Nuclear respiratory factor 1. Medical search

A transcription factor that controls the expression of variety of proteins including CYTOCHROME C and 5-AMINOLEVULINATE SYNTHETASE. It plays an important role in maintenance of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN of MITOCHONDRIA.

A family of transcription factors that control expression of a variety of nuclear GENES encoding proteins that function in the RESPIRATORY CHAIN of the MITOCHONDRIA.

A basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that is involved in regulating inflammatory responses, MORPHOGENESIS, and HEME biosynthesis.

A heterotetrameric transcription factor composed of two distinct proteins. Its name refers to the fact it binds to DNA sequences rich in GUANINE and ADENINE. GA-binding protein integrates a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS and regulates expression of GENES involved in CELL CYCLE control, PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS, and cellular METABOLISM.

The cellular processes involved in adjustments to the MITOCHONDRIAL VOLUME, content, and activity, that depend on the energy demands of the cell.

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Respiratory uncoupling induces delta-aminolevulinate synthase expression through a nuclear respiratory factor-1-dependent mechanism in HeLa cells. (1/176)

Nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)-1 appears to be important for the expression of several respiratory genes, but there is no direct evidence that NRF-1 transduces a physiological signal into the production of an enzyme critical for mitochondrial biogenesis. We generated HeLa cells containing plasmids allowing doxycycline-inducible expression of uncoupling protein (UCP)-1. In the absence of doxycycline, UCP-1 mRNA and protein were undetectable. In the presence of doxycycline, UCP-1 was expressed and oxygen consumption doubled. This rise in oxygen consumption was associated with an increase in NRF-1 mRNA. It was also associated with an increase in NRF-1 protein binding activity as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay using a functional NRF-1 binding site from the delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase promoter. Respiratory uncoupling also caused a time-dependent increase in protein levels of ALA synthase, an early marker for mitochondrial biogenesis. ALA synthase induction by respiratory uncoupling was prevented by transfecting cells with an oligonucleotide antisense to the region of the NRF-1 initiation codon; a scrambled oligonucleotide with the same base composition had no effect. Respiratory uncoupling increases oxygen consumption and lowers energy reserves. In HeLa cells, uncoupling also increases ALA synthase, an enzyme critical for mitochondrial respiration, but only if translatable mRNA for NRF-1 is available. These data suggest that the transcription factor NRF-1 plays a key role in cellular adaptation to energy demands by translating physiological signals into an increased capacity for generating energy. (+info)

Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. (2/176)

Mitochondrial number and function are altered in response to external stimuli in eukaryotes. While several transcription/replication factors directly regulate mitochondrial genes, the coordination of these factors into a program responsive to the environment is not understood. We show here that PGC-1, a cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors, stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration in muscle cells through an induction of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) and through regulation of the nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs). PGC-1 stimulates a powerful induction of NRF-1 and NRF-2 gene expression; in addition, PGC-1 binds to and coactivates the transcriptional function of NRF-1 on the promoter for mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA), a direct regulator of mitochondrial DNA replication/transcription. These data elucidate a pathway that directly links external physiological stimuli to the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. (+info)

The CNC basic leucine zipper factor, Nrf1, is essential for cell survival in response to oxidative stress-inducing agents. Role for Nrf1 in gamma-gcs(l) and gss expression in mouse fibroblasts. (3/176)

Nrf1 is a member of the CNC-basic leucine zipper (CNC-bZIP) family of transcription factors. CNC bZIP factors, together with small Maf proteins, bind as heterodimers to the NF-E2/AP-1 element. Similarity between the NF-E2/AP-1 element and the antioxidant response element identified in a number of promoters of genes involved in detoxification and antioxidant response raises the possibility that Nrf1 plays a role in mediating the antioxidant response element response. In this study, we exploited the availability of cells from Nrf1 knockout mice to study the role of Nrf1 transcription factor in the regulation of antioxidant gene expression and in cellular antioxidant response. Fibroblast cells derived from Nrf1 null embryos showed lower levels of glutathione and enhanced sensitivity to the toxic effects of oxidant compounds. Our results indicate that Nrf1 plays a role in the regulation of genes involved in glutathione synthesis and suggest a basis for a correspondingly low GSH concentration and reduced stress response. (+info)

Structural basis for the regulation of UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase-3 gene expression in adenocarcinoma cells. (4/176)

The UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase-3 (Gal NAc-T3) gene, a member of the Gal NAc transferase gene family, is expressed in a tissue-specific manner. To elucidate the function of this gene, we have focused on the molecular mechanism underlying regulation of gene expression. We have cloned Gal NAc-T3 cDNA and used it to show that Gal NAc-T3 mRNA is expressed in tumor cell lines derived from secretory epithelial tissue adenocarcinomas but not in cell lines derived from bladder and epidermoid carcinomas. Using a polyclonal antibody to Gal NAc-T3, we observed protein expression in adenocarcinoma but not non-adenocarcinoma cell lines, and in breast carcinoma cells but not in normal breast tissue. We used Gal NAc-T3 cDNA to isolate three overlapping genomic clones containing the 5'-portion of the human Gal NAc-T3 gene, and we sequenced 1.6 kb around the first exon. A transient expression assay using the luciferase gene showed that promoter activity was much higher in MCF-7 cells than in KB cells. In vivo footprint experiments showed significant protection of a distal GC box, an NRF-1 site, and an AP-2 site in MCF-7 cells. A novel stem and loop structure extending from nucleotide -103 to nucleotide -165 and contiguous to these transcription factor binding sites seemed to be functional in regulating Gal NAc-T3 gene transcription, and a KMnO4 footprint experiment showed that this stem and loop structure could be formed in vivo. We also observed dimethyl sulfate hypersensitive sites in the untranslated region around nucleotide +50 in MCF-7 but not in KB cells. These findings indicate that Gal NAc-T3 gene expression is regulated by multiple systems, including transcription factor binding sites and a stem-and-loop structure, and that this regulation is restricted to cell lines derived from epithelial gland adenocarcinomas but not cells derived from nonsecretory epithelial tissue carcinomas. In addition, our immunohistochemical results suggest that our anti-Gal NAc-T3 antibody may be useful for diagnostic purposes in the early stages of breast cancer. (+info)

Transcriptional regulation of E2F-1 and eIF-2 genes by alpha-pal: a potential mechanism for coordinated regulation of protein synthesis, growth, and the cell cycle. (5/176)

alpha-Pal regulates the basal transcription of the alpha and beta subunits of eukaryotic initiation factor two (eIF-2), a rate-limiting enzyme for the initiation of protein biosynthesis. We recently showed that its global function may be to modulate the expression of key metabolic genes in response to cellular proliferation. In this paper, we examined a potential molecular mechanism by which alpha-Pal may achieve this function. When overexpressed, alpha-Pal upregulated protein synthesis and growth, but downregulated the cell cycle. The mechanism for the increased protein synthesis and growth appeared to be a transcriptional upregulation of the eIF-2alpha and eIF-2beta genes. The mechanism for the cell cycle downregulation appeared to be a transcriptional downregulation of E2F-1, a transcription factor that regulates genes required for cell cycle progression beyond the G1/S interphase. Specifically, an apparently modified species of alpha-Pal bound to the eIF-2 promoters and induced transcriptional upregulation, whereas, an apparently unmodified species of the alpha-Pal bound to the E2F-1 promoter and induced transcriptional downregulation. By this mechanism, alpha-Pal may participate in coordinating the regulation of global protein synthesis, growth and the cell cycle; a regulation that is essential to cellular differentiation. (+info)

Antagonism between members of the CNC-bZIP family and the immediate-early protein IE2 of human cytomegalovirus. (6/176)

The HCMV IE2 protein negatively autoregulates its own expression as well as represses the transactivation activity of p53. Using the repression domain of IE2 as bait in the yeast two-hybrid system, Nrf1 and Nrf2, members of the CNC-bZIP family, were found to be IE2-interacting proteins. Residues 331-448 encompassing the DNA-binding and the dimerization domains of Nrf1 are sufficient for the interaction. The interaction was further confirmed in vitro by a glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay and in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation. In transient transfection studies, transcription driven by six copies of an NF-E2 site or by chimeric proteins between the DNA-binding domain of LexA and members of the CNC-bZIP family is repressed by IE2. Importantly, the DNA binding activity of the Nrf1/MafK heterodimer is not impeded by IE2. In a parallel study, CNC-bZIP factors attenuate the negative autoregulation of IE2. The attenuation could be explained by the finding that Nrf1 functions alone and synergistically with its heterodimerization partner, MafK, in inhibiting the DNA binding activity of IE2. Taken together, these results demonstrate the existence of antagonism between members of the CNC-bZIP family and IE2. (+info)

Identification of a nuclear respiratory factor-1 binding site within the core promoter of the human polio virus receptor/CD155 gene. (7/176)

