Nonoxynol
The effects of three nonoxynol-9 preparations on vaginal flora and epithelium. (1/74)
To evaluate the effects of nonoxynol-9 (N-9) on the vaginal flora and epithelium, 48 women (16 in each group) were evaluated by use of quantitative vaginal cultures and colposcopy. at baseline and at 0.5, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h after insertion of one of three N-9 preparations (4% gel [Conceptrol], 3.5% gel [Advantage-24], or a 28% vaginal contraceptive film). The proportion positive for H2O2+ or H2O2- lactobacilli did not change significantly with any of the preparations, but lactobacilli concentrations decreased transiently. Both the proportion of women with Gardnerella vaginalis and the concentration of G. vaginalis decreased transiently. The proportion of women with Escherichia coli increased with the 4% gel, and the concentration increased with all preparations. The number with anaerobic gram-negative rods increased, although the concentrations decreased. Symptoms and colposcopic abnormalities were rare. Changes in levels of vaginal bacteria were transient after single applications of N-9, but adverse effects may be enhanced with frequent, chronic use. (+info)In vitro anti-HIV-1 virucidal activity of tyrosine-conjugated tri- and dihydroxy bile salt derivatives. (2/74)
The cellular toxicity and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virucidal activity of four synthesized tyrosine-conjugated bile salt derivatives with high surfactant activities, namely di-iodo-deoxycholyltyrosine (DIDCT), di-iodo-chenodeoxycholyltyrosine (DICDCT), di-iodo-cholylglycyltyrosine (DICGT) and deoxycholyltyrosine (DCT), were evaluated and compared with either sodium deoxycholate or nonoxynol-9. DIDCT, DICDCT and DCT but not DICGT showed virucidal activity against three different laboratory-adapted strains of HIV-1 (RF, IIIB and MN). All the bile salt derivatives tested excluding DICGT were virucidal at a concentration as low as 10 ng/mL. DCT had the highest anti-HIV-1 virucidal potency, suggesting that monopeptide 7alpha,12alpha dihydroxy bile salt derivatives have the most potent antiviral activity. Complexing of iodine to the bile salt derivative (as in DICGT) decreases virucidal potency. (+info)Parameters of human immunodeficiency virus infection of human cervical tissue and inhibition by vaginal virucides. (3/74)
Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the most frequent mode of infection worldwide. However, the immediate events between exposure to infectious virus and establishment of infection are still poorly understood. This study investigates parameters of HIV infection of human female genital tissue in vitro using an explant culture model. In particular, we investigated the role of the epithelium and virucidal agents in protection against HIV infection. We have demonstrated that the major target cells of infection reside below the genital epithelium, and thus HIV must cross this barrier to establish infection. Immune activation enhanced HIV infection of such subepithelial cells. Furthermore, our data suggest that genital epithelial cells were not susceptible to HIV infection, appear to play no part in the transfer of infectious virus across the epithelium, and thus may provide a barrier to infection. In addition, experiments using a panel of virucidal agents demonstrated differential efficiency to block HIV infection of subepithelial cells from partial to complete inhibition. This is the first demonstration that virucidal agents designed for topical vaginal use block HIV infection of genital tissue. Such agents have major implications for world health, as they will provide women with a mechanism of personal and covert protection from HIV infection. (+info)Sodium dodecyl sulfate and C31G as microbicidal alternatives to nonoxynol 9: comparative sensitivity of primary human vaginal keratinocytes. (4/74)
A broad-spectrum vaginal microbicide must be effective against a variety of sexually transmitted disease pathogens and be minimally toxic to the cell types found within the vaginal epithelium, including vaginal keratinocytes. We assessed the sensitivity of primary human vaginal keratinocytes to potential topical vaginal microbicides nonoxynol-9 (N-9), C31G, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Direct immunofluorescence and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses demonstrated that primary vaginal keratinocytes expressed epithelial cell-specific keratin proteins. Experiments that compared vaginal keratinocyte sensitivity to each agent during a continuous, 48-h exposure demonstrated that primary vaginal keratinocytes were almost five times more sensitive to N-9 than to either C31G or SDS. To evaluate the effect of multiple microbicide exposures on cell viability, primary vaginal keratinocytes were exposed