochondrial transcription as well as a ...
Since this subunit shares identity with a subunit encoding the nuclear respiratory factor 2 gene, it is likely involved in ... Guo A, Nie F, Wong-Riley M (Feb 2000). "Human nuclear respiratory factor 2 alpha subunit cDNA: isolation, subcloning, ... GABPA has been shown to interact with Host cell factor C1, Sp1 transcription factor and Sp3 transcription factor. ETS ... non-DNA-binding subunits of human nuclear respiratory factor 2 share a conserved transcriptional activation domain". Molecular ...
... of hepatocyte nuclear factor/forkhead homologue 4 and characterization of gene expression in the developing respiratory and ... "Identification of nine tissue-specific transcription factors of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/forkhead DNA-binding-domain ... Murphy DB, Seemann S, Wiese S, Kirschner R, Grzeschik KH, Thies U (March 1997). "The human hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/fork ... You Y, Huang T, Richer EJ, Schmidt JE, Zabner J, Borok Z, Brody SL (April 2004). "Role of f-box factor foxj1 in differentiation ...
... by nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1 and NRF-2) and PGC-1 family coactivators". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (4): 1354-66. doi:10.1128/ ... 2002). "Mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 activate transcription of human mtDNA". Nat. Genet. 31 (3): 289-94. doi: ... 2002). "Mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 activate transcription of human mtDNA". Nat. Genet. 31 (3): 289-94. doi: ... 2002). "Mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 activate transcription of human mtDNA". Nat. Genet. 31 (3): 289-94. doi: ...
It is known to co-activate nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF2/GABPA), and together with NRF-2 coactivates nuclear respiratory ... activate the mitochondrial transcription factor A (tfam), which is directly responsible for transcribing nuclear-encoded ... c-Myc, a transcription factor, can be inhibited during its dimerization with Max protein by molecules such as IIA6B17 and ... Mitochondria are produced from the transcription and translation of genes both in the nuclear genome and in the mitochondrial ...
... and nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs)[citation needed]. PGC-1α provides a direct link between external physiological stimuli ... It is known to be activated by a host of factors, including: Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, both formed ... This protein interacts with the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ, which permits the interaction of this protein with multiple ... regulates triglyceride metabolism by activation of the nuclear receptor FXR". Genes Dev. 18 (2): 157-69. doi:10.1101/gad. ...
... by nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1 and NRF-2) and PGC-1 family coactivators". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (4): 1354-66. doi:10.1128/ ... 2002). "Mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 activate transcription of human mtDNA". Nat. Genet. 31 (3): 289-94. doi: ... This protein is a transcription initiation factor for the mitochondrial RNA polymerase, POLRMT. Its paralog TFB1M can perform a ... Dimethyladenosine transferase 2; transcription factor B2, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TFB2M ...
Marie S, Race V, Nassogne MC, Vincent MF, Van den Berghe G (Jul 2002). "Mutation of a nuclear respiratory factor 2 binding site ...
p53 clearly has two functions: one a nuclear role as a transcription factor, and the other a cytoplasmic role in regulating the ... p53 has been shown to regulate the shift from the respiratory to the glycolytic pathway. However, a mutation can damage the ... One key factor in healing is the regulation of cytokine gene expression, which enables complementary groups of cells to respond ... In addition, environmental factors such as carcinogens and radiation cause mutations that may contribute to the development of ...
... and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), resulting in an antiviral state. Respiratory epithelial cells induce mitochondrial ROS in ... ROS then activate various transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB ... The production of ROS is strongly influenced by stress factor responses in plants, these factors that increase ROS production ... After growth factor stimulation of RTKs, ROS can trigger activation of signaling pathways involved in cell migration and ...
A yeast nuclear gene (ATP10) encodes a product that is essential for the assembly of a functional mitochondrial ATPase complex ... Mutations in ATP10 induce a loss of rutamycin sensitivity in the mitochondrial ATPase, but do not affect the respiratory ... In molecular biology, ATP10 protein (mitochondrial ATPase complex subunit ATP10) is an ATP synthase assembly factor. It is ... Ackerman SH, Tzagoloff A (June 1990). "ATP10, a yeast nuclear gene required for the assembly of the mitochondrial F1-F0 complex ...