In this report we describe a cis-acting element within the core promoter of the CD155 gene specifying the polio virus receptor that is bound by the nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) transcription factor. DNase I footprint analysis identified a nuclear protein binding site from -282 to -264 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation codon of the CD155 gene, which we have called foot print IV (FPIV). Linker scanning mutagenesis revealed that a tandem repeat motif, GCGCAGGCGCAG, located within FPIV was essential for the basal activity of the CD155 core promoter. The results of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments suggested that identical FPIV binding activities were present in a variety of nuclear extracts and that the tandem repeat was essential for binding. A one-hybrid screen was then carried out using FPIV as bait to clone the cDNA of the FPIV binding factor. The sequences of the cDNAs that were cloned from the screen were identical to NRF-1, a result that was confirmed by further electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments. Overexpression of full-length NRF-1 and a dominant-negative form of NRF-1 modulated reporter gene expression driven by the core promoter. Remarkably, CD155 is the first gene shown to be regulated by NRF-1 that possesses an expression profile during embryogenesis correlating with this factor's proposed role in the development of the vertebrate optic system. We propose that NRF-1, which has been shown by others to be expressed during embryogenesis in animal systems, may be involved in regulating the expression of CD155 at specific stages of central nervous system development. (+info)

Sequential serum-dependent activation of CREB and NRF-1 leads to enhanced mitochondrial respiration through the induction of cytochrome c. (8/176)

Progression through the cell cycle requires ATP for protein synthesis, cytoskeletal rearrangement, chromatin remodeling, and protein degradation. The mechanisms by which mammalian cells increase respiratory capacity and ATP production in preparation for cell division are largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that serum induction of cytochrome c mRNA and processed protein in quiescent BALB/3T3 fibroblasts is associated with a marked increase in mitochondrial respiration. Cytochrome c was induced in the absence of any increase in citrate synthase activity or in subunit IV of the cytochrome c oxidase complex mRNA or protein, indicating that the enhanced respiratory rate did not require a general increase in mitochondrial biogenesis or respiratory chain expression. Transfections with a series of cytochrome c promoter mutants showed that both nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) binding sites contributed equally to induced expression by serum. Moreover, CREB and NRF-1 were phosphorylated sequentially in response to serum, and the NRF-1 phosphorylation was accompanied by an increase in its ability to trans-activate target gene expression. The results demonstrate that the differential transcriptional expression of cytochrome c, through sequential transcription factor phosphorylations, leads to enhanced mitochondrial respiratory capacity upon serum-induced entry to the cell cycle. (+info)

Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF-1) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the regulation of genes involved in nuclear and mitochondrial respiratory chain function, as well as in the biogenesis of mitochondria. It is a member of the Cap'n'Collar (CNC) family of basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors. NRF-1 regulates the expression of genes encoding subunits of complexes I, III, IV, and V of the electron transport chain, as well as enzymes involved in heme and iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis. It also plays a role in the regulation of cellular antioxidant response by regulating the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. NRF-1 is widely expressed in various tissues, including the heart, brain, liver, and skeletal muscle.

Nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs) are a family of transcription factors that play crucial roles in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. They are involved in the expression of genes encoding for proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation, the electron transport chain, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle).

There are two main types of NRFs: NRF-1 and NRF-2. Both of these factors bind to specific DNA sequences called antioxidant response elements (AREs) in the promoter regions of their target genes, thereby activating their transcription.

NRF-1 is involved in the regulation of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes that are required for oxidative phosphorylation and other mitochondrial functions. It also plays a role in the biogenesis of mitochondria by regulating the expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

NRF-2 is primarily involved in the regulation of antioxidant response genes that protect cells from oxidative stress. However, it also plays a role in mitochondrial biogenesis by regulating the expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration and metabolism.

Overall, NRFs are essential for maintaining mitochondrial function and cellular homeostasis, and their dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and metabolic diseases.

Nuclear factor, erythroid-derived 2, like 1 (NFE2L1), also known as NF-E2-related factor 1 (NRF1), is a protein involved in the regulation of genes that protect cells against oxidative stress and damage. It encodes a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor that binds to antioxidant response elements (AREs) in the promoter regions of target genes, leading to their activation and increased expression. NRF1 plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and protecting against various stressors, including chemicals, radiation, and inflammation. Mutations in the NFE2L1 gene have been associated with several diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.

A GA-binding protein (GABP) transcription factor is a type of protein complex that regulates gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences known as GATA motifs. These motifs contain the consensus sequence (T/A)GAT(A/G)(A/T). GABP is composed of two subunits, GABPα and GABPβ, which form a heterodimer that recognizes and binds to the GATA motif.

GABP plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. It is involved in the regulation of genes that are important for the function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems. Mutations in the genes encoding GABP subunits have been associated with several human diseases, such as congenital heart defects, pulmonary hypertension, and immunodeficiency disorders.

Overall, GABP transcription factors are essential regulators of gene expression that play a critical role in maintaining normal physiological functions and homeostasis in the body.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "mitochondrial turnover" is not a widely recognized or established medical term with a specific definition. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation.

The term "turnover," when used in a biological context, generally refers to the process by which cells replace or regenerate their components over time. Therefore, one might infer that "mitochondrial turnover" could refer to the replacement and regeneration of mitochondria within cells. However, this is not a standardized term, and its precise meaning could vary depending on the context.

Mitochondria are known to undergo dynamic processes such as fusion (combining) and fission (dividing), which allow them to change their size, shape, and distribution in response to cellular needs. Additionally, damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria can be removed through a process called mitophagy, where they're targeted for degradation within lysosomes. New, healthy mitochondria are generated through biogenesis, which involves the production of new mitochondrial proteins and membranes.

In summary, while "mitochondrial turnover" is not a standard medical term, it could be used to describe the ongoing processes of mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and biogenesis that contribute to the replacement and regeneration of mitochondria within cells over time.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are specialized structures within cells that generate energy. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is present in the cell nucleus and inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.

MtDNA is a circular molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP. The remaining genes encode for rRNAs and tRNAs, which are necessary for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.

Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases, which can affect any organ system in the body. These mutations can also be used in forensic science to identify individuals and establish biological relationships.

Electron Transport Complex IV is also known as Cytochrome c oxidase. It is the last complex in the electron transport chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells. This complex contains 13 subunits, two heme groups (a and a3), and three copper centers (A, B, and C).

In the electron transport chain, Complex IV receives electrons from cytochrome c and transfers them to molecular oxygen, reducing it to water. This process is accompanied by the pumping of protons across the membrane, contributing to the generation of a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase (Complex V). The overall reaction catalyzed by Complex IV can be summarized as follows:

4e- + 4H+ + O2 → 2H2O

Defects in Cytochrome c oxidase can lead to various diseases, including mitochondrial encephalomyopathies and neurodegenerative disorders.

Mitochondrial proteins are any proteins that are encoded by the nuclear genome or mitochondrial genome and are located within the mitochondria, an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. These proteins play crucial roles in various cellular processes including energy production, metabolism of lipids, amino acids, and steroids, regulation of calcium homeostasis, and programmed cell death or apoptosis.

Mitochondrial proteins can be classified into two main categories based on their origin:

1. Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins (NEMPs): These are proteins that are encoded by genes located in the nucleus, synthesized in the cytoplasm, and then imported into the mitochondria through specific import pathways. NEMPs make up about 99% of all mitochondrial proteins and are involved in various functions such as oxidative phosphorylation, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial dynamics.

2. Mitochondrial DNA-encoded proteins (MEPs): These are proteins that are encoded by the mitochondrial genome, synthesized within the mitochondria, and play essential roles in the electron transport chain (ETC), a key component of oxidative phosphorylation. The human mitochondrial genome encodes only 13 proteins, all of which are subunits of complexes I, III, IV, and V of the ETC.

Defects in mitochondrial proteins can lead to various mitochondrial disorders, which often manifest as neurological, muscular, or metabolic symptoms due to impaired energy production. These disorders are usually caused by mutations in either nuclear or mitochondrial genes that encode mitochondrial proteins.

Transcription factors are proteins that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by controlling the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). They function by binding to specific DNA sequences, known as response elements, located in the promoter region or enhancer regions of target genes. This binding can either activate or repress the initiation of transcription, depending on the properties and interactions of the particular transcription factor. Transcription factors often act as part of a complex network of regulatory proteins that determine the precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development, differentiation, and homeostasis in an organism.

Trans-activators are proteins that increase the transcriptional activity of a gene or a set of genes. They do this by binding to specific DNA sequences and interacting with the transcription machinery, thereby enhancing the recruitment and assembly of the complexes needed for transcription. In some cases, trans-activators can also modulate the chromatin structure to make the template more accessible to the transcription machinery.