to N-9, C31G, or SDS three times during a 78-h period. In these experiments, cells were considerably more sensitive to C31G than to N-9 or SDS at lower concentrations within the range tested. When agent concentrations were chosen to result in an endpoint of 25% viability after three daily exposures, each exposure decreased cell viability at the same constant rate. When time-dependent sensitivity during a continuous 48-h exposure was examined, exposure to C31G for 18 h resulted in losses in cell viability not caused by either N-9 or SDS until at least 24 to 48 h. Cumulatively, these results reveal important variations in time- and concentration-dependent sensitivity to N-9, C31G, or SDS within populations of primary human vaginal keratinocytes cultured in vitro. These investigations represent initial steps toward both in vitro modeling of the vaginal microenvironment and studies of factors that impact the in vivo efficacy of vaginal topical microbicides. (+info)Distribution of a spermicide containing Nonoxynol-9 in the vaginal canal and the upper female reproductive tract. (5/74)
Topical, intravaginal microbicides and spermicides are greatly needed to prevent transmission of sexually transmitted diseases and/or unwanted pregnancies. The development of such compounds is a high research priority. The presumed method of action of existing, or novel, microbicides/spermicides is to provide a chemical barrier to the vaginal epithelium preventing exposure to micro-organisms. Other intravaginal products are used to treat vaginal bacteria of fungal infections. Little is known, however, about the actual or optimal initial distribution and subsequent spread of medications placed in the vagina. We describe a sensitive new technique to quantify the spread of a gel placed in the vagina using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Five millilitres of an over-the-counter spermicide containing Nonoxynol-9 was mixed with Gadolinium. MRI was used to quantify spread of the mixture 10 min after insertion with a standard applicator. We demonstrated contiguous spread of gel throughout the vagina. The coverage of material was thicker in the upper vagina than in the lower vagina. We also demonstrated, for the first time, that spermicidal compounds may migrate from the vaginal canal into the endocervix within 10 min of insertion. This finding suggests that topical microbicides/spermicides may act both in the vaginal canal and in the upper female genital tract. (+info)The molecular basis of nonoxynol-9-induced vaginal inflammation and its possible relevance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission. (6/74)
Topical microbicides are being sought to prevent sexually transmitted diseases by inactivating pathogens while preserving or enhancing the natural mucosal barrier. Serious public health concerns were raised by a recent phase 3 clinical trial that showed that nonoxynol-9 (N-9), a leading microbicide candidate widely used as an over-the-counter spermicide, may actually increase human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. The present study links N-9-induced vaginal inflammation to increased risk of HIV-1 infection. Analysis of molecular and cellular components in cervicovaginal secretions, as well as results from in vitro activation of cervicovaginal epithelial cells and U1/HIV promonocytic cells, showed that multiple N-9 use can promote HIV-1 transmission through interleukin-1-mediated NF-kappaB activation, which leads to chemokine-induced recruitment of HIV-1 host cells and increased HIV-1 replication in infected cells. Furthermore, this study identifies in vitro and in vivo model systems for monitoring undesirable proinflammatory effects of microbicides and other vaginal products. (+info)Study of crystallization of endogenous surfactant in Eudragit NE30D-free films and its influence on drug-release properties of controlled-release diphenhydramine HCl pellets coated with Eudragit NE30D. (7/74)
This study investigates the crystallization of the endogenous surfactant nonoxynol 100 in Eudragit NE30D-free films during storage and the influences of nonoxynol 100 on the dissolution of diphenhydramine hydrochloric acid (HCl) pellets coated with Eudragit NE30D before and after aging at ambient conditions. Polarizing light microscopy showed that when Eudragit NE30D-free films were stored at ambient conditions, off-white, flower-shaped crystals formed and increased in the polymer film as storage time increased. Also, x-ray diffraction showed polymer crystals in the aged free film. Thermogravimetric analysis showed no evidence of combined volatile molecules with the polymer molecules, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data suggested the same chemical composition of the polymer before and after phase separation. Further, from normal light