Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.
A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.
Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air (AIR POLLUTANTS) that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects. The substances may include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; or volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).
Compounds that accept electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. The reaction is induced by or accelerated by exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum of visible or ultraviolet light.
Apparatus for removing exhaled or leaked anesthetic gases or other volatile agents, thus reducing the exposure of operating room personnel to such agents, as well as preventing the buildup of potentially explosive mixtures in operating rooms or laboratories.
Gases, fumes, vapors, and odors escaping from the cylinders of a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Particles of any solid substance, generally under 30 microns in size, often noted as PM30. There is special concern with PM1 which can get down to PULMONARY ALVEOLI and induce MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION and PHAGOCYTOSIS leading to FOREIGN BODY REACTION and LUNG DISEASES.
The contamination of indoor air.
Using ice skates, roller skates, or skateboards in racing or other competition or for recreation.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.
Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen.
Zeolites. A group of crystalline, hydrated alkali-aluminum silicates. They occur naturally in sedimentary and volcanic rocks, altered basalts, ores, and clay deposits. Some 40 known zeolite minerals and a great number of synthetic zeolites are available commercially. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Various material objects and items in the home. It includes temporary or permanent machinery and appliances. It does not include furniture or interior furnishings (FURNITURE see INTERIOR DESIGN AND FURNISHINGS; INTERIOR FURNISHINGS see INTERIOR DESIGN AND FURNISHINGS).
Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Respiratory tract diseases are a broad range of medical conditions that affect the nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs, impairing breathing and oxygen uptake, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, tuberculosis, and sleep apnea.
Collection, analysis, and interpretation of data about the frequency, distribution, and consequences of disease or health conditions, for use in the planning, implementing, and evaluating public health programs.
The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A large or important municipality of a country, usually a major metropolitan center.
A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.
The maximum exposure to a biologically active physical or chemical agent that is allowed during an 8-hour period (a workday) in a population of workers, or during a 24-hour period in the general population, which does not appear to cause appreciable harm, whether immediate or delayed for any period, in the target population. (From Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology, 1st ed)
Nitrogenous products of NITRIC OXIDE synthases, ranging from NITRIC OXIDE to NITRATES. These reactive nitrogen intermediates also include the inorganic PEROXYNITROUS ACID and the organic S-NITROSOTHIOLS.
Relating to the size of solids.
Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.
'Cooking and eating utensils' are tools or instruments made of various materials, such as metals, ceramics, glass, or silicone, that are specifically designed and used for preparing, serving, and consuming food during meal preparations and dining occasions.
Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule.
Any combustible hydrocarbon deposit formed from the remains of prehistoric organisms. Examples are petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).
Stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope.
Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rome" is not a medical term or concept, and it doesn't have a specific medical definition. It is the capital city of Italy, known for its rich history, culture, and influence on various aspects including medicine, particularly during the Roman Empire period. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help!
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.
A space which has limited openings for entry and exit combined with unfavorable natural ventilation such as CAVES, refrigerators, deep tunnels, pipelines, sewers, silos, tanks, vats, mines, deep trenches or pits, vaults, manholes, chimneys, etc.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them.
The circulation of nitrogen in nature, consisting of a cycle of biochemical reactions in which atmospheric nitrogen is compounded, dissolved in rain, and deposited in the soil, where it is assimilated and metabolized by bacteria and plants, eventually returning to the atmosphere by bacterial decomposition of organic matter.
The application of heat to raise the temperature of the environment, ambient or local, or the systems for accomplishing this effect. It is distinguished from HEAT, the physical property and principle of physics.
The urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. Serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. Increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The status of health in urban populations.
A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.
Nitroparaffins, also known as nitroalkanes, are organic compounds consisting of a hydrocarbon chain with one or more nitro groups (-NO2) attached to it, typically used as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals and having potential applications as fuels or fuel additives.
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
Study of coins, tokens, medals, etc. However, it usually refers to medals pertaining to the history of medicine.
A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).
The state of the ATMOSPHERE over minutes to months.
Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Supplying a building or house, their rooms and corridors, with fresh air. The controlling of the environment thus may be in public or domestic sites and in medical or non-medical locales. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.
Leisure activities engaged in for pleasure.
Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.
Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.
Experimental devices used in inhalation studies in which a person or animal is either partially or completely immersed in a chemically controlled atmosphere.
'Smoke' is a complex mixture of gases, fine particles, and volatile compounds, generally produced by combustion of organic substances, which can contain harmful chemicals known to have adverse health effects.
Inorganic and organic derivatives of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The salts and esters of sulfuric acid are known as SULFATES and SULFURIC ACID ESTERS respectively.
Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.
AUTOMOBILES, trucks, buses, or similar engine-driven conveyances. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
Earth or other matter in fine, dry particles. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.
A distribution function used to describe the occurrence of rare events or to describe the sampling distribution of isolated counts in a continuum of time or space.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
A family of signal transducing adaptor proteins that control the METABOLISM of NITROGEN. They are primarily found in prokaryotes.
Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin where the iron within the heme group is in the ferric (Fe3+) state, unable to bind oxygen and leading to impaired oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Computer systems capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their locations.
Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.
Living facilities for humans.
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.
Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.
A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.
A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide and the occurrence of bronchial obstruction in children below 2 years. (1/562)

BACKGROUND: The objective of the investigation was to test the hypothesis that exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has a causal influence on the occurrence of bronchial obstruction in children below 2 years of age. METHODS: A nested case-control study with 153 one-to-one matched pairs was conducted within a cohort of 3754 children born in Oslo in 1992/93. Cases were children who developed > or = 2 episodes of bronchial obstruction or one episode lasting >4 weeks. Controls were matched for date of birth. Exposure measurements were performed in the same 14-day period within matched pairs. The NO2 exposure was measured with personal samplers carried close to each child and by stationary samplers outdoors and indoors. RESULTS: Few children (4.6%) were exposed to levels of NO2 > or = 30 microg/m3 (average concentration during a 14-day period). In the 153 matched pairs, the mean level of NO2 was 15.65 microg/m3 (+/-0.60, SE) among cases and 15.37 (+/-0.54) among controls (paired t = 0.38, P = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that NO2 exposure at levels observed in this study has no detectable effect on the risk of developing bronchial obstruction in children below 2 years of age.  (+info)

Nitrogen dioxide formation during inhaled nitric oxide therapy. (2/562)

BACKGROUND: Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a toxic by-product of inhalation therapy with nitric oxide (NO). The rate of NO2 formation during NO therapy is controversial. METHODS: The formation of NO2 was studied under dynamic flows emulating a base case NO ventilator mixture containing 80 ppm NO in a 90% oxygen matrix. The difficulty in measuring NO2 concentrations below 2 ppm accurately was overcome by the use of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS: Using a second-order model, the rate constant, k, for NO2 formation was determined to be (1.19 +/- 0.11) x 10(-11) ppm-2s-1, which is in basic agreement with evaluated data from atmospheric literature. CONCLUSIONS: Inhaled NO can be delivered safely in a well-designed, continuous flow neonatal ventilatory circuit, and NO2 formation can be calculated reliably using the rate constant and circuit dwell time.  (+info)

Air pollution, pollens, and daily admissions for asthma in London 1987-92. (3/562)

BACKGROUND: A study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between daily hospital admissions for asthma and air pollution in London in 1987-92 and the possible confounding and modifying effects of airborne pollen. METHODS: For all ages together and the age groups 0-14, 15-64 and 65+ years, Poisson regression was used to estimate the relative risk of daily asthma admissions associated with changes in ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and particles (black smoke), controlling for time trends, seasonal factors, calendar effects, influenza epidemics, temperature, humidity, and autocorrelation. Independent effects of individual pollutants and interactions with aeroallergens were explored using two pollutant models and models including pollen counts (grass, oak and birch). RESULTS: In all-year analyses ozone was significantly associated with admissions in the 15-64 age group (10 ppb eight hour ozone, 3.93% increase), nitrogen dioxide in the 0-14 and 65+ age groups (10 ppb 24 hour nitrogen dioxide, 1.25% and 2.96%, respectively), sulphur dioxide in the 0-14 age group (10 micrograms/m3 24 hour sulphur dioxide, 1.64%), and black smoke in the 65% age group (10 micrograms/m3 black smoke, 5.60%). Significant seasonal differences were observed for ozone in the 0-14 and 15-64 age groups, and in the 0-14 age group there were negative associations with ozone in the cool season. In general, cumulative lags of up to three days tended to show stronger and more significant effects than single day lags. In two-pollutant models these associations were most robust for ozone and least for nitrogen dioxide. There was no evidence that the associations with air pollutants were due to confounding by any of the pollens, and little evidence of an interaction between pollens and pollution except for synergism of sulphur dioxide and grass pollen in children (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particles were all found to have significant associations with daily hospital admissions for asthma, but there was a lack of consistency across the age groups in the specific pollutant. These associations were not explained by confounding by airborne pollens nor was there convincing evidence that the effects of air pollutants and airborne pollens interact in causing hospital admissions for asthma.  (+info)

Nitrogen dioxide induces cis-trans-isomerization of arachidonic acid within cellular phospholipids. Detection of trans-arachidonic acids in vivo. (4/562)

Oxygen free radicals oxidize arachidonic acid to a complex mixture of metabolites termed isoeicosanoids that share structural similarity to enzymatically derived eicosanoids. However, little is known about oxidations of arachidonic acid mediated by reactive radical nitrogen oxides. We have studied the reaction of arachidonic acid with NO2, a free radical generated by nitric oxide and nitrite oxidations. A major group of products appeared to be a mixture of arachidonic acid isomers having one trans-bond and three cis-double bonds. We have termed these new products trans-arachidonic acids. These isomers were chromatographically distinct from arachidonic acid and produced mass spectra that were nearly identical with mass spectra of arachidonic acid. The lack of ultraviolet absorbance above 205 nm and the similarity of mass spectra of dimethyloxazoline derivatives suggested that the trans-bond was not conjugated with any of the cis-bonds, and the C=C bonds were located at carbons 5, 8, 11, and 14. Further identification was based on comparison of chromatographic properties with synthetic standards and revealed that NO2 generated 14-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid and a mixture containing 11-trans-, 8-trans-, and 5-trans-eicosatetraenoic acids. Exposure of human platelets to submicromolar levels of NO2 resulted in a dose-dependent formation of 14-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid and other isomers within platelet glycerophospholipids. Using a sensitive isotopic dilution assay we detected trans-arachidonic acids in human plasma (50.3 +/- 10 ng/ml) and urine (122 +/- 50 pg/ml). We proposed a mechanism of arachidonic acid isomerization that involves a reversible attachment of NO2 to a double bond with formation of a nitroarachidonyl radical. Thus, free radical processes mediated by NO2 lead to generation of trans-arachidonic acid isomers, including biologically active 14-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid, within membrane phospholipids from which they can be released and excreted into urine.  (+info)

Myeloperoxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species convert LDL into an atherogenic form in vitro. (5/562)

Oxidized LDL is implicated in atherosclerosis; however, the pathways that convert LDL into an atherogenic form in vivo are not established. Production of reactive nitrogen species may be one important pathway, since LDL recovered from human atherosclerotic aorta is enriched in nitrotyrosine. We now report that reactive nitrogen species generated by the MPO-H2O2-NO2- system of monocytes convert LDL into a form (NO2-LDL) that is avidly taken up and degraded by macrophages, leading to massive cholesterol deposition and foam cell formation, essential steps in lesion development. Incubation of LDL with isolated MPO, an H2O2-generating system, and nitrite (NO2-)-- a major end-product of NO metabolism--resulted in nitration of apolipoprotein B 100 tyrosyl residues and initiation of LDL lipid peroxidation. The time course of LDL protein nitration and lipid peroxidation paralleled the acquisition of high-affinity, concentration-dependent, and saturable binding of NO2-LDL to human monocyte-derived macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages. LDL modification and conversion into a high-uptake form occurred in the absence of free metal ions, required NO2-, occurred at physiological levels of Cl-, and was inhibited by heme poisons, catalase, and BHT. Macrophage binding of NO2-LDL was specific and mediated by neither the LDL receptor nor the scavenger receptor class A type I. Exposure of macrophages to NO2-LDL promoted cholesteryl ester synthesis, intracellular cholesterol and cholesteryl ester accumulation, and foam cell formation. Collectively, these results identify MPO-generated reactive nitrogen species as a physiologically plausible pathway for converting LDL into an atherogenic form.  (+info)