In the context of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection, the term "trans-activator" is often used specifically to refer to the Tat protein. The Tat protein is a viral regulatory protein that plays a critical role in the replication of HIV by activating the transcription of the viral genome. It does this by binding to a specific RNA structure called the Trans-Activation Response Element (TAR) located at the 5' end of all nascent HIV transcripts, and recruiting cellular cofactors that enhance the processivity and efficiency of RNA polymerase II, leading to increased viral gene expression.

Promoter regions in genetics refer to specific DNA sequences located near the transcription start site of a gene. They serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase and various transcription factors that regulate the initiation of gene transcription. These regulatory elements help control the rate of transcription and, therefore, the level of gene expression. Promoter regions can be composed of different types of sequences, such as the TATA box and CAAT box, and their organization and composition can vary between different genes and species.

Mitochondria are specialized structures located inside cells that convert the energy from food into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary form of energy used by cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate most of the cell's supply of chemical energy. Mitochondria are also involved in various other cellular processes, such as signaling, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Mitochondria have their own DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is inherited maternally. This means that mtDNA is passed down from the mother to her offspring through the egg cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to a variety of diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and aging.

DNA-binding proteins are a type of protein that have the ability to bind to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material of organisms. These proteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as regulation of gene expression, DNA replication, repair and recombination.

The binding of DNA-binding proteins to specific DNA sequences is mediated by non-covalent interactions, including electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. The specificity of binding is determined by the recognition of particular nucleotide sequences or structural features of the DNA molecule.

DNA-binding proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, such as transcription factors, histones, and restriction enzymes. Transcription factors are a major class of DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences in the promoter region of genes and recruiting other proteins to modulate transcription. Histones are DNA-binding proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes, the basic unit of chromatin structure. Restriction enzymes are DNA-binding proteins that recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences, and are widely used in molecular biology research and biotechnology applications.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.

During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.

Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.

HeLa cells are a type of immortalized cell line used in scientific research. They are derived from a cancer that developed in the cervical tissue of Henrietta Lacks, an African-American woman, in 1951. After her death, cells taken from her tumor were found to be capable of continuous division and growth in a laboratory setting, making them an invaluable resource for medical research.

HeLa cells have been used in a wide range of scientific studies, including research on cancer, viruses, genetics, and drug development. They were the first human cell line to be successfully cloned and are able to grow rapidly in culture, doubling their population every 20-24 hours. This has made them an essential tool for many areas of biomedical research.

It is important to note that while HeLa cells have been instrumental in numerous scientific breakthroughs, the story of their origin raises ethical questions about informed consent and the use of human tissue in research.

'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

In the context of medical and biological sciences, a "binding site" refers to a specific location on a protein, molecule, or cell where another molecule can attach or bind. This binding interaction can lead to various functional changes in the original protein or molecule. The other molecule that binds to the binding site is often referred to as a ligand, which can be a small molecule, ion, or even another protein.

The binding between a ligand and its target binding site can be specific and selective, meaning that only certain ligands can bind to particular binding sites with high affinity. This specificity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, or drug action.

In the case of drug development, understanding the location and properties of binding sites on target proteins is essential for designing drugs that can selectively bind to these sites and modulate protein function. This knowledge can help create more effective and safer therapeutic options for various diseases.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

"Activation of the human mitochondrial transcription factor A gene by nuclear respiratory factors: a potential regulatory link ... "Entrez Gene: NRF1 nuclear respiratory factor 1". Wang C, Li Z, Lu Y, Du R, Katiyar S, Yang J, Fu M, Leader JE, Quong A, ... "Respiratory uncoupling induces delta-aminolevulinate synthase expression through a nuclear respiratory factor-1-dependent ... Nuclear respiratory factor 1, also known as Nrf1, Nrf-1, NRF1 and NRF-1, encodes a protein that homodimerizes and functions as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRF1

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK2_homeobox_1

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFP106

Many nuclear-derived transcription factors have played a role in respiratory chain expression. These factors may have also ... The second nuclear respiratory factor (NRF-2) is necessary for the production of cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COXIV) and Vb ... Nuclear respiratory factor (NRF-1) fuses to respiratory encoding genes proteins, to the rate-limiting enzyme in biosynthesis, ... and mtDNA regulatory factors are all encoded by nuclear genes. Because nuclear genes constitute the genetic foundation of all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_gene

... is regulated by nuclear respiratory factor 1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (44): 33602-13. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... Eloranta, JJ; Zaïr, ZM; Hiller, C; Häusler, S; Stieger, B; Kullak-Ublick, GA (November 2009). "Vitamin D3 and its nuclear ... "Technical and biochemical factors affecting cerebrospinal fluid 5-MTHF, biopterin and neopterin concentrations". Molecular ... 388 (1): 79-85. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.116. PMID 19643086. Diop-Bove, NK; Wu, J; Zhao, R; Locker, J; Goldman, ID (August ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_folate_malabsorption

... is regulated by nuclear respiratory factor 1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (44): 33602-33613. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... Eloranta JJ, Zaïr ZM, Hiller C, Häusler S, Stieger B, Kullak-Ublick GA (November 2009). "Vitamin D3 and its nuclear receptor ... 58 (1): 80-84. doi:10.1093/ajcn/58.1.80. PMID 8317394. Chancy CD, Kekuda R, Huang W, Prasad PD, Kuhnel JM, Sirotnak FM, et al ... 388 (1): 79-85. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.116. PMID 19643086. Diop-Bove NK, Wu J, Zhao R, Locker J, Goldman ID (August 2009 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-coupled_folate_transporter

"Cyclin D1 repression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 integrates nuclear DNA synthesis and mitochondrial function". Proceedings ... Baldin V, Lukas J, Marcote MJ, Pagano M, Draetta G (May 1993). "Cyclin D1 is a nuclear protein required for cell cycle ... Adnane J, Shao Z, Robbins PD (January 1999). "Cyclin D1 associates with the TBP-associated factor TAF(II)250 to regulate Sp1- ... Ratineau C, Petry MW, Mutoh H, Leiter AB (March 2002). "Cyclin D1 represses the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_D1

Since NFE2L1 is referred to as Nrf1, it is often confused with nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1). NFE2L1 is a cap 'n' collar ... Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 (Nrf1) also known as nuclear factor erythroid-2-like 1 (NFE2L1) is a protein that ... Oh DH, Rigas D, Cho A, Chan JY (Nov 2012). "Deficiency in the nuclear-related factor erythroid 2 transcription factor (Nrf1) ... Biswas M, Phan D, Watanabe M, Chan JY (Nov 2011). "The Fbw7 tumor suppressor regulates nuclear factor E2-related factor 1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFE2L1

2002). "Mutation of a nuclear respiratory factor 2 binding site in the 5' untranslated region of the ADSL gene in three ... Gugneja S, Virbasius CM, Scarpulla RC (1996). "Nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2 utilize similar glutamine-containing ... non-DNA-binding subunits of human nuclear respiratory factor 2 share a conserved transcriptional activation domain". Mol. Cell ... 1997). "Functional domains of transcription factor hGABP beta1/E4TF1-53 required for nuclear localization and transcription ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABPB2

... by Nuclear Respiratory Factors (NRF-1 and NRF-2) and PGC-1 Family Coactivators". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (4): 1354-66. doi:10.1128/ ... a protein that can activate mitochondrial biogenesis in part through a direct interaction with nuclear respiratory factor 1 ( ... Serum-Inducible Coactivator of Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1-Dependent Transcription in Mammalian Cells". Mol Cell Biol. 21 (11 ... Gleyzer N, Vercauteren K, Scarpulla RC (2005). "Control of Mitochondrial Transcription Specificity Factors (TFB1M and TFB2M) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPRC1

... and nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs). It provides a direct link between external physiological stimuli and the regulation of ... serum-inducible coactivator of nuclear respiratory factor 1-dependent transcription in mammalian cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 ( ... Fu M, Zhang J, Lin Y, Zhu X, Ehrengruber MU, Chen YE (July 2002). "Early growth response factor-1 is a critical transcriptional ... This protein interacts with PPARgamma, which permits the interaction of this protein with multiple transcription factors. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pparg_coactivator_1_alpha

"Increased expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A and nuclear respiratory factor-1 in skeletal muscle from aged ... Mitochondrial transcription factor A, abbreviated as TFAM or mtTFA, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFAM gene. ... Ngo, HB; Kaiser, JT; Chan, DC (30 October 2011). "The mitochondrial transcription and packaging factor Tfam imposes a U-turn on ... This gene encodes a mitochondrial transcription factor that is a key activator of mitochondrial transcription as well as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFAM

Since this subunit shares identity with a subunit encoding the nuclear respiratory factor 2 gene, it is likely involved in ... Guo A, Nie F, Wong-Riley M (Feb 2000). "Human nuclear respiratory factor 2 alpha subunit cDNA: isolation, subcloning, ... GABPA has been shown to interact with Host cell factor C1, Sp1 transcription factor and Sp3 transcription factor. ETS ... non-DNA-binding subunits of human nuclear respiratory factor 2 share a conserved transcriptional activation domain". Molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABPA

... by nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1 and NRF-2) and PGC-1 family coactivators". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (4): 1354-66. doi:10.1128/ ... 2002). "Mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 activate transcription of human mtDNA". Nat. Genet. 31 (3): 289-94. doi: ... 2002). "Mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 activate transcription of human mtDNA". Nat. Genet. 31 (3): 289-94. doi: ... 2002). "Mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 activate transcription of human mtDNA". Nat. Genet. 31 (3): 289-94. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFB1M

It is known to co-activate nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF2/GABPA), and together with NRF-2 coactivates nuclear respiratory ... activate the mitochondrial transcription factor A (tfam), which is directly responsible for transcribing nuclear-encoded ... c-Myc, a transcription factor, can be inhibited during its dimerization with Max protein by molecules such as IIA6B17 and ... Mitochondria are produced from the transcription and translation of genes both in the nuclear genome and in the mitochondrial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_biogenesis

... and nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs)[citation needed]. PGC-1α provides a direct link between external physiological stimuli ... It is known to be activated by a host of factors, including: Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, both formed ... This protein interacts with the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ, which permits the interaction of this protein with multiple ... regulates triglyceride metabolism by activation of the nuclear receptor FXR". Genes Dev. 18 (2): 157-69. doi:10.1101/gad. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPARGC1A

... by nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1 and NRF-2) and PGC-1 family coactivators". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (4): 1354-66. doi:10.1128/ ... 2002). "Mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 activate transcription of human mtDNA". Nat. Genet. 31 (3): 289-94. doi: ... This protein is a transcription initiation factor for the mitochondrial RNA polymerase, POLRMT. Its paralog TFB1M can perform a ... Dimethyladenosine transferase 2; transcription factor B2, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TFB2M ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFB2M

Marie S, Race V, Nassogne MC, Vincent MF, Van den Berghe G (Jul 2002). "Mutation of a nuclear respiratory factor 2 binding site ... 89 (1-2): 19-31. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.04.018. PMID 16839792. Tsai M, Koo J, Yip P, Colman RF, Segall ML, Howell PL (Jul ... The core of the tetramer is made up of the four domain 2 copies, and there are two copies each of domains 1 and 3 on each end ... 88 (1-2): 237-41. doi:10.1016/S0166-6851(97)00054-6. PMID 9274883. Marie S, Cuppens H, Heuterspreute M, Jaspers M, Tola EZ, Gu ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylosuccinate_lyase

... of hepatocyte nuclear factor/forkhead homologue 4 and characterization of gene expression in the developing respiratory and ... "Identification of nine tissue-specific transcription factors of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/forkhead DNA-binding-domain ... Murphy DB, Seemann S, Wiese S, Kirschner R, Grzeschik KH, Thies U (March 1997). "The human hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/fork ... You Y, Huang T, Richer EJ, Schmidt JE, Zabner J, Borok Z, Brody SL (April 2004). "Role of f-box factor foxj1 in differentiation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXJ1

"Nuclear respiratory factor 2 activates transcription of human mitochondrial translation initiation factor 2 gene". ... Factors eIF1A and eIF5B interact on the ribosome along with other initiation factors and GTP to position the initiation ... The process is simpler in bacteria which have only three initiation factors (IF1, IF2, IF3). Two of these factors are conserved ... Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF5B gene. Accurate initiation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF5B

... stimulate the anti-apoptoic factor Bcl-2 due to reactive oxygen species dependent transcriptional activation of nuclear factor ... Blarcamesine inhibits mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and therefore prevents against oxidative stress and apoptosis. This ... The sigma-1 receptor is located on mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes and modulates the ER stress response ... ANAVEX19-144 is a positional isomer of ANAVEX 1-41, which is similar to blarcamesine but it is not as selective for sigma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarcamesine

The assay has also been used to detect mitochondrial and nuclear DNA mutations associated with respiratory chain defects, and ... The method has been used to detect mutations in epidermal-growth-factor-receptor (EGFR), Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2), p53 and others ... Initially, the DNA of interest (nuclear or mitochondrial DNA) is extracted from tissues or cell culture. This can be done by ... Yen, Hsiu-Chuan; Li, Shiue-Li; Hsu, Wei-Chien; Tang, Petrus (2014-01-01). "Interference of Co-amplified nuclear mitochondrial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_nuclease_assay

Protein complex co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments revealed interacting protein NRF1 nuclear respiratory factor 1 This ... as a transcription factor which activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFAP206

Nuclear respiratory factor 1 RXR heterodimer binding sites GATA binding factors Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 factors Octamer ... binding protein EGR/nerve growth factor induced protein C & related factors Neuron-restrictive silencer factor MEGF8 is ... GC-Box factors SP1/GC Estrogen response elements KRAB domain zinc finger protein 57 Neuron-specific olfactory factor (2 sites) ... Ccaat/Enhancer Binding Protein Vertebrate TATA binding protein factor CCAAT binding factors Activator-, mediator- and TBP- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Epidermal_Growth_Factor-like_Domains_8

Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) is a transcription factor that had seven sites predicted to bind on the promoter, four of ... "Aly/REF Export Factor". GeneCards. Yang HC, Liang YJ, Wu YL, Chung CM, Chiang KM, Ho HY, Ting CT, Lin TH, Sheu SH, Tsai WC, ... THOC4, THO Complex 4 or Aly/REF export factor, dimerizes to form a larger complex and chaperones spliced mRNA, assisting with ... Phyre2 found the most similar protein to be the human protein NDC80 kinetochore complex component, a nuclear protein that binds ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM98A

Conserved binding sites in mammals which are located on this promoter include Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NFR1), cAMP- ... Retrieved 3 April 2014.[permanent dead link] "Protein One". Transcription Factors. Archived from the original on 2014-06-05. ... responsive element binding protein (CREB), PAR b ZIP family and Sp4 Transcription Factor. NRF1 encodes a protein which ... Retrieved 1 March 2014.[permanent dead link] "CCDC47 coiled-coil domain containing 47". NCBI. Retrieved 3 March 2014. "SAPS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCDC47

... is a nuclear-encoded protein that functions as a releasing factor that recognizes termination codons and releases ... Mitochondrial DNA encodes 13 proteins that play essential roles in the respiratory chain, while all proteins involved in ... Mitochondrial translational release factor 1-like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTRF1L gene. ... Ishizawa, T.; Nozaki, Y.; Ueda, T.; Takeuchi, N. (2008). "The human mitochondrial translation release factor HMRF1L is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTRF1L

Lancet 1986;i:242-245.PMID 2418322 Barnes PJ, Karin M. Nuclear factor-κB: a pivotal transcription factor in chronic ... He has edited or co-edited over 50 books on asthma, COPD and respiratory pharmacology. His Web of Science h-index is over 200 ... In 1987 he was appointed to the established chair of thoracic medicine at NHLI and was head of respiratory medicine at Imperial ... Sir Peter John Barnes, FRCP, FCCP, FMedSci, FRS (born 29 October 1946) is a British respiratory scientist and clinician, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Barnes_(respiratory_scientist)

Low total or active concentrations of importin-13 in the nucleus result that importin-13 is a rate-limiting factor for nuclear ... American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 35 (6): 668-680. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2006-0073OC. OCLC 869605347. PMID ... such that it mediates the nuclear import of certain cargoes and the nuclear export of other cargoes. Other nuclear transport ... Additionally, importin-13 regulates the nuclear export of the transcription factors SPI and KLF4 under conditions of oxidative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPO13

... also known as HNF1B or transcription factor 2 (TCF2), is a human gene. HNF1B encodes hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta, a ... antitrypsin gene expression in human respiratory epithelial cells". Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 282 (4): L757-65. ... "Abnormal nephron development associated with a frameshift mutation in the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta ... 1999). "Variant hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 is required for visceral endoderm specification". Development. 126 (21): 4795-4805 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNF1B

nuclear respiratory factor 2. transcription factor E4TF1-47. transcription factor E4TF1-53. NP_001307839.1. *EC 3.2.1.3 ... Association of SNP rs7181866 in the nuclear respiratory factor-2 beta subunit encoding GABPB1 gene with obesity and type-2 ... Title: Association of SNP rs7181866 in the nuclear respiratory factor-2 beta subunit encoding GABPB1 gene with obesity and type ... Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the nuclear respiratory factor-2 beta subunit-encoding the GABPB1 gene within ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2553

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRF1

... and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) were studied. The inhibitory effects of strawberry extracts on the proliferation and ... Respiratory-system-disorders; Author Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; activator protein-1; nuclear factor-kappaB; mitogen- ... nuclear factor-kappaB, and cell transformation by extracts of strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). ... These results suggest that the ability of strawberries to block UVB- and TPA-induced AP-1 and NF-kappaB activation may be due ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=agricultur%2A+or+farm%2A&f1=%2A&Adv=0&terms=1&PageNo=437&RecNo=4368&View=f&