... it enhances the activity of transcription factors like nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), ... In the liver, AMPK inhibits gluconeogenesis by inhibiting transcription factors including hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) ... It is also regulated by several protein-protein interactions, and may either be activated or inhibited by oxidative factors; ... Two proteins are essential for the regulation of GLUT-4 expression at a transcriptional level - myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2 ...
"Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced RANTES Production from Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Is Dependent on Nuclear Factor-κB ... Nuclear Binding and Is Inhibited by Adenovirus-Mediated Expression of Inhibitor of κBα". Journal of Immunology. 161 (2): 1007- ...
... stimulate the anti-apoptoic factor Bcl-2 due to reactive oxygen species dependent transcriptional activation of nuclear factor ... Blarcamesine inhibits mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and therefore prevents against oxidative stress and apoptosis. This ...
This causes the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-regulated response pathway to induce antioxidant responses. ... 3-MC may cause respiratory tract irritation, skin irritation or eye irritation. 3-MC is mutagenic to human cells. Curren et al ...
Protein complex co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments revealed interacting protein NRF1 nuclear respiratory factor 1 This ... as a transcription factor which activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear ...
Nuclear factor. SARS-CoV membrane protein, most likely by interacting directly with IkappaB kinase (IKK), also suppresses ... Short term outcome and risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes in adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). ... Acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. JAMA. 2003 Jul 16. 290(3 ... Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV; formerly ...
Nuclear factor. SARS-CoV membrane protein, most likely by interacting directly with IkappaB kinase (IKK), also suppresses ... Short term outcome and risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes in adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). ... Acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. JAMA. 2003 Jul 16. 290(3 ... Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV; formerly ...
nuclear respiratory factor 2. transcription factor E4TF1-47. transcription factor E4TF1-53. NP_001307839.1. *EC 3.2.1.3 ... Association of SNP rs7181866 in the nuclear respiratory factor-2 beta subunit encoding GABPB1 gene with obesity and type-2 ... Title: Association of SNP rs7181866 in the nuclear respiratory factor-2 beta subunit encoding GABPB1 gene with obesity and type ... Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the nuclear respiratory factor-2 beta subunit-encoding the GABPB1 gene within ...
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, zeta ... J:65974 Kitamura H, et al., MAIL, a novel nuclear IkappaB protein that potentiates LPS-induced IL-6 production. FEBS Lett. 2000 ...
Respiratory-system-disorders; Author Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; activator protein-1; nuclear factor-kappaB; mitogen- ... Inhibitory effect on activator protein-1, nuclear factor-kappaB, and cell transformation by extracts of strawberries (Fragaria ... and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) were studied. The inhibitory effects of strawberry extracts on the proliferation and ...
"Activation of the human mitochondrial transcription factor A gene by nuclear respiratory factors: a potential regulatory link ... "Entrez Gene: NRF1 nuclear respiratory factor 1". Wang C, Li Z, Lu Y, Du R, Katiyar S, Yang J, Fu M, Leader JE, Quong A, ... Novikoff PM, Pestell RG (2006). "Cyclin D1 repression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 integrates nuclear DNA synthesis and ... "Respiratory uncoupling induces delta-aminolevulinate synthase expression through a nuclear respiratory factor-1-dependent ...
ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; IFN, interferon; IKK, IκB kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; ARDS, acute respiratory ... Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Zhou X, Xu S, Huang H, Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Zhou X, et al: Risk factors associated with acute respiratory ... COVID-19 predominantly affects the respiratory system resulting in pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (24), ... Zinc-suppressed inflammatory cytokines by induction of A20-mediated inhibition of nuclear factor-κB. Nutrition. 27:816-823. ...
... tumor necrosis factor receptor‒associated factor; TRIM25, tripartite motif containing 25. ... IFN signaling: ORF3a promotes IFNAR1 degradation; NSP1 decreases STAT1 phosphorylation; ORF6 inhibits nuclear translocation of ... The clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus: lower respiratory tract infection after upper respiratory tract infection ... Interference between respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus in respiratory tract infections in children. Clin Microbiol ...