microscopy, the appearance of the melting droplets in the polymer film indicated that the polymer molecules did not form the crystals. After the extraction of nonoxynol 100 by water, the free film formed by the water-extracted Eudragit NE30D was found free of the crystals after aging at the same conditions. The combination of the thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR, and microscopy showed that the origin of the crystals in dry Eudragit NE30D-free films came from nonoxynol 100, and not from the polymer molecules themselves. Monitoring by differential scanning calorimeter, it was found that the rates of crystallization of nonoxynol 100 were faster when the films were stored at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C than when stored at ambient conditions and 45 degrees C. When stored at -5 degrees C, the crystallization rate was nearly zero. As the temperature got closer to melting temperature, the crystallization rate was very low because the system was in a thermodynamically disfavored state. The rate gradually increased and finally passed through a maximum as the crystallization temperature decreased. As the temperature kept decreasing, the crystallization rate became small again and eventually stopped because the system turned into a kinetically disfavored state. Because the phase transition of nonoxynol 100 in Eudragit NE30D occurred at ambient conditions, its influence on the dissolution of diphenhydramine HCl pellets coated with Eudragit NE30D was studied. Three different levels of nonoxynol 100 were used in Eudragit NE30D dispersions to make 3 different batches of Eudragit NE30D film-coated, controlled-release diphenhydramine HCl pellets. The results showed the dissolution rate increased as the level of nonoxynol 100 increased in the coating formula. Compared to the commonly used water-soluble additive human peripheral mononuclear cell, nonoxynol 100 was more effective in enhancing the dissolution of diphenhydramine HCl from pellets coated with Eudragit NE30D. Further study showed that the phase separation of the surfactant during aging tends to stabilize or slightly increase dissolution rates at higher surfactant levels. (+info)A brief sexual barrier intervention for women living with AIDS: acceptability, use, and ethnicity. (8/74)
Interventions aimed at reducing sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted diseases (HIV/STDs) have focused primarily on male condom use among seronegative men and women. However, female-controlled sexual barriers (female condoms and vaginal microbicides) offer women living with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) alternative methods to protect themselves and others from disease transmission. A pilot behavioral intervention was conducted to increase sexual barrier use and enhance and assess factors related to acceptability. Participants (N = 178) were drawn from the Stress Management and Relaxation Training with Expressive Supportive Therapy (SMART/EST) Women's Project, a multisite phase III clinical trial for women living with AIDS (Miami, FL; New York City, NY; Newark, NJ). Intervention participants (n = 89) were matched for age and ethnicity with control condition participants (n = 89). Women were African American (52%), Haitian (15%), Hispanic (19%), Caucasian (10%), and other ethnicities (4%). The intervention condition received barrier products (male and female condoms and spermicides based on nonoxynol-9 in the form of vaginal gel, film, and suppositories) during three sessions held over 3 months. Data on barrier use and acceptability were analyzed at baseline and 3 and 9 months postintervention. Use of N-9 spermicides on a trial basis increased significantly by 3 months in the intervention conditions (22%-51%, P <.05). Cultural differences in acceptability were greatest between Haitian women and women in other ethnic groups. Exposure to this pilot behavioral intervention was associated with increased acceptability and use of chemical barriers without decreased use of male condoms. (+info)Nonoxynol is a surfactant, or surface-active agent, that has been used in various medical and consumer products. It is a type of chemical compound known as a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, which means it contains a hydrophilic (water-attracting) ethylene oxide group and a hydrophobic (water-repelling) alkyl group.
In the medical field, Nonoxynol has been used as a spermicide in various forms of birth control, such as creams, gels, films, and sponges. It works by disrupting the membrane of sperm cells, preventing them from fertilizing an egg. However, its use as a spermicide has declined due to concerns about its potential to cause irritation and inflammation in the genital area, which may increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV transmission.