... tumor necrosis factor receptor‒associated factor; TRIM25, tripartite motif containing 25. ... IFN signaling: ORF3a promotes IFNAR1 degradation; NSP1 decreases STAT1 phosphorylation; ORF6 inhibits nuclear translocation of ... The clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus: lower respiratory tract infection after upper respiratory tract infection ... Interference between respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus in respiratory tract infections in children. Clin Microbiol ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/2/21-1727-t1

Co-regulation of nuclear respiratory factor-1 by NFkappaB and CREB links LPS-induced inflammation to mitochondrial biogenesis. ... The nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1) gene is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which might reflect TLR4-mediated ... Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes direct damage to the airway epithelium, enabling aspergillus invasion. ...

https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/browse?type=subject&value=Nitriles

NRF1, nuclear respiratory factor-1. B: Effect of a 21-day HFD (45% fat vs. 10% fat) in a cohort of C57Bl/6J mice (control, n = ... NRF1, nuclear respiratory factor-1. B: Effect of a 21-day HFD (45% fat vs. 10% fat) in a cohort of C57Bl/6J mice (control, n = ... nor was nuclear respiratory factor 1, NRF1 (1.89 ± 0.13 to 1.56 ± 0.16 AU, P = 0.1398) (Fig. 2A). ... a trans-activator of nuclear-encoded respiratory genes in animal cells. Genes Dev ...

https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article-split/54/7/1926/12451/A-High-Fat-Diet-Coordinately-Downregulates-Genes

Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed in order to examine nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 ... a, b) Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) detection of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 binding ... These possibilities of cell type-specific expression of transcription factor subunits and/or associated factors further support ... for nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1, as well as the respective cold competition and supershift assays, were ...

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/6/1106

... reduces lung inflammation in respiratory syncytial virus infection by inhibiting chemokine expression and nuclear factor-kappa ... Kern S, Uhl M, Berner R, Schwoerer T, Langer M. Respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract: ... IL-13 is sufficient for respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein-induced eosinophilia after respiratory syncytial virus ... Coronaviridae (coronaviruses) - Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/360254-overview%E2%80%8B

miR-504 mediated down-regulation of nuclear respiratory factor 1 leads to radio-resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. ... Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1A (HNF1A) as a possible tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0121082 ... metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in thyroid carcinoma via Kruppel-like factor 2. Int J Oncol. 2018;53:1927-1938 ... 1. M Kikuyama, T Kamisawa, S Kuruma. et al. Early Diagnosis to Improve the Poor Prognosis of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel ...

https://www.jcancer.org/v11p0940.htm

2009) Coupling of energy metabolism and synaptic transmission at the transcriptional level: role of nuclear respiratory factor ... 1987) Metabolic state of the rat liver with ethanol: comparison of in vivo 31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ... eukaryote elongation factor 2) (Hardie, 2007). Increased P-AMPK represses the mTOR signal cascades and prevents the maintenance ... SD either began at 7:00 A.M. (ending at 10:00 A.M. for 3 h SD or 1:00 P.M. for 6 h SD) or began at 10:00 A.M., ending at 1:00 P ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/node/371490.full.print

... activating nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2 (NRF1/NRF2) among others [148]. Metabolic sensors like AMP-activated protein ... Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, also known as NFE2L2, is a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) protein that regulates the ... A. C. Bharti, Y. Takada, S. Shishodia, and B. B. Aggarwal, "Evidence that receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB ligand ... B. B. Aggarwal, S. Shishodia, Y. Takada et al., "Curcumin suppresses the paclitaxel-induced nuclear factor-κB pathway in breast ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2020/3656419/

... in particular the production of nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent chemokines. Increasing evidence suggests that respiratory ... Respiratory syncytial virus-induced RANTES production from human bronchial epithelial cells is dependent on nuclear factor- ... The role of nuclear factor-kappa B in cytokine gene regulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997;17:3-9. ... nuclear factor-κB. This work was supported in part by INSERM, a grant from GlaxoSmithKline (London, UK) and the French ...

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/21/4/574

... with nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1). Using an inducible, cardiac-specific PGC-1a transgene, she showed that ... 94:525-533, 2004). More recent work has employed overexpression of PGC-1a and NRF-1 in primary cardiac myocytes cultures to ... delineate NRF-1-dependent pathways downstream of PGC-1a.. Publications and Media Placements. Bennett MJ, Russell LK, Tokunaga C ...

https://www.slu.edu/arts-and-sciences/biology/faculty/russell-laurie.php

... nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam). In addition, curcumin contributed to cell ... the redox-sensitive nuclear transcriptional factor, NF-κB, acts as a proapoptotic factor in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NF-κB ... The mtDNA amount was expressed as mtDNA copy number per nuclear DNA copy number. (H) The nuclear amounts of SIRT1 and PGC-1α ... They were then visualized by Alexa Fluor® 488 nuclear staining (green) and anti-p65 immunofluorescence to monitor nuclear ...

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijmm/30/3/643?text=fulltext

... facilitating the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into host cells via angiotensin- ... McKay, L.I.; Cidlowski, J.A. Molecular control of immune/inflammatory responses: Interactions between nuclear factor-kappa B ... Similar to SARS-CoV-2, the 2002-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the middle east respiratory ... via activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). This protein complex is also activated by angiotensin II to induce lung ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/12/8/2325

Positive circulating anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) or rheumatoid factor occur in 10 to 20% of patients with IPF, but rarely ... Marsh P., Johnston I., Britton J.Atopy as a risk factor for cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Respir. Med.881994369371 Crossref ... 2. Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RBILD) (94, 169-171). Like DIP, RBILD is a clinical syndrome ... Fan L. L., Kozinetz C. A.Factors influencing survival in children with chronic interstitial lung disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. ...

https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.ats3-00

ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome. ORR: Oxidation reduction reaction. TNF-α：Tumor Necrosis Factor ... If pathological changes were not timely curbed, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) could be developed[8-10]. The ... In the groups treated with HRS and HBO, pulmonary pathological data, wet-dry weight ratio and immflammatory factors in the ... American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 1999;160(1):109-16. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.160.1.9803046. ...

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-142869/v1

Utilizing genetics in conjunction with products that activate NRF1 (Nuclear respiratory factor 1) and Nrf2 (nuclear factor ... Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) Interleukin 1 (IL1), Interleukin 6 (IL6) Interleukin 17A (IL17A) Matrix ... report helps me establish personalized health recommendations utilizing genetic risk factors related to the oral and systemic ... erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2) pathways to create internal cellular molecules can turn back the aging process and become ...

https://www.oraldna.com/trends-in-salivary-testing/index.php/2019/05/31/biohacking-our-genes-using-celsus-one-and-nrf2-activation/

Although the anti-nuclear factor was positive (titre 1/160), the rheumatoid factor and extractable nuclear antibody screening ... His respiratory status deteriorated and he was transferred to the intensive care unit, but was not intubated. A low arterial PO ... Few cases of lung involvement with B. coli have been reported.4-7 Respiratory tract infection in patients with an association ... Within 48 hours, the patient had improved substantially and respiratory support could be stopped, and within 4 days he was well ...

http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0256-95742010000800020

... and explored by immunohistochemistry the expression of nuclear factor NFkappaB p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), ... Respiratory tract inflammation and deteriorating olfactory and respiratory barriers may play a role in the observed ... Respiratory tract inflammation, production of mediators of inflammation capable of reaching the brain, systemic circulation of ... Exposed dogs had (a) nuclear neuronal NFkappaB p65, (b) endothelial, glial and neuronal iNOS, (c) endothelial and glial COX2, ( ...

https://www.rti.org/publications/id/42bd5c80-a64c-45fa-964d-9f0c0de75a7c

Furthermore, elevated PGC-1α, NRF-1, and TFAM expression (suggestive of enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis), increased citrate ... and mitochondrial respiratory complex activities in both brain regions. ... nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). In both SN and HIPP, significant ... Wensheng Yan1, *, , Tianyun Zhang1,2, *, , Yunxiao Kang1,2, , Guoliang Zhang2, , Xiaoming Ji1,2, , Xu Feng3, , Geming Shi1,2,4, ...

https://www.aging-us.com/article/203153/text

... the cristae remodelling factors, including mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) and OPA1; lipid ... Mitochondrial respiratory function needs to adapt to the energetic demands of the cell. These adaptive responses encompass ... and associated transcription factors; mTOR and endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling; TOM70-dependent mitochondrial protein ... processes that maintain cell and organismal fitness and survival in the changing environment by adjusting the respiratory ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41580-022-00506-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=fe2b9167-d877-4a25-9cbc-0d0eb06fe314