Formation of nitrogen dioxide from nitric oxide and their measurement in clinically relevant circumstances. (6/562)

Therapy with inhaled nitric oxide in oxygen requires adequate monitoring of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. The characteristics of chemiluminescence and electrochemical measurement techniques were determined by analysis of continuously flowing gas mixtures and comparisons with traceable gas standards. Gas mixtures were also diluted with mass flow controllers and in addition created in ventilator breathing systems. Factors influencing the formation of nitrogen dioxide were defined. Both techniques accurately measured nitric oxide (10-80 parts per million, ppm) and nitrogen dioxide (0.5-5 ppm) in normoxic and hyperoxic (90% oxygen) gas in the studied ranges. Nitrogen dioxide in hyperoxic gas had three origins: (1) from the premixing point of nitric oxide in nitrogen, (2) as a result of the mixing process, and (3) from post-mixing and time-dependent continuous formation of nitrogen dioxide in oxygen. We conclude that adequate monitoring is possible and that factors affecting nitrogen dioxide generation can be defined.  (+info)

Association of air pollution with daily GP consultations for asthma and other lower respiratory conditions in London. (7/562)

BACKGROUND: Very few published studies have looked at the effects of air pollution on health in the primary care setting. As part of a large study to examine the association between air pollution and a number of health outcomes, the relationship between daily GP consultations for asthma and other lower respiratory diseases (LRD) and air pollution in London was investigated. METHODS: Time-series analysis of daily numbers of GP consultations controlling for time trends, seasonal factors, day of week cycles, influenza, weather, pollen levels, and serial correlation was performed. Consultation data were available from between 268 718 and 295 740 registered patients from 45-47 London practices contributing to the General Practice Research Database during 1992-4. RESULTS: Positive associations, weakly significant and consistent across lags, were observed between asthma consultations and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) in children and particulate matter of less than 10 microm in diameter (PM10) in adults, and between other LRD consultations and sulphur dioxide (SO2) in children. A consistently negative association with ozone in children was observed in both disease categories. The effect estimates of most pollutants were much larger when analysed separately by season, particularly in the children: percentage change in asthma consultations during the warm season (April-September) for a 10-90th percentile increase in 24 hour NO2 lagged by one day = 13.2% (95% CI 5.6 to 21.3), with CO = 11.4% (95% CI 3.3 to 20.0), and with SO2 = 9.0% (95% CI 2.2 to 16.2). In adults the only association consistent over different lag periods was with PM10 = 9.2% (3.7 to 15.1). The associations of pollution and consultations for LRD were increased mainly in the winter months: percentage change in consultations by children in winter with NO2 = 7.2% (95% CI 2.8 to 11.6), CO = 6.2% (95% CI 2.3 to 10.2), and SO2 = 5.8% (95% CI 1.6 to 10.2). CONCLUSIONS: There are associations between air pollution and daily consultations for asthma and other lower respiratory disease in London. The most significant associations were observed in children and the most important pollutants were NO2, CO, and SO2. In adults the only consistent association was with PM10.  (+info)

Chloramphenicol inhibition of denitrifying enzyme activity in two agricultural soils. (8/562)

Chloramphenicol, at concentrations greater than 0.1 g/liter (0.3 mM), inhibited the denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) of slurries of humisol and sandy loam soils by disrupting the activity of existing nitrate reductase enzymes. When the concentration of chloramphenicol was increased from 0.1 to 2.0 g/liter (6.0 mM), the rate of nitrite production from nitrate decreased by 25 to 46%. The rate of NO production from nitrate decreased by 20 to 39%, and the rate of N(2)O production from nitrate, in the presence of acetylene (DEA), decreased by 21 to 61%. The predicted values of DEA at 0 g of chloramphenicol/liter computed from linear regressions of DEA versus chloramphenicol concentration were 18 to 43% lower than DEA measurements made in the absence of chloramphenicol and within a few per cent of DEA rates measured in the presence of 0.1 g of chloramphenicol/liter. We conclude that DEA assays should be carried out with a single (0.1-g/liter) chloramphenicol concentration. Chloramphenicol at concentrations greater than 0.1 g/liter inhibits the activity of existing denitrifying enzymes and should not be used in DEA assays.  (+info)

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a gaseous air pollutant and respiratory irritant. It is a reddish-brown toxic gas with a pungent, choking odor. NO2 is a major component of smog and is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants, and industrial processes.

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide can cause respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing, especially in people with asthma or other respiratory conditions. Long-term exposure has been linked to the development of chronic lung diseases, including bronchitis and emphysema. NO2 also contributes to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause additional health problems.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is not a medical term per se, but it's an important chemical compound with implications in human health and medicine. Here's a brief definition:

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. It is primarily released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels (like coal and oil) and the smelting of metals. SO2 is also produced naturally during volcanic eruptions and some biological processes.

In medical terms, exposure to high levels of sulfur dioxide can have adverse health effects, particularly for people with respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). SO2 can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, causing coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and a tight feeling in the chest. Prolonged exposure to elevated levels of SO2 may exacerbate existing respiratory issues and lead to decreased lung function.

Regulations are in place to limit sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial sources to protect public health and reduce air pollution.

Air pollutants are substances or mixtures of substances present in the air that can have negative effects on human health, the environment, and climate. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, residential heating and cooking, agricultural activities, and natural events. Some common examples of air pollutants include particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Air pollutants can cause a range of health effects, from respiratory irritation and coughing to more serious conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, and cancer. They can also contribute to climate change by reacting with other chemicals in the atmosphere to form harmful ground-level ozone and by directly absorbing or scattering sunlight, which can affect temperature and precipitation patterns.

Air quality standards and regulations have been established to limit the amount of air pollutants that can be released into the environment, and efforts are ongoing to reduce emissions and improve air quality worldwide.

Air pollution is defined as the contamination of air due to the presence of substances or harmful elements that exceed the acceptable limits. These pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, gases, or a combination of these. They can be released from various sources, including industrial processes, vehicle emissions, burning of fossil fuels, and natural events like volcanic eruptions.

Exposure to air pollution can have significant impacts on human health, contributing to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, and even premature death. It can also harm the environment, damaging crops, forests, and wildlife populations. Stringent regulations and measures are necessary to control and reduce air pollution levels, thereby protecting public health and the environment.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas that is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a normal byproduct of cellular respiration in humans, animals, and plants, and is also produced through the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

In medical terms, carbon dioxide is often used as a respiratory stimulant and to maintain the pH balance of blood. It is also used during certain medical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, to insufflate (inflate) the abdominal cavity and create a working space for the surgeon.

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the body can lead to respiratory acidosis, a condition characterized by an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in pH. This can occur in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other lung diseases that impair breathing and gas exchange. Symptoms of respiratory acidosis may include shortness of breath, confusion, headache, and in severe cases, coma or death.

Ozone (O3) is not a substance that is typically considered a component of health or medicine in the context of human body or physiology. It's actually a form of oxygen, but with three atoms instead of two, making it unstable and reactive. Ozone is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere, where it forms a protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.

However, ozone can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on human health depending on its location and concentration. At ground level or in indoor environments, ozone is considered an air pollutant that can irritate the respiratory system and aggravate asthma symptoms when inhaled at high concentrations. It's important to note that ozone should not be confused with oxygen (O2), which is essential for human life and breathing.

Photochemical oxidants refer to chemical compounds that are formed as a result of a photochemical reaction, which involves the absorption of light. These oxidants are often highly reactive and can cause oxidative damage to living cells and tissues.

In the context of environmental science, photochemical oxidants are primarily associated with air pollution and the formation of ozone (O3) and other harmful oxidizing agents in the atmosphere. These pollutants are formed when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, particularly ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Photochemical oxidation can also occur in biological systems, such as within cells, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be generated by the absorption of light by certain molecules. These ROS can cause damage to cellular components, such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, and have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Overall, photochemical oxidants are a significant concern in both environmental and health contexts, and understanding the mechanisms of their formation and effects is an important area of research.

A gas scavenger system is a type of medical device that is used to capture and dispose of waste anesthetic gases that are exhaled by a patient during surgery. These systems typically consist of a hose or tube that is connected to the anesthesia machine, which captures the waste gases as they exit the breathing circuit. The gases are then filtered through activated carbon or other materials to remove the anesthetic agents and odors before being vented outside of the healthcare facility.

The purpose of a gas scavenger system is to protect operating room staff from exposure to potentially harmful anesthetic gases, which can cause respiratory irritation, headaches, nausea, and other symptoms. In addition, some anesthetic gases have been classified as greenhouse gases and can contribute to climate change, so scavenging systems also help to reduce the environmental impact of anesthesia.

It's important to note that gas scavenger systems are not a substitute for proper ventilation and air exchange in the operating room. They should be used in conjunction with other measures to ensure a safe and healthy work environment for healthcare professionals.

'Vehicle Emissions' is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, in a broader context, it refers to the gases and particles released into the atmosphere by vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses, and airplanes. The main pollutants found in vehicle emissions include carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Exposure to these pollutants can have negative health effects, including respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Therefore, vehicle emissions are a significant public health concern.

Particulate Matter (PM) refers to the mixture of tiny particles and droplets in the air that are solid or liquid in nature. These particles vary in size, with some being visible to the naked eye while others can only be seen under a microscope. PM is classified based on its diameter:

* PM10 includes particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or smaller. These particles are often found in dust, pollen, and smoke.
* PM2.5 includes particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller. These fine particles are produced from sources such as power plants, industrial processes, and vehicle emissions. They can also come from natural sources like wildfires.

Exposure to particulate matter has been linked to various health problems, including respiratory issues, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. The smaller the particle, the deeper it can penetrate into the lungs, making PM2.5 particularly harmful to human health.

Indoor air pollution refers to the contamination of air within buildings and structures due to presence of particles, gases, or biological materials that can harmfully affect the health of occupants. These pollutants can originate from various sources including cooking stoves, heating systems, building materials, furniture, tobacco products, outdoor air, and microbial growth. Some common indoor air pollutants include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and mold. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can cause a range of health issues, from respiratory problems to cancer, depending on the type and level of exposure. Effective ventilation, air filtration, and source control are some of the strategies used to reduce indoor air pollution.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "skating." In general, skating refers to the act of moving on ice or a smooth surface using skates. There are several types of skating, including ice skating, roller skating, and inline skating. Skating can be a recreational activity, a form of transportation, or a competitive sport. It is not typically considered a medical term or concept. If you have any specific concerns about skating and its potential impact on health or physical well-being, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional for further guidance.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen gas (N2) in the air is converted into ammonia (NH3) or other chemically reactive forms, making it available to plants and other organisms for use as a nutrient. This process is essential for the nitrogen cycle and for the growth of many types of plants, as most plants cannot utilize nitrogen gas directly from the air.

In the medical field, nitrogen fixation is not a commonly used term. However, in the context of microbiology and infectious diseases, some bacteria are capable of fixing nitrogen and this ability can contribute to their pathogenicity. For example, certain species of bacteria that colonize the human body, such as those found in the gut or on the skin, may be able to fix nitrogen and use it for their own growth and survival. In some cases, these bacteria may also release fixed nitrogen into the environment, which can have implications for the ecology and health of the host and surrounding ecosystems.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are a group of highly reactive gases, primarily composed of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). They are formed during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, gas, or biomass, and are emitted from various sources, including power plants, industrial boilers, transportation vehicles, and residential heating systems. Exposure to NOx can have adverse health effects, particularly on the respiratory system, and contribute to the formation of harmful air pollutants like ground-level ozone and fine particulate matter.

Zeolites are not typically a subject of medical definition, as they are naturally occurring or synthetically produced minerals used in various industrial applications. They are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals with a crystal-like structure, composed of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen tetrahedra. These minerals have a negative charge and can exchange positively charged ions, making them useful for water purification, odor control, and as catalysts in chemical reactions.