It's important to note that Nonoxynol is not currently recommended for use as a spermicide or microbicide due to its potential health risks. Always consult with a healthcare professional before using any medical product.
Spermatocidal agents are substances or chemicals that have the ability to destroy or inhibit sperm cells, making them non-functional. These agents are often used in spermicides, which are a type of contraceptive method. Spermicides work by physically blocking the cervix and killing any sperm that come into contact with the spermicidal agent. Common spermatocidal agents include Nonoxynol-9, Benzalkonium chloride, and Chlorhexidine gluconate. It's important to note that while spermicides can provide some protection against pregnancy, they are not considered a highly effective form of birth control when used alone.
Nonoxynol-9
Spermicide
Wet Lubricants
Safe sex
Condom
Personal lubricant
Terconazole
Diaphragm (birth control)
Nonoxynols
Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases
Sexually transmitted infection
Surfactant
Bacterial vaginosis
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Vaginal microbicide
Michel Alary
Elizabeth Ngugi
Child protection
Malcom Gregory Scott
Today sponge
K-Y Jelly
Sedum praealtum
Nonylphenol
NP-40
Contraceptive sponge
Women's health in China
Polydimethylsiloxane
Global Campaign for Microbicides
List of MeSH codes (D25)
Rectal microbicide
Nonoxynol-9 - Wikipedia
Notice to Readers: CDC Statement on Study Results of Product Containing Nonoxynol-9
Allergic contact dermatitis to nonoxynol-9 in a condom
Amodimethicone, Tallowtrimonium Chloride, Nonoxynol-10 | MakingCosmetics
Subjects: Nonoxynol - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
FDA Browser - Product Code - Condom With Nonoxynol-9 (LTZ)
STI Myths & Facts Quiz: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
The safety of candidate vaginal microbicides since nonoxynol-9: A systematic review of published studies - Clinical Trial...
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Ethoxylated p-nonylphenol (Ref: A 730)
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Spermicide11
- Compared to regular lubricated condoms, condoms containing nonoxynol-9 present another disadvantage - they are limited by the shelf-life of the spermicide. (wikipedia.org)
- Many condoms contain nonoxynol-9, a nonionic, surfactant-effective spermicide with a very low rate of toxic effects in humans. (nih.gov)
- Nonoxynol-9 is a type of spermicide. (medlineplus.gov)
- Nonoxynol-9, a spermicide with some antiviral activity, enhances the protective effects of condoms and should be used in conjunction with condoms either as a spermicidal jelly or impregnated into the latex condom itself. (health.am)
- DON'T use nonoxynol-9 (a spermicide), as this can cause irritation. (fox47news.com)
- One of the first substances hoped to be an effective HIV microbicide, the spermicide nonoxynol-9, was shown by several groups, including the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to have the opposite effect. (hivplusmag.com)
- Laboratory studies indicate that nonoxynol-9, a nonionic surfactant used as a spermicide, inactivates HIV and other sexually transmitted pathogens. (cdc.gov)
- The most common spermicide is nonoxynol-9. (sexetc.org)
- A contraceptive sponge contains a spermicide, nonoxynol-9, that is released over the 24 hours that the sponge may be left in the vagina. (healthwise.net)
- Condoms are doused in a non-ionic detergent, spermicide, which contains a manmade substance called Nonoxynol-9: an alkylphenol ethoxylate that is made in laboratories by attaching a hydrocarbon chain of nine carbon atoms to the phenol ring in either the ortho , meta or para position - in other words, CHEMICALS - and we all know about the terrible threat posed by chemicals to nature and the animal kingdom. (spiked-online.com)
- Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) is the most common active ingredient in spermicide, including for example, Gygel. (contragel.co.uk)
Vaginal4
- citation needed] Nonoxynol-9 is a common ingredient of most vaginal and anal lubricants due to its spermicidal properties. (wikipedia.org)