Nuclear control of respiratory chain expression by nuclear respiratory factors and PGC-1-related coactivator. Ann N Y Acad Sci ... 2009;15(1):6-41 [ Links ]. 10.Powers SK, Jackson MJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on ... 1.Heiwe S, Clyne N, Dahlgren MA. Living with chronic renal failure: patients experiences of their physical and functional ... PGC-1α - Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-Alpha. PPAR - Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated ...

http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-12822020000200011

DNA breaks activate the DNA (more…) Read More about Nuclear respiratory factor 1 and endurance exercise promote human telomere ... Read more about Nuclear respiratory factor 1 and endurance exercise promote human telomere transcription ...

https://hyperthermicwellness.com/tag/longevity/

... including nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF2), the nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB), and the Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α (HIF1 ... factors NRF1 and NRF2 prompt the expression of the nuclear genes encoding subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain ... β factor; on the other hand, mitochondrial biogenesis is inhibited when HIF1 factors promote degradation of c-Myc [304]. ... The mitochondrial respiratory chain is one of the main sources of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Generated ROS can ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2016/4587691/

... nuclear factor kappa B; OPTN: optineurin; ORF: open reading frame; PRRSV: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; ... Multiple factors such as hepatitis B infection, coagulation abnormalities and exposure to arsenic, etc. may also cause Bantis ... Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus degrades DDX10 via SQSTM1/p62-dependent selective autophagy to antagonize ... Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a typical immunosuppressive virus devastating the global swine ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Ullah,+Rizwan

Nuclear respiratory factor 1. NRF1. Q16656. 1 Reference(s). T82JWE. Cellular tumor antigen p53. TP53. P04637. 5 Reference(s). ... Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. NFE2L2. Q16236. 3 Reference(s). ... Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha. CHUK. O15111. 1 Reference(s). ... Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit. NFKB1. P19838. 8 Reference(s). ...

http://www.badd-cao.net:2345/browse/herb/H0181

Control of mitochondrial transcription specificity factors (TFB1M and TFB2M) by nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1 and NRF-2) ... serum-inducible coactivator of nuclear respiratory factor 1-dependent transcription in mammalian cells Andersson, U, Scarpulla ... dependent respiratory gene expression Gleyzer, N, Scarpulla, RC, Vercauteren, K ... PGC-1-related coactivator complexes with HCF-1 and NRF-2beta in mediating NRF-2(GABP)- ...

https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-2466376

nuclear respiratory factor 1. 6 6 6.5 cM 18181 ...

https://cepko.med.harvard.edu/default.asp?r=1&stg=TCTTGCTCAA

Nuclear respiratory factor 1, also known as Nrf1, Nrf-1, NRF1 and NRF-1, encodes a protein that homodimerizes and functions as a transcription factor which activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear genes required for respiration, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. (wikipedia.org)
Confusion has occurred in bibliographic databases due to the shared symbol of NRF1 for this gene and for "nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 1" which has an official symbol of NFE2L1. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Nrf1 functions as a transcription factor that activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear genes required for mitochondrial respiration, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. (wikipedia.org)
Nrf1, together with Nrf2, mediates the biogenomic coordination between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes by directly regulating the expression of several nuclear-encoded ETC proteins, and indirectly regulating the three mitochondrial-encoded COX subunit genes by activating mtTFA, mtTFB1, and mtTFB2. (wikipedia.org)
The nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1) gene is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which might reflect TLR4-mediated mitigation of cellular inflammatory damage via initiation of mitochondrial biogenesis. (duke.edu)
Not only did curcumin treatment increase mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in hepatocytes, but it also increased levels of transcriptional factors that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam). (spandidos-publications.com)
Utilizing genetics in conjunction with products that activate NRF1 (Nuclear respiratory factor 1) and Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2) pathways to create internal cellular molecules can turn back the aging process and become part of a full preventive program. (oraldna.com)
qPCR analyses included the following genes: Nuclear Respiratory Factor (NRF1), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator-1 Alpha/Beta (PGC-1α/β), Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2), Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM), and Glutathione Synthetase (GSS). (wku.edu)

European Respiratory Journal , 40 (4), 863-873. (tmu.edu.tw)

Inhibitory effect on activator protein-1, nuclear factor-kappaB, and cell transformation by extracts of strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. (cdc.gov)
antioxidant enzymes on tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or ultraviolet-B (UVB) induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) were studied. (cdc.gov)
Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed in order to examine nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 binding activities. (ersjournals.com)

Coinfection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus enhances the severity of pneumonia in golden Syrian hamsters. (cdc.gov)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes direct damage to the airway epithelium, enabling aspergillus invasion. (duke.edu)
If pathological changes were not timely curbed, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) could be developed [ 8 - 10 ] . (researchsquare.com)
1. To analyze the clinical presentation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the paediatric population in the third wave. (pediatriconcall.com)
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). (pediatriconcall.com)
In more severe cases, the infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. (pediatriconcall.com)
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection relies on the binding of S protein (Spike glycoprotein) to ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) 2 in the host cells. (cov19longhaulfoundation.org)
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) Spike protein exacerbates endothelial cell (EC) function via ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) 2 downregulation and mitochondrial impairment. (cov19longhaulfoundation.org)
Nuclear factor-kappaB- and glucocorticoid receptor alpha- mediated mechanisms in the regulation of systemic and pulmonary inflammation during sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. (medscape.com)
pulmonary embolism (more common) and acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ). (medscape.com)

Investigating viral interference between influenza A virus and human respiratory syncytial virus in a ferret model of infection. (cdc.gov)

The encoded protein may be involved in activation of cytochrome oxidase expression and nuclear control of mitochondrial function. (nih.gov)
Fig. 3: Translational control of mitochondrial respiratory chain assembly. (nature.com)

These changes may be mediated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC1) pathway. (diabetesjournals.org)
Russell's recent research has focused on the regulation of mitochondrial proliferation and metabolism in the heart, with an emphasis on the role of the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g coactivator-1a (PGC-1a) and its interaction with nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1). (slu.edu)
Mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated by three nuclear-encoded proteins, including transcription factor A (TFAM), nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g coactivator-1-a (PGC-1a). (cmich.edu)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) was elevated in HCR-DR groups. (elsevierpure.com)

At the ultra-structural level, a reduction in the number, location, and morphology of mitochondria is strongly associated with insulin resistance ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Mitochondrial energetic adaptations encompass a plethora of conserved processes that maintain cell and organismal fitness and survival in the changing environment by adjusting the respiratory capacity of mitochondria. (nature.com)
[ 1 , 2 ] Loss of mitochondria occurs in many of these maladies, but defects in the remaining mitochondria are emerging as key players in diabetes [ 3 ] and aging-related dysfunctions. (medscape.com)
CnHsf3 acts in nuclei and mitochondria, and nuclear- and mitochondrial-targeting signals are required for its organelle-specific functions. (lu.se)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide 1 . (ersjournals.com)
3 days later, we study lung pathological, the levels of inflammatory factors, and cell apoptosis in the pulmonary tissue was detected by Tunel and cell apoptosis rate was calculated accordingly. (researchsquare.com)
We describe a case of lung involvement, with severe pulmonary haemorrhage resulting in iron deficiency anaemia and respiratory failure, of a 20-year-old, immune-competent man. (scielo.org.za)

In addition to the cellular energy sensor AMP kinase, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor cofactors PGC1α ( 5 , 6 , 7 ) and possibly PGC1β ( 8 ) activate mitochondrial biogenesis and increase OXPHOS gene expression by increasing the transcription, translation, and activation of the transcription factors necessary for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication. (diabetesjournals.org)

Co-regulation of nuclear respiratory factor-1 by NFkappaB and CREB links LPS-induced inflammation to mitochondrial biogenesis. (duke.edu)
At the molecular and structural level, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial function are altered in diabetes, as well as in insulin-resistant relatives of type 2 diabetic subjects ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
[ 11 ] In the CALERIE phase 1 study, however, we demonstrated that 6 months of 25% CR in healthy human s increased the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. (medscape.com)
Because metabolic reprogramming modulates immune responses to TLR-4 activation, we investigated the effect of MKP-1 deficiency on mitochondrial electron transport chains involved in oxidative phosphorylation and transcription factors regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. (cmich.edu)
But, based on the levels of nuclear respiratory factor-1 and cytocrome c oxidase, it appears that DR did not cause mitochondrial biogenesis. (elsevierpure.com)

The effects of corticosteroids are predominantly mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding activity, which controls genes encoding inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules in respiratory epithelial cells 10 - 13 . (ersjournals.com)
MKP-1 controls the expression of numerous inflammatory genes and transcription factors, thereby regulating innate and adaptive immunity. (cmich.edu)

This gene encodes the GA-binding protein transcription factor, beta subunit. (nih.gov)
Note: In August, 2008, the nomenclature of the GA binding protein transcription factors was clarified. (nih.gov)
The role of nuclear factor (NF)-κB repressing factor (NRF), a DNA-binding, protein-inhibiting NF-κB response gene, in human diseases has not been explored. (tmu.edu.tw)