Albumin-mediated regulation of cellular glutathione and nuclear factor KappaB activation. American Journal of Respiratory and ... Frontiers in Nuclear Medicine . (.), . (Article accepté). * Rutihinda, C., Haroun, R., Saidi, N. E., Ordonez, J. P., Naasri, S ...
Nuclear factor κB: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review). Free Radic Res Commun ... Your Name) has sent you a message from European Respiratory Society Message Body (Your Name) thought you would like to see the ... Finally, oxidative stress activates the transcription factor nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), which switches on the genes for TNF‐α, ... Transcription factors such as NF‐κB and activation protein 1 are activated by oxidative stress, and, in turn, amplify the ...
GABP transcription factor (nuclear respiratory factor 2) is required for mitochondrial biogenesis. Molecular and Cellular ... upstream regions of a number of DNA repair factor- and mitochondrial factor-encoding genes, GGAA-motif binding factors could ... The telomeres and mitochondria are thought to communicate with each other [160]. Several nuclear DNA repair factors play roles ... The transcription factors that recognize and bind to the GGAA-containing motifs. The most widely known transcription factors ( ...
NRF1, nuclear respiratory factor-1. B: Effect of a 21-day HFD (45% fat vs. 10% fat) in a cohort of C57Bl/6J mice (control, n = ... NRF1, nuclear respiratory factor-1. B: Effect of a 21-day HFD (45% fat vs. 10% fat) in a cohort of C57Bl/6J mice (control, n = ... nor was nuclear respiratory factor 1, NRF1 (1.89 ± 0.13 to 1.56 ± 0.16 AU, P = 0.1398) (Fig. 2A). ... Evans MJ, Scarpulla RC: NRF-1: a trans-activator of nuclear-encoded respiratory genes in animal cells. Genes Dev ...
Co-regulation of nuclear respiratory factor-1 by NFkappaB and CREB links LPS-induced inflammation to mitochondrial biogenesis. ... The nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1) gene is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which might reflect TLR4-mediated ... Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes direct damage to the airway epithelium, enabling aspergillus invasion. ...
In this review, we briefly summarize the pathogenesis of NAFLD and factors that influence the progression of NAFLD, and focus ... and antioxidant factor nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf2) [80]. Treatment of BBR increased both MRAK052686 and Nrf2 expression ... The factors that influence the progression of NAFLD include energy excess, obesity, insulin resistance, genetic factors, gender ... The factors that influence the progression of NAFLD include energy excess, obesity, insulin resistance, genetic factors, gender ...
Control of mitochondrial transcription specificity factors (TFB1M and TFB2M) by nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1 and NRF-2) ... nuclear respiratory factors (NRF1 and NFE2L2 or NRF2) and PGC-1 family coactivators (PPARGC1A or PGC1A, PPARGC1B or PGC1B, ... Numerous nuclear genome- and mitochondrial genome-encoding factors are controlling mitochondrial biogenesis in response to ... Mitochondrial transcription factor A regulates mtDNA copy number in mammals. Hum Mol Genet. 2004;13(9):935-944.. View this ...
Cooperativity between Oxidants and Tumor Necrosis Factor in the Activation of Nuclear Factor (NF)- κ B ... Transforming Growth Factor- α Deficiency Reduces Pulmonary Fibrosis in Transgenic Mice. David K. Madtes, Andrew L. Elston, ... Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor Induces an Antifibrogenic Phenotype in Human Lung Fibroblasts ... Pseudomonas aeruginosa Internalization by Human Epithelial Respiratory Cells Depends on Cell Differentiation, Polarity, and ...
C polymorphism of the nuclear respiratory factor 2 gene and age-related macular degeneration," Klinika Oczna, vol. 115, no. 2, ... Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that is upregulated in times of oxidative stress. ... epigenetic suppression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-mediated antioxidant system," Molecular Medicine ... Vascular endothelial growth factor.. Conflicts of Interest. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding ...