However, there is some research into the potential use of zeolites in medical applications, such as drug delivery systems or as adsorbents to remove toxins from the body. In these contexts, the definition of zeolites would be similar to their industrial definition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Household Articles" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to items or goods used in a household for everyday activities, such as cleaning supplies, dishes, furniture, and personal care products. However, in a medical context, it may refer to items that are commonly found in a household and could potentially pose a risk for injury or illness, such as medications, sharp objects, or cleaning products. It's always important to keep these items out of reach of children and pets, and to follow proper safety guidelines when using them.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air. It is toxic to hemoglobic animals when encountered in concentrations above about 35 ppm. This compound is a product of incomplete combustion of organic matter, and is a major component of automobile exhaust.

Carbon monoxide is poisonous because it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells much more strongly than oxygen does, forming carboxyhemoglobin. This prevents the transport of oxygen throughout the body, which can lead to suffocation and death. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and disorientation. Prolonged exposure can lead to unconsciousness and death.

Carbon monoxide detectors are commonly used in homes and other buildings to alert occupants to the presence of this dangerous gas. It is important to ensure that these devices are functioning properly and that they are placed in appropriate locations throughout the building. Additionally, it is essential to maintain appliances and heating systems to prevent the release of carbon monoxide into living spaces.

Respiratory tract diseases refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. These diseases can be categorized into upper and lower respiratory tract infections based on the location of the infection.

Upper respiratory tract infections affect the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx, and include conditions such as the common cold, flu, sinusitis, and laryngitis. Symptoms often include nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, and fever.

Lower respiratory tract infections affect the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs, and can be more severe. They include conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. Symptoms may include cough, chest congestion, shortness of breath, and fever.

Respiratory tract diseases can also be caused by allergies, irritants, or genetic factors. Treatment varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, breathing treatments, or surgery in severe cases.

Epidemiological monitoring is the systematic and ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data pertaining to a specific population or community, with the aim of identifying and tracking patterns of disease or injury, understanding their causes, and informing public health interventions and policies. This process typically involves the use of surveillance systems, such as disease registries, to collect data on the incidence, prevalence, and distribution of health outcomes of interest, as well as potential risk factors and exposures. The information generated through epidemiological monitoring can help to identify trends and emerging health threats, inform resource allocation and program planning, and evaluate the impact of public health interventions.

In medical terms, gases refer to the state of matter that has no fixed shape or volume and expands to fill any container it is placed in. Gases in the body can be normal, such as the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen that are present in the lungs and blood, or abnormal, such as gas that accumulates in the digestive tract due to conditions like bloating or swallowing air.

Gases can also be used medically for therapeutic purposes, such as in the administration of anesthesia or in the treatment of certain respiratory conditions with oxygen therapy. Additionally, measuring the amount of gas in the body, such as through imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans, can help diagnose various medical conditions.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Cities" is not a medical term or concept, but rather a geographical and sociopolitical one referring to large, densely populated urban areas. If you're looking for information about health-related topics associated with cities, I would be happy to help! For example, there are many public health issues that are closely linked to city living, such as air pollution, infectious diseases, and chronic conditions like obesity and heart disease. Please let me know if you have any specific questions in mind!

Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is a highly basic anhydrous metal hydroxide with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid that is available in pellets, flakes, granules, or as a 50% saturated solution. Sodium hydroxide is produced in large quantities, primarily for the manufacture of pulp and paper, alcohols, textiles, soaps, detergents, and drain cleaners. It is used in many chemical reactions to neutralize acids and it is a strong bases that can cause severe burns and eye damage.

Calcium compounds are chemical substances that contain calcium ions (Ca2+) bonded to various anions. Calcium is an essential mineral for human health, and calcium compounds have numerous biological and industrial applications. Here are some examples of calcium compounds with their medical definitions:

1. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A common mineral found in rocks and sediments, calcium carbonate is also a major component of shells, pearls, and bones. It is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency and as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid.
2. Calcium citrate (C6H8CaO7): A calcium salt of citric acid, calcium citrate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is more soluble in water and gastric juice than calcium carbonate, making it easier to absorb, especially for people with low stomach acid.
3. Calcium gluconate (C12H22CaO14): A calcium salt of gluconic acid, calcium gluconate is used as a medication to treat or prevent hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) and hyperkalemia (high blood potassium levels). It can be given intravenously, orally, or topically.
4. Calcium chloride (CaCl2): A white, deliquescent salt, calcium chloride is used as a de-icing agent, a food additive, and a desiccant. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or hyperkalemia, or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
5. Calcium lactate (C6H10CaO6): A calcium salt of lactic acid, calcium lactate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is less commonly used than calcium carbonate or calcium citrate but may be better tolerated by some people.
6. Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2): A mineral found in rocks and bones, calcium phosphate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It can also be used as a food additive or a pharmaceutical excipient.
7. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4): A white, insoluble powder, calcium sulfate is used as a desiccant, a plaster, and a fertilizer. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
8. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2): A white, alkaline powder, calcium hydroxide is used as a disinfectant, a flocculant, and a building material. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hyperkalemia or as an antidote for aluminum overdose.
9. Calcium acetate (Ca(C2H3O2)2): A white, crystalline powder, calcium acetate is used as a food additive and a medication. It can be used to treat hyperphosphatemia (high blood phosphate levels) in patients with kidney disease.
10. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A white, chalky powder, calcium carbonate is used as a dietary supplement, a food additive, and a pharmaceutical excipient. It can also be used as a building material and a mineral supplement.

The Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) is a term used in occupational health to refer to the highest concentration of a hazardous substance (usually in air) that should not cause harmful effects to most workers if they are exposed to it for a typical 8-hour workday, 5 days a week. It's important to note that MAC values are based on average population data and may not protect everyone, particularly those who are sensitive or susceptible to the substance in question.

It's also crucial to differentiate MAC from other similar terms such as the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) or Threshold Limit Value (TLV), which are used in different regulatory contexts and may have slightly different definitions and criteria.

Please consult with a certified industrial hygienist, occupational health professional, or other appropriate experts for specific guidance related to hazardous substance exposure limits.

Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) are a group of highly reactive and chemically diverse molecules that are derived from nitric oxide (NO) or other nitrogen-containing compounds. They play important roles in various biological processes, such as cell signaling, neurotransmission, and immune response. However, an overproduction of RNS can also contribute to the development of several pathological conditions, including inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Examples of RNS include nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). These species are generated through various biochemical reactions, such as the conversion of L-arginine to citrulline by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, which leads to the production of NO. RNS can then react with other molecules in the body, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the formation of harmful compounds that can damage cellular structures and disrupt normal physiological functions.

In the context of medical and health sciences, particle size generally refers to the diameter or dimension of particles, which can be in the form of solid particles, droplets, or aerosols. These particles may include airborne pollutants, pharmaceutical drugs, or medical devices such as nanoparticles used in drug delivery systems.

Particle size is an important factor to consider in various medical applications because it can affect the behavior and interactions of particles with biological systems. For example, smaller particle sizes can lead to greater absorption and distribution throughout the body, while larger particle sizes may be filtered out by the body's natural defense mechanisms. Therefore, understanding particle size and its implications is crucial for optimizing the safety and efficacy of medical treatments and interventions.

Nitrates are chemical compounds that consist of a nitrogen atom bonded to three oxygen atoms (NO3-). In the context of medical science, nitrates are often discussed in relation to their use as medications or their presence in food and water.

As medications, nitrates are commonly used to treat angina (chest pain) caused by coronary artery disease. Nitrates work by relaxing and widening blood vessels, which improves blood flow and reduces the workload on the heart. Some examples of nitrate medications include nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, and isosorbide mononitrate.

In food and water, nitrates are naturally occurring compounds that can be found in a variety of vegetables, such as spinach, beets, and lettuce. They can also be present in fertilizers and industrial waste, which can contaminate groundwater and surface water sources. While nitrates themselves are not harmful, they can be converted into potentially harmful compounds called nitrites under certain conditions, particularly in the digestive system of young children or in the presence of bacteria such as those found in unpasteurized foods. Excessive levels of nitrites can react with hemoglobin in the blood to form methemoglobin, which cannot transport oxygen effectively and can lead to a condition called methemoglobinemia.

Cooking and eating utensils are devices or tools used in the preparation, cooking, and serving of food. Here is a brief medical definition for some common types:

1. Cooking utensils: These include various tools and equipment used to prepare and cook food, such as knives, cutting boards, pots, pans, whisks, spatulas, colanders, and measuring cups/spoons. They help to chop, dice, mix, blend, stir, sauté, boil, fry, bake, or grill ingredients.
2. Eating utensils: These are devices used to consume food and include items like forks, spoons, knives, chopsticks, and straws. They aid in bringing food from the plate or bowl to the mouth and cutting or separating food into manageable pieces.

Proper cleaning and maintenance of cooking and eating utensils are essential to prevent cross-contamination of bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause foodborne illnesses. Using clean utensils and following safe food handling practices can help minimize the risk of infection and promote overall health.

Nitrogen compounds are chemical substances that contain nitrogen, which is a non-metal in group 15 of the periodic table. Nitrogen forms compounds with many other elements due to its ability to form multiple bonds, including covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, sulfur, and halogens.

Nitrogen can exist in several oxidation states, ranging from -3 to +5, which leads to a wide variety of nitrogen compounds with different properties and uses. Some common examples of nitrogen compounds include:

* Ammonia (NH3), a colorless gas with a pungent odor, used in fertilizers, cleaning products, and refrigeration systems.
* Nitric acid (HNO3), a strong mineral acid used in the production of explosives, dyes, and fertilizers.
* Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), a white crystalline solid used as a fertilizer and explosive ingredient.
* Hydrazine (N2H4), a colorless liquid with a strong odor, used as a rocket fuel and reducing agent.
* Nitrous oxide (N2O), a colorless gas used as an anesthetic and laughing gas in dental procedures.

Nitrogen compounds have many important applications in various industries, such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and energy production. However, some nitrogen compounds can also be harmful or toxic to humans and the environment if not handled properly.

Fossil fuels are not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of earth science and energy production. They refer to fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes even hundreds of millions of years.

There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal is primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, and it is formed from the remains of plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in swamps and peat bogs. Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, formed from the remains of marine organisms such as algae and zooplankton. Natural gas is primarily composed of methane and other light hydrocarbons, and it is found in underground reservoirs, often in association with petroleum deposits.

Fossil fuels are a major source of energy for transportation, heating, and electricity generation, but their combustion also releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and air pollution.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment.

The underlying cause of asthma involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors that result in hypersensitivity of the airways to certain triggers, such as allergens, irritants, viruses, exercise, and emotional stress. When these triggers are encountered, the airways constrict due to smooth muscle spasm, swell due to inflammation, and produce excess mucus, leading to the characteristic symptoms of asthma.

Asthma is typically managed with a combination of medications that include bronchodilators to relax the airway muscles, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and leukotriene modifiers or mast cell stabilizers to prevent allergic reactions. Avoiding triggers and monitoring symptoms are also important components of asthma management.

There are several types of asthma, including allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma, and nocturnal asthma, each with its own set of triggers and treatment approaches. Proper diagnosis and management of asthma can help prevent exacerbations, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

Nitrogen isotopes are different forms of the nitrogen element (N), which have varying numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. The most common nitrogen isotope is N-14, which contains 7 protons and 7 neutrons in its nucleus. However, there are also heavier stable isotopes such as N-15, which contains one extra neutron.

In medical terms, nitrogen isotopes can be used in research and diagnostic procedures to study various biological processes. For example, N-15 can be used in a technique called "nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" to investigate the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds in the body. Additionally, stable isotope labeling with nitrogen-15 has been used in clinical trials and research studies to track the fate of drugs and nutrients in the body.

In some cases, radioactive nitrogen isotopes such as N-13 or N-16 may also be used in medical imaging techniques like positron emission tomography (PET) scans to visualize and diagnose various diseases and conditions. However, these applications are less common than the use of stable nitrogen isotopes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "oxides" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Oxides are a class of chemical compounds that contain at least one oxygen atom and one other element. They can be formed through the process of oxidation, which involves the combination of oxygen with another substance.