A human Pancreatic duct epithelial cells line (HPDE), HEK-293T and three human pancreatic cancer cell lines (CanPan-1, Hs-766T, CFPAC-1) were obtained from Chinese typical culture preservation center. (jcancer.org)
In CF disease, a nonregulated inflammatory lung response occurs through exaggerated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines production by airway epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal inherited disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in airway epithelial cells 1 . (ersjournals.com)
One of the major clinical manifestations of CFTR mutations is neutrophil dominated inflammation 2 , 3 , implying that defective CFTR affects the immune function of airway epithelial cells, in particular the production of nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent chemokines. (ersjournals.com)
Increasing evidence suggests that respiratory epithelial cells with dysfunctional CFTR have exaggerated activation of NF-κB/inhibitor of NF-κB complex associated with upregulated expression of chemokines 4 , 5 . (ersjournals.com)

We show that MKP-1-deficient mice/ macrophages exhibit, at baseline, higher expression of oxidative phosphorylation, TFAM, PGC-1a, and NRF-1 associated with increased respiration and production of reactive oxygen species as compared with wild-type mice. (cmich.edu)
Furthermore, inhibition of p38 MAPK had no significant effect on TFAM and NRF-1 either in MKP-1-deficient macrophages or in wild-type macrophages. (cmich.edu)

Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the nuclear respiratory factor-2 beta subunit-encoding the GABPB1 gene within the occupational environment. (nih.gov)
Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF-1) Controls the Activity Dependent Transcription of the GABA-A Receptor Beta 1 Subunit Gene in Neurons. (ucdavis.edu)

HIV and rheumatoid factor were negative. (scielo.org.za)
Although the anti-nuclear factor was positive (titre 1/160), the rheumatoid factor and extractable nuclear antibody screening tests were negative, while basement membrane antibodies and neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were not detected. (scielo.org.za)
Positive autoantibodies (anti-nuclear antigens, rheumatoid factor) 17. (who.int)

Incorporating the genetic analysis from the Celsus One™ report helps me establish personalized health recommendations utilizing genetic risk factors related to the oral and systemic inflammatory response. (oraldna.com)
Respiratory tract inflammation, production of mediators of inflammation capable of reaching the brain, systemic circulation of PM, and disruption of the nasal respiratory and olfactory barriers are likely in these populations. (rti.org)
Typically, the patient is otherwise well at rash onset but often gives a history of mild systemic symptoms 1-4 days before rash onset. (cdc.gov)

We evaluated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in nasal and brain genomic DNA, and explored by immunohistochemistry the expression of nuclear factor NFkappaB p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2), metallothionein I and II, apolipoprotein E, amyloid precursor protein (APP), and beta-amyloid(1-42) in healthy dogs naturally exposed to urban pollution in Mexico City. (rti.org)

Exposed dogs had (a) nuclear neuronal NFkappaB p65, (b) endothelial, glial and neuronal iNOS, (c) endothelial and glial COX2, (d) ApoE in neuronal, glial and vascular cells, and (e) APP and beta amyloid(1-42) in neurons, diffuse plaques (the earliest at age 11 months), and in subarachnoid blood vessels. (rti.org)

Kikkert M . Innate immune evasion by human respiratory RNA viruses. (cdc.gov)
The three innate gene markers: Beta-defensin 1 (DEFB1), CD14 (CD14), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and five acquired gene markers: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) Interleukin 1 (IL1), Interleukin 6 (IL6) Interleukin 17A (IL17A) Matrix Metallopeptidase 3 (MMP3) have different variations in degree of severity in association with inflammatory disease processes. (oraldna.com)

2 Paradoxically, ACE2 is protective in the cardiovascular system, and SARS-CoV-1 S protein promotes lung injury by decreasing the level of ACE2 in the infected lungs. (cov19longhaulfoundation.org)

MotifLab supports comprehensive motif discovery and analysis by allowing users to integrate several popular motif discovery tools as well as different kinds of additional information, including phylogenetic conservation, epigenetic marks, DNase hypersensitive sites, ChIP-Seq data, positional binding preferences of transcription factors, transcription factor interactions and gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)

Respiratory tract inflammation and deteriorating olfactory and respiratory barriers may play a role in the observed neuropathology. (rti.org)

Fig. 4: Post-translational mechanisms governing respiratory control and the role of mitochondrial membrane dynamics. (nature.com)

During the early response stage, the major health concerns were hypothermia among the elderly, tsunami-associated pneumonia 3 and other respiratory ailments. (who.int)

In a tertiary care institution, children who tested positive for COVID-19 between December 1, 2021 and March 31, 2022, were identified from the outpatient department, inpatient department and swab testing facility and enrolled for the study. (pediatriconcall.com)

Cyclin D1-dependent kinase, through phosphorylating NRF-1 at S47, coordinates nuclear DNA synthesis and mitochondrial function. (wikipedia.org)

For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. (cdc.gov)

2020 May 1;167:107702. (ucdavis.edu)
Este blog se publicó originalmente en inglés en el 2020. (cdc.gov)
El 4 de febrero del 2020 es el Día Mundial contra el Cáncer , y estamos reflexionando acerca de las investigaciones sobre el cáncer ocupacional que se están realizando en el Instituto Nacional para la Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional (NIOSH), con el fin de reducir la carga del cáncer en todo el mundo. (cdc.gov)
A nivel mundial, el cáncer es la segunda causa principal de muerte, con 9.6 millones de muertes en el 2018 (IARC 2020). (cdc.gov)

Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal , 2011, 2(3):1-2. (who.int)

Therapeutic strategies include the blocking of transcription factors such as NF-κB that lead to inflammatory gene activation and the inhibition of signaling pathways that are stimulated in lung diseases. (ersjournals.com)
The increase in chronic and degenerative diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), constitutes one of the most significant challenges of public health, as it is considered a worldwide social and economic problem, and associated to many co-morbidities, as well as to high expenses in public health 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)
Failure of the PN is associated with broad range of diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immunological and metabolic disorders [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
During the recovery phase, a gradual increase in noncommunicable diseases was noted due to risk factors such as continued lack of exercise, poor diet and high stress levels. (who.int)
ABSTRACT We carried out a comparative study to assess the demographic and social characteristics of water pipe (WP) smokers, the association with cigarette smoking and chronic respiratory diseases and the dependence profile on 4 groups: exclusive WP smokers, exclusive cigarette smokers, mixed smokers and absolute non-smokers. (who.int)

These results suggest that the ability of strawberries to block UVB- and TPA-induced AP-1 and NF-kappaB activation may be due to their antioxidant properties and their ability to reduce oxidative stress. (cdc.gov)
The oxidative events that regulate AP-1 and NF-kappaB transactivation can be important molecular targets for cancer prevention. (cdc.gov)
Besides impairing ATP production by compromising the normal function of the respiratory chain machinery, excessive ROS generation and the ensuing oxidative stress cause oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA, accelerating the aging phenotype [ 5 , 6 ]. (aging-us.com)
These findings support the conclusion that MKP-1 plays an important role in regulating proteins involved in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and modulates expression of mitochondrial transcription factors. (cmich.edu)

These two cell types differed, however, in their NF-κB and AP-1 binding after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, possibly due to differences in the expression of the subunits that comprise these transcriptional complexes. (ersjournals.com)

FP induces apoptosis of eosinophils 18 and also reduces the production of several cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES (regulated on activation, T-cell expressed and secreted) by alveolar macrophages 19 and lymphocytes 20 , 21 . (ersjournals.com)
Chest X-ray showed extensive bilateral alveolar infiltrates ( Fig. 1 ). (scielo.org.za)

Pancreatic cancer is a highly invasive type of malignant tumor with a very poor prognosis [ 1 ] . (jcancer.org)

Although inhalation of toxic gases and particles is the major risk factor for COPD 3 , viral infections, particularly childhood infection, add to the risk of developing this condition 1 . (ersjournals.com)
Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. (pediatriconcall.com)
Bacteriophage MS2 has risk for infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes frequently been used as a surrogate for pathogenic viruses in COVID-19 ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)

There is some confusion about the fit-testing requirements that apply to NIOSH-certified respirators for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) protection. (osha.gov)
Since September 11, 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has increased efforts to prepare the agency and public health partners for response to potential nuclear/radiological disasters. (cdc.gov)
Testing radioanalytical laboratory capabilities during a nuclear/radiological incident was an exercise objective, and developing clear messaging on low-dose exposure and long-term health concerns was a primary output of the exercise. (cdc.gov)

Lung injury is one of the most serious injuries that are difficult to handle and is a leading cause of death in patients with thoracic trauma [ 1 , 2 ] . (researchsquare.com)
Despite major accomplishments in our understanding of the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis ( 1 ), the diagnosis and management of patients with IPF continues to pose significant challenges ( 2-4 ). (atsjournals.org)
A , Representative H&E histopathology of lung specimens from 8- to 12 wk-old male Syrian hamsters 5-day post administration of pseudovirus overexpressing Spike protein (Pseu-Spike) or mock virus in control group (n=3 mice per group, 1×10 8 PFU). (cov19longhaulfoundation.org)