Nuclear factor-kappaB- and glucocorticoid receptor alpha- mediated mechanisms in the regulation of systemic and pulmonary ... inflammation during sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Evidence for inflammation-induced target tissue resistance ... Elevated Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Patients Without Clinical Evidence of Acromegaly ...
These studies identified the nuclear respiratory factors-1 and -2 (NRF-1 and -2) as key transcriptional activators of nuclear ... Activation of the human mitochondrial transcription factor A gene by nuclear respiratory factors: a potential regulatory link ... NRF-1: a trans-activator of nuclear-encoded respiratory genes in animal cells. Genes Dev 1990. 4:1023-1034. View this article ... A role for Sp and nuclear receptor transcription factors in a cardiac hypertrophic growth program. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 ...
The pulmonary function; lung tissue histology; levels of inflammatory factors; expression levels of TLR-4, inhibitor of nuclear ... factor kappa B (I,i,κ,/i,B), and NF-,i,κ,/i,B; and activation of NF-,i,κ,/i,B in the lung tissues were ... 4/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-,i,κ,/i,B) signaling.,i, Methods,/i,. The COPD rats were treated with normal saline, ... "Increased expression of nuclear factor-kappaB in bronchial biopsies from smokers and patients with COPD," European Respiratory ...
The spike protein incites an inflammatory response and is a potent activator of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of ... For Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) the investigation of the heterogeneity of individual ... The Long Interspersed Nuclear Element (LINE)-1 mediated mechanism of insertion implies that many viral RNAs (apart from ... The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is a long-lasting foreign pathogenic protein found in cells and tissues after COVID-19 respiratory ...
... nuclear translocation and dimerization, thereby identifying a novel molecular mechanism by which RSV inhibits IFN-β synthesis. ... The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 is essential for viral-induced IFN-β synthesis. In this study, we ... a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, inhibits type I interferon (IFN)-dependent signalling, as well as ... A novel mechanism for the inhibition of interferon regulatory factor-3-dependent gene expression by human respiratory syncytial ...
... typically caused by viral and/or bacterial respiratory pathogens. Despite ongoing efforts to reduce AECOPD rates with inhaled ... typically caused by viral and/or bacterial respiratory pathogens. Despite ongoing efforts to reduce AECOPD rates with inhaled ... Oxidative stress is thought to drive impaired phagocytosis as activation of nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) restores ... Around 30-50% of AECOPDs are associated with respiratory viruses including rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and ...
Title: Dual regulation of nuclear/plasma distribution and modification of TRAIP by porcine reproductive and respiratory ... promotes virus proliferation by modulating nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation and distribution ratio of tumor necrosis factor ... Dual regulation of host TRAIP post-translation and nuclear/plasma distribution by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome ... Technical Abstract: In this study, we show that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) nonstructural ...
miR-504 mediated down-regulation of nuclear respiratory factor 1 leads to radio-resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. ... Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1A (HNF1A) as a possible tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0121082 ... metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in thyroid carcinoma via Kruppel-like factor 2. Int J Oncol. 2018;53:1927-1938 ...
2009) Coupling of energy metabolism and synaptic transmission at the transcriptional level: role of nuclear respiratory factor ... 1987) Metabolic state of the rat liver with ethanol: comparison of in vivo 31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ... eukaryote elongation factor 2) (Hardie, 2007). Increased P-AMPK represses the mTOR signal cascades and prevents the maintenance ...
Nuclear factor. SARS-CoV membrane protein, most likely by interacting directly with IkappaB kinase (IKK), also suppresses ... Short term outcome and risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes in adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). ... Acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. JAMA. 2003 Jul 16. 290(3 ... Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV; formerly ...
Risk factors and comorbidities in the preclinical stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med ... and somatic mutations in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. J Theor Biol 2001; 213: 573-586. ... A statement of the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: S1-S40. ... Your Name) has sent you a message from European Respiratory Society Message Body (Your Name) thought you would like to see the ...
... and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, ... This could have been a leading factor in propagating the disease through mother-to-child transmission. Figure 2. Index case.. ... The majority of the cases were within a nuclear family, with high rates of mother-to-child transmission. Children with co- ... Epidemiological factors such as the type of housing play an important role as overcrowding has been shown to increase the risk ...

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