- those using nonoxynol-9 also had a higher incidence of vaginal lesions, which may have contributed to this increased risk. (wikipedia.org)
- A 2006 study of a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel in female sex workers in Africa concluded that it did not prevent genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and could increase the virus's ability to infect or persist. (wikipedia.org)
- Nonoxynol-9 can increase vaginal, cervical, and rectal tissue irritation, which makes HIV infection easier. (hivplusmag.com)
Condoms4
- Many models of condoms are lubricated with solutions containing nonoxynol-9. (wikipedia.org)
- However, the 2001 WHO / CONRAD Technical Consultation on Nonoxynol-9 concluded that: There is no published scientific evidence that N-9-lubricated condoms provide any additional protection against pregnancy or STDs compared with condoms lubricated with other products. (wikipedia.org)
- The best condoms are those with nonoxynol-9. (medlineplus.gov)
- No reports indicate that nonoxynol-9 used alone without condoms is effective for preventing sexual transmission of HIV. (cdc.gov)
Condom1
- A condom with spermicidal lubricant is a sheath which completely covers the penis with a closely fitting membrane with a lubricant that contains a spermicidal agent, nonoxynol-9. (innolitics.com)
Surfactant3
- Nonoxynol-9, sometimes abbreviated as N-9, is an organic compound that is used as a surfactant. (wikipedia.org)
- Almost all ´traditional' spermicides contain nonoxynol-9, a relatively toxic chemical surfactant found in detergents. (contragel.co.uk)
- Nonoxynol-9 is an organic compound that is used as a surfactant and is a member of nonoxynol family of nonionic surfactants. (contragel.co.uk)
Spermicides contain1
- Most spermicides contain the chemical nonoxynol-9 , which damages sperm. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Irritation1
- The author notes that individuals experiencing irritation from high concentrations of nonoxynol should try a product with a lower concentration. (nih.gov)
Compounds1
- A female allergic reaction was, however, reported in Holland, while several cases of allergic reactions to nonoxynol compounds have been reported in Belgium. (nih.gov)
Contraceptive1
- Most contraceptive sponges contain nonoxynol-9 as an active ingredient. (wikipedia.org)
World Health Organ1
- Whereas these results may not be directly applicable to lower-frequency use, these findings combined with lack of any demonstrated HIV-prevention benefit from nonoxynol-9 use led the World Health Organization to recommend that it no longer be used by those at high risk of HIV infection. (wikipedia.org)
Surfactants1
- It is a member of the nonoxynol family of nonionic surfactants. (wikipedia.org)
Gels1
- From 1996 to 2000, a UN-sponsored study conducted in several locations in Africa followed nearly 1,000 sex workers who used nonoxynol-9 gels or a placebo. (wikipedia.org)
Detergent1
- Concern has been expressed that nonoxynol-9 through its detergent action and cytotoxicity may digest nonspecific protective mucosal coatings and induce hyperemia which by itself might promote HIV and other viral infections. (nih.gov)
Prevention1
- The CDC recommends against using any form of nonoxynol 9 for STD prevention. (aafp.org)
Chemical1
- But the chemical in most spermicides, nonoxynol-9, has some risks. (plannedparenthood.org)
Products1
- Gillette formerly used nonoxynol-9 for this purpose in its Foamy products, but has discontinued the practice. (wikipedia.org)
Protection1
- The WHO further notes that "Nonoxynol-9 offers no protection against sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhoea, chlamydia. (wikipedia.org)
Found2
- Nonoxynol-9 is also found in Bengay Vanishing Scent as an inactive ingredient. (wikipedia.org)
- Nonoxynol-9 is also found in Zanfel poison ivy cream. (wikipedia.org)
Sexual1
- When researchers observed nonoxynol-9's ability to kill microbes in vitro, they initially thought it could be used to prevent the transmission of sexual transmitted diseases (STDs). (contragel.co.uk)
Spermicides8