WP smoking seems to be as great a risk factor as cigarette smoking for chronic respiratory disease. (who.int)

and the assembly and metabolite-dependent regulation of respiratory complexes. (nature.com)

[11-20-2013] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning health care professionals of the rare but serious risk of heart attack and death with use of the cardiac nuclear stress test agents Lexiscan (regadenoson) and Adenoscan (adenosine). (fda.gov)
Heart attack and death have occurred in patients who received Lexiscan (regadenoson) or Adenoscan (adenosine) for a cardiac nuclear stress test. (fda.gov)

More recent work has employed overexpression of PGC-1a and NRF-1 in primary cardiac myocytes cultures to delineate NRF-1-dependent pathways downstream of PGC-1a. (slu.edu)
Lexiscan and Adenoscan are FDA approved for use during cardiac nuclear stress tests in patients who cannot exercise adequately. (fda.gov)
Lexiscan or Adenoscan are administered by intravenous injection during a cardiac nuclear stress test to patients who cannot adequately exercise. (fda.gov)
Tell your health care professional about any heart problems before you have a cardiac nuclear stress test. (fda.gov)
Talk to your health care professional if you have any questions or concerns about having a cardiac nuclear stress test, or about any cardiac nuclear stress test agent, including Lexiscan or Adenoscan. (fda.gov)

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the key proteins involved in the beneficial effects of exercise on brain. (elsevierpure.com)
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a protein that modifies histone and non-histone proteins and is known to influence a wide variety of physiological processes. (biomedcentral.com)

Plants often experience low oxygen conditions as the consequence of reduced oxygen availability in their environment or due to a high activity of respiratory metabolism. (edu.sa)

The strawberries may be highly effective as a chemopreventive agent that acts by targeting the down-regulation of AP-1 and NF-kappaB activities, blocking MAPK signaling, and suppressing cancer cell proliferation and transformation. (cdc.gov)
Fig. 1: Regulation of mitochondrial respiratory capacity. (nature.com)

This syndrome is characterized by steatosis in hepatocytes and elevated serum levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Here we present MotifLab, a general workbench for analysing regulatory sequence regions and discovering transcription factor binding sites and cis -regulatory modules. (biomedcentral.com)
However, transcription factors seldom operate alone but work in concert with other transcription factors and co-factors in order to achieve the required regulatory control. (biomedcentral.com)
Hence, groups of motifs for co-operating factors will often occur in close proximity to each other in the DNA sequence, and such "composite motifs", or cis -regulatory modules (CRM), can provide a stronger signal than individual motifs. (biomedcentral.com)

2018 Jan;59(1):37-66. (ucdavis.edu)
Cada año, en todo el mundo, se les diagnostica cáncer a 17 millones de personas, y se prevé que esta cifra aumentará (ACS 2018). (cdc.gov)

MKP-1-deficient animals exhibit aberrant metabolic responses following bacterial infections with a markedly increased mortality in response to sepsis. (cmich.edu)

The enzyme was also found to be highly immunogenic as revealed by high antibody titer at 1:6400 dilution. (bvsalud.org)

The tsunami caused nuclear accidents and meltdowns of three reactors in Fukushima. (who.int)
Man-made sources of radioactive materials are found in consumer products, industrial equipment, atom bomb fallout, and to a smaller extent from hospital waste, medical devices, and nuclear reactors. (cdc.gov)

ORF6 inhibits nuclear translocation of STAT1. (cdc.gov)

Demographic data, clinical details and epidemiological factors, were collected from the parents of the patients through a structured interview. (pediatriconcall.com)
The binary logistic analysis identified elevated NLR (hazard risk [HR] 2.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.98-4.57) and age (HR 2.52, 95% CI 1.65-4.83) as independent factors for poor clinical outcome of COVID-19.A normal range of NLR is between 1-2, the values higher than 3.0 and below 0.7 in adults are pathological. (baumaschinen-knell.de)

Nuclear presence of RAP2.12 may not only depend on relocalization of existing protein, but involves de novo synthesis of the transcription factor as well. (edu.sa)

Sulfatase modifying factor (SUMF1) is a key modifier in connective tissue remodelling, and we have shown previously that several SNPs in SUMF1 are associated with COPD. (lu.se)

Volume 100 Issue 1 | Biology of Reproduction (bioone.org)

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 - Advanced information - NobelPrize.org (nobelprize.org)

Conference 12 - 2011 Case: 01 20120111 (askjpc.org)

An Important Role of Blood and Lymphatic Vessels in Inflammation and Allergy, Journal of Allergy | 10.1155/2013/672381 |... (gas-dd.sagepub.com)

Climate Change is Global Communist Tyranny-Lord Christopher Monckton | Greg Hunter's USAWatchdog (usawatchdog.com)

Life | Free Full-Text | Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective (mdpi.com)

Blood miRNomes and transcriptomes reveal novel longevity mechanisms in the long-lived bat, Myotis myotis | BMC Genomics | Full... (bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com)

DESCO MENENDEZ, MANUEL (researchportal.uc3m.es)

Extracellular Matrix | Pearltrees (pearltrees.com)

Best air purifiers for allergies 2022 - موقع أول اثنين (awalethnain.com)

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Anatomy2

Chemicals and Drugs11

Phenomena and Processes6

Information Science2

Respiratory uncoupling induces delta-aminolevulinate synthase expression through a nuclear respiratory factor-1-dependent mechanism in HeLa cells. (1/176)

Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. (2/176)

The CNC basic leucine zipper factor, Nrf1, is essential for cell survival in response to oxidative stress-inducing agents. Role for Nrf1 in gamma-gcs(l) and gss expression in mouse fibroblasts. (3/176)

Structural basis for the regulation of UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase-3 gene expression in adenocarcinoma cells. (4/176)

Transcriptional regulation of E2F-1 and eIF-2 genes by alpha-pal: a potential mechanism for coordinated regulation of protein synthesis, growth, and the cell cycle. (5/176)

Antagonism between members of the CNC-bZIP family and the immediate-early protein IE2 of human cytomegalovirus. (6/176)

Identification of a nuclear respiratory factor-1 binding site within the core promoter of the human polio virus receptor/CD155 gene. (7/176)

Sequential serum-dependent activation of CREB and NRF-1 leads to enhanced mitochondrial respiration through the induction of cytochrome c. (8/176)

Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1

Nuclear Respiratory Factors

NF-E2-Related Factor 1

GA-Binding Protein Transcription Factor

Mitochondrial Turnover

DNA, Mitochondrial

Electron Transport Complex IV

Mitochondrial Proteins

Transcription Factors

Trans-Activators

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Mitochondria

DNA-Binding Proteins

Base Sequence

Molecular Sequence Data

Transcription, Genetic

HeLa Cells

Gene Expression Regulation

Binding Sites

RNA, Messenger

Respiratory uncoupling induces delta-aminolevulinate synthase expression through a nuclear respiratory factor-1-dependent mechanism in HeLa cells. (1/176)

Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. (2/176)

The CNC basic leucine zipper factor, Nrf1, is essential for cell survival in response to oxidative stress-inducing agents. Role for Nrf1 in gamma-gcs(l) and gss expression in mouse fibroblasts. (3/176)

Structural basis for the regulation of UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase-3 gene expression in adenocarcinoma cells. (4/176)

Transcriptional regulation of E2F-1 and eIF-2 genes by alpha-pal: a potential mechanism for coordinated regulation of protein synthesis, growth, and the cell cycle. (5/176)

Antagonism between members of the CNC-bZIP family and the immediate-early protein IE2 of human cytomegalovirus. (6/176)

Identification of a nuclear respiratory factor-1 binding site within the core promoter of the human polio virus receptor/CD155 gene. (7/176)

Sequential serum-dependent activation of CREB and NRF-1 leads to enhanced mitochondrial respiration through the induction of cytochrome c. (8/176)

NRF1

NK2 homeobox 1

ZFP106

Nuclear gene

Hereditary folate malabsorption

Proton-coupled folate transporter

Cyclin D1

NFE2L1

GABPB2

PPRC1

Pparg coactivator 1 alpha

TFAM

GABPA

TFB1M

Mitochondrial biogenesis

PPARGC1A

TFB2M

Adenylosuccinate lyase

FOXJ1

EIF5B

Blarcamesine

Surveyor nuclease assay

CFAP206

Multiple Epidermal Growth Factor-like Domains 8

FAM98A

CCDC47

MTRF1L

Peter Barnes (respiratory scientist)

IPO13

HNF1B

GABPB1 GA binding protein transcription factor subunit beta 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI

NRF1 - Wikipedia

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