In a broader sense, you might encounter the term "oxide" in a medical context when discussing various materials or substances used in medical devices, treatments, or research. For instance, titanium dioxide is a common ingredient in medical-grade sunscreens due to its ability to block and scatter UV light. However, it's important to note that the term "oxides" itself doesn't have a direct connection to medicine or human health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rome" is not a medical term. It is the capital city of Italy and has great historical and cultural significance. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

Respiratory disorders are a group of conditions that affect the respiratory system, including the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. These disorders can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally and may cause symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

There are many different types of respiratory disorders, including:

1. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disease that causes the airways to become narrow and swollen, leading to difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A group of lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that make it hard to breathe.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
4. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
5. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
6. Sleep apnea: A disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep.
7. Interstitial lung disease: A group of disorders that cause scarring of the lung tissue, leading to difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A type of interstitial lung disease that causes scarring of the lung tissue and makes it hard to breathe.
9. Pleural effusion: An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and chest wall.
10. Lung transplantation: A surgical procedure to replace a diseased or failing lung with a healthy one from a donor.

Respiratory disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, exposure to environmental pollutants, smoking, and infections. Treatment for respiratory disorders may include medications, oxygen therapy, breathing exercises, and lifestyle changes. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the disorder.

A confined space is an area that is enclosed, or partially enclosed, and is not designed or intended for continuous human occupancy. Confined spaces can have a limited means of entry or exit, and may contain hazards such as toxic atmospheres, oxygen deficiency, engulfment, or other physical or chemical dangers. Examples of confined spaces include tanks, vessels, silos, sewers, pipes, and manholes.

It is important to note that the specific definition of a confined space may vary depending on the industry, country, or regulatory agency. In general, however, the term "confined space" refers to an area that poses a significant risk to workers who enter it due to its enclosed nature and potential hazards.

In medical terms, exposure to confined spaces can lead to various health issues such as respiratory problems, asphyxiation, hypoxia, poisoning, or other physical injuries. Therefore, it is essential to follow proper safety procedures and guidelines when working in confined spaces, including conducting risk assessments, providing appropriate training, using proper protective equipment, and establishing effective communication and rescue plans.

Inhalation exposure is a term used in occupational and environmental health to describe the situation where an individual breathes in substances present in the air, which could be gases, vapors, fumes, mist, or particulate matter. These substances can originate from various sources, such as industrial processes, chemical reactions, or natural phenomena.

The extent of inhalation exposure is determined by several factors, including:

1. Concentration of the substance in the air
2. Duration of exposure
3. Frequency of exposure
4. The individual's breathing rate
5. The efficiency of the individual's respiratory protection, if any

Inhalation exposure can lead to adverse health effects, depending on the toxicity and concentration of the inhaled substances. Short-term or acute health effects may include irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, or lungs, while long-term or chronic exposure can result in more severe health issues, such as respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, or cancer.

It is essential to monitor and control inhalation exposures in occupational settings to protect workers' health and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Various methods are employed for exposure assessment, including personal air sampling, area monitoring, and biological monitoring. Based on the results of these assessments, appropriate control measures can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with inhalation exposure.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "nitrogen cycle" is not a medical term. It is a biological concept that refers to the process through which nitrogen, an essential element for life, is converted between various chemical forms as it circulates through the atmosphere, terrestrial ecosystems, and aquatic environments.

The nitrogen cycle includes several key processes:

1. Nitrogen fixation: Certain bacteria are capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), a form that can be used by plants and other organisms. This process is called nitrogen fixation.
2. Nitrification: Some types of bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites (NO2-) and then into nitrates (NO3-). This two-step process is known as nitrification.
3. Denitrification: Certain bacteria can convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas, releasing it into the atmosphere. This process is called denitrification.
4. Assimilation: Plants and other organisms take up nitrogen in the form of ammonia or nitrates from the soil or water and incorporate it into their tissues through a process called assimilation.
5. Ammonification: When organisms die and decompose, or when they excrete waste products, nitrogen is released back into the environment in the form of ammonia. This process is known as ammonification.

While not a medical term, understanding the nitrogen cycle is important for many areas of science, including environmental science, agriculture, and ecology.

In the context of medical terminology, "heating" generally refers to the application of heat to an area of the body for therapeutic purposes. This can be done using various methods such as hot packs, heating pads, warm compresses, or even heated wax. The goal of applying heat is to increase blood flow, reduce pain and muscle spasms, and promote healing in the affected area. It's important to note that excessive heating or application of heat to sensitive areas should be avoided, as it can lead to burns or other injuries.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is a laboratory value that measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea nitrogen is a waste product that is formed when proteins are broken down in the liver. The kidneys filter urea nitrogen from the blood and excrete it as urine.

A high BUN level may indicate impaired kidney function, as the kidneys are not effectively removing urea nitrogen from the blood. However, BUN levels can also be affected by other factors such as dehydration, heart failure, or gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, BUN should be interpreted in conjunction with other laboratory values and clinical findings.

The normal range for BUN is typically between 7-20 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) or 2.5-7.1 mmol/L (millimoles per liter), but the reference range may vary depending on the laboratory.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Urban health is a branch of public health that focuses on the unique health challenges and disparities faced by urban populations. It encompasses the physical, mental, and social well-being of people living in urban areas, which are characterized by high population density, diverse cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds, and unique environmental exposures.

Urban health addresses a range of issues, including infectious diseases, chronic conditions, injuries, violence, and mental health disorders, as well as the social determinants of health such as housing, education, income, and access to healthcare services. It also considers the impact of urbanization on health, including the effects of pollution, noise, crowding, and lack of green spaces.

The goal of urban health is to promote health equity and improve the overall health outcomes of urban populations by addressing these challenges through evidence-based interventions, policies, and programs that are tailored to the unique needs of urban communities.

In the context of medical definitions, 'carbon' is not typically used as a standalone term. Carbon is an element with the symbol C and atomic number 6, which is naturally abundant in the human body and the environment. It is a crucial component of all living organisms, forming the basis of organic compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with various elements, allowing for the creation of complex molecules that are essential to life. In this sense, carbon is a fundamental building block of life on Earth. However, it does not have a specific medical definition as an isolated term.

I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. The term "nitroparaffins" is not typically used in medical definitions, as it's more related to chemistry and explosives than to medicine. However, I can provide you with a general chemical definition:

Nitroparaffins (also known as nitroalkanes) are a class of organic compounds consisting of an alkane chain with one or more nitro groups (-NO2) attached to it. They are produced by the nitration of alkanes and have the general formula R-NO2, where R represents an alkyl group.

These compounds have been used in the production of other chemicals, including certain types of explosives. However, they are not commonly used in medical applications or treatments.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule made up of one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom. In the body, it is a crucial signaling molecule involved in various physiological processes such as vasodilation, immune response, neurotransmission, and inhibition of platelet aggregation. It is produced naturally by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) from the amino acid L-arginine. Inhaled nitric oxide is used medically to treat pulmonary hypertension in newborns and adults, as it helps to relax and widen blood vessels, improving oxygenation and blood flow.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "numismatics" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Numismatics is the study or collection of coins, tokens, and currency, including their history, design, and cultural significance. It is not a medical concept or diagnosis. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to try to help with those instead!

Peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH) is a highly reactive nitrogen species formed from the reaction between nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide radical (O2-). It is an unstable compound that quickly decomposes to form other reactive species, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and hydroxyl radical (HO•), which can cause significant damage to biological molecules, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. Peroxynitrous acid has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "weather" is not a medical term. Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, including factors such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, and wind. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

In a medical context, nitrites are typically referred to as organic compounds that contain a functional group with the formula R-N=O, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group. They are commonly used in medicine as vasodilators, which means they widen and relax blood vessels, improving blood flow and lowering blood pressure.

One example of a nitrite used medically is amyl nitrite, which was previously used to treat angina pectoris, a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. However, its use has largely been replaced by other medications due to safety concerns and the availability of more effective treatments.

It's worth noting that inorganic nitrites, such as sodium nitrite, are also used in medicine for various purposes, including as a preservative in food and as a medication to treat cyanide poisoning. However, these compounds have different chemical properties and uses than organic nitrites.

Ventilation, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the process of breathing, which is the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment. It involves both inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling). During inspiration, air moves into the lungs, delivering oxygen to the alveoli (air sacs) where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen is taken up by the blood and transported to the body's cells, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is expelled from the body during expiration.

In a medical setting, ventilation may also refer to the use of mechanical devices, such as ventilators or respirators, which assist or replace the breathing process for patients who are unable to breathe effectively on their own due to conditions like respiratory failure, sedation, neuromuscular disorders, or injuries. These machines help maintain adequate gas exchange and prevent complications associated with inadequate ventilation, such as hypoxia (low oxygen levels) and hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide levels).

"Inhalation administration" is a medical term that refers to the method of delivering medications or therapeutic agents directly into the lungs by inhaling them through the airways. This route of administration is commonly used for treating respiratory conditions such as asthma, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and cystic fibrosis.

Inhalation administration can be achieved using various devices, including metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, and soft-mist inhalers. Each device has its unique mechanism of delivering the medication into the lungs, but they all aim to provide a high concentration of the drug directly to the site of action while minimizing systemic exposure and side effects.

The advantages of inhalation administration include rapid onset of action, increased local drug concentration, reduced systemic side effects, and improved patient compliance due to the ease of use and non-invasive nature of the delivery method. However, proper technique and device usage are crucial for effective therapy, as incorrect usage may result in suboptimal drug deposition and therapeutic outcomes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hobbies" is not a term that has a medical definition. Hobbies generally refer to activities or interests that are pursued outside of one's professional or obligatory duties, purely for pleasure and relaxation. They can include a wide range of activities such as painting, hiking, playing a musical instrument, gardening, or bird watching, among many others. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Potassium compounds refer to substances that contain the element potassium (chemical symbol: K) combined with one or more other elements. Potassium is an alkali metal that has the atomic number 19 and is highly reactive, so it is never found in its free form in nature. Instead, it is always found combined with other elements in the form of potassium compounds.

Potassium compounds can be ionic or covalent, depending on the properties of the other element(s) with which it is combined. In general, potassium forms ionic compounds with nonmetals and covalent compounds with other metals. Ionic potassium compounds are formed when potassium donates one electron to a nonmetal, forming a positively charged potassium ion (K+) and a negatively charged nonmetal ion.

Potassium compounds have many important uses in medicine, industry, and agriculture. For example, potassium chloride is used as a salt substitute and to treat or prevent low potassium levels in the blood. Potassium citrate is used to treat kidney stones and to alkalinize urine. Potassium iodide is used to treat thyroid disorders and to protect the thyroid gland from radioactive iodine during medical imaging procedures.

It's important to note that some potassium compounds can be toxic or even fatal if ingested in large quantities, so they should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Nitric acid is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with the formula HNO3. It is a highly corrosive mineral acid and is the primary constituent of nitric acid solutions.

Medically, nitric acid or its salts may be mentioned in the context of certain medical conditions or treatments. For example, nitrate or nitrite salts of potassium or sodium can be used as vasodilators to treat angina pectoris (chest pain) by improving blood flow and reducing oxygen demand in the heart muscle. Nitric acid itself is not used medically.

It's important to note that exposure to nitric acid can cause severe burns and tissue damage, so it should be handled with care and appropriate personal protective equipment.

"Maternal exposure" is a medical term that refers to the contact or interaction of a pregnant woman with various environmental factors, such as chemicals, radiation, infectious agents, or physical environments, which could potentially have an impact on the developing fetus. This exposure can occur through different routes, including inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, or even transplacentally. The effects of maternal exposure on the fetus can vary widely depending on the type, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the stage of pregnancy at which it occurs. It is important to monitor and minimize maternal exposure to potentially harmful substances or environments during pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and developing fetus.

An Atmosphere Exposure Chamber (AEC) is a controlled environment chamber that is designed to expose materials, products, or devices to specific atmospheric conditions for the purpose of testing their durability, performance, and safety. These chambers can simulate various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and contaminants, allowing researchers and manufacturers to evaluate how these factors may affect the properties and behavior of the materials being tested.

AECs are commonly used in a variety of industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, and medical devices, to ensure that products meet regulatory requirements and industry standards for performance and safety. For example, an AEC might be used to test the durability of a new aircraft material under extreme temperature and humidity conditions, or to evaluate the performance of a medical device in a contaminated environment.

The design and operation of AECs are subject to various regulations and standards, such as those established by organizations like the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). These standards ensure that AECs are designed and operated in a consistent and controlled manner, allowing for accurate and reliable test results.

