Excision of kidney.
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.
A procedure in which a laparoscope (LAPAROSCOPES) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy.
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.
Placement of one of the surgeon's gloved hands into the ABDOMINAL CAVITY to perform manual manipulations that facilitate the laparoscopic procedures.
Non-cadaveric providers of organs for transplant to related or non-related recipients.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
A chronic inflammatory condition of the KIDNEY resulting in diffuse renal destruction, a grossly enlarged and nonfunctioning kidney associated with NEPHROLITHIASIS and KIDNEY STONES.
A tissue or organ remaining at physiological temperature during decreased BLOOD perfusion or in the absence of blood supply. During ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION it begins when the organ reaches physiological temperature before the completion of SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS and ends with reestablishment of the BLOOD CIRCULATION through the tissue.
The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.
The procedure of removing TISSUES, organs, or specimens from DONORS for reuse, such as TRANSPLANTATION.
The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses.
Short thick veins which return blood from the kidneys to the vena cava.
An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the DIAPHRAGM to the brim of the true PELVIS, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space.
A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters.
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the KIDNEY PELVIS to the URINARY BLADDER.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.
Control of bleeding during or after surgery.
The functional units of the kidney, consisting of the glomerulus and the attached tubule.
Creatinine is a waste product that's generated from muscle metabolism, typically filtered through the kidneys and released in urine, with increased levels in blood indicating impaired kidney function.
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.
The duration of a surgical procedure in hours and minutes.
The pit in the center of the ABDOMINAL WALL marking the point where the UMBILICAL CORD entered in the FETUS.
Laboratory tests used to evaluate how well the kidneys are working through examination of blood and urine.
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.
A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.
Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.
A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes, and the genital tract in the male. Common urological problems include urinary obstruction, URINARY INCONTINENCE, infections, and UROGENITAL NEOPLASMS.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.
A benign tumor containing vascular, adipose, and muscle elements. It occurs most often in the kidney with smooth muscle elements (angiolipoleiomyoma) in association with tuberous sclerosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.
The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to INULIN clearance.
The urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. Serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. Increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
Techniques, procedures, and therapies carried out on diseased organs in such a way to avoid complete removal of the organ and preserve the remaining organ function.
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).
The course of learning of an individual or a group. It is a measure of performance plotted over time.
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.
A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.
A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.
The period following a surgical operation.
A nongenetic defect due to malformation of the KIDNEY which appears as a bunch of grapes with multiple renal cysts but lacking the normal renal bean shape, and the collection drainage system. This condition can be detected in-utero with ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.
Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks.

Different contributions of endothelin-A and endothelin-B receptors in the pathogenesis of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension in rats. (1/2372)

We investigated the involvement of actions mediated by endothelin-A (ETA) and endothelin-B (ETB) receptors in the pathogenesis of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-induced hypertension in rats. Two weeks after the start of DOCA-salt treatment, rats were given ABT-627 (10 [mg/kg]/d), a selective ETA receptor antagonist; A-192621 (30 [mg/kg]/d), a selective ETB receptor antagonist; or their vehicle for 2 weeks. Uninephrectomized rats without DOCA-salt treatment served as controls. Treatment with DOCA and salt for 2 weeks led to a mild but significant hypertension; in vehicle-treated DOCA-salt rats, systolic blood pressure increased markedly after 3 to 4 weeks. Daily administration of ABT-627 for 2 weeks almost abolished any further increases in blood pressure, whereas A-192621 did not affect the development of DOCA-salt-induced hypertension. When the degree of vascular hypertrophy of the aorta was histochemically evaluated at 4 weeks, there were significant increases in wall thickness, wall area, and wall-to-lumen ratio in vehicle-treated DOCA-salt rats compared with uninephrectomized control rats. The development of vascular hypertrophy was markedly suppressed by ABT-627. In contrast, treatment with A-192621 significantly exaggerated these vascular changes. In vehicle-treated DOCA-salt rats, renal blood flow and creatinine clearance decreased, and urinary excretion of protein, blood urea nitrogen, fractional excretion of sodium, and urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity increased. Such damage was overcome by treatment with ABT-627 but not with A-192621; indeed, the latter agent led to worsening of the renal dysfunction. Histopathologic examination of the kidney in vehicle-treated DOCA-salt rats revealed tubular dilatation and atrophy as well as thickening of small arteries. Such damage was reduced in animals given ABT-627, whereas more severe histopathologic changes were observed in A-192621-treated animals. These results strongly support the view that ETA receptor-mediated action plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DOCA-salt-induced hypertension. On the other hand, it seems likely that the ETB receptor-mediated action protects against vascular and renal injuries in this model of hypertension. A selective ETA receptor antagonist is likely to be useful for treatment of subjects with mineralocorticoid-dependent hypertension, whereas ETB-selective antagonism alone is detrimental to such cases.  (+info)

22-oxacalcitriol suppresses secondary hyperparathyroidism without inducing low bone turnover in dogs with renal failure. (2/2372)

BACKGROUND: Calcitriol therapy suppresses serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in patients with renal failure but has several drawbacks, including hypercalcemia and/or marked suppression of bone turnover, which may lead to adynamic bone disease. A new vitamin D analogue, 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT), has been shown to have promising characteristics. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of OCT on serum PTH levels and bone turnover in states of normal or impaired renal function. METHODS: Sixty dogs were either nephrectomized (Nx, N = 38) or sham-operated (Sham, N = 22). The animals received supplemental phosphate to enhance PTH secretion. Fourteen weeks after the start of phosphate supplementation, half of the Nx and Sham dogs received doses of OCT (three times per week); the other half were given vehicle for 60 weeks. Thereafter, the treatment modalities for a subset of animals were crossed over for an additional eight months. Biochemical and hormonal indices of calcium and bone metabolism were measured throughout the study, and bone biopsies were done at baseline, 60 weeks after OCT or vehicle treatment, and at the end of the crossover period. RESULTS: In Nx dogs, OCT significantly decreased serum PTH levels soon after the induction of renal insufficiency. In long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism, OCT (0.03 microg/kg) stabilized serum PTH levels during the first months. Serum PTH levels rose thereafter, but the rise was less pronounced compared with baseline than the rise seen in Nx control. These effects were accompanied by episodes of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. In animals with normal renal function, OCT induced a transient decrease in serum PTH levels at a dose of 0.1 microg/kg, which was not sustained with lowering of the doses. In Nx dogs, OCT reversed abnormal bone formation, such as woven osteoid and fibrosis, but did not significantly alter the level of bone turnover. In addition, OCT improved mineralization lag time, (that is, the rate at which osteoid mineralizes) in both Nx and Sham dogs. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that even though OCT does not completely prevent the occurrence of hypercalcemia in experimental dogs with renal insufficiency, it may be of use in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism because it does not induce low bone turnover and, therefore, does not increase the risk of adynamic bone disease.  (+info)

Mycophenolate mofetil prevents the progressive renal failure induced by 5/6 renal ablation in rats. (3/2372)

BACKGROUND: Extensive renal ablation is associated with progressive sclerosis of the remnant kidney. Because lymphocytes and monocytes accumulate in the remnant kidney, it is likely that they play a role in the renal scarring. Therefore, we treated rats with 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a drug that has an antiproliferative effect and that suppresses the expression of intercellular adhesion molecules. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats with 5/6Nx received MMF (30 mg. kg-1. day-1 by daily gastric gavage, N = 15) or vehicle (N = 16). Ten additional rats were sham operated. All rats were fed a 30% protein diet. Body weight, serum creatinine, and urinary protein excretion were determined weekly. Lipid peroxidation, as a measure of oxidative stress observed by urinary malondialdehyde determinations, was performed every two weeks. Histologic studies were done in the remnant kidney four weeks (9 rats from the vehicle-treated group, 7 rats from the MMF group, and 5 sham-operated rats) and eight weeks after surgery (the remaining rats). Glomerular volume, sclerosis in glomeruli (segmental and global) and interstitium (semiquantitative scale), infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages (CD43- and ED1-positive cells), and expression of adhesion molecules (CD54, CD18, and CD11b) were analyzed. RESULTS: MMF treatment prevented the progressive increment in serum creatinine and the proteinuria observed in the 5/6 nephrectomized rats during the eight weeks of observation (P < 0.01). Weight gain was comparable in the MMF-treated and sham-operated rats, whereas weight gain was decreased in untreated 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Excretion of malondialdehyde increased after surgery but returned sooner to control levels in the MMF-treated rats. Increments in glomerular size and mean arterial blood pressure induced by renal ablation were not modified by MMF treatment. Eight weeks after surgery, segmental sclerosis was present in 48.4 +/- 8.35% (+/- sd) glomeruli in the vehicle-treated group versus 25 +/- 10.5% in the MMF-treated group (P < 0.001). Interstitial fibrosis was reduced significantly with MMF treatment (P < 0.001). Infiltration with CD43- and ED1-positive cells in glomeruli and interstitium was two to five times lower in MMF-treated rats (P < 0.01). Expression of adhesion molecules CD18 and CD11b was similarly reduced. CONCLUSION: MMF ameliorates the progressive renal damage in the remnant kidney after 5/6Nx. This effect is associated with a reduction in the infiltration of lymphocytes and monocytes, whereas glomerular hypertrophy and systemic hypertension are unchanged.  (+info)

Influence of renal failure on intestinal clearance of ciprofloxacin in rats. (4/2372)

Following intravenous doses, ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in control and nephrectomized rats were studied. There were no differences between control and nephrectomized rats for area under the concentration-time curve in plasma or biliary clearance. The intestinal clearance of ciprofloxacin was increased in nephrectomized rats. Intestinal elimination seems to compensate partially for the decrease in urinary excretion of ciprofloxacin in nephrectomized rats.  (+info)

Altered vascular reactivity following partial nephrectomy in the rat: a possible mechanism of the blood-pressure-lowering effect of heparin. (5/2372)

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to assess whether the antihypertensive effect of heparin in rats after renal mass reduction (RMR) is related to changes in nitric oxide activity, and to study in vitro the altered behaviour of resistance-sized arteries induced by chronic administration of heparin. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were assigned to one of two experimental protocols. In the first protocol, RMR rats received heparin (250 units/day s.c.) and tail systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured weekly for 4 weeks. In a subgroup, urinary nitrate excretion (UNO3) and in vitro vascular reactivity of isolated perfused mesenteric arterial beds were measured 2 weeks after RMR. The second protocol assessed whether inhibition of NO synthesis with L-NAME (70 mg/l added to the drinking water) prevents the blood-pressure-lowering effect of heparin. RESULTS: In untreated RMR rats SBP increased from 111+/-3 mmHg to 127+/-5 mmHg at 2 weeks and 139+/-5 mmHg at 4 weeks. In contrast, in RMR rats treated with heparin, SBP was 114 +/-3 mmHg at 2 weeks and 115+/-4 mmHg at 4 weeks (P<0.05 for both). Treatment with L-NAME increased SBP both in untreated and heparin-treated RMR groups. Two weeks after nephrectomy daily urinary nitrate increased significantly more in RMR rats treated with heparin than in untreated RMR rats (22+/-2 vs 14.2+/-2.3 micromol/day, P<0.05). In vitro studies performed at 2 weeks showed that vessels of untreated RMR rats had a blunted vasodilator response to acetylcholine that was restored to levels similar to that of controls in the heparin-treated group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, in rats after renal ablation, heparin may exert its antihypertensive effect, at least in part, by affecting the altered behaviour of resistance vessels during the development phase of hypertension. Increased NO production may contribute to this effect.  (+info)

Maintenance of normal agonist-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in uraemic and hypertensive resistance vessels. (6/2372)

BACKGROUND: The nitric oxide system has been implicated in several diseases with vascular complications including diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Despite the high prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular complications in renal failure few studies have examined vascular and endothelial function in uraemia. We therefore chose to study possible abnormalities of the nitric oxide vasodilator system in an animal model of chronic renal failure. METHODS: Adult spontaneous hypertensive rats and Wistar Kyoto rats were subjected to a 5/6 nephrectomy with control animals having sham operations. After 4 weeks blood pressure was recorded and the animals were sacrificed. Branches of the mesenteric arteries were isolated and mounted on a Mulvany myograph. All experiments were performed in the presence of indomethacin (10(-5) M). The vessels were first preconstricted with noradrenaline, exposed to increasing concentrations of acetylcholine (10(-8) to 10(-4) M) and subsequently to sodium nitroprusside (10(-5) M). RESULTS: There was no difference in the relaxation of the four groups of vessels to any of the concentrations of acetylcholine used nor was there any significant difference in the EC50s (control Wistar Kyoto 6.1+/-1.4 x 10(-8) M; uraemic Wistar Kyoto 5.4+/-0.8 x 10(-8) M; control spontaneous hypertensive rats 4.5+/-0.6 x 10(-8) M; uraemic spontaneous hypertensive rats 6+/-0.7 x 10(-8) M). Vasodilatation in response to sodium nitroprusside was unchanged in uraemic vessels. In addition the vascular responses to both acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were unaltered in spontaneous hypertensive rats. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that normal agonist-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation is maintained in experimental uraemia and hypertension.  (+info)

Effect of verapamil treatment on compensatory renal growth in mice. (7/2372)

Calcium has been shown to control the proliferation of various cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study we have attempted to modify compensatory renal growth by pharmacological interventions in mice who have undergone uninephrectomy. The effect of a calcium channel blocker verapamil was investigated. Unilateral nephrectomy of intact male mice produced the expected increase in weight of the remaining kidney by 67.5+/-8.1%. This rise was accompanied by a proportional increase in RNA. In mice, cell hypertrophy was found to be a major factor in compensatory renal growth. Verapamil given in a i.p. dose of 1.0 or 2.0 mg/day/mouse attenuated the growth of the remaining kidney so that its weight rose by only 48.2+/-6% and 28.2+/-4.4 %, respectively. In vivo administration of verapamil decreased the degree of compensatory renal growth and this growth inhibiting effect was directly proportional to the dose.  (+info)

Nature and severity of the glomerular response to nephron reduction is strain-dependent in mice. (8/2372)

Nephron reduction is an important factor in the development of glomerulosclerosis. In a study of the oligosyndactyly (Os) mutation that causes a congenital 50% reduction in nephron number, we previously found that ROP Os/+ mice developed glomerulosclerosis whereas C57B1/6J Os/+ mice did not. We concluded that the predisposition to glomerulosclerosis depended largely on the genetic background, the ROP being sclerosis-prone whereas the C57 strain was sclerosis-resistant. In the current experiments we asked whether the intensity of the sclerotic response to nephron reduction in the ROP strain was related to the time at which it occurred, ie, a pre- or post-natal event. We also determined whether the absence of lesions in C57 Os/+ mice was caused by a higher threshold for the induction of a sclerotic response in C57 mice. We further examined the relationship between glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis. C57 +/+, C57 Os/+, ROP +/+, and ROP Os/+ mice were uninephrectomized (NX) at age 10 weeks and followed for 8 weeks. We found no sclerotic changes in NX C57 +/+ and C57 Os/+ mice, despite a 75% reduction in nephron number in the latter. In contrast, both NX ROP +/+ and NX ROP Os/+ mice had glomerulosclerosis, which was more severe in the NX ROP Os/+ mice. Examination of extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation at the mRNA level revealed that synthesis exceeded degradation in ROP Os/+ mice. The lesions in NX ROP +/+ were less severe than in sham-operated ROP/Os mice, suggesting that the timing of nephron reduction affected the amplitude of the sclerotic response in this strain. Following NX, an increase in glomerular volume was found in C57 +/+, ROP +/+, and ROP Os/+ mice. However, NX did not lead to a further increase in glomerular volume in C57 Os/+ mice. We make three conclusions: 1) sclerosis was more severe in the ROP strain when nephron reduction occurred in utero; 2) the absence of glomerulosclerosis in C57 mice was not related to a higher threshold for a sclerosis response in this strain; and 3) whereas glomerular size continued to increase as nephron number decreased in ROP mice, it reached a plateau in C57 mice.  (+info)

Nephrectomy is a surgical procedure in which all or part of a kidney is removed. It may be performed due to various reasons such as severe kidney damage, kidney cancer, or living donor transplantation. The type of nephrectomy depends on the reason for the surgery - a simple nephrectomy involves removing only the affected portion of the kidney, while a radical nephrectomy includes removal of the whole kidney along with its surrounding tissues like the adrenal gland and lymph nodes.

Kidney neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the kidney tissues that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from various types of kidney cells, including the renal tubules, glomeruli, and the renal pelvis.

Malignant kidney neoplasms are also known as kidney cancers, with renal cell carcinoma being the most common type. Benign kidney neoplasms include renal adenomas, oncocytomas, and angiomyolipomas. While benign neoplasms are generally not life-threatening, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to compromise kidney function or if they undergo malignant transformation.

Early detection and appropriate management of kidney neoplasms are crucial for improving patient outcomes and overall prognosis. Regular medical check-ups, imaging studies, and urinalysis can help in the early identification of these growths, allowing for timely intervention and treatment.

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that involves the insertion of a laparoscope, which is a thin tube with a light and camera attached to it, through small incisions in the abdomen. This allows the surgeon to view the internal organs without making large incisions. It's commonly used to diagnose and treat various conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, infertility, and appendicitis. The advantages of laparoscopy over traditional open surgery include smaller incisions, less pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times.

Carcinoma, renal cell (also known as renal cell carcinoma or RCC) is a type of cancer that originates in the lining of the tubules of the kidney. These tubules are small structures within the kidney that help filter waste and fluids from the blood to form urine.

Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, accounting for about 80-85% of all cases. It can affect people of any age, but it is more commonly diagnosed in those over the age of 50.

There are several subtypes of renal cell carcinoma, including clear cell, papillary, chromophobe, and collecting duct carcinomas, among others. Each subtype has a different appearance under the microscope and may have a different prognosis and response to treatment.

Symptoms of renal cell carcinoma can vary but may include blood in the urine, flank pain, a lump or mass in the abdomen, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and fever. Treatment options for renal cell carcinoma depend on the stage and grade of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy.

Hand-assisted laparoscopy (HAL) is a surgical technique that combines the principles of traditional open surgery and minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery. In HAL, a small incision is made, typically in the abdomen, through which the surgeon's hand can be introduced into the abdominal cavity while maintaining a pneumoperitoneum (insufflation of carbon dioxide gas to create a working space). This approach allows the surgeon to use their hands to perform complex surgical procedures with the aid of laparoscopic instruments, which are inserted through other small incisions.

The hand-assisted technique provides several advantages over traditional laparoscopy, including improved tactile feedback, enhanced dexterity, and more precise dissection and manipulation of tissues. This approach is often used in complex urological, gynecological, and general surgical procedures, such as nephrectomy (removal of the kidney), colectomy (removal of part of the colon), and gastrectomy (removal of part of the stomach).

Hand-assisted laparoscopy offers several