- Currently available spermicides contain nonoxynol-9, which is a surfactant that immobilizes or kills sperm cells through destruction of their cell membranes. (medscape.com)
- Recent studies have shown that nonoxynol-9 can cause genital irritation and may increase susceptibility to HIV in women who use spermicides frequently. (medscape.com)
- Spermicides are a type of birth control that are mostly made with nonoxynol-9 . (healthline.com)
- Barriers, spermicides, and lubricants with these alternative spermicides are not nearly as commonly available as those with Nonoxynol-9. (andrejkoymasky.com)
- The most common active ingredient of spermicides is nonoxynol-9 . (wikidoc.org)
- Spermicides containing nonoxynol-9 are available in many forms, such as jelly (gel), films, and foams. (wikidoc.org)
- We studied several immunological parameters as potential biomarkers of vaginal irritation, using the spermicides nonoxynol-9 and benzalkonium chloride as test microbicides. (sri.com)
- They studied a product widely used in spermicides, nonoxynol-9 (N- 9), to determine if it would be Effective in preventing HIV transmission. (ripnroll.com)
Lubricant1
- Monseau added that the company stopped producing its KY Plus lubricant, which contained nonoxynol-9, in July because sales of the product were declining. (kffhealthnews.org)
Microbicides1
- We included randomised controlled trials of vaginal microbicides compared to placebo (except for nonoxynol-9 because it is covered in related Cochrane Reviews). (cochrane.org)
Lubricants2
- citation needed] Nonoxynol-9 is a common ingredient of most vaginal and anal lubricants due to its spermicidal properties. (wikipedia.org)
- Introducing chemicals available in most commercial lubricants such as paraben, nonoxynol-9, Polyquaternium-15, can do more harm than good. (mypleasurestore.com)
Placebo1
- From 1996 to 2000, a UN-sponsored study conducted in several locations in Africa followed nearly 1,000 sex workers who used nonoxynol-9 gels or a placebo. (wikipedia.org)
Genital2
- A 2006 study of a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel in female sex workers in Africa concluded that it did not prevent genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and could increase the virus's ability to infect or persist. (wikipedia.org)
- this week states that in a clinical trial of sex workers in Thailand, South Africa and the Ivory Coast, nonoxynol-9 was linked to a higher rate of genital lesions and HIV infection. (kffhealthnews.org)
Allergic1
- If one is allergic or sensitive specifically to Nonoxynol-9, an alternative might be using products with Nonoxynol-15 or Octoxinol. (andrejkoymasky.com)
Infection1
- Previously, it was believed that nonoxynol-9 reduced the risk of HIV infection, as it prevents transmission of the virus in the laboratory. (wikidoc.org)
Contraception1
- In a study comparing various methods of contraception, the breastfed infants of women who used a nonoxynol-9-containing foam had no observable adverse effects. (nih.gov)
Inactive1
- Nonoxynol-9 is also found in Bengay Vanishing Scent as an inactive ingredient. (wikipedia.org)
Adverse effects1
- 1] Limited information indicates that breastfed infants of mothers using vaginal nonoxynol-9 experienced no adverse effects. (nih.gov)
Risk1
- those using nonoxynol-9 also had a higher incidence of vaginal lesions, which may have contributed to this increased risk. (wikipedia.org)
Active1
- Almost all brands of diaphragm jelly contain nonoxynol-9 as the active ingredient. (wikipedia.org)
Transmission2
- Because nonoxynol-9 creates abrasions in the vaginal and rectal walls, it may even make transmission of HIV and other STDs more likely, especially if used frequently. (wikidoc.org)
- 14. A controlled trial of nonoxynol 9 film to reduce male-to-female transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. (nih.gov)
Shown1
- While lemon juice has been proposed as a microbicide based on laboratory studies, [20] human testing has shown that, at the concentrations needed to kill HIV, it causes the same abrasions as nonoxynol-9. (wikidoc.org)
Studies1
- In vitro studies show C31G's spermicidal activity is equivalent to nonoxynol-9. (medscape.com)