'Smoke' is not typically defined in a medical context, but it can be described as a mixture of small particles and gases that are released when something burns. Smoke can be composed of various components including carbon monoxide, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, toluene, styrene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exposure to smoke can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

In the medical field, exposure to smoke is often referred to as "secondhand smoke" or "passive smoking" when someone breathes in smoke from another person's cigarette, cigar, or pipe. This type of exposure can be just as harmful as smoking itself and has been linked to a range of health problems, including respiratory infections, asthma, lung cancer, and heart disease.

I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. Sulfuric acid is not a medical term, but instead a chemical compound with the formula H2SO4. It's one of the most important industrial chemicals, being a strong mineral acid with numerous applications.

If you are asking for a definition related to human health or medicine, I can tell you that sulfuric acid has no physiological role in humans. Exposure to sulfuric acid can cause irritation and burns to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Prolonged exposure may lead to more severe health issues. However, it is not a term typically used in medical diagnoses or treatments.

Thorium dioxide, also known as thorium(IV) oxide or Thorotrast, is a radioactive compound with the chemical formula ThO2. It is a white, odorless, tasteless powder that is insoluble in water and most organic solvents.

Thorium dioxide was historically used as a contrast agent for X-ray radiography, particularly for angiography and myelography, due to its high density and radioopacity. However, its use has been discontinued in many countries due to the recognition of its harmful health effects. Long-term exposure to thorium dioxide can lead to fibrosis, cancer, and other radiation-induced diseases.

It is important to note that the handling and disposal of thorium dioxide require special precautions due to its radioactivity and potential health hazards.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Motor Vehicles" is not a term that typically has a medical definition. It is a general term used to describe vehicles that are powered by a motor or engine and are designed for land transportation. This would include cars, trucks, motorcycles, buses, and other similar types of vehicles.

However, in a legal context, a "motor vehicle" may have a specific definition that varies by jurisdiction. For example, in some places, the definition might only include vehicles that are intended for use on public roads, excluding things like golf carts or construction equipment.

If you're looking for a medical term related to motor vehicles, there are many that could apply, such as "motor vehicle accident," "whiplash injury," or "traumatic brain injury due to motor vehicle collision." But the term "motor vehicles" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that constitutes about 21% of the earth's atmosphere. It is a crucial element for human and most living organisms as it is vital for respiration. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is used to convert nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled.

Medically, supplemental oxygen therapy may be provided to patients with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, or other medical conditions that impair the body's ability to extract sufficient oxygen from the air. Oxygen can be administered through various devices, including nasal cannulas, face masks, and ventilators.

In medical terms, "dust" is not defined as a specific medical condition or disease. However, generally speaking, dust refers to small particles of solid matter that can be found in the air and can come from various sources, such as soil, pollen, hair, textiles, paper, or plastic.

Exposure to certain types of dust, such as those containing allergens, chemicals, or harmful pathogens, can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory issues like asthma, allergies, and lung diseases. Prolonged exposure to certain types of dust, such as silica or asbestos, can even lead to serious conditions like silicosis or mesothelioma.

Therefore, it is important for individuals who work in environments with high levels of dust to take appropriate precautions, such as wearing masks and respirators, to minimize their exposure and reduce the risk of health problems.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Urban Population" is not a medical term. It is a demographic term used to describe the portion of a country's population that lives in areas classified as urban. The United Nations defines an urban area as a city, town, or other agglomeration with a population of 20,000 or more. However, the specific definition can vary by country and organization.

In contrast, medical terms typically refer to conditions, diseases, symptoms, treatments, or healthcare-related concepts. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help if I can!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but Poisson Distribution is actually a statistical concept rather than a medical term. Here's a general definition:

Poisson Distribution is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space, as long as these events occur with a known average rate and independently of each other. It is often used in fields such as physics, engineering, economics, and medical research to model rare events or low-probability phenomena.

In the context of medical research, Poisson Distribution might be used to analyze the number of adverse events that occur during a clinical trial, the frequency of disease outbreaks in a population, or the rate of successes or failures in a series of experiments.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

PII nitrogen regulatory proteins are a type of signal transduction protein involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism in bacteria and archaea. They are named "PII" because they contain two identical subunits, each with a molecular weight of approximately 12 kilodaltons. These proteins play a crucial role in sensing and responding to changes in the energy status and nitrogen availability within the cell.

The PII protein is composed of three domains: the T-domain, which binds ATP and ADP; the N-domain, which binds 2-oxoglutarate (an indicator of carbon and nitrogen status); and the B-domain, which is involved in signal transduction. The PII protein can exist in different conformational states depending on whether it is bound to ATP or ADP, and this affects its ability to interact with downstream effectors.

One of the primary functions of PII proteins is to regulate the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to glutamine. When nitrogen is abundant, PII proteins bind to GS and stimulate its activity, promoting the assimilation of ammonia into organic compounds. Conversely, when nitrogen is scarce, PII proteins dissociate from GS, allowing it to be inhibited by other regulatory proteins.

PII proteins can also interact with other enzymes and regulators involved in nitrogen metabolism, such as nitrogenase, uridylyltransferase/uridylyl-removing enzyme (UT/UR), and transcriptional regulators. Through these interactions, PII proteins help to coordinate the cell's response to changes in nitrogen availability and energy status, ensuring that resources are allocated efficiently and effectively.

Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin in which the iron within the heme group is in the ferric (Fe3+) state instead of the ferrous (Fe2+) state. This oxidation reduces its ability to bind and transport oxygen effectively, leading to methemoglobinemia when methemoglobin levels become too high. Methemoglobin has a limited capacity to release oxygen to tissues, which can result in hypoxia (reduced oxygen supply) and cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes).

Methemoglobin is normally present in small amounts in the blood, but certain factors such as exposure to oxidizing agents, genetic predisposition, or certain medications can increase its levels. Elevated methemoglobin levels can be treated with methylene blue, which helps restore the iron within hemoglobin back to its ferrous state and improves oxygen transport capacity.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Geographic Information Systems" (GIS) is not a medical term. GIS is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. It can be used in various fields, including public health and epidemiology, to map and analyze the spread of diseases, identify environmental risk factors, plan health services delivery, and inform evidence-based decision making.

Respiratory Function Tests (RFTs) are a group of medical tests that measure how well your lungs take in and exhale air, and how well they transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of your blood. They can help diagnose certain lung disorders, measure the severity of lung disease, and monitor response to treatment.

RFTs include several types of tests, such as:

1. Spirometry: This test measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases.
2. Lung volume testing: This test measures the total amount of air in your lungs. It can help diagnose restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis.
3. Diffusion capacity testing: This test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your bloodstream. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and other lung diseases that affect the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood.
4. Bronchoprovocation testing: This test involves inhaling a substance that can cause your airways to narrow, such as methacholine or histamine. It's often used to diagnose and monitor asthma.
5. Exercise stress testing: This test measures how well your lungs and heart work together during exercise. It's often used to diagnose lung or heart disease.

Overall, Respiratory Function Tests are an important tool for diagnosing and managing a wide range of lung conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "housing" is not a term that has a medical definition. In a general sense, housing refers to a place where someone lives, such as a house or apartment. If you have any questions related to healthcare, medicine, or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer them.

Lung diseases refer to a broad category of disorders that affect the lungs and other structures within the respiratory system. These diseases can impair lung function, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and wheezing. They can be categorized into several types based on the underlying cause and nature of the disease process. Some common examples include:

1. Obstructive lung diseases: These are characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways, making it difficult to breathe out. Examples include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.
2. Restrictive lung diseases: These involve stiffening or scarring of the lungs, which reduces their ability to expand and take in air. Examples include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and asbestosis.
3. Infectious lung diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that infect the lungs. Examples include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza.
4. Vascular lung diseases: These affect the blood vessels in the lungs, impairing oxygen exchange. Examples include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
5. Neoplastic lung diseases: These involve abnormal growth of cells within the lungs, leading to cancer. Examples include small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
6. Other lung diseases: These include interstitial lung diseases, pleural effusions, and rare disorders such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).

It is important to note that this list is not exhaustive, and there are many other conditions that can affect the lungs. Proper diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases require consultation with a healthcare professional, such as a pulmonologist or respiratory therapist.

Free radicals are molecules or atoms that have one or more unpaired electrons in their outermost shell, making them highly reactive. They can be formed naturally in the body through processes such as metabolism and exercise, or they can come from external sources like pollution, radiation, and certain chemicals. Free radicals can cause damage to cells and contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Antioxidants are substances that can neutralize free radicals and help protect against their harmful effects.

Ammonia is a colorless, pungent-smelling gas with the chemical formula NH3. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen and is a basic compound, meaning it has a pH greater than 7. Ammonia is naturally found in the environment and is produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as animal waste and decomposing plants. In the medical field, ammonia is most commonly discussed in relation to its role in human metabolism and its potential toxicity.

In the body, ammonia is produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and is typically converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine. However, if the liver is not functioning properly or if there is an excess of protein in the diet, ammonia can accumulate in the blood and cause a condition called hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia can lead to serious neurological symptoms, such as confusion, seizures, and coma, and is treated by lowering the level of ammonia in the blood through medications, dietary changes, and dialysis.

Humidity, in a medical context, is not typically defined on its own but is related to environmental conditions that can affect health. Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air. It is often discussed in terms of absolute humidity (the mass of water per unit volume of air) or relative humidity (the ratio of the current absolute humidity to the maximum possible absolute humidity, expressed as a percentage). High humidity can contribute to feelings of discomfort, difficulty sleeping, and exacerbation of respiratory conditions such as asthma.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

In medicine, "absorption" refers to the process by which substances, including nutrients, medications, or toxins, are taken up and assimilated into the body's tissues or bloodstream after they have been introduced into the body via various routes (such as oral, intravenous, or transdermal).

The absorption of a substance depends on several factors, including its chemical properties, the route of administration, and the presence of other substances that may affect its uptake. For example, some medications may be better absorbed when taken with food, while others may require an empty stomach for optimal absorption.

Once a substance is absorbed into the bloodstream, it can then be distributed to various tissues throughout the body, where it may exert its effects or be metabolized and eliminated by the body's detoxification systems. Understanding the process of absorption is crucial in developing effective medical treatments and determining appropriate dosages for medications.

"Nitrogen dioxide". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). "Nitrogen dioxide". Immediately Dangerous to ... Nitrogen Dioxide Air Pollution Current global map of nitrogen dioxide distribution A review of the acute and long term impacts ... Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of several nitrogen oxides. NO 2 is an intermediate in ... At elevated temperatures nitrogen combines with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide: 1⁄2 N2 + O2 → NO2 In the laboratory, NO 2 can ...
... is the illness resulting from the toxic effect of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2). It usually occurs after ... Nitrogen dioxide is about 1.5 times heavier than air and during silage storage, nitrogen dioxide remains in the silage material ... Nitrogen dioxide poisoning depends on the duration, frequency, and intensity of exposure. Nitrogen dioxide is an irritant of ... 1993). "Nitrogen dioxide and respiratory illness in children. Part II. Assessment of exposure to nitrogen dioxide". Res Rep ...
"Nitrogen dioxide , Ministry for the Environment". www.mfe.govt.nz. Retrieved 2017-04-05. Japanese Ministry of Environment, ...
The AQI level is based on the level of six atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ... Many countries monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, and calculate ... nitrogen dioxide; sulphur dioxide and particulate matter (including PM10 and PM2.5). For any given hour the AQHI is calculated ... sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. The EPA has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for each of these ...
"Health". Nitrogen Dioxide. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 February 2013. "The Regional Transport of Ozone: ... The major culprits from transportation sources are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO and NOx), volatile organic ... "State and County Emission Summaries: Nitrogen Oxides". Air emission sources. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 ... New EPA Rulemaking on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (EPA-456/F-98-006)" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. ...
"Nitrogen Dioxide". doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.09.006. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) "Case Study in ... especially with regard to particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide pollution. Numerical simulations and measurements are used to ...
... carbon dioxide) → ONOOCO2− (nitrosoperoxycarbonate) ONOOCO2− → •NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) + O=C(O•)O− (carbonate radical) •NO + • ... Additionally peroxynitrite can react with other molecules to form additional types of RNS including nitrogen dioxide (•NO2) and ... Important reactions involving RNS include: ONOO− + H+ → ONOOH (peroxynitrous acid) → •NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) + •OH (hydroxyl ... nitrogen dioxide, and nitronium ion". Chem. Res. Toxicol. 12 (1): 83-92. doi:10.1021/tx980207u. PMID 9894022. Pacher P, Beckman ...
nitrogen dioxide + oxygen". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 86 (17): 3295-3302. doi:10.1021/j100214a007. ISSN 0022-3654. ... nitrogen dioxide + oxygen". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 86 (17): 3295-3302. doi:10.1021/j100214a007. ISSN 0022-3654. ... Reactions involving chlorine nitrate and chlorine dioxide (1980) Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. III. ... Reactions involving chlorine nitrate and chlorine dioxide". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 66 (10): 4591-4599. Bibcode: ...
In 2017, average Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) levels in the locale failed to meet the UK National Air Quality Objective of 40μg/m3 ( ... "Nitrogen Dioxide" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2018. "Route 1". ...
... causing it to dissociate into nitrogen dioxide at half the molecular weight. This hot nitrogen dioxide is expanded through a ... Inevitably, some dinitrogen tetroxide is a component of smog containing nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen tetroxide is made by the ... the nitric oxide that was produced is oxidized to nitrogen dioxide, which is then dimerized into nitrogen tetroxide: 2 NO + O2 ... It forms an equilibrium mixture with nitrogen dioxide. The molecule is planar with an N-N bond distance of 1.78 Å and N-O ...
NO2 is nitrogen dioxide. NO2 may also refer to: Nitrite ion, NO2− Nitronium ion, NO2+ -NO2, nitro group, characteristic of ...
These were first introduced for monitoring sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, but the analyte scope later widened as the ... Palmes, E.D.; Gunnison, A.F.; DiMattio, J.; Tomczyk, C. (1976). "Personal sampler for nitrogen dioxide". American Industrial ...
"Nitrogen dioxide and fine particles are threatening Po valley air quality". Retrieved 27 January 2021. "Nitrogen dioxide over ... These images show a big red area, made of nitrogen dioxide and fine particles, situated above the Po Valley area, which ... In March 2019, the European Space Agency (ESA) published images of nitrogen dioxide concentrations taken from the Sentinel-5P ... and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution in 1000 European cities, Brescia and Bergamo in Lombardy have the highest death rate from ...
"Nitrogen Dioxide Data, 2012-2017". Southwark Council. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. "Air Quality Annual Status ... Results from 2017 suggest that Bermondsey has some of the highest nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in the Borough. NO2 ...
"Nitrogen dioxide over northern Italy". Retrieved 28 January 2021. "Air pollution hotspots in Europe". Retrieved 29 January 2021 ... published images taken from its satellites that show a large stain composed of nitrogen dioxide and fine particles above the Po ... along with manure emissions from intensive breeding and high levels of nitrogen dioxide released by diesel and petrol engines ... Milan also has high levels of ozone and nitrogen oxides, which are mainly produced by cars diesel and petrol engines. According ...
... s can be used to sample various different gases, including oxides of nitrogen (nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide ... One of the caps (coloured white) is either completely removed to activate the tube (in the case of nitrogen dioxide sampling) ... Nitrogen dioxide tubes use triethanolamine, TEA, as the absorbing (reagent) chemical, for example, while hydrogen sulphide ... They give a reasonable indication of the long-term, average concentration of a pollutant gas, such as nitrogen dioxide, and ...
... less commonly carbon dioxide and nitrogen. A common theme among these techniques is the use of a fine (100-10−3 Torr) or high ( ... The first is known as freeze-pump-thaw - the solvent is frozen under liquid nitrogen, and a vacuum is applied. Thereafter, the ... If high-purity solvents are available in nitrogen-purged Winchesters, they can be brought directly into the glovebox. For use ... Commercially available purified inert gas (argon or nitrogen) is adequate for most purposes. However, for certain applications ...
"COVID-19: nitrogen dioxide over China". March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020. Pansini, Riccardo; Fornacca, Davide (2021). " ... The Tropomi instrument on the satellite showed substantial reductions in nitrogen dioxide amounts over Chinese cities between ...
Nitrogen oxides (NOx): Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are expelled from high temperature combustion, and are ... Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of several nitrogen oxides. One of the most prominent ... An important cause of these deaths is nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by road vehicles. In a 2015 ... The most common sources of air pollution include particulates, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Children aged less ...
Some of the major air pollutants, like nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, decreased by one to two per cent along with ... sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide showed a significant reduction of 22.82%, 30.61%, 32.11% and 46.95% respectively; PM2.5 as ... "Airborne Nitrogen Dioxide Plummets Over China". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 ... During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, NASA and the ESA monitored the significant decrease in nitrogen dioxide ...
NOx (nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide). Produced by from high-temperature combustion. Carbon monoxide (CO) - ... However, additional reductions are needed for nitrogen oxides and ammonia. The necessary reductions in nitrogen oxide emissions ... For sulfur dioxide and volatile organic compounds it is sufficient to apply the measures already adopted and implemented in the ... The major primary pollutants produced by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO2) - The most emitted form of human caused ...
"Electron scattering studies of nitrogen dioxide". Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. 191: 71-78. doi: ...
Notable examples include: oxygen, O2; nitric oxide, NO; nitrogen dioxide, NO2 and chlorine dioxide, ClO2. In organic chemistry ...
2005). "Stratospheric nitrogen dioxide in the Antarctic". International Journal of Remote Sensing. 26 (16): 3395-3412. Bibcode: ...
This then leads to: F = R = 0 for H (Hydrogen). F = R = 1 for NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide). Fig. 2 shows some relative F and R values ...
... benzene and nitrogen dioxide from gas stoves contribute to indoor air pollution. Nitrogen dioxide can exacerbate respiratory ... Stoves can cause levels of nitrogen dioxide that can exceed outdoor safety standards. A 2020 RMI report found pollution from ... US EPA, OAR (August 14, 2014). "Nitrogen Dioxide's Impact on Indoor Air Quality". www.epa.gov. US EPA, OAR (February 19, 2019 ... They also expose users to pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, which can trigger respiratory diseases, and have shown an ...
Nitric oxide is thus oxidised to nitrogen dioxide. Cu + 4 HNO 3 → Cu(NO 3) 2 + 2 NO 2 +2H 2O Nitrite test Moorcroft, Matthew J ...
... sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Some measure less common pollutants such as radon gas and formaldehyde. Sensors like this ... Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) can be measured passively with diffusion tubes, though it takes time to collect samples, analyze them, ... "Nitrogen Dioxide in the United Kingdom: Summary" (PDF). Air Quality Expert Group. Defra. p. 4. Retrieved 29 March 2022. "Sulfur ... "ISO 6768:1998: Ambient air - Determination of mass concentration of nitrogen dioxide - Modified Griess-Saltzman method". ...
Nitrogen dioxide is an acrid, corrosive brown gas. Both compounds may be easily prepared by decomposing a dry metal nitrate. ... It is made by catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide, which is oxidised to nitrogen dioxide, and then dissolved in ... It reacts with oxygen to give brown nitrogen dioxide and with halogens to give nitrosyl halides. It also reacts with transition ... It can only be made in the solid state, because upon melting it spontaneously decomposes to nitrogen dioxide, and liquid nitric ...
The plant removes both particulates and nitrogen dioxide; air is drawn into the treatment plant by two large fans, dust and ... and then nitrogen dioxide is removed by a large carbon filter. A car parked in one of the tunnel caves View of one of the caves ...
"Nitrogen dioxide". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). "Nitrogen dioxide". Immediately Dangerous to ... Nitrogen Dioxide Air Pollution Current global map of nitrogen dioxide distribution A review of the acute and long term impacts ... Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of several nitrogen oxides. NO 2 is an intermediate in ... At elevated temperatures nitrogen combines with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide: 1⁄2 N2 + O2 → NO2 In the laboratory, NO 2 can ...
Signs and symptoms The diagnosis of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) toxicity largely depends on the history of exposure. If possible, ... encoded search term (Nitrogen Dioxide Toxicity) and Nitrogen Dioxide Toxicity What to Read Next on Medscape ... Nitrogen Dioxide. Available at http://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/outdoor/air-pollution/nitrogen-dioxide.html. ... Occupational risk for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure is high for the following workers:. * Farmers, particularly those who ...
Nitrogen Dioxide Color clipart is great illustrate your teaching materials. Browse from 22,000+ clipart and 25,000 educational ... Clip Art: Molecule: Nitrogen Dioxide Color Overview. This Molecule: Nitrogen Dioxide Color clipart is great to illustrate your ... This Molecule: Nitrogen Dioxide Color clipart is provided in jpeg format. Media JPG ...
Nitrogen Dioxide, Tetrachloroethylene. The ATSDR Interaction Profile succintly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health ... Carbon Monoxide, Formaldehyde, Methylene Chloride, Nitrogen Dioxide, Tetrachloroethylene. ... Carbon Monoxide, Formaldehyde, Methylene Chloride, Nitrogen Dioxide, Tetrachloroethylene. *Chloroform, 1,1-Dichloroethylene, ...
... nitrogen dioxide.Nitrogen dioxide can impact the respiratory system, and it also contributes to the formation of other ... scientists say.This visualization shows tropospheric column concentrations of nitrogen dioxide as detected by the Ozone ... 11574: Nitrogen Dioxide Reduction Across the Northeast Corridor 11576: Nitrogen Dioxide Reduction in U.S. Cities ... nitrogen dioxide.. Nitrogen dioxide can impact the respiratory system, and it also contributes to the formation of other ...
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Intrusion of street sourced nitrogen dioxide into a building lobby. Download Slides ...
Nitrogen dioxide leak at Vale Copper Cliff smelter in Ontario under control. Brazilian mining company Vale have reported a ... Brazilian mining company Vale have reported a nitrogen dioxide leak at its Copper Cliff smelter in Sudbury, Ontario and have ... Nitrogen dioxide gas affects the respiratory system and can be fatal when consumed in high doses. ... nitrogen dioxide leak at its Copper Cliff smelter in Sudbury, Ontario and have confirmed the leak has been contained. ...
OBJECTIVES: To assess the distribution of personal exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in school children, and to investigate ... Distribution and determinants of personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in school children. ... Distribution and determinants of personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in school children. ...
Ambient nitrogen dioxide concentrations increase bronchial responsiveness in subjects with mild asthma. G Bylin, G Hedenstierna ... Ambient nitrogen dioxide concentrations increase bronchial responsiveness in subjects with mild asthma ... Ambient nitrogen dioxide concentrations increase bronchial responsiveness in subjects with mild asthma ... Ambient nitrogen dioxide concentrations increase bronchial responsiveness in subjects with mild asthma ...
... describes a workshop to identify needs for research on the health effects of nitrogen dioxide in London in March 2011. ... Key nitrogen dioxide issues (Professor Bert Brunekreef): presentation made at a workshop to identify needs for research on the ... HPA-CRCE-026: report of a workshop to identify needs for research on the health effects of nitrogen dioxide - London, 2-3 March ... Nitrogen dioxide: evidence from epidemiological studies (Professor Ross Anderson): presentation made at a workshop to identify ...
EP-2107222-B1 chemical patent summary.
HomePublicationsNitrogen-doped rice grain-shaped titanium dioxide nanostructures by electrospinning: Frequency and temperature ... Nitrogen-doped rice grain-shaped titanium dioxide nanostructures by electrospinning: Frequency and temperature dependent ... Abstract : Rice grain-shaped, nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2) nanostructures are synthesized using sol-gel method and ... "Nitrogen-doped rice grain-shaped titanium dioxide nanostructures by electrospinning: Frequency and temperature dependent ...
GAOTek Nitrogen Dioxide Liquid Gas Leakage Detector. GAOTek gas leakage detector with a pump is a portable device designed to ... Be the first to review "GAOTek Nitrogen Dioxide Liquid Gas Leakage Detector" Cancel reply. Your email address will not be ...
Brantford: Hourly Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 Concentrations. From September 22, 2023 EDT to September 24, 2023 EDT. ...
... Nitrogen-doped photocatalytic nano titaniu ... has recently switched to ethanol titanium dioxide price is predicted to go higher in the future. ... What are Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles?. Nitrogen-doped photocatalytic nano titanium dioxide is a white loose ... Nitrogen-doped Nano Titanium Dioxide Uses. 1. Nitrogen-doped nano-titanium dioxide used in ceramics: the ceramics made by ...
Carbon Dioxide; Hydrogen; Other Industrial Gas 2) By Mode of - Market research report and industry analysis - 31598475 ... Carbon Dioxide Global Market Report 2022 Including: 1) By Product Type: Liquid Carbon Dioxide; Solid Carbon Dioxide; Gaseous ... Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Hydrogen Other Industrial Gas 11.2. Global Industrial Gas Market, Segmentation By End Userr ... Markets Covered: 1) By Type: Nitrogen; Oxygen; Carbon Dioxide; Hydrogen; Other Industrial Gas 2) By Mode of Supply: Bulk; ...
Ambient nitrogen dioxide pollution and spread ability of COVID-19 in Chinese cities. Ye Yao, Jinhua Pan, Zhixi Liu, Xia Meng, ... Ambient nitrogen dioxide pollution and spread ability of COVID-19 in Chinese cities ... Ambient nitrogen dioxide pollution and spread ability of COVID-19 in Chinese cities ... Ambient nitrogen dioxide pollution and spread ability of COVID-19 in Chinese cities ...
What is the market segmentation of the global nitrogen dioxide market?. *What is the regional breakup of the global nitrogen ... What is the layout of a nitrogen dioxide manufacturing plant?. *What are the machinery requirements for setting up a nitrogen ... As a primary component of nitrogen oxides (NOx), nitrogen dioxide contributes to the formation of smog and harmful particulate ... Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a noxious and highly reactive gas that plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry and air ...
Biomass burning nitrogen dioxide emissions derived from space with TROPOMI: methodology and validation D. Griffin et al. ... Biomass burning nitrogen dioxide emissions derived from space with TROPOMI: methodology and validation D. Griffin et al. ... Satellite-derived emissions of carbon monoxide, ammonia, and nitrogen dioxide from the 2016 Horse River wildfire in the Fort ... We also estimated large amounts of ammonia and nitrogen oxides emitted from the fire. These results can be used to evaluate the ...
Nitrogen dioxide, Pollution, Air quality management, Air quality, Climatology, Meteorology and Atmosphere, Health, Boundaries, ... Title 40, Part 50 of the Code of the Federal Regulations lists the ambient air quality standard for nitrogen dioxide. This ... Nonattainment Areas for Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution: United States and Territories, 1990 ... 2014). Nonattainment Areas for Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution: United States and Territories, 1990. National Transportation Atlas ...
The Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) sensor for MultiRAE, AreaRAE & ToxiRAE Pro features a range of 0-20 ppm and a resolution of 0.1 ppm. ... Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) sensor for MultiRAE, AreaRAE & ToxiRAE Pro. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) sensor is a replacement sensor for ... Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) sensor for MultiRAE, AreaRAE & ToxiRAE Pro. There are no reviews yet. , Write a review ... Home > Detection > Gas Detection > Replacement Sensors > Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) sensor for MultiRAE, AreaRAE & ToxiRAE Pro ...
Toxic nitrogen dioxide gas - an invisible and odorless air pollutant with the potential to cause health issues with long-term ... Toxic nitrogen dioxide gas - an invisible and odorless air pollutant with the potential to cause health issues with long-term ... The sensor is the culmination of years of research into the material and its potential as an effective nitrogen dioxide sensor ... It can detect concentrations of nitrogen dioxide as minuscule as 50 parts per billion while ignoring other toxic gases present ...
You are here: TROPOMI Data products Nitrogen Dioxide Search within English part of TROPOMI: TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument ...
... 113(1). Bauer, Ursula et al. "Acute effects of nitrogen dioxide ... "Acute effects of nitrogen dioxide after accidental release." vol. 113, no. 1, 1998. Export RIS Citation Information.. ... Self-reported case status was defined as reporting one or more symptoms consistent with exposure to nitrogen dioxide in the ... Title : Acute effects of nitrogen dioxide after accidental release. Personal Author(s) : Bauer, Ursula;Berg, Debra;Kohn, Melvin ...
ISO 16000-15:2008 specifies the planning of nitrogen dioxide indoor pollution measurements. In the case of indoor air ...
... we evaluated associations between highly spatially resolved estimates of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a marker of traffic ... Johnson, J.Y., Rowe, B.H., Allen, R.W. et al. A case-control study of medium-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide ... A case-control study of medium-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide pollution and hospitalization for stroke. *Julie YM ... A case-control study of medium-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide pollution and hospitalization for stroke ...
Nitric Dioxide (NO2) Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. It exists as a radical in nature. One of ... Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). Nitric Dioxide (NO2). Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. It exists as a ... Nitrogen dioxide is paramagnetic bent molecule with C2v point group symmetry.. Preparation and reactions. Nitrogen dioxide ... Nitrogen dioxide is toxic by inhalation, but this could be avoided as the material is acrid and easily detected byour sense of ...
Signs and symptoms The diagnosis of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) toxicity largely depends on the history of exposure. If possible, ... encoded search term (Nitrogen Dioxide Toxicity) and Nitrogen Dioxide Toxicity What to Read Next on Medscape ... Nitrogen Dioxide. Available at http://www.lung.org/healthy-air/outdoor/resources/nitrogen-dioxide.html. Accessed: November 12, ... Nitrogen Dioxide Toxicity Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Apr 28, 2014 * Author: Nader Kamangar, MD, FACP, FCCP, FCCM; Chief ...
  • It is one of several nitrogen oxides. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2. Nitrogen-doped nano-titanium dioxide used in wastewater treatment: 0.5% photocatalytic nano-titanium dioxide has strong redox ability and can degrade mercury, chromium, lead, and oxides in sewage into non-toxic substances. (nhlhotstove.com)
  • As a primary component of nitrogen oxides (NOx), nitrogen dioxide contributes to the formation of smog and harmful particulate matter. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Nitrogen oxides are an important precursor both to ozone (O3) and acid rain, and may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. (stanford.edu)
  • One ofseveral nitrogen oxides, NO 2 is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of nitric acid, millions oftons of which are produced each year. (jjstech.com)
  • Atmospheric nuclear tests are also a source of nitrogen dioxide, which is responsible forthe reddish colour of mushroom clouds The excess air required for complete combustion of fuels in these processesintroduces nitrogen into the combustion reactions at high temperatures and produces nitrous oxides (NOx). (jjstech.com)
  • This chemical compound is one of several nitrogen oxides (NOx), forming from emissions from cars, trucks and buses, power plants, and off-road equipment. (syndicatedanalytics.com)
  • Chemical properties of nitrogen oxide (IV) are analogous to the properties of acidic oxides other nonmetals. (sciencealpha.com)
  • Synonyms for mixtures of nitrogen oxides include nitrogen fumes and nitrous fumes. (cdc.gov)
  • Persons whose clothing is contaminated with liquid nitrogen oxides can secondarily contaminate others by direct contact or through off-gassing vapors. (cdc.gov)
  • The primary route of exposure to nitrogen oxides is by inhalation, but exposure by any route can cause systemic effects. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrogen oxides represent a mixture of gases designated by the formula NO x . (cdc.gov)
  • The toxicity of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) or laughing gas, which is used as an anesthetic, is different from that of the other nitrogen oxides and is not discussed in this protocol. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrogen oxides (NO 2 , N 2 O 4 , N 2 O 3 and N2O5) are irritating to the upper respiratory tract and lungs even at low concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • Children exposed to the same levels of nitrogen oxides as adults may receive larger doses because they have greater lung surface area:body weight ratios and increased minute volumes:weight ratios. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrogen oxides form naturally during the oxidation of nitrogen-containing compounds such as coal, diesel fuel, and silage. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrogen oxides are also formed during arc welding, electroplating, engraving, dynamite blasting, as components of rocket fuel, and nitration reactions such as in the production of nitro-explosives, including gun-cotton, dynamite and TNT. (cdc.gov)
  • Trace metal impurities most likely cause nitrogen oxides to form in nitric acid and its solutions. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrogen oxides are intermediates in the production of lacquers, dyes, and other chemicals and are important components of photo-oxidant smog. (cdc.gov)
  • The 6 pollutants that account for the large majority of air pollution worldwide and for which standards are usually specified include carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), lead (Pb) and suspended particulate matter (SPM). (who.int)
  • WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. (medscape.com)
  • A crucial constituent of atmospheric chemistry, nitrogen dioxide plays a significant role in the production of ground-level ozone, a harmful air pollutant, and fine particulate matter, impacting the quality of the air we breathe and contributing to climate change. (syndicatedanalytics.com)
  • In addition, the potential adverse health impacts from exposure to particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide, beyond the fairly well understood impacts on cardiovascular and respiratory disease, are the subject of much attention and ongoing research. (parliament.uk)
  • Interactions involving carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) likely modulate terrestrial ecosystem responses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels at scales from the leaf to the globe and from the second to the century. (umn.edu)
  • Reich, PB , Hungate, BA & Luo, Y 2006, Carbon-nitrogen interactions in terrestrial ecosystems in response to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide . (umn.edu)
  • It has already delivered key information on sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide, for example. (belspo.be)
  • The carbon is combusted to nitrogen oxide (IV). (sciencealpha.com)
  • I. Carbon dioxide II. (doubtnut.com)
  • Inorganic membranes capable of separating carbon dioxide and nitrogen mixture offer potential applications in membrane process for postcombustion carbon dioxide capture. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This article provides a concise review of carbon dioxide permeation and separation characteristics and the chemical and thermal stability of microporous carbon, silica, and zeolite membranes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • All of these membranes are permselective for carbon dioxide over nitrogen because carbon dioxide has a large solubility and mobility in membrane micropores in comparison to nitrogen. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These microporous membranes exhibit good carbon dioxide permeance (up to 10 -6 mol m -2 s -1 Pa -1 ) and extremely high carbon dioxide to nitrogen selectivity (up to 500) at around room temperature. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 2. At around room temperature, zeolite (especially Y type) membranes offer attractive properties for use in postcombustion carbon dioxide capture. (elsevierpure.com)
  • New membranes such as dense mixed-conducting ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membranes show high carbon dioxide separation performance at high temperatures and may be used in precombustion processes for carbon dioxide capture. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Arterial blood gas levels (through an indwelling line [eg, umbilical arterial catheter or preductal peripheral arterial line]): To assess the pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ) and the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 ) which might be higher in the preductal arterial line. (medscape.com)
  • METHODS: Full-shift personal sampling (12 workers) of elemental carbon (EC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and equivalent black carbon (eBC) was performed. (lu.se)
  • Unlike ozone (O3) the ground electronic state of nitrogen dioxide is a doublet state, since nitrogen has one unpaired electron, which decreases the alpha effect compared with nitrite and creates a weak bonding interaction with the oxygen lone pairs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nitrogen dioxide can impact the respiratory system, and it also contributes to the formation of other pollutants including ground-level ozone and particulates. (nasa.gov)
  • This visualization shows tropospheric column concentrations of nitrogen dioxide as detected by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on NASA's Aura satellite, averaged yearly from 2005-2011. (nasa.gov)
  • The change is apparent in NASA satellite images that demonstrate the country's reduction of air pollution, or more specifically, nitrogen dioxide.Nitrogen dioxide can impact the respiratory system, and it also contributes to the formation of other pollutants including ground-level ozone and particulates. (nasa.gov)
  • The shift is the result of regulations, technology improvements and economic changes, scientists say.This visualization shows tropospheric column concentrations of nitrogen dioxide as detected by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on NASA's Aura satellite, averaged yearly from 2005-2011. (nasa.gov)
  • Nitrogen dioxide playsa role in atmospheric chemistry, including the formation of tropospheric ozone. (jjstech.com)
  • Nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone concentrations in residential environments. (medscape.com)
  • People who live near industrial sources of … in their homes may also be exposed to sulfur dioxide. (wisconsin.gov)
  • Many types of gases-such as chlorine, phosgene, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, and ammonia-may suddenly be released during industrial accidents and may severely irritate the lungs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 261.9 K). The bond length between the nitrogen atom and the oxygen atom is 119.7 pm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nitrogen dioxide typically arises via the oxidation of nitric oxide by oxygen in air (e.g. as result of corona discharge): NO + 1⁄2 O2 → NO2 Nitrogen dioxide is formed in most combustion processes using air as the oxidant. (wikipedia.org)
  • For the general public, the most prominent sources of NO2 are internal combustion engines, as combustion temperatures are high enough to thermally combine some of the nitrogen and oxygen in the air to form NO2. (wikipedia.org)
  • 5. Nitrogen-doped nano-titanium dioxide used in drinking water treatment: high absorption coefficient in near ultraviolet region, long-lasting photocatalysis, stable chemical properties, harmless to human and environment, inactivation of most microorganisms and decomposition of organic pollutants in water. (nhlhotstove.com)
  • It can detect concentrations of nitrogen dioxide as minuscule as 50 parts per billion while ignoring other toxic gases present and has fast response and recovery times. (dailycal.org)
  • The change is apparent in NASA satellite images that demonstrate the country's reduction of air pollution, or more specifically, nitrogen dioxide. (nasa.gov)
  • Nitrogen-doped nano titanium dioxide is suitable for all kinds of photocatalyst sprays, nano-antibacterial coatings and sewage treatment for air pollution treatment (it can degrade the macromolecular organic compounds in waste water such as paper mills, printing and dyeing plants, alcohol plants and chemical plants into CO2 and H2O. (nhlhotstove.com)
  • 3. Nitrogen-doped nano-titanium dioxide used in coatings: preparation of photocatalytic coatings with high catalytic activity, decomposition of harmful substances and oil pollution. (nhlhotstove.com)
  • Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is a noxious and highly reactive gas that plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry and air pollution. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Monitoring nitrogen dioxide levels helps assess air quality and implement necessary measures to reduce pollution. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The market for nitrogen dioxide is primarily driven by the elevating concerns over air pollution and its adverse effect on public health and the environment. (imarcgroup.com)
  • ISO 16000-15:2008 specifies the planning of nitrogen dioxide indoor pollution measurements. (iso.org)
  • To address this research gap, we evaluated associations between highly spatially resolved estimates of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), a marker of traffic pollution, and emergency department visits for stroke in Edmonton, Canada. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stroke and long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution from nitrogen dioxide: a cohort study. (medscape.com)
  • Associations between short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality in 17 Chinese cities: the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES). (medscape.com)
  • In the meteorological field, nitrogen dioxide is used for detecting and tracking atmospheric pollution, providing crucial data for weather forecasting and climate modeling. (syndicatedanalytics.com)
  • Furthermore, the urgency to monitor and combat air pollution due to increased industrial activity and urbanization has expanded the market for nitrogen dioxide. (syndicatedanalytics.com)
  • Therefore, while nitrogen dioxide presents challenges due to its role in air pollution, it also provides a host of benefits and opportunities that drive its demand in multiple sectors. (syndicatedanalytics.com)
  • Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema following exposure to nitrogen dioxide. (medscape.com)
  • Distribution and determinants of personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in school children. (bmj.com)
  • OBJECTIVES: To assess the distribution of personal exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in school children, and to investigate factors that might influence personal exposure. (bmj.com)
  • Previous studies have suggested that ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) exposure may play a role in the phenotypes of respiratory diseases, including, but not limited to, influenza, asthma and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). (medrxiv.org)
  • Toxic nitrogen dioxide gas - an invisible and odorless air pollutant with the potential to cause health issues with long-term exposure - can be found in many places. (dailycal.org)
  • Association of indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma. (medscape.com)
  • Nitrogen dioxide is heavier than air, such that exposure in poorly ventilated, enclosed, or low-lying areas can result in asphyxiation. (cdc.gov)
  • Critical review of the human data on short-term nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposures: evidence for NO2 no-effect levels. (medscape.com)
  • Nitric oxide is rapidly oxidized in air at high concentrations to form nitrogen dioxide. (cdc.gov)
  • The report also provides a segment-wise and region-wise breakup of the global nitrogen dioxide industry. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The report provides an analysis of the global nitrogen dioxide market performance, market breakup by segment and region, price trends, key market players and impact of COVID-19 on the market. (syndicatedanalytics.com)
  • The map shown below, depicting results of satellite measurements over Europe, illustrates nitrogen dioxide as largescale pollutant, with rural background ground level concentrations in some areas around 30 g/m , not far below unhealthful levels. (jjstech.com)
  • Nitrogen dioxide is toxic by inhalation, but this could be avoided as the material is acrid and easily detected byour sense of smell. (jjstech.com)
  • 8] M.A. Bauer, M.J. Utell, P.E. Morrow, D.M. Speers, F.R. Gibb, Inhalation of 0.30 ppm nitrogen dioxide potentiates exercise-induced bronchospasm in asthmatics, Am.Rev. Respir. (mrforum.com)
  • Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is a reddish-brown gas that has a sharp, harsh odor at higher concentrations but may be clear and odorless at lower, but still harmful, concentrations. (medscape.com)
  • Nitrogen dioxide, symbolized as NO2, is a reddish-brown gas with a characteristically sharp, acrid odor. (syndicatedanalytics.com)
  • Nitrogen dioxide is a colorless to brown liquid at room temperature and a reddish-brown gas above 70°F poorly soluble in water. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrogen dioxide is a paramagnetic, bent molecule with C2v point group symmetry. (wikipedia.org)
  • This Molecule: Nitrogen Dioxide Color clipart is great to illustrate your teaching materials. (abcteach.com)
  • This Molecule: Nitrogen Dioxide Color clipart is provided in jpeg format. (abcteach.com)
  • the latter exists in equilibrium with its dimer, nitrogen tetroxide. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) sensor is a replacement sensor for any of the MultiRAE family of gas detection meters and the ToxiRAE Pro. (allsafeindustries.com)
  • The sensor is notable since existing sensors can only be used in high temperatures, cannot selectively detect nitrogen dioxide well and recover slowly, according to campus postdoctoral scholar Amin Azizi. (dailycal.org)
  • The sensor is the culmination of years of research into the material and its potential as an effective nitrogen dioxide sensor, Dogan added. (dailycal.org)
  • 18] J. Brunet, V.P. Garcia, A. Pauly, C. Varenne, B. Lauron, An optimised gas sensor microsystem for accurate and real-time measurement of nitrogen dioxide at ppb level, Sens. (mrforum.com)
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Gas Detector RNO2-series have replaceable Electrochemical Cell (sensor). (ventilationcontrolproducts.net)
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Gas Detector RNO2-series have 2 years expected sensor life time. (ventilationcontrolproducts.net)
  • What are Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles? (nhlhotstove.com)
  • Brazil, the world's largest sugar producer, has recently switched to ethanol titanium dioxide price is predicted to go higher in the future. (nhlhotstove.com)
  • Nitrogen-doped photocatalytic nano titanium dioxide is a white loose powder. (nhlhotstove.com)
  • 1. Nitrogen doping causes the absorption wavelength of nanometer titanium dioxide to red shift to visible light, which can significantly improve the projection effect of visible light catalysis. (nhlhotstove.com)
  • 1. Nitrogen-doped nano-titanium dioxide used in ceramics: the ceramics made by adding 0.5% photocatalytic nano-titanium dioxide have high catalytic activity, self-cleaning, anti-fouling and deodorization functions. (nhlhotstove.com)
  • If you are looking for the latest Titanium Dioxide price , you can send us your inquiry for a quote. (nhlhotstove.com)
  • Luoyang Tongrun Nano Technology Co. Ltd. (TRUNNANO) is a trusted Titanium Dioxide manufacturer and TiO2 supplier with over 12-year-experience. (nhlhotstove.com)
  • If you are looking for high-quality Titanium Dioxide powder , please feel free to contact us and send an inquiry. (nhlhotstove.com)
  • The price of the titanium dioxide may not decrease significantly in the short term. (nhlhotstove.com)
  • 16] N.M. Elsayed, Toxicity of nitrogen dioxide: An introduction, Toxicol. (mrforum.com)
  • Title 40, Part 50 of the Code of the Federal Regulations lists the ambient air quality standard for nitrogen dioxide. (stanford.edu)
  • IMARC Group's report, titled "Nitrogen Dioxide Manufacturing Plant Project Report 2024: Industry Trends, Plant Setup, Machinery, Raw Materials, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, " provides a complete roadmap for setting up a nitrogen dioxide manufacturing plant. (imarcgroup.com)
  • PM 2.5 and PM 10 were measured using Nova Fitness SDS011 sensors, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ) using Palmes tubes and odour annoyance was reported. (mdpi.com)
  • They are produced commercially, usually as the first step in the production of nitric acid, either by the direct oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen in the electric arc (Birkeland-Eyder Process) or by the catalytic oxidation of anhydrous ammonia (Oswald Process). (cdc.gov)
  • ALVI Automation (India) Pvt Ltd, a Division of ALVI Technology Pty Ltd, Australia ( Td/As Gas Alarm Systems) is pleased to introduce our world-class cutting edge Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Gas Detector and Monitor. (alviautomation.com)
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Gas Detector RNO2-series is intended for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) measurement of vehicle exhaust (from running diesel engines) measuring at garages, auto parks, road tunnels etc. (ventilationcontrolproducts.net)
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Gas Detector RNO2-series have analog outputs 2 x 0-10 Vdc 4-20 mA (user settable) and RS485, Modbus RTU protocol. (ventilationcontrolproducts.net)
  • Power supply for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Gas Detector RNO2-series is 24 Vdc, 24 Vac is optionional. (ventilationcontrolproducts.net)
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Gas Detector RNO2-series enlosure is IP65. (ventilationcontrolproducts.net)
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Gas Detector RNO2 can be supplied with a remote LCD display, wall mount enclosure with 3 meter cable as option. (ventilationcontrolproducts.net)
  • The harmful impacts of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) include acid rain, respiratory diseases, allergy and photochemical smog. (mrforum.com)
  • Nitrogen dioxide is formed in most combustion processes using air as the oxidant. (jjstech.com)
  • Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO2. (wikipedia.org)
  • documentation NitrogenDioxide EnglishLanguage " NitrogenDioxide is a chemical compound in the state of Gas , with a chemical formula of NO2. (ontologyportal.org)
  • Synonyms for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) include dinitrogen tetroxide, nitrogen peroxide, nitrogen tetroxide, and NTO. (cdc.gov)
  • This polygon shapefile depicts nonattainment and maintenance areas for the United States and its Territories for the enforcement of the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) annual mean NAAQS, which is 0.053 ppmNitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a brownish, highly reactive gas that is present in all urban atmospheres. (stanford.edu)
  • Moreover, nitrogen dioxide's role in forming nitric acid - a key ingredient in fertilizers - cannot be overlooked, positioning it as an important component in global food production. (syndicatedanalytics.com)
  • The demand in the agricultural sector for fertilizers, which require nitric acid made possible by nitrogen dioxide, is one of the primary drivers. (syndicatedanalytics.com)
  • Nitrogen dioxide gas affects the respiratory system and can be fatal when consumed in high doses. (mining-technology.com)
  • Synonyms for nitric oxide (NO) include mononitrogen monoxide and nitrogen monoxide. (cdc.gov)
  • This technology allows direct measurement of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), rather than an indirect calculation from a chemiluminescence analyser. (fixturlaser.com)
  • The mixture includes nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), nitrogen trioxide (N 2 O 3 ), nitrogen tetroxide (N 2 O 4 ), and nitrogen pentoxide (N 2 O 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • At carrying out of the reaction is a liquid nitrogen oxide (IV) and zinc in powder form. (sciencealpha.com)
  • Silo filler's disease (which mostly affects farmers) results from inhaling fumes that contain nitrogen dioxide given off by moist silage, such as fresh corn or grains. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Acute effects of nitrogen dioxide after accidental release. (cdc.gov)
  • An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) - Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). (medscape.com)
  • Both nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide are gases at room temperature. (cdc.gov)
  • National Trends in Nitrogen Dioxide Levels. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, they may be exposed to higher levels of nitrogen dioxide than adults in the same location because of their short stature and the higher levels of nitrogen dioxide found nearer to the ground. (cdc.gov)
  • On contact with moisture, nitrogen dioxide forms a mixture of nitric and nitrous acids. (cdc.gov)