A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
A benign neoplasm that usually arises from the sympathetic trunk in the mediastinum. Histologic features include spindle cell proliferation (resembling a neurofibroma) and the presence of large ganglion cells. The tumor may present clinically with HORNER SYNDROME or diarrhea due to ectopic production of vasoactive intestinal peptide. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p966)
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
Proteins coded by oncogenes. They include proteins resulting from the fusion of an oncogene and another gene (ONCOGENE PROTEINS, FUSION).
A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.
Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (myc) originally isolated from an avian myelocytomatosis virus. The proto-oncogene myc (c-myc) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Truncation of the first exon, which appears to regulate c-myc expression, is crucial for tumorigenicity. The human c-myc gene is located at 8q24 on the long arm of chromosome 8.
A moderately malignant neoplasm composed of primitive neuroectodermal cells dispersed in myxomatous or fibrous stroma intermixed with mature ganglion cells. It may undergo transformation into a neuroblastoma. It arises from the sympathetic trunk or less frequently from the adrenal medulla, cerebral cortex, and other locations. Cervical ganglioneuroblastomas may be associated with HORNER SYNDROME and the tumor may occasionally secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide, resulting in chronic diarrhea.
Vanilmandelic acid (VMA) is a major metabolite of catecholamines, specifically normetanephrine and metanephrine, which are produced by the adrenal gland and can be measured in urine to help diagnose pheochromocytoma or neuroblastoma.
A malignant olfactory neuroblastoma arising from the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity and cribriform plate. It is uncommon (3% of nasal tumors) and rarely is associated with the production of excess hormones (e.g., SIADH, Cushing Syndrome). It has a high propensity for multiple local recurrences and bony metastases. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3rd ed, p1245; J Laryngol Otol 1998 Jul;112(7):628-33)
A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.
Abdominal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors occurring within the abdominal cavity, which can be benign or malignant, and affect various organs such as the pancreas, liver, kidneys, or intestines.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.
A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.
Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.
Tumors or cancer of the ADRENAL GLANDS.
An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
'Iodobenzenes' are aromatic organic compounds consisting of a benzene ring substituted with an iodine atom (I), typically represented by the chemical formula C6H5I.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Any cell, other than a ZYGOTE, that contains elements (such as NUCLEI and CYTOPLASM) from two or more different cells, usually produced by artificial CELL FUSION.
The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.
Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-myc genes. They are normally involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Elevated and deregulated (constitutive) expression of c-myc proteins can cause tumorigenesis.
Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.
A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.
In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major metabolite of dopamine, formed in the body through the catabolic breakdown of this neurotransmitter by the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase and then further metabolized in the liver before excretion in urine.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.
Cells from adult organisms that have been reprogrammed into a pluripotential state similar to that of EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS.
Cells that can give rise to cells of the three different GERM LAYERS.

Glycopeptides from the surgace of human neuroblastoma cells. (1/5127)

Glycopeptides suggesting a complex oligosaccharide composition are present on the surface of cells from human neuroblastoma tumors and several cell lines derived from the tumors. The glycopeptides, labeled with radioactive L-fucose, were removed from the cell surface with trypsin, digested with Pronase, and examined by chromatography on Sephadex G-50. Human skin fibroblasts, brain cells, and a fibroblast line derived from neuroblastoma tumor tissue show less complex glycopeptides. Although some differences exist between the cell lines and the primary tumor cells, the similarities between these human tumors and animal tumors examined previously are striking.  (+info)

Expression of the naturally occurring truncated trkB neurotrophin receptor induces outgrowth of filopodia and processes in neuroblastoma cells. (2/5127)

We have investigated the effects of the truncated trkB receptor isoform T1 (trkB.T1) by transient transfection into mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells. We observed that expression of trkB.T1 leads to a striking change in cell morphology characterized by outgrowth of filopodia and processes. A similar morphological response was also observed in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and NIH3T3 fibroblasts transfected with trkB.T1. N2a cells lack endogenous expression of trkB isoforms, but express barely detectable amounts of its ligands, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). The morphological change was ligand-independent, since addition of exogenous BDNF or NT-4 or blockade of endogenous trkB ligands did not influence this response. Filopodia and process outgrowth was significantly suppressed when full-length trkB.TK+ was cotransfected together with trkB.T1 and this inhibitory effect was blocked by tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a. Transfection of trkB.T1 deletion mutants showed that the morphological response is dependent on the extracellular, but not the intracellular domain of the receptor. Our results suggest a novel ligand-independent role for truncated trkB in the regulation of cellular morphology.  (+info)

p73 at chromosome 1p36.3 is lost in advanced stage neuroblastoma but its mutation is infrequent. (3/5127)

p73, a novel p53 family member, is a recently identified candidate neuroblastoma (NBL) suppressor gene mapped at chromosome 1p36.33 and was found to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in cell lines. To test the hypothesis that p73 is a NBL suppressor gene, we analysed the p73 gene in primary human NBLs. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for p73 was observed in 19% (28/151) of informative cases which included 92 mass-screening (MS) tumors. The high frequency of p73 LOH was significantly associated with sporadic NBLs (9% vs 34%, P<0.001), N-myc amplification (10% vs 71%, P<0.001), and advanced stage (14% vs 28%, P<0.05). Both p73alpha and p73beta transcripts were detectable in only 46 of 134 (34%) NBLs at low levels by RT-PCR methods, while they were easily detectable in most breast cancers and colorectal cancers under the same conditions. They found no correlation between p73 LOH and its expression levels (P>0.1). We found two mutations out of 140 NBLs, one somatic and one germline, which result in amino acid substitutions in the C-terminal region of p73 which may affect transactivation functions, though, in the same tumor samples, no mutation of the p53 gene was observed as reported previously. These results suggest that allelic loss of the p73 gene may be a later event in NBL tumorigenesis. However, p73 is infrequently mutated in primary NBLs and may hardly function as a tumor suppressor in a classic Knudson's manner.  (+info)

Cadmium-mediated activation of the metal response element in human neuroblastoma cells lacking functional metal response element-binding transcription factor-1. (4/5127)

Metal response element-binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) binds specifically to metal response elements (MREs) and transactivates metallothionein (MT) gene expression in response to zinc and cadmium. This investigation contrasts the mechanism of mouse MT gene (mMT-I) promoter activation by cadmium and zinc in IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells to determine whether MTF-1 binding to the MRE is necessary for activation by these metals. Cadmium activated a mMT-1 promoter (-150 base pairs) luciferase reporter 20-25-fold through a MRE-dependent mechanism. In contrast, zinc had little effect on the mMT-1 luciferase reporter. IMR-32 cells lacked MRE binding activity, and treatment with zinc in vitro or in vivo did not generate a MTF-1. MRE complex, suggesting that IMR-32 cells lack functional MTF-1. Overexpression of mMTF-1 regenerated a zinc-mediated induction of the MRE without affecting cadmium activation. Because no other transition metals tested activated the MRE, this effect appeared to be cadmium-specific. These data demonstrate that in IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells, zinc and cadmium can use independent mechanisms for activation of the mMT-I promoter and cadmium-mediated MRE activation is independent of MTF-1 and zinc.  (+info)

Inhibition of angiogenesis induces chromaffin differentiation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma. (5/5127)

Inhibition of angiogenesis has been shown to reduce tumor growth, metastasis, and tumor microvascular density in experimental models. To these effects we would now like to add induction of differentiation, based on biological analysis of xenografted human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y, WAG rnu/rnu) treated with the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470. Treatment with TNP-470 (10 mg/kg s.c., n = 15) reduced the tumor growth by 66% and stereological vascular parameters (Lv, Vv, Sv) by 36-45%. The tumor cell apoptotic fraction increased more than threefold, resulting in a decrease in viable tumor cells by 33%. In contrast, the mean vascular diameter (29 microm) and the mean tumor cell proliferative index (49%) were unaffected. TNP-470-treated tumors exhibited striking chromaffin differentiation of neuroblastoma cells, observed as increased expression of insulin-like growth factor II gene (+88%), tyrosine hydroxylase (+96%), chromogranin A, and cellular processes. Statistical analysis revealed an inverse correlation between differentiation and angiogenesis. It is suggested that by inhibiting angiogenesis, TNP-470 induces metabolic stress, resulting in chromaffin differentiation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma. Such agonal differentiation may be the link between angiostatic therapy and tumor cell apoptosis.  (+info)

Binding partners for the myelin-associated glycoprotein of N2A neuroblastoma cells. (6/5127)

The myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) has been proposed to be important for the integrity of myelinated axons. For a better understanding of the interactions involved in the binding of MAG to neuronal axons, we performed this study to identify the binding partners for MAG on neuronal cells. Experiments with glycosylation inhibitors revealed that sialylated N-glycans of glycoproteins represent the major binding sites for MAG on the neuroblastoma cell line N2A. From extracts of [3H]glucosamine-labelled N2A cells several glycoproteins with molecular weights between 20 and 230 kDa were affinity-precipitated using immobilised MAG. The interactions of these proteins with MAG were sialic acid-dependent and specific for MAG.  (+info)

Comparison of two in vitro activation systems for protoxicant organophosphorous esterase inhibitors. (7/5127)

In order to perform in vitro testing of esterase inhibition caused by organophosphorous (OP) protoxicants, simple, reliable methods are needed to convert protoxicants to their esterase-inhibiting forms. Incubation of parathion or chlorpyrifos with 0.05% bromine solution or uninduced rat liver microsomes (RLM) resulted in production of the corresponding oxygen analogs of these OP compounds and markedly increased esterase inhibition in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Neither activation system affected cell viability or the activity of AChE or NTE in the absence of OP compounds. Although parathion and chlorpyrifos were activated by RLM, bromine activation required fewer steps and produced more esterase inhibition for a given concentration of chlorpyrifos. However, RLM activation of OP protoxicants produced metabolites other than oxygen analogs and may, therefore, be more relevant as a surrogate for OP biotransformation in vivo. This methodology makes the use of intact cells for in vitro testing of esterase inhibition caused by protoxicant organophosphate compounds a viable alternative to in vivo tests.  (+info)

MycN sensitizes neuroblastoma cells for drug-induced apoptosis. (8/5127)

Amplification of the MYCN gene is found in a large proportion of neuroblastoma and considered as an adverse prognostic factor. To investigate the effect of ectopic MycN expression on the susceptibility of neuroblastoma cells to cytotoxic drugs we used a human neuroblastoma cell line harboring tetracycline-controlled expression of MycN. Neither conditional expression of MycN alone nor low drug concentrations triggered apoptosis. However, when acting in concert, MycN and cytotoxic drugs efficiently induced cell death. Apoptosis depended on mitochondrial permeability transition and activation of caspases, since the mitochondrion-specific inhibitor bongkrekic acid and the caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk almost completely abrogated apoptosis. Loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria preceded activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP. CD95 expression was upregulated by treatment with cytotoxic drugs, while MycN cooperated with cytotoxic drugs to increase sensitivity to CD95-induced apoptosis and enhancing CD95-L expression. MycN overexpression and cytotoxic drugs also synergized to induce p53 and Bax protein expression, while Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) protein levels remained unchanged. Since amplification of MYCN is usually associated with a poor prognosis, these findings suggest that dysfunctions in apoptosis pathways may be a mechanism by which MycN-induced apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells is inhibited.  (+info)

Neuroblastoma is defined as a type of cancer that develops from immature nerve cells found in the fetal or early postnatal period, called neuroblasts. It typically occurs in infants and young children, with around 90% of cases diagnosed before age five. The tumors often originate in the adrenal glands but can also arise in the neck, chest, abdomen, or spine. Neuroblastoma is characterized by its ability to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, including bones, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and skin. The severity and prognosis of neuroblastoma can vary widely, depending on factors such as the patient's age at diagnosis, stage of the disease, and specific genetic features of the tumor.

A cell line that is derived from tumor cells and has been adapted to grow in culture. These cell lines are often used in research to study the characteristics of cancer cells, including their growth patterns, genetic changes, and responses to various treatments. They can be established from many different types of tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Once established, these cell lines can be grown and maintained indefinitely in the laboratory, allowing researchers to conduct experiments and studies that would not be feasible using primary tumor cells. It is important to note that tumor cell lines may not always accurately represent the behavior of the original tumor, as they can undergo genetic changes during their time in culture.

A ganglioneuroma is a type of benign (noncancerous) tumor that arises from the nerve cells called ganglia in the autonomic nervous system. These tumors typically develop in the abdomen or chest and are most commonly found in children and adolescents, although they can occur at any age.

Ganglioneuromas are composed of mature nerve cells (ganglion cells) and supporting tissue called stroma. They tend to grow slowly and usually do not cause any symptoms unless they become very large or press on nearby organs. In some cases, ganglioneuromas may produce hormones that can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, flushing, or heart palpitations.

While ganglioneuromas are generally benign, there is a small risk that they may become malignant (cancerous) and develop into a type of tumor called a ganglioneuroblastoma or neuroblastoma. For this reason, it is important to monitor these tumors closely and remove them if they grow too large or cause symptoms.

Treatment for ganglioneuromas typically involves surgical removal of the tumor. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be recommended, particularly if there is a risk of malignant transformation.

'Tumor cells, cultured' refers to the process of removing cancerous cells from a tumor and growing them in controlled laboratory conditions. This is typically done by isolating the tumor cells from a patient's tissue sample, then placing them in a nutrient-rich environment that promotes their growth and multiplication.

The resulting cultured tumor cells can be used for various research purposes, including the study of cancer biology, drug development, and toxicity testing. They provide a valuable tool for researchers to better understand the behavior and characteristics of cancer cells outside of the human body, which can lead to the development of more effective cancer treatments.

It is important to note that cultured tumor cells may not always behave exactly the same way as they do in the human body, so findings from cell culture studies must be validated through further research, such as animal models or clinical trials.

Oncogene proteins are derived from oncogenes, which are genes that have the potential to cause cancer. Normally, these genes help regulate cell growth and division, but when they become altered or mutated, they can become overactive and lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division, which is a hallmark of cancer. Oncogene proteins can contribute to tumor formation and progression by promoting processes such as cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Examples of oncogene proteins include HER2/neu, EGFR, and BCR-ABL.

3-Iodobenzylguanidine (3-IBG) is a radioactive tracer drug that is used in nuclear medicine to help diagnose and evaluate pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, which are rare tumors of the adrenal glands or nearby nerve tissue. It works by accumulating in the cells of these tumors, allowing them to be detected through imaging techniques such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans.

The drug contains a radioactive isotope of iodine (I-123 or I-131) that emits gamma rays, which can be detected by a gamma camera during the imaging procedure. The 3-IBG molecule also includes a guanidine group, which selectively binds to the norepinephrine transporter (NET) on the surface of the tumor cells, allowing the drug to accumulate within the tumor tissue.

It is important to note that the use of 3-IBG should be under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as it involves exposure to radiation and may have potential side effects.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Genes, myc" is not a recognized medical term or abbreviation. It seems like there might be a misunderstanding or a missing word in the request. "Myc" could refer to the Myc family of transcription factors that are involved in cell growth and division, and are often deregulated in cancer. However, without more context, it's difficult to provide an accurate definition. If you could provide more information or clarify your question, I would be happy to help further!

Ganglioneuroblastoma is a rare tumor that arises from the neural crest cells, which are immature cells in the sympathetic nervous system. It typically occurs in children who are younger than 10 years old, with most diagnoses occurring within the first year of life. The tumor can develop anywhere along the sympathetic nervous system but is most commonly found in the adrenal glands (small glands located on top of each kidney) or along the spine.

Ganglioneuroblastoma is a type of neuroblastoma, which is a broader category of tumors that also arise from neural crest cells. Ganglioneuroblastomas are unique within this group because they have a mix of both mature and immature cells. The presence of these more mature cells can make ganglioneuroblastomas less aggressive than other neuroblastomas, although the behavior of the tumor can vary widely depending on factors such as its size, location, and whether it has spread to other parts of the body (metastasized).

Treatment for ganglioneuroblastoma typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The specific approach will depend on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health, and the stage and aggressiveness of the tumor. With appropriate treatment, many children with ganglioneuroblastoma can achieve long-term survival and even cure.

Vanilmandelic acid (VMA) is a metabolite produced in the body as a result of the breakdown of catecholamines, which are hormones such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Specifically, VMA is the major end product of epinephrine and norepinephrine metabolism.

In clinical medicine, measurement of VMA in urine is often used as a diagnostic test for pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor that arises from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland and can cause excessive production of catecholamines. Elevated levels of VMA in the urine may indicate the presence of a pheochromocytoma or other conditions associated with increased catecholamine secretion, such as neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroma.

It's important to note that while VMA is a useful diagnostic marker for pheochromocytoma and related conditions, it is not specific to these disorders and can be elevated in other medical conditions as well. Therefore, the test should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and diagnostic tests.

Esthesioneuroblastoma, also known as olfactory neuroblastoma, is a rare type of malignant tumor that develops in the upper part of the nasal cavity, near the area responsible for the sense of smell (olfaction). It arises from the olfactory nerve cells and typically affects adults between 20 to 50 years old, although it can occur at any age.

Esthesioneuroblastomas are characterized by their aggressive growth and potential to spread to other parts of the head and neck, as well as distant organs such as the lungs, bones, and bone marrow. Symptoms may include nasal congestion, nosebleeds, loss of smell, facial pain or numbness, bulging eyes, and visual disturbances.

Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and biopsy. Treatment typically involves surgical resection of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to reduce the risk of recurrence. Regular follow-up care is essential due to the possibility of late relapse.

Overall, prognosis varies depending on factors such as the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's age, and the effectiveness of treatment. While some individuals may experience long-term survival or even cure, others may face more aggressive tumor behavior and a higher risk of recurrence.

Gene amplification is a process in molecular biology where a specific gene or set of genes are copied multiple times, leading to an increased number of copies of that gene within the genome. This can occur naturally in cells as a response to various stimuli, such as stress or exposure to certain chemicals, but it can also be induced artificially through laboratory techniques for research purposes.

In cancer biology, gene amplification is often associated with tumor development and progression, where the amplified genes can contribute to increased cell growth, survival, and drug resistance. For example, the overamplification of the HER2/neu gene in breast cancer has been linked to more aggressive tumors and poorer patient outcomes.

In diagnostic and research settings, gene amplification techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are commonly used to detect and analyze specific genes or genetic sequences of interest. These methods allow researchers to quickly and efficiently generate many copies of a particular DNA sequence, facilitating downstream analysis and detection of low-abundance targets.

Abdominal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the abdomen that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can occur in any of the organs within the abdominal cavity, including the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys.

Abdominal neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, changes in bowel habits, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and fever. In some cases, abdominal neoplasms may not cause any symptoms until they have grown quite large or spread to other parts of the body.

The diagnosis of abdominal neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical exam, medical history, imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs, and sometimes biopsy to confirm the type of tumor. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that occur within the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their growth can compress or infiltrate surrounding tissues, leading to various neurological symptoms. The causes of nervous system neoplasms are not fully understood but may involve genetic factors, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, and certain viral infections. Treatment options depend on the type, location, and size of the tumor and can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Gangliosides are a type of complex lipid molecule known as sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids. They are predominantly found in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, particularly in the nervous system. Gangliosides play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, signal transduction, and cell adhesion. They are especially abundant in the ganglia (nerve cell clusters) of the peripheral and central nervous systems, hence their name.

Gangliosides consist of a hydrophobic ceramide portion and a hydrophilic oligosaccharide chain that contains one or more sialic acid residues. The composition and structure of these oligosaccharide chains can vary significantly among different gangliosides, leading to the classification of various subtypes, such as GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b.

Abnormalities in ganglioside metabolism or expression have been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and various lysosomal storage diseases like Tay-Sachs and Gaucher's diseases. Additionally, certain bacterial toxins, such as botulinum neurotoxin and tetanus toxin, target gangliosides to gain entry into neuronal cells, causing their toxic effects.

Apoptosis is a programmed and controlled cell death process that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a natural process that helps maintain tissue homeostasis by eliminating damaged, infected, or unwanted cells. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes a series of morphological changes, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into membrane-bound vesicles called apoptotic bodies. These bodies are then recognized and engulfed by neighboring cells or phagocytic cells, preventing an inflammatory response. Apoptosis is regulated by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways that involve proteins such as caspases, Bcl-2 family members, and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs).

Neoplastic gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and other molecules from genes in neoplastic cells, or cells that are part of a tumor or cancer. In a normal cell, gene expression is tightly regulated to ensure that the right genes are turned on or off at the right time. However, in cancer cells, this regulation can be disrupted, leading to the overexpression or underexpression of certain genes.

Neoplastic gene expression regulation can be affected by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and signals from the tumor microenvironment. These changes can lead to the activation of oncogenes (genes that promote cancer growth and development) or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (genes that prevent cancer).

Understanding neoplastic gene expression regulation is important for developing new therapies for cancer, as targeting specific genes or pathways involved in this process can help to inhibit cancer growth and progression.

Bone marrow neoplasms are a type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced. These neoplasms can be divided into two main categories: hematologic (or liquid) malignancies and solid tumors.

Hematologic malignancies include leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. Leukemias are cancers of the white blood cells, which normally fight infections. In leukemia, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells that do not function properly, leading to an increased risk of infection, anemia, and bleeding.

Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system, which helps to fight infections and remove waste from the body. Lymphoma can affect the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and bone marrow. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to help fight infections. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and produce large amounts of abnormal antibodies, leading to bone damage, anemia, and an increased risk of infection.

Solid tumors of the bone marrow are rare and include conditions such as chordomas, Ewing sarcomas, and osteosarcomas. These cancers originate in the bones themselves or in other tissues that support the bones, but they can also spread to the bone marrow.

Treatment for bone marrow neoplasms depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Adrenal gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the adrenal glands. These glands are located on top of each kidney and are responsible for producing hormones that regulate various bodily functions such as metabolism, blood pressure, and stress response. Adrenal gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign adrenal tumors are called adenomas and are usually small and asymptomatic. However, some adenomas may produce excessive amounts of hormones, leading to symptoms such as high blood pressure, weight gain, and mood changes.

Malignant adrenal tumors are called adrenocortical carcinomas and are rare but aggressive cancers that can spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms of adrenocortical carcinoma may include abdominal pain, weight loss, and hormonal imbalances.

It is important to diagnose and treat adrenal gland neoplasms early to prevent complications and improve outcomes. Diagnostic tests may include imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs, as well as hormone level testing and biopsy. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Tretinoin is a form of vitamin A that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris, fine wrinkles, and dark spots caused by aging or sun damage. It works by increasing the turnover of skin cells, helping to unclog pores and promote the growth of new skin cells. Tretinoin is available as a cream, gel, or liquid, and is usually applied to the affected area once a day in the evening. Common side effects include redness, dryness, and peeling of the skin. It is important to avoid sunlight and use sunscreen while using tretinoin, as it can make the skin more sensitive to the sun.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Iodobenzenes are organic compounds that contain a iodine atom (I) attached to a benzene ring. The general formula for iodobenzenes is C6H5I. They can be considered as aryl halides and can undergo various chemical reactions such as nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic aromatic substitution, and reduction. Iodobenzenes are less reactive than other aryl halides due to the larger size and lower electronegativity of iodine compared to other halogens. They are used in organic synthesis as building blocks or reagents for various chemical transformations.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hybrid cells" is not a standard medical term with a widely accepted or specific definition in the field of medicine. The term "hybrid" is used in various scientific and medical contexts to describe combinations or mixtures of different elements, such as hybridoma cells (a type of fusion cell used in research, created by combining a B cell and a tumor cell) or hybridization (in genetics, the process of combining DNA from two different sources).

Without more specific context, it's difficult to provide an accurate medical definition for "hybrid cells." If you could provide more information about the context in which this term was used, I would be happy to help you further!

Cell survival refers to the ability of a cell to continue living and functioning normally, despite being exposed to potentially harmful conditions or treatments. This can include exposure to toxins, radiation, chemotherapeutic drugs, or other stressors that can damage cells or interfere with their normal processes.

In scientific research, measures of cell survival are often used to evaluate the effectiveness of various therapies or treatments. For example, researchers may expose cells to a particular drug or treatment and then measure the percentage of cells that survive to assess its potential therapeutic value. Similarly, in toxicology studies, measures of cell survival can help to determine the safety of various chemicals or substances.

It's important to note that cell survival is not the same as cell proliferation, which refers to the ability of cells to divide and multiply. While some treatments may promote cell survival, they may also inhibit cell proliferation, making them useful for treating diseases such as cancer. Conversely, other treatments may be designed to specifically target and kill cancer cells, even if it means sacrificing some healthy cells in the process.

Proto-oncogene proteins, such as c-Myc, are crucial regulators of normal cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). When proto-oncogenes undergo mutations or alterations in their regulation, they can become overactive or overexpressed, leading to the formation of oncogenes. Oncogenic forms of c-Myc contribute to uncontrolled cell growth and division, which can ultimately result in cancer development.

The c-Myc protein is a transcription factor that binds to specific DNA sequences, influencing the expression of target genes involved in various cellular processes, such as:

1. Cell cycle progression: c-Myc promotes the expression of genes required for the G1 to S phase transition, driving cells into the DNA synthesis and division phase.
2. Metabolism: c-Myc regulates genes associated with glucose metabolism, glycolysis, and mitochondrial function, enhancing energy production in rapidly dividing cells.
3. Apoptosis: c-Myc can either promote or inhibit apoptosis, depending on the cellular context and the presence of other regulatory factors.
4. Differentiation: c-Myc generally inhibits differentiation by repressing genes that are necessary for specialized cell functions.
5. Angiogenesis: c-Myc can induce the expression of pro-angiogenic factors, promoting the formation of new blood vessels to support tumor growth.

Dysregulation of c-Myc is frequently observed in various types of cancer, making it an important therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

Nuclear proteins are a category of proteins that are primarily found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. They play crucial roles in various nuclear functions, such as DNA replication, transcription, repair, and RNA processing. This group includes structural proteins like lamins, which form the nuclear lamina, and regulatory proteins, such as histones and transcription factors, that are involved in gene expression. Nuclear localization signals (NLS) often help target these proteins to the nucleus by interacting with importin proteins during active transport across the nuclear membrane.

Neuroectodermal tumors, primitive, peripheral (PNET) are a group of rare and aggressive malignancies that primarily affect children and young adults. These tumors arise from the primitive neuroectodermal cells, which are the precursors to the nervous system. PNETs can occur in various locations throughout the body, but when they occur outside the central nervous system (CNS), they are referred to as peripheral PNETs (pPNETs).

Peripheral PNETs are similar to Ewing sarcoma, another type of small, round blue cell tumor that arises from primitive neuroectodermal cells. In fact, some researchers consider pPNETs and Ewing sarcomas to be part of the same disease spectrum, known as the Ewing family of tumors (EFT).

Peripheral PNETs can occur in any part of the body, but they most commonly affect the bones and soft tissues of the trunk, extremities, and head and neck region. The symptoms of pPNET depend on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include pain, swelling, decreased mobility, and systemic symptoms such as fever and weight loss.

The diagnosis of pPNET typically involves a combination of imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), biopsy, and molecular testing. The treatment usually involves a multimodal approach that includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Despite aggressive treatment, the prognosis for patients with pPNET remains poor, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 30%.

Antineoplastic agents are a class of drugs used to treat malignant neoplasms or cancer. These agents work by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, either by killing them or preventing their division and replication. Antineoplastic agents can be classified based on their mechanism of action, such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and targeted therapy agents.

Alkylating agents work by adding alkyl groups to DNA, which can cause cross-linking of DNA strands and ultimately lead to cell death. Antimetabolites interfere with the metabolic processes necessary for DNA synthesis and replication, while topoisomerase inhibitors prevent the relaxation of supercoiled DNA during replication. Mitotic inhibitors disrupt the normal functioning of the mitotic spindle, which is essential for cell division. Targeted therapy agents are designed to target specific molecular abnormalities in cancer cells, such as mutated oncogenes or dysregulated signaling pathways.

It's important to note that antineoplastic agents can also affect normal cells and tissues, leading to various side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and myelosuppression (suppression of bone marrow function). Therefore, the use of these drugs requires careful monitoring and management of their potential adverse effects.

Human chromosome pair 1 refers to the first pair of chromosomes in a set of 23 pairs found in the cells of the human body, excluding sex cells (sperm and eggs). Each cell in the human body, except for the gametes, contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. These chromosomes are rod-shaped structures that contain genetic information in the form of DNA.

Chromosome pair 1 is the largest pair, making up about 8% of the total DNA in a cell. Each chromosome in the pair consists of two arms - a shorter p arm and a longer q arm - connected at a centromere. Chromosome 1 carries an estimated 2,000-2,500 genes, which are segments of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins or regulating gene expression.

Defects or mutations in the genes located on chromosome 1 can lead to various genetic disorders and diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A, Huntington's disease, and certain types of cancer.

Neurites are extensions of a neuron (a type of cell in the nervous system) that can be either an axon or a dendrite. An axon is a thin, cable-like extension that carries signals away from the cell body, while a dendrite is a branching extension that receives signals from other neurons. Neurites play a crucial role in the communication between neurons and the formation of neural networks. They are involved in the transmission of electrical and chemical signals, as well as in the growth and development of the nervous system.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Transfection is a term used in molecular biology that refers to the process of deliberately introducing foreign genetic material (DNA, RNA or artificial gene constructs) into cells. This is typically done using chemical or physical methods, such as lipofection or electroporation. Transfection is widely used in research and medical settings for various purposes, including studying gene function, producing proteins, developing gene therapies, and creating genetically modified organisms. It's important to note that transfection is different from transduction, which is the process of introducing genetic material into cells using viruses as vectors.

"Nude mice" is a term used in the field of laboratory research to describe a strain of mice that have been genetically engineered to lack a functional immune system. Specifically, nude mice lack a thymus gland and have a mutation in the FOXN1 gene, which results in a failure to develop a mature T-cell population. This means that they are unable to mount an effective immune response against foreign substances or organisms.

The name "nude" refers to the fact that these mice also have a lack of functional hair follicles, resulting in a hairless or partially hairless phenotype. This feature is actually a secondary consequence of the same genetic mutation that causes their immune deficiency.

Nude mice are commonly used in research because their weakened immune system makes them an ideal host for transplanted tumors, tissues, and cells from other species, including humans. This allows researchers to study the behavior of these foreign substances in a living organism without the complication of an immune response. However, it's important to note that because nude mice lack a functional immune system, they must be kept in sterile conditions and are more susceptible to infection than normal mice.

Cell proliferation is the process by which cells increase in number, typically through the process of cell division. In the context of biology and medicine, it refers to the reproduction of cells that makes up living tissue, allowing growth, maintenance, and repair. It involves several stages including the transition from a phase of quiescence (G0 phase) to an active phase (G1 phase), DNA replication in the S phase, and mitosis or M phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Abnormal or uncontrolled cell proliferation is a characteristic feature of many diseases, including cancer, where deregulated cell cycle control leads to excessive and unregulated growth of cells, forming tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites in the body.

Brain neoplasms, also known as brain tumors, are abnormal growths of cells within the brain. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign brain tumors typically grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause serious problems if they press on sensitive areas of the brain. Malignant brain tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can grow quickly, invading surrounding brain tissue and spreading to other parts of the brain or spinal cord.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain, including glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), neurons (nerve cells that transmit signals in the brain), and meninges (the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). They can also result from the spread of cancer cells from other parts of the body, known as metastatic brain tumors.

Symptoms of brain neoplasms may vary depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis in the limbs, difficulty with balance and coordination, changes in speech or vision, confusion, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for brain neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

Neoplasm staging is a systematic process used in medicine to describe the extent of spread of a cancer, including the size and location of the original (primary) tumor and whether it has metastasized (spread) to other parts of the body. The most widely accepted system for this purpose is the TNM classification system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC).

In this system, T stands for tumor, and it describes the size and extent of the primary tumor. N stands for nodes, and it indicates whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. M stands for metastasis, and it shows whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

Each letter is followed by a number that provides more details about the extent of the disease. For example, a T1N0M0 cancer means that the primary tumor is small and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant sites. The higher the numbers, the more advanced the cancer.

Staging helps doctors determine the most appropriate treatment for each patient and estimate the patient's prognosis. It is an essential tool for communication among members of the healthcare team and for comparing outcomes of treatments in clinical trials.

Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid, which is a class of compounds related to vitamin A. It is a medication that has been studied in clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of various types of cancer. Fenretinide works by interfering with the way that cancer cells grow and multiply.

Fenretinide has been shown to have anti-cancer effects in laboratory studies, and it has been tested in several clinical trials as a potential cancer treatment. However, the results of these studies have been mixed, and fenretinide is not currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of any type of cancer.

Like other retinoids, fenretinide can cause side effects such as dry skin, dry eyes, and changes in vision. It may also cause more serious side effects, such as liver damage and increased pressure in the brain. Fenretinide should be used with caution and under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.

The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.

In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.

RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.

Western blotting is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to detect and quantify specific proteins in a mixture of many different proteins. This technique is commonly used to confirm the expression of a protein of interest, determine its size, and investigate its post-translational modifications. The name "Western" blotting distinguishes this technique from Southern blotting (for DNA) and Northern blotting (for RNA).

The Western blotting procedure involves several steps:

1. Protein extraction: The sample containing the proteins of interest is first extracted, often by breaking open cells or tissues and using a buffer to extract the proteins.
2. Separation of proteins by electrophoresis: The extracted proteins are then separated based on their size by loading them onto a polyacrylamide gel and running an electric current through the gel (a process called sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or SDS-PAGE). This separates the proteins according to their molecular weight, with smaller proteins migrating faster than larger ones.
3. Transfer of proteins to a membrane: After separation, the proteins are transferred from the gel onto a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane using an electric current in a process called blotting. This creates a replica of the protein pattern on the gel but now immobilized on the membrane for further analysis.
4. Blocking: The membrane is then blocked with a blocking agent, such as non-fat dry milk or bovine serum albumin (BSA), to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies in subsequent steps.
5. Primary antibody incubation: A primary antibody that specifically recognizes the protein of interest is added and allowed to bind to its target protein on the membrane. This step may be performed at room temperature or 4°C overnight, depending on the antibody's properties.
6. Washing: The membrane is washed with a buffer to remove unbound primary antibodies.
7. Secondary antibody incubation: A secondary antibody that recognizes the primary antibody (often coupled to an enzyme or fluorophore) is added and allowed to bind to the primary antibody. This step may involve using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated or alkaline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated secondary antibody, depending on the detection method used later.
8. Washing: The membrane is washed again to remove unbound secondary antibodies.
9. Detection: A detection reagent is added to visualize the protein of interest by detecting the signal generated from the enzyme-conjugated or fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody. This can be done using chemiluminescent, colorimetric, or fluorescent methods.
10. Analysis: The resulting image is analyzed to determine the presence and quantity of the protein of interest in the sample.

Western blotting is a powerful technique for identifying and quantifying specific proteins within complex mixtures. It can be used to study protein expression, post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and more. However, it requires careful optimization and validation to ensure accurate and reproducible results.

Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major metabolite of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the human body. It is formed in the body when an enzyme called catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) breaks down dopamine. HVA can be measured in body fluids such as urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma to assess the activity of dopamine and the integrity of the dopaminergic system. Increased levels of HVA are associated with certain neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, while decreased levels may indicate dopamine deficiency or other conditions affecting the nervous system.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

Isotretinoin is a derivative of vitamin A, used in the treatment of severe recalcitrant nodular acne that has not responded to other therapies. It is a potent inhibitor of sebaceous gland function and keratinization. Isotretinoin is also known to have anti-inflammatory properties. It is taken orally in the form of capsules and its use requires careful monitoring due to potential teratogenic effects and other side effects, such as dryness of the skin and mucous membranes, mood changes, and liver enzyme abnormalities.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that operates largely below the level of consciousness, and it functions to produce appropriate physiological responses to perceived danger. It's often associated with the "fight or flight" response. The SNS uses nerve impulses to stimulate target organs, causing them to speed up (e.g., increased heart rate), prepare for action, or otherwise respond to stressful situations.

The sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stressful emotional or physical situations and it prepares the body for immediate actions. It dilates the pupils, increases heart rate and blood pressure, accelerates breathing, and slows down digestion. The primary neurotransmitter involved in this system is norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline).

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cells that are generated from somatic cells, such as skin or blood cells, through the introduction of specific genes encoding transcription factors. These reprogrammed cells exhibit similar characteristics to embryonic stem cells, including the ability to differentiate into any cell type of the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). The discovery and development of iPSCs have opened up new possibilities in regenerative medicine, drug testing and development, and disease modeling, while avoiding ethical concerns associated with embryonic stem cells.

Pluripotent stem cells are a type of undifferentiated stem cell that have the ability to differentiate into any cell type of the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) of a developing embryo. These cells can give rise to all the cell types that make up the human body, with the exception of those that form the extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta.

Pluripotent stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew, which means they can divide and produce more pluripotent stem cells, and differentiate, which means they can give rise to specialized cell types with specific functions. Pluripotent stem cells can be derived from embryos at the blastocyst stage of development or generated in the lab through a process called induced pluripotency, where adult cells are reprogrammed to have the properties of embryonic stem cells.

Pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering because they can be used to generate large numbers of specific cell types that can potentially replace or repair damaged or diseased tissues in the body. However, their use is still a subject of ethical debate due to concerns about the source of embryonic stem cells and the potential risks associated with their use in clinical applications.

... often spreads to other parts of the body before any symptoms are apparent, and 50 to 60% of all neuroblastoma ... Germline mutations in the PHOX2B or KIF1B gene have been implicated in familial neuroblastoma, as well. Neuroblastoma is also a ... The "International Neuroblastoma Staging System" (INSS) established in 1986 and revised in 1988 stratifies neuroblastoma ... As mIBG is not always taken up by neuroblastomas, researchers have explored in children with neuroblastoma whether another type ...
The Neuroblastoma Society, About us The Neuroblastoma Society, Befriending Support The Neuroblastoma Society (Articles lacking ... The Neuroblastoma Society is a UK charity that helps families affected by neuroblastoma by funding research and running a ... The charity was set up in 1982 by a group of parents whose children had suffered from or died of neuroblastoma. ...
... (PAN) is a striking aspect of neuroblastoma first described by Cozzutto and Carbone in ... Tornòczky T, Kàlmàn E, Kajtàr PG, Nyàri T, Pearson AD, Tweddle DA, Board J, Shimada H (2004) Large cell neuroblastoma. A ... Navarro S, Noguera R, Pellin A, Mejia C, Ruiz A, Llombart-Bosch A (2000). Pleomorphic anaplastic neuroblastoma. Med Pediat ... Appearance of focal or diffuse presence of pleomorphic and anaplastic cells is the hallmark of this neuroblastoma variant. ...
... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NHEG1 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... "Entrez Gene: Neuroblastoma highly expressed 1". Retrieved 2017-08-17. v t e (Genes on human chromosome 6, All stub articles, ...
In neuroblastoma patients who do not possess a mutated form of ALK, targeting the non-mutated form of ALK on a tumor cell can ... The cells from neuroblastoma patients have been examined, comparing those with a high expression of the CD133 glycoprotein to ... It is going through phase I/II clinical trials for treatment of neuroblastoma and NSCLC. CD133 is shown to be a marker of tumor ... In neuroblastoma cells, there can be amplification of genomic DNA regions, loss of genomic DNA regions, and genetic ...
"Entrez Gene: NRAS neuroblastoma RAS viral (v-ras) oncogene homolog". Study Comparing the Efficacy of MEK162 Versus Dacarbazine ... It was the third RAS gene to be discovered, and was named NRAS, for its initial identification in human neuroblastoma cells. ... "Isolation and preliminary characterization of the transforming gene of a human neuroblastoma cell line". PNAS. 80 (2): 383-7. ...
Neuroblastoma Alliance UK website, Your appeal with us Neuroblastoma Alliance UK website, Aarin Bhatt appeal Bird, Nick (29 ... Neuroblastoma Alliance UK website, Contact us Neuroblastoma Alliance UK website, Research The Journal of Nuclear Medicine ... which aims to improve radiation treatments for patients with neuroblastoma. The Neuroblastoma Society Help Fight Childhood ... The Neuroblastoma Children's Cancer Alliance UK, commonly referred to as NCCA UK, is a UK charity that helps children and ...
Chemotherapy for neuroblastoma may be effective, although data is contradictory and unconvincing at this point in time. ... After a diagnosis of OMS is made, an associated neuroblastoma is discovered in half of cases, with median delay of 3 months. ... It affects 2 to 3% of children with neuroblastoma and has been reported to occur with celiac disease and diseases of neurologic ... One study concludes that: "Patients with OMA and neuroblastoma have excellent survival but a high risk of neurologic sequelae. ...
Olecki E, Grant CN (December 2019). "MIBG in neuroblastoma diagnosis and treatment". Seminars in Pediatric Surgery. 28 (6): ... October 2018). "Guidelines on nuclear medicine imaging in neuroblastoma". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ... MIBG concentrates in endocrine tumors, most commonly neuroblastoma, paraganglioma, and pheochromocytoma. It also accumulates in ... "Neuroblastoma". In Holcomb GW, Murphy JP, Ostlie DJ (eds.). Ashcraft's pediatric surgery (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/ ...
The most common form of extra-cranial solid tumor in children is neuroblastoma, which represents 8% to 10% of all childhood ... The median age for the diagnosis of neuroblastoma is 22 months, being rare in adolescence and adulthood but showing poor ... The degree of differentiation of neuroblastoma is correlated to the prognosis, with a wide variety of outcomes (from tumor ... cite book}}: ,work= ignored (help) Colon NC, Chung DH (January 2011). "Neuroblastoma". Advances in Pediatrics. 58 (1): 297-311 ...
Colon, NC; Chung, DH (2011). "Neuroblastoma". Advances in Pediatrics. 58 (1): 297-311. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2011.03.011. PMC ... Secondary: metastasis, Virchow's Node, neuroblastoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Autoimmune: systemic lupus ...
Thompson LD (2009). Olfactory neuroblastoma. Head and neck pathology. 3: 252-259 Jiang GY, Li FC, Chen WK, Liu AM, Cai WQ ( ... A report from the TREP project in cooperation with the Italian Neuroblastoma and Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committees". BMC Cancer. ... Ghaffar S, Salahuddin I (March 2005). "Olfactory neuroblastoma: a case report and review of the literature". Ear, Nose, & ... Kadish S, Goodman M, Wang CC (March 1976). "Olfactory neuroblastoma. A clinical analysis of 17 cases". Cancer. 37 (3): 1571- ...
VANGL1 Neuroblastoma; 256700; NME1 Neurodegeneration due to cerebral folate transport deficiency; 613068; FOLR1 ...
In March 2018, she released her second single, "Layla", a tribute to a young girl who died from neuroblastoma cancer. Later ... "Emily Middlemas Layla Song To Be Released 16 March 2018". neuroblastoma.org. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 7 ...
... childhood neuroblastoma; ovarian cancer; mammary adenocarcinoma; and uveal melanoma. It is taken by mouth or by injection into ... childhood neuroblastoma; ovarian cancer; and mammary adenocarcinoma. In the United States, melphalan is used as a high-dose ...
Neuroblastoma breakpoint family, member 1, or NBPF1, is a protein that is encoded by the gene NBPF1 in humans. This protein is ... "NBPF1 neuroblastoma breakpoint family, member 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-02-05 ... "Neuroblastoma breakpoint family , HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee". www.genenames.org. Archived from the original on 2013-09- ... Although there are no known differences between Autism and neuroblastoma rates are known, a study has shown the existence of ...
"Chemotherapy for Neuroblastoma". cancer.org. American Cancer Society. January 22, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2017. "Chemotherapy ...
"Chemotherapy for Neuroblastoma". cancer.org. American Cancer Society. 22 January 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August ...
Goldblum, JR; Beals, TF; Weiss, SW (1994). "Neuroblastoma-like neurilemoma". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 18 (3 ... Neuroblastoma-like Neurilemoma (Schwannoma) Palisaded Myofibroblastoma (1989), described earlier that year by Saul Suster ...
Scott suffered from neuroblastoma. This foundation was started in 2005 by Alex's parents. In November 2019, Alex's Lemonade ...
Neuroblastoma cells have this as well. When dinutuximab binds to any cell that has GD2, that cell is destroyed via cell- ... Dinutuximab beta is also used as a second line treatment for children with high-risk neuroblastoma; it was tested and is used ... Each antibody is made of both mouse and human components and targets glycolipid GD2, expressed on neuroblastoma cells and on ... "Apeiron licences neuroblastoma antibody". Biocom AG. 4 October 2016. "Dinutuximab". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National ...
Taylorville was known (in the early to mid-1990s) to have had a high rate of neuroblastoma, a cancer affecting the adrenal ... Neuroblastoma Coal Tar Cancer. Clutterinvestigations.com. Retrieved on November 20, 2015. The case files for the case against ...
Mehta K, Haller JO, Legasto AC (2003). "Imaging neuroblastoma in children". Critical Reviews in Computed Tomography. 44 (1): 47 ... Acquired Horner's syndrome - usually acquired, as in neuroblastoma, although sometimes inherited. Neoplasm - Melanomas can also ...
Evans was known as the "Mother of Neuroblastoma" because of all of her work for neuroblastoma. After years of treating children ... "Previous ANRA Lifetime Achievement Awards in Neuroblastoma Research". Advances in Neuroblastoma Research Meetings. Archived ... In 1971, she created the Evans staging system for Neuroblastoma. From 1969 to 1989, she served as chair of the Division of ... Audrey Evans: The "Mother of Neuroblastoma" on how far we've come" (PDF). cncfhope.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 ...
"NEUROBLASTOMA RAS VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOG; NRAS". OMIM. Retrieved 8 April 2014. de Vos AM; Tong L; Milburn MV; et al. (1988). " ...
... or neuroblastoma. Cases of secondary cystathioninuria are not responsive to vitamin B6 administration. Under primary ... "Cystathioninuria in patients with neuroblastoma". Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 12 (2): 81-4. doi:10.1002/mpo.2950120203. ...
A bioinformatics study published in 2023 suggested that the NME1 gene might have a prognostic role in neuroblastoma. NME1 has ... Negroni A, Venturelli D, Tanno B, Amendola R, Ransac S, Cesi V, Calabretta B, Raschellà G (September 2000). "Neuroblastoma ... Mutations in this gene have been identified in aggressive neuroblastomas. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms ... "High levels of p19/nm23 protein in neuroblastoma are associated with advanced stage disease and with N-myc gene amplification ...
Immunotoxin treatment inhibits neuroblastoma growth in mice. CAR T cells targeting GPC2 can eliminate tumors in a metastatic ... Silencing of GPC2 by CRISPR/Cas9 results in the inhibition of neuroblastoma tumor cell growth. GPC2 silencing inactivates Wnt/β ... Glypican-2 is overexpressed in neuroblastoma. Mutations in this gene have also been associated with biliary atresia. Ho M, Kim ... GPC2 protein is highly expressed in about half of neuroblastoma cases and that high GPC2 expression correlates with poor ...
Neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma are the two most important tumors which arise from the adrenal medulla. Both tumors may also ... Adrenal neuroblastoma typically presents with a rapidly enlarging abdominal mass. Although the tumor has often spread to ... Treatment of neuroblastoma includes surgery and radiation therapy for localized disease, and chemotherapy for metastatic ... Adrenal cancer is the presence of malignant adrenal tumors, and includes neuroblastoma, adrenocortical carcinoma and some ...
"Omim - Neuroblastoma Ras Viral Oncogene Homolog; Nras". Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2017-09-10. Lal R, ... for its initial identification in human neuroblastoma cells. The three human ras genes encode extremely similar proteins made ... "Isolation and preliminary characterization of the transforming gene of a human neuroblastoma cell line". Proceedings of the ...
Neuroblastoma often spreads to other parts of the body before any symptoms are apparent, and 50 to 60% of all neuroblastoma ... Germline mutations in the PHOX2B or KIF1B gene have been implicated in familial neuroblastoma, as well. Neuroblastoma is also a ... The "International Neuroblastoma Staging System" (INSS) established in 1986 and revised in 1988 stratifies neuroblastoma ... As mIBG is not always taken up by neuroblastomas, researchers have explored in children with neuroblastoma whether another type ...
Neuroblastoma is a very rare type of cancerous tumor that develops from nerve tissue. It usually occurs in infants and children ... Neuroblastoma is a very rare type of cancerous tumor that develops from nerve tissue. It usually occurs in infants and children ... Neuroblastoma treatment (PDQ) - health professional version. www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq ... Most neuroblastomas begin in the abdomen, in the adrenal gland, next to the spinal cord, or in the chest. Neuroblastomas can ...
Posts about neuroblastoma written by What Doctors Dont Tell You ... Screening for neuroblastoma, a common childhood cancer, does ... My daughter died from a neuroblastoma in January 1959, aged three years and nine months. The only treatment she had was large ...
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy. It is an embryonal malignancy of the sympathetic nervous ... Histologic subtypes of neuroblastoma. Top right panel, neuroblastoma: A monotonous population of hyperchromatic cells with ... Histologic subtypes of neuroblastoma. Top right panel, neuroblastoma: A monotonous population of hyperchromatic cells with ... Improved Survival of Children with Neuroblastoma Between 1979 and 2005: A Report of the Italian Neuroblastoma Registry. J Clin ...
checking whether package neuroblastoma can be installed ... OK. See the install log for details. ...
Learn how an NCI-supported trial led by Julie Park established a new standard of care for children with high-risk neuroblastoma ... For many years, less than half of children diagnosed with high-risk neuroblastoma, a cancer that starts in immature nerve cells ... Before the COG trial, the standard treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma was a single-transplant approach that involved high- ... Tandem transplants have now become the standard of care for high-risk neuroblastoma. "Through continued research, we keep ...
Copyright © 2007-2023 STV. All rights reserved.. ...
... neuroblastoma, has answered important questions about the genesis of the disease. The researchers from the Wellcome Sanger ... Institute, Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) and their collaborators, discovered that all neuroblastomas arise from a single ... there is a patient overarching neuroblastoma cell type. The identification of sympathoblasts as the root of all neuroblastoma ... Neuroblastoma is a rare cancer that generally affects children under five years old. It begins in the abdomen, usually in the ...
Thats when he was genetically adapting CAR T-Cell therapy to treat neuroblastoma. Later, on a TheoryLab podcast, Heczey talked ... Images on the left show circled neuroblastoma tumors. Images on the right show empty circles-the absence of tumors after the ... The CAR-NKT therapy can be enhanced by disrupting a gene that promotes neuroblastoma growth, improving antitumor responses in ... from a phase 1 clinical trial of a new treatment for children who have already been heavily treated for neuroblastoma. The ...
Using this screening method, the researchers identified a compound that causes neuroblastoma cells to differentiate, uncovering ... Nearly two-thirds of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma -- a common tumor that forms in the nerve cells of children -- ... New screening approach uncovers potential alternative drug therapies for neuroblastoma. Date:. May 23, 2013. Source:. Cell ... Nearly two-thirds of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma -- a common tumor that forms in the nerve cells of children -- ...
Learn more about our current neuroblastoma clinical trials and research at Memorial Sloan Kettering. ... A Phase II Study of 131I-MIBG Alone or with Vorinostat in People with High-Risk Neuroblastoma * Diseases: Neuroblastoma ... A Pilot Study of Shortened Induction Chemotherapy for Children with High-Risk Neuroblastoma * Diseases: Neuroblastoma ... Diseases: Neuroblastoma * Locations: New York City, Commack Nonnas Garden Foundation Center, Basking Ridge, Westchester, ...
Neuroblastoma. Disease definition Neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor of neural crest cells, the cells that give rise to the ... In 90% of cases the neuroblastoma is diagnosed before the age of five. The clinical presentation of neuroblastoma is very ... Neuroblastoma has been linked to numerous genetic anomalies which affect prognosis: amplification of the oncogene MYCN (2p24.3 ... Neuroblastoma can be identified using antenatal ultrasound and therefore adequate management after the birth can be provided. ...
A sequencing study suggests circularized DNA may be a more common source of somatic rearrangements in neuroblastoma than ... Neuroblastoma Study Reveals Rearrangements Originating From Extrachromosomal Circular DNA Dec 16, 2019 , staff reporter ... While past research has pointed to a role for circularized, extrachromosomal MYCN oncogene sequences in neuroblastoma, the team ... "We demonstrate that the majority of genomic rearrangements in neuroblastoma involve circular DNA, challenging our current ...
On May 31st Miles was diagnosed with High Risk Stage 4 Neuroblastoma. Walking him into an oncology unit was one of the most ...
... who developed neuroblastoma at 5 mo of age. Cytogenetic analysis of blood lymphocytes revealed an interstitial deletion of ... Constitutional 1p36 deletion in a child with neuroblastoma Am J Hum Genet. 1993 Jan;52(1):176-82. ... We describe a child with dysmorphic features, as well as developmental and growth delay, who developed neuroblastoma at 5 mo of ... Deletions of this region are a common finding in neuroblastoma cells from patients with advanced stages of disease. Therefore, ...
These are chemical compounds with much lower IC50 value to kill the neuroblastoma cell, and are based on the structure of those ... Then, if the compounds we identified had the ability to kill the neuroblastoma tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo, the ... This has been difficult because although neuroblastoma is terrible, in absolute terms it is still a very small market, and few ... Phase 1 of HFCC targeted neuroblastoma, and we are now developing a Phase 2 that will target many more childhood cancers. This ...
... the worlds largest sample collection for neuroblastoma. A cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, neuroblastoma most ... Neuroblastoma remains one of the most puzzling of childhood cancers -- ranging from cases of widespread but benign tumors in ... Just three years ago, he wrote a review article on neuroblastoma for The Lancet. Since that time, a stream of discoveries from ... In his article in the June 10, 2010 New England Journal of Medicine, Recent Advances in Neuroblastoma, Maris reviews the ...
... nurses and a full support staff at Tufts Medical Center in Boston treat neuroblastoma. ... Neuroblastoma is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that develops from nerve tissue. It usually occurs in infants and children.. ... Giving iobenguane I-131 or crizotinib and standard therapy may work better in treating younger patients with neuroblastoma or ... or Crizotinib Added to Intensive Therapy for Children With Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Neuroblastoma (NBL). This partially ...
Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice ... Genetic predisposition to neuroblastoma results from a regulatory polymorphism that promotes the adrenergic cell state. J Clin ... "Neuroblastoma" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Survival of Patients With Neuroblastoma After Assignment to Reduced Therapy Because of the 12- to 18-Month Change in Age Cutoff ...
Proteasomal inhibition hypersensitizes differentiated neuroblastoma cells to oxidative damage. Download Prime PubMed App to ... Neuroblastoma cells were stably transfected with wild type (WT) and A53T mutant alpha-synuclein. Naïve and transfected cells ... Neuroblastoma cells were stably transfected with wild type (WT) and A53T mutant alpha-synuclein. Naïve and transfected cells ... Differential cytotoxicity of human wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in the presence of ...
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common early childhood cancers. The new clinical trial uses a variation of an existing ... Neuroblastoma is one of the most common early childhood cancers, affecting immature nerve cells, called neuroblasts. In this ... and we think its really a better way to treat kids with neuroblastoma because its just so much more tolerable." ... site participating in a clinical trial to advance a new combination method of treating neuroblastoma that reduces the painful ...
Learn more about the Neuroblastoma Biology clinical studies at Childrens Hospital. ... Neuroblastomas Clinical Studies*Neuroblastoma Biology Studies. *Neuroblastoma Treatment Guided by Biology-Based Risk Factors - ... Neuroblastoma Biology Studies. ANBL00B1: Neuroblastoma Biology Studies Protocol Description. The purpose of this Childrens ... Neuroblastoma Treatment Using 131I-MIBG or Lorlatinib - Phase III. *Neuroblastoma Treatment Using Eflornithine in Chemotherapy ...
A method to cure neuroblastoma tumors in mice has been discovered by Children’s National researchers, opening the door ... Childrens National Finds Neuroblastoma Tumor Cure in Mice Studies. * Childrens National First in US to Destroy Bone Tumors ... Childrens National Finds Neuroblastoma Tumor Cure in Mice Studies July 29, 2015 ... Washington, DC - A method to cure neuroblastoma tumors in mice has been discovered by Childrens National researchers, opening ...
Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer mostly found children under 5. To know more on the symptoms, treatment & risk factors visit ... Neuroblastoma Symptoms. Different body parts with neuroblastoma display different symptoms.. Neuroblastoma in the abdomen which ... Neuroblastoma Definition. Neuroblastoma is a cancer most common in children under 5 or younger which triggers from groups of ... Neuroblastoma Risk Factors. No cause has been identified, though family history accounts for familial neuroblastoma cases. ...
All the latest news about neuroblastoma from Medical Xpress ... News tagged with neuroblastoma. * Date 6 hours 12 hours 1 day 3 ... Neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid cancer in childhood and the most common cancer in infancy, ... New therapeutic approach for the treatment of neuroblastoma in young children. Neuroblastomas are tumors of the nervous system ... Researchers show liquid biopsies can catch disease progression early in high-risk neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma is an aggressive ...
... radiotherapy and stem cell transplants for people with high risk neuroblastoma. ... A study looking at treatment for high risk neuroblastoma (HR/NBL2/SIOPEN). Cancer type:. Childrens cancers ... You may be able to join this study if have high risk neuroblastoma that has spread to nearby tissue or to another part of the ... any age with stage 3 (L2), stage 4 (M), stage 4s (Ms) and your neuroblastoma has a large number of the gene. MYCN ...
He has been diagnosed with… Erin Spears needs your support for Help Lucas Aivaz Fight Neuroblastoma ... He has been diagnosed with Stage IV Metastatic Neuroblastoma, and is undergoing treatment to fight this insidious disease. Any ...
So from that we know that beta-blockers are safe to be used in neuroblastoma patients. Now what we need to know is if we can ... But the main project was on neuroblastoma, which is a really difficult to treat form of childhood cancer, and we got some very ... So theres no evidence in neuroblastoma?. The evidence in patients is very limited because the trial hasnt started. One of the ... So the only evidence we have so far is in some instances some neuroblastoma patients, they have a really high level of ...
  • By focusing on an alternative strategy to treating neuroblastoma tumors, we identified a compound class that in early testing in neuroblastoma cells in the laboratory shows promise for treating children with this disease. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Images on the left show circled neuroblastoma tumors. (cancer.org)
  • That finding prompted the team to take a closer look at these sequences using a modified version of circle sequencing (Circle-seq) in 21 of the neuroblastoma tumors, making it possible to enrich for circularized DNA. (genomeweb.com)
  • Neuroblastoma remains one of the most puzzling of childhood cancers - ranging from cases of widespread but benign tumors in infants that spontaneously and completely disappear, to high-risk subtypes in older children that are relentlessly aggressive. (scienceblog.com)
  • Washington, DC - A method to cure neuroblastoma tumors in mice has been discovered by Children's National researchers, opening the door for future clinical studies for a therapeutic patient-specific vaccine to cure one of the most common childhood cancers. (childrensnational.org)
  • Neuroblastomas are tumors of the nervous system. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The clinical behavior of neuroblastoma is highly variable, with some tumors being easily treatable, but the majority being very aggressive. (acco.org)
  • Celyvir was under investigation for the treatment of refractory solid tumors including metastatic neuroblastoma, metastatic osteogenic sarcoma, metastatic soft tissue sarcoma and metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma in children and adults. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • His research interest is in renal tumors, neuroblastoma, and solid tumors. (chop.edu)
  • Neuroblastoma is one of the small, blue, round cell tumors of childhood. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, expression of IGF-II and HIF-2α correlates in neuroblastoma cell lines, tumors and in sympathetic neuroblasts during embryonic week 6.5, but not later, suggesting that these IGF-II and HIF-2α expressing neuroblastomas originate from sympathetic pre-ganglia at developmental week 6.5 or earlier. (lu.se)
  • Using Tandem Transplants to Treat Neuroblastoma was originally published by the National Cancer Institute. (cancer.gov)
  • That's when he was genetically adapting CAR T-Cell therapy to treat neuroblastoma . (cancer.org)
  • Proton Therapy is recommended to treat Neuroblastoma as it destroys the tumours with a reduced radiation dose to the bowel, stomach, kidney, and other surrounding healthy organs. (apollohospitals.com)
  • How do doctors treat neuroblastoma? (msdmanuals.com)
  • Those chemicals showed very low IC 50 values ( low values indicate a measurement of more effectiveness ) killing neuroblastoma cells in vitro. (worldcommunitygrid.org)
  • They found that the use of PARP inhibitors alone, and alongside chemotherapy, was effective in killing neuroblastoma cells, leaving behind healthy cells. (ddw-online.com)
  • Neuroblastoma can also develop anywhere along the sympathetic nervous system chain from the neck to the pelvis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor of neural crest cells, the cells that give rise to the sympathetic nervous system, which is observed in children. (orpha.net)
  • The clinical presentation of neuroblastoma is very variable and depends on the stage and location of the tumor, which can develop at any site in the sympathetic nervous system (around 80% of cases develop in the abdomen). (orpha.net)
  • NEW YORK - New research suggests circularized DNA falling outside of linear chromosomes may serve as a recurrent source of somatic rearrangements in neuroblastoma, a pediatric cancer affecting immature cells in the sympathetic nervous system. (genomeweb.com)
  • A cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, neuroblastoma most commonly occurs as a solid tumor arising from the adrenal gland in the abdomen. (scienceblog.com)
  • However, since it is not a sympathetic nervous system malignancy it is a distinct clinical entity and is not to be confused with neuroblastoma. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer derived from the sympathetic nervous system. (lu.se)
  • Neuroblastoma is a childhood tumor of the developing sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and is the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer in children before one year of age. (lu.se)
  • Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common pediatric solid tumor that originates from neural crest -derived sympathoadrenal precursor cells that are committed to development of sympathetic nervous system . (bvsalud.org)
  • Localized forms of neuroblastoma are treated by surgical resection, sometimes preceded by chemotherapy. (orpha.net)
  • Some forms of neuroblastoma go away on their own, while others may require multiple treatments. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Because only about 600 new cases of all forms of neuroblastoma occur annually in the US, familial (inherited) neuroblastoma is a very rare subset of a relatively uncommon disease. (clpmag.com)
  • is an oncogene that is overexpressed in approximately one quarter of cases of neuroblastoma via the amplification of the distal arm of chromosome 2. (medscape.com)
  • After detecting ALK mutations in familial neuroblastoma, the researchers then focused on the more common sporadic (non-familial) cases of neuroblastoma, and found that ALK mutations occurred in 12 percent of 194 tumor samples from the aggressive, high-risk form of the disease. (clpmag.com)
  • The American Cancer Society estimated that 710 new cases of neuroblastoma (including gangioneuroblastoma) would be diagnosed in the United States in 2014. (medscape.com)
  • For many years, less than half of children diagnosed with high-risk neuroblastoma, a cancer that starts in immature nerve cells, would be expected to live 5 or more years after diagnosis. (cancer.gov)
  • Based on the CCG data, a child diagnosed with high-risk neuroblastoma when treated with the above approaches, can expect an estimated 40% probability of disease- free survival four years from diagnosis. (acco.org)
  • A total of 380 patients received high dose chemotherapy for high-risk neuroblastoma. (oncolink.org)
  • Familial neuroblastoma in some cases is caused by rare germline mutations in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Germline mutations in the PHOX2B or KIF1B gene have been implicated in familial neuroblastoma, as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • No cause has been identified, though family history accounts for familial neuroblastoma cases. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Scientists at Children's Hospital have studied familial neuroblastoma for the past 15 years, and the current study drew on family data collected from throughout the world. (clpmag.com)
  • Further sequencing of that region identified mutations in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene in eight families with familial neuroblastoma. (clpmag.com)
  • Most neuroblastomas begin in the abdomen, in the adrenal gland, next to the spinal cord, or in the chest. (medlineplus.gov)
  • One of the 652 children who participated in the trial was Katie Belle of Seattle, who was 3½ years old in 2009, when doctors found a baseball-sized tumor in her abdomen that turned out to be high-risk neuroblastoma. (cancer.gov)
  • Neuroblastoma is a cancer most common in children under 5 or younger which triggers from groups of immature nerve cells found in several areas of the body, especially the adrenal glands, the abdomen, the chest, the neck, and near the spine. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Neuroblastoma in the abdomen which is the most common , creates symptoms like abdominal pain, body mass under the skin which is not supple and tender on touch, diarrhoea and constipation besides change in bowel habits. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is a cancer which arises from nerve cells in either the chest or the abdomen. (ddw-online.com)
  • Children's Oncology Group's 2023 blueprint for research: Neuroblastoma. (harvard.edu)
  • Duplicated segments of the LMO1 gene within neuroblastoma tumor cells have been shown to increase the risk of developing an aggressive form of the cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Then, if the compounds we identified had the ability to kill the neuroblastoma tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo, the second goal was to develop new drugs to treat the patients with aggressive neuroblastoma using the structural information of the chemical compounds we identified. (worldcommunitygrid.org)
  • 1. Diagnosis: Subjects must have a diagnosis of neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma (nodular or intermixed) verified by histology or demonstration of clumps of tumor cells in bone marrow with elevated urinary catecholamine metabolites. (archildrens.org)
  • In stage 4 disease, the neuroblastoma tumor cells have already spread (or metastasized) to other sites in the body, such as the bone or bone marrow. (acco.org)
  • In his review, Maris describes other innovative therapies, such as a national immunotherapy trial by the COG, using monoclonal antibodies and cytokines to selectively target neuroblastoma cells. (scienceblog.com)
  • Identification and targeting of protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) as an immunotherapy candidate for neuroblastoma. (harvard.edu)
  • DeSantes, a UW Carbone Cancer Center researcher and Medical Director for the Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant and Cell Therapy program , said this phase I-II clinical trial uses a variation of an existing immunotherapy drug as part of a combination therapy for neuroblastoma patients who have advanced stage disease and have failed other treatments. (uwhealth.org)
  • In this combination approach, the molecule MIBG linked to iodine-131 is given as a targeted radiation therapy to sensitize neuroblastoma cells to immunotherapy treatment: nivolumab, a checkpoint inhibitor commonly used in adult cancer patients, and dinutuximab beta, which targets an antigen called GD2 that is expressed by neuroblastoma cells. (uwhealth.org)
  • The researchers will be working toward potential clinical trials to make further progress in neuroblastoma research, with immunotherapy playing a key role, Dr. Sandler says. (childrensnational.org)
  • A prospective open label, multicenter study to evaluate the feasibility and side effects of using molecularly guided therapy in combination with standard therapy followed by a Randomized Controlled Trial of standard immunotherapy with or without DFMO followed by DFMO maintenance for Subjects with Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Neuroblastoma. (archildrens.org)
  • Researchers at Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Cancer Center and collaborating institutions report interim results from a first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial evaluating the safety, antitumor activity and immunological characteristics of a genetically engineered natural killer T (NKT) cell immunotherapy for neuroblastoma, a childhood tumour that most commonly arises in the adrenal gland. (ecancer.org)
  • MYCN oncogene amplification within the tumor is a common finding in neuroblastoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Deletions of this region are a common finding in neuroblastoma cells from patients with advanced stages of disease. (nih.gov)
  • This partially randomized phase III trial studies iobenguane I-131 or crizotinib and standard therapy in treating younger patients with newly-diagnosed high-risk neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma. (tuftsmedicalcenter.org)
  • Giving iobenguane I-131 or crizotinib and standard therapy may work better in treating younger patients with neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma. (tuftsmedicalcenter.org)
  • Subject to certain exclusion criteria, this study is enrolling patients and newly diagnosed with suspected neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma, who are preparing to undergo a biopsy, a resection or a clinical procedure. (chp.edu)
  • The patterns of distribution of these cells correlate with the sites of primary neuroblastoma presentation. (medscape.com)
  • Top right panel, neuroblastoma: A monotonous population of hyperchromatic cells with scant cytoplasm. (medscape.com)
  • Before the COG trial, the standard treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma was a single-transplant approach that involved high-dose chemotherapy to destroy as many cancer cells as possible, followed by an autologous (self-donating) blood stem cell transplant. (cancer.gov)
  • The fact that all neuroblastomas arise from sympathoblasts makes them an attractive drug target, because these cells exist only in the tumour after the child is born. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • In this study, gene expression of 19,723 cancer cells was analysed and compared to a reference of 57,972 developmental adrenal cells in the hope of identifying the cell types from which neuroblastomas arise and to find novel treatment targets. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • This study fills important gaps in our knowledge of what neuroblastoma cells are and revealed novel treatment targets. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • Nearly two-thirds of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma -- a common tumor that forms in the nerve cells of children -- cannot be cured using tumor-killing cancer drugs. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Using this screening method, the researchers identified a compound that causes neuroblastoma cells to differentiate, uncovering promising new treatment strategies. (sciencedaily.com)
  • To address this need, Stegmaier and her team developed a method to screen small molecules for their ability to trigger differentiation in neuroblastoma cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Using this genetic signature for differentiation, they then screened nearly 2,000 small molecules and identified one compound that strongly promoted differentiation in neuroblastoma cells, especially when combined with a drug already approved to treat this type of cancer. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Calculations done on World Community Grid successfully identified several compounds for the two binding sites which kill neuroblastoma cells in vitro with low IC 50 values. (worldcommunitygrid.org)
  • Another experimental treatment, developed at CHOP and other centers, uses MIBG, a radioactive isotope that zeroes in on neuroblastoma cells. (scienceblog.com)
  • We therefore examined the roles of oxidative stress and proteasomal inhibition on protein aggregates induction in naïve and neuronally differentiated neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Neuroblastoma cells were stably transfected with wild type (WT) and A53T mutant alpha-synuclein. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Inclusion body formation and cell death of differentiated neuroblastoma cells overexpressing alpha-synuclein can serve as a valuable model for elucidating the molecular components that cause neurodegeneration in PD as well as evaluating pharmacological interventions. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Lev N, Melamed E, Offen D. Proteasomal inhibition hypersensitizes differentiated neuroblastoma cells to oxidative damage. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is one of the most common early childhood cancers, affecting immature nerve cells, called neuroblasts. (uwhealth.org)
  • Neuroblastoma is an aggressive pediatric cancer that develops from early nerve cells and accounts for up to 10% of childhood cancer deaths. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The team, led by MSK computational biologist Richard Koche and Anton Henssen of Charité University Hospital Berlin, made this discovery by studying extrachromosomal DNA in neuroblastoma cells. (mskcc.org)
  • Neuroblastoma develops in immature nerve cells and is the most common form of cancer in infants. (mskcc.org)
  • Human neuroblastoma cells express alpha and beta platelet-derived growth factor receptors coupling with neurotrophic and chemotactic signaling. (jci.org)
  • Since the mutations discovered by Mossé trigger an "on" signal for neuroblastoma cells, the abnormality is an outstanding target for therapies that inhibit the ALK protein's activity. (clpmag.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in primitive nerve tissue called "ganglions" or in cells in the adrenal glands. (mottchildren.org)
  • MIBG is a form of radiation therapy directed specifically to neuroblastoma cells, sparing normal tissue from high doses of radiation. (mottchildren.org)
  • This is one of the first studies to show this in neuroblastoma cells and in tumour models. (ddw-online.com)
  • We were interested in how that process changes when MYCN is present in neuroblastoma and whether we can exploit the changes to specifically kill cancer cells and leave the normal cells around the tumour unharmed. (ddw-online.com)
  • We have shown that PARP inhibitors kill neuroblastoma cells with MYCN in the laboratory. (ddw-online.com)
  • NKT cells were modified to express a GD2-specific chimeric antigen receptor (GD2 CAR), which enables the immune cells to target a molecule found on the surface of neuroblastoma cells, and interleukin-15 (IL-15), a natural protein that supports NKT cell survival. (ecancer.org)
  • Conversely, engineered reduction of BTG1 expression in CAR NKT cells enhanced their therapeutic activity against neuroblastoma in a mouse model. (ecancer.org)
  • This study provides promising initial evidence of antitumor activity of GD2 CAR NKT cells against neuroblastoma. (ecancer.org)
  • Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that grows in immature nerve cells in various parts of the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Spontaneous regression of microscopic clusters of neuroblastoma cells, called neuroblastoma in situ, was noted to occur quite commonly. (medscape.com)
  • In a subset of peri-vascularly located immature neural crest-like neuroblastoma cells, aggressiveness and growth promoting charasteristics have been reported to be instigated by HIF-2α, a key element of the oxygen-sensing machinery. (lu.se)
  • The first symptoms of neuroblastoma are often vague, making diagnosis difficult. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuroblastoma often spreads to other parts of the body before any symptoms are apparent, and 50 to 60% of all neuroblastoma cases present with metastases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Contact your provider if your child has symptoms of neuroblastoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma vary with the site of presentation. (medscape.com)
  • Different body parts with neuroblastoma display different symptoms. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Neuroblastoma in the chest manifests symptoms like wheezing, chest pain, drooping eyelids and unequal pupil size besides changes to the eyes. (apollohospitals.com)
  • The duration of opsoclonus-myoclonus symptoms prior to the diagnosis of neuroblastoma ranged from 6 days to 17 months (median duration, 6 weeks). (nih.gov)
  • We raise awareness of the early signs and symptoms of Neuroblastoma. (crowdfunder.co.uk)
  • Firstly, we want to raise awareness amongst the local and UK population about the early signs and symptoms of childhood cancer Neuroblastoma. (crowdfunder.co.uk)
  • What are the symptoms of neuroblastoma? (msdmanuals.com)
  • The symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on where the cancer starts and if it has spread. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is an unusual cancer in that some tumours resolve without intervention, yet the disease still has one of the lowest five-year survival rates of any childhood cancer. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • My hope is that new, less intrusive therapies can be developed by targeting sympathoblasts, a developmental cell type that exists only in neuroblastoma tumours after a child is born. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • Tumours of the Ewing's sarcoma (ES) family and neuroblastoma (NBL) were examined by reverse transcriptase-PCR for expression of mRNA for endothelin (ET) receptors ET-A and ET-B, and the ligands ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3. (portlandpress.com)
  • Researchers at the University of Sheffield collaborated with The Institute of Cancer Research, London, to conduct research to find a new, more effective and less toxic way to target high-risk neuroblastoma tumours containing increased levels of MYCN. (ddw-online.com)
  • Mark Brider, Chief Executive Officer of Children with Cancer UK, said: "Neuroblastoma is one of the most common childhood tumours with around 100 children, mostly under five years old, diagnosed every year in the UK. (ddw-online.com)
  • Neurocognitive outcomes in adult survivors of neuroblastoma: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. (harvard.edu)
  • Neuroblastoma has long been a puzzling disease, partly because of its broad range in outcomes. (clpmag.com)
  • CHICAGO, IL- Tumor biology-based therapy offers excellent outcomes among children with intermediate risk (IR) neuroblastoma (NB), according to results from a prospective phase 3 reduction of therapy study from the Children's Oncology Group, presented at the 2014 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • This inspires hope that novel immunotherapeutic strategies, such as the one studied in this trial, will ultimately improve the outcomes for children with neuroblastoma," Metelitsa said. (ecancer.org)
  • Neuroblastoma (NB) is a type of cancer that forms in certain types of nerve tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in babies and the third-most common cancer in children after leukemia and brain cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of cancer deaths in children, about 15% are due to neuroblastoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Children treated for neuroblastoma may be at risk of getting a second, different cancer in the future. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Screening for neuroblastoma, a common childhood cancer, does more harm than good, suggest two new studies. (healthy.net)
  • The largest single cell study to date of the childhood cancer, neuroblastoma, has answered important questions about the genesis of the disease. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • Neuroblastoma is a rare cancer that generally affects children under five years old. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • Later, on a TheoryLab podcast , Heczey talked about his work with neuroblastoma (and with pediatric liver cancer). (cancer.org)
  • We demonstrate that the majority of genomic rearrangements in neuroblastoma involve circular DNA, challenging our current understanding about cancer genome remodeling," the authors wrote. (genomeweb.com)
  • Last year saw many successes for the Help Fight Childhood Cancer (HFCC) project in particular and the effort to overcome neuroblastoma in general. (worldcommunitygrid.org)
  • Pediatric oncologist John M. Maris, M.D., describes the current state of the science in combating neuroblastoma, the most common solid cancer of early childhood. (scienceblog.com)
  • To that end, the Cancer Center at CHOP is currently leading a clinical trial of an ALK inhibitor for children who have relapsed after neuroblastoma treatments. (scienceblog.com)
  • The study is particularly significant because neuroblastoma , most commonly centered in the adrenal glands, is the third most common tumor in childhood, and the most common cancer in babies younger than one year old. (childrensnational.org)
  • Researchers at Lund University in Sweden have identified one of the reasons why the childhood cancer neuroblastoma becomes resistant to chemotherapy. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Children who suffer a relapse of the aggressive cancer known as neuroblastoma have small chances of survival. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid cancer in childhood and the most common cancer in infancy, with an annual incidence of about 650 new cases per year in the US. (medicalxpress.com)
  • But the main project was on neuroblastoma, which is a really difficult to treat form of childhood cancer, and we got some very exciting results using beta-blockers in combination with certain types of chemotherapy drugs in neuroblastoma. (ecancer.org)
  • RESULTS: DNA methylation changes in neuroblastoma affect not only promoters but also intragenic and intergenic regions at cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) and non-CpG sites, and target functional chromatin domains of development and cancer-related genes such as CCND1. (ca.gov)
  • To assess the risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia after treatment of neuroblastoma with high dose chemotherapy, researchers at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute reviewed their experience and reported the results in the December issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology. (oncolink.org)
  • Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that begins in the adrenal glands on top of the kidneys. (khcc.jo)
  • Scientists have discovered gene mutations that are the main cause of the inherited version of the childhood cancer neuroblastoma. (clpmag.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is the most common solid cancer of early childhood. (clpmag.com)
  • John M Maris, MD, senior author of the current study and director of the Center for Childhood Cancer Research at Children's Hospital, leads a laboratory with the world's largest collection of neuroblastoma tissue samples, gathered through the multicenter Children's Oncology Group in the US and through multiple international collaborations. (clpmag.com)
  • High-risk neuroblastoma patients have a poor overall survival and account for ~15% of childhood cancer deaths. (lu.se)
  • A type of drug already used to treat breast and ovarian cancer, called a PARP inhibitor, may be useful in treating children with high-risk neuroblastoma, a childhood tumour with a low survival rate, a new study suggests. (ddw-online.com)
  • PARP inhibitors are being used successfully in women with breast and ovarian cancer so we are optimistic that this can be translated fairly quickly into children with neuroblastoma. (ddw-online.com)
  • Dr David King, children's doctor at Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust and Children with Cancer UK researcher, said: "Children with neuroblastoma and MYCN currently receive some of the most intense treatment used for any type of cancer. (ddw-online.com)
  • He was 7 years old when he lost his life to Neuroblastoma, a childhood cancer. (crowdfunder.co.uk)
  • Kelsey sadly passed away from a rare form of childhood cancer called neuroblastoma in August 2018, aged six. (make-a-wish.org.uk)
  • In February 2017, after three months of sickness, scans, and tests, doctors diagnosed Kelsey with neuroblastoma, a type of cancer in her tummy. (make-a-wish.org.uk)
  • Neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in babies, and one of the most common in young children. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is the most common intra-abdominal malignancy of infancy, the most common cancer in infancy, and the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, with an incidence of over 700 cases in the United States every year. (medscape.com)
  • Impact of diagnostic and end-of-induction Curie scores with tandem high-dose chemotherapy and autologous transplants for metastatic high-risk neuroblastoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. (harvard.edu)
  • He has been diagnosed with Stage IV Metastatic Neuroblastoma, and is undergoing treatment to fight this insidious disease. (gofundme.com)
  • The majority of patients with neuroblastoma present with metastatic disease and require intensive therapy if hope for a cure is to be entertained. (oncolink.org)
  • Over the last several decades therapy for metastatic (or high risk) neuroblastoma patients has evolved to include higher doses of chemotherapy. (oncolink.org)
  • Maris directs a laboratory at CHOP in collaboration with the multicenter Children's Oncology Group (COG) using tissue samples from 5,000 patients - the world's largest sample collection for neuroblastoma. (scienceblog.com)
  • Survival of Patients With Neuroblastoma After Assignment to Reduced Therapy Because of the 12- to 18-Month Change in Age Cutoff in Children's Oncology Group Risk Stratification. (harvard.edu)
  • The purpose of this Children's Oncology Group multi-center observational study is to learn more about neuroblastoma and gain a better understanding of the genes that control neuroblastoma growth. (chp.edu)
  • Non-White Hispanic children and those with public insurance care in a clinical trial for high-risk neuroblastoma had inferior overall survival (OS) rates compared with other children, according to an analysis of data from Children's Oncology Group (COG) trials. (onclive.com)
  • Neuroblastoma has specific treatment recommendations developed by the Children's Oncology Group (COG), a nationwide cooperative group devoted to the study and treatment of pediatric malignancies. (mottchildren.org)
  • With that in mind, Henssen and colleagues from Germany, the US, and Spain profiled matched tumor and normal blood samples from 93 neuroblastoma patients using whole-genome sequencing and an algorithm that uncovers circularized DNA based on paired read orientation, uncovering preliminary evidence for complex and relatively frequent ecDNAs in neuroblastoma. (genomeweb.com)
  • The scientists analyzed neuroblastoma tissue samples from 93 children. (mskcc.org)
  • On May 31st Miles was diagnosed with High Risk Stage 4 Neuroblastoma. (gofundme.com)
  • There were a total of 20 deaths from all causes among patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma, but 3-year OS for patients with localized NB remained 100%, Dr. Twist reported. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • Toddlers up to age 1.5 years with favorable biology stage 4 neuroblastoma, and with stage 3 neuroblastoma but unfavorable histology, were administered chemotherapy plus isotretinoin, the researchers reported. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • [ 8 ] In 1957, Mason published a report of a child with neuroblastoma whose urine contained pressor amines. (medscape.com)
  • Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1 is the most common chromosomal abnormality present in neuroblastoma and confers a poor prognosis. (medscape.com)
  • Differential diagnosis of neuroblastoma and Burkitt's tumour. (bmj.com)
  • Since that time, a stream of discoveries from his lab has explored the genetic landscape of neuroblastoma. (scienceblog.com)
  • AIM: To define the DNA methylation landscape of neuroblastoma and its clinicopathological impact. (ca.gov)
  • Various karyotypic abnormalities occur, but a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1 is found in 70-80% of all patients with neuroblastomas. (medscape.com)
  • In 1927, Cushing and Wolbach further characterized neuroblastoma by describing the transformation of malignant neuroblastoma into its benign counterpart, ganglioneuroma . (medscape.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is a malignant neural tumor that typically affects very young children. (medscape.com)
  • While past research has pointed to a role for circularized, extrachromosomal MYCN oncogene sequences in neuroblastoma, the team explained, the full suite and the frequency of somatic mutations involving small or large stretches of circularized extrachromosomal DNA amplifications had not been fully explored. (genomeweb.com)
  • Even so, the team's follow-up analyses - including RNA sequencing experiments - indicated that rearrangements stemming from extrachromosomal circular DNA from MYCN and other genes may be a recurrent and ongoing source of new mutations through a multi-hit model in neuroblastoma. (genomeweb.com)
  • 3. Subjects must not have had prior systemic therapy except for localized emergency radiation to sites of life-threatening or function-threatening disease and/or no more than 1 cycle of chemotherapy per a low or intermediate risk neuroblastoma regimen (as per P9641, A3961, ANBL0531, or similar) prior to determination of MYCN amplification status and histology. (archildrens.org)
  • Risk stratification and therapy assignment was based on patient age, International Neuroblastoma Staging System stage, International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification, MYCN and tumor ploidy," explained Dr. Twist. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • In some neuroblastoma cases there is an abnormal gene called MYCN that makes it particularly difficult to treat. (ddw-online.com)
  • A metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan - a procedure first discovered at the University of Michigan and now used around the world - which uses radioactive material and a scanner to find a neuroblastoma may be required, along with a PET scan and bone scan. (mottchildren.org)
  • When given in low doses, MIBG is useful for imaging of neuroblastoma. (mottchildren.org)
  • She explained that ultrasound or a urine test could assist surveillance of children with an ALK mutation, so that if neuroblastoma appears, it can be detected at an early stage. (clpmag.com)
  • The biochemical diagnosis and follow-up of neuroblastoma may benefit from urinary catecholamine measurements with spot or 24-hour urine testing. (medscape.com)
  • A retrospective data collection was performed on 29 children diagnosed with neuroblastoma and opsoclonus-myoclonus between 1983-1993 from Pediatric Oncology Group institutions. (nih.gov)
  • The C.S. Mott Children's Hospital Solid Tumor Oncology Program provides comprehensive, multidisciplinary care for children with neuroblastoma. (mottchildren.org)
  • Our Solid Tumor Oncology Program Tumor Board, made up of pediatric oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologist, pathologists, radiologists, neurosurgeons and nuclear medicine physicians, meets weekly to discuss each of neuroblastoma patient's treatment plans. (mottchildren.org)
  • The Pediatric Oncology Program at University of Michigan Health C.S. Mott Children's Hospital has an active research program in pediatric neuroblastoma, with several novel protocols developed for the treatment of patients who have failed primary therapy. (mottchildren.org)
  • During the last part of the 20th century, clinical trials have shown that the basis for treating high-risk neuroblastoma should consist of induction chemotherapy, consolidation with high dose chemotherapy + stem cell transplant. (acco.org)
  • As Children's researchers examined the impact of the knockdown of ID-2 protein on a tumor, they implanted N2a, a fast growing mouse neuroblastoma cell line, in the mice. (childrensnational.org)
  • We have also demonstrated that PDGF receptors on the human neuroblastoma cell lines were biologically functional. (jci.org)
  • Genetic Clinical Markers of Human Neuroblastoma with Special Reference to N- myc Oncogene: Amplified or Not Amplified? (karger.com)
  • Prior clinical trials conducted by COG demonstrated that this treatment approach improved the 5-year survival rate for children with high-risk neuroblastoma from 25% in the 1990s to just less than 50% by the early 2000s. (cancer.gov)
  • The study, published today (5 February 2021) in Science Advances , sought to understand why neuroblastomas range in severity, with some easy to treat and others having relatively low five-year survival rates. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • Thus, it is reasonable to expect the potential for a higher disease- free survival for high-risk neuroblastoma in ongoing and future clinical trials. (acco.org)
  • Non-White Hispanic children and those with public insurance care in a clinical trial for high-risk neuroblastoma had inferior overall survival rates compared with other children. (onclive.com)
  • Early detection of Neuroblastoma means that a child has a greater chance of survival, if diagnosed early. (crowdfunder.co.uk)
  • Although survival curves have improved for these patients during the past decades, the conventional regimen of neuroblastoma treatment has clearly reached a plateau of efficiency with regard to increasing the survival rates of high-risk children. (lu.se)
  • The presence of sympathoblasts, a developmental cell type not normally found in children after they are born, makes it a promising drug target for the treatment of neuroblastoma. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • This photo shows a clear "win" from a phase 1 clinical trial of a new treatment for children who have already been heavily treated for neuroblastoma. (cancer.org)
  • Dr. Kenneth DeSantes is leading the only U.S. site participating in a clinical trial to advance a new combination method of treating neuroblastoma that reduces the painful side effects of the current standard treatment. (uwhealth.org)
  • So the kids can be at home or be at school getting the antibody treatment, and we think it's really a better way to treat kids with neuroblastoma because it's just so much more tolerable. (uwhealth.org)
  • The goal of this article is to provide a guide to the initial treatment options available for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. (acco.org)
  • The purpose of this study is to assess a new combination of chemotherapy drugs as the first treatment for children newly diagnosed with neuroblastoma that has a high risk of returning after therapy. (mskcc.org)
  • The incidence of acute myeloid leukemia following treatment of neuroblastoma is rare, however, only recently have patients with neuroblastoma received high doses of leukomogenic agents like etoposide and cyclophosphamide. (oncolink.org)
  • Treatment for neuroblastoma consisted of surgery alone in 19/29 (18 stage A, 1 stage C in thorax), and surgery plus chemotherapy in 10/ 29. (nih.gov)
  • As we increase our knowledge of ALK mutations, we will also offer specialized diagnostic testing for all newly diagnosed patients with neuroblastoma, to eventually allow oncologists to better customize treatment to a child's genetic profile. (clpmag.com)
  • We provide multidisciplinary care for children with neuroblastoma, and have been a pioneer in developing diagnostic techniques and treatment therapies, with advanced clinical trials regularly available to our patients. (mottchildren.org)
  • Integration of patient-derived models with patient data holds promise for the development of precision medicine treatment strategies for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. (lu.se)
  • Despite the treatment, only about half of children with high-risk neuroblastoma will survive. (ddw-online.com)
  • PARP inhibitors are known to have very few side effects in adults and we have shown they may be an effective treatment for neuroblastoma. (ddw-online.com)
  • Their use in neuroblastoma could mean more children survive the disease and need less toxic treatment. (ddw-online.com)
  • Neuroblastoma has been linked to copy-number variation within the NBPF10 gene, which results in the 1q21.1 deletion syndrome or 1q21.1 duplication syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CAR-NKT therapy can be enhanced by disrupting a gene that promotes neuroblastoma growth, improving antitumor responses in preclinical trials. (cancer.org)
  • Later that year, Yael Mosse, M.D., collaborating at CHOP with Maris, reported that mutations in the ALK gene were the main cause of inherited neuroblastoma, and also played a role in many cases of non-inherited neuroblastoma. (scienceblog.com)
  • In 2009, Maris published two more gene studies, identifying common variants in the gene BARD1 and copy number variants on chromosome 1 that raised the risk of neuroblastoma. (scienceblog.com)
  • Furthermore, because there already are drugs in development that target the same gene in adult cancers, we can soon begin testing those drugs in children with neuroblastoma. (clpmag.com)
  • Rarely, a baby inherits an abnormal gene that causes neuroblastoma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The study involves the collection of tissues, such as the neuroblastoma tumor, and blood and/or bone marrow obtained during medical procedures. (chp.edu)
  • Participants will be asked for permission to use samples of their tumor, blood and/or bone marrow to help researchers learn more about neuroblastomas. (chp.edu)
  • Advanced stages of neuroblastoma are treated with intensive chemotherapy in combination with an autologous bone marrow transplant, which is usually followed by a vitamin A derivative administered orally for 6 months. (khcc.jo)
  • Neuroblastoma can be an extremely painful disease, especially if it involves the bones or bone marrow. (mottchildren.org)
  • Unfortunately, 70% of neuroblastomas have already spread to the bones or bone marrow by the time of diagnosis. (mottchildren.org)
  • The cases consisted of 104 children diagnosed with neuroblastoma between 1970 and 1979 who were identified by a search of the records of the Greater Delaware Valley Pediatric Tumor Registry and the tumor registry of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with low-risk and intermediate-risk neuroblastoma have excellent prognosis and outcome. (medscape.com)
  • Non-CpG methylation observed essentially in clinically favorable cases was associated with the differentiation status of neuroblastoma and expression of key genes such as ALK. (ca.gov)
  • These findings suggest that PDGF isoforms are involved not only in the promotion of the neuroblastoma cell growth, but also in neuronal cell migration, growth, and differentiation in human brain development. (jci.org)
  • The deubiquitinating enzyme UCHL1 is a favorable prognostic marker in neuroblastoma as it promotes neuronal differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • a) Subjects with newly diagnosed neuroblastoma with INSS Stage 4 are eligible with the following: i. (archildrens.org)
  • Julie added, "The therapies for high-risk neuroblastoma are among the most toxic therapies given to kids. (cancer.gov)
  • In the new article, investigators describe the results obtained in 12 patients with stage 4 relapsed neuroblastoma that was resistant to other therapies. (ecancer.org)
  • Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy. (medscape.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is a solid tumor of childhood that arises in the nervous system, outside of the brain. (acco.org)
  • The most common location for neuroblastoma to originate (i.e., the primary tumor) is in the adrenal glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the adrenal glands, other common neuroblastoma sites include the chest or nerve tissue near the spine or spinal cord. (mottchildren.org)
  • Because the adrenal glands typically produce important hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar and the way the body reacts to stress, patients with neuroblastoma often have elevated blood pressure or hormone problems. (mottchildren.org)
  • The researchers from the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) and their collaborators, discovered that all neuroblastomas arise from a single type of embryonic cell called sympathoblasts. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • This varied outlook prompted the researchers to ask whether the range of severity could be caused by neuroblastomas arising from different cell types at different stages of the child's development in the womb. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • In addition, the researchers found that the same mutations play a significant role in high-risk forms of non-inherited neuroblastoma, the more common form of the disease. (clpmag.com)
  • The researchers enrolled a total of 400 patients with IR neuroblastoma between 2007 and June 2011. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is most commonly diagnosed in children before the age of 5. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Typically, neuroblastoma occurs due to a genetic mutation occurring in the first trimester of pregnancy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic predisposition to neuroblastoma results from a regulatory polymorphism that promotes the adrenergic cell state. (harvard.edu)
  • Tissue obtained will be subject to specialized laboratory testing to assess genetic information and analyze chromosomal abnormalities with a goal of providing a better understanding of prognosis for patients with neuroblastoma. (chp.edu)
  • Neuroblastoma is most often caused by a genetic mutation. (khcc.jo)
  • We offer a number of neuroblastoma clinical trials for patients with relapsed or refractory disease . (mottchildren.org)
  • These established principles apply to "up-front" therapy of high-risk neuroblastoma. (acco.org)
  • This article will only address therapy of high-risk neuroblastoma. (acco.org)
  • Given the aggressiveness of the tumor type, it is accepted practice to treat high-risk neuroblastoma patients with intensive therapy, to increase the probability of cure. (acco.org)
  • Also possible is that children with neuroblastoma are at increased risk for developing acute myeloid leukemia regardless of the therapy received. (oncolink.org)
  • Tandem transplants have now become the standard of care for high-risk neuroblastoma. (cancer.gov)
  • This study is looking at chemotherapy, radiotherapy and stem cell transplants for people with high risk neuroblastoma. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • Now Mossé and her colleagues at Children's Hospital are planning pediatric clinical trials of ALK inhibitors in children with high-risk neuroblastoma. (clpmag.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is a very rare type of cancerous tumor that develops from nerve tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You may be able to join this study if have high risk neuroblastoma that has spread to nearby tissue or to another part of the body. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • The molecular basis of tumor metastasis and current approaches to decode targeted migration-promoting events in pediatric neuroblastoma. (harvard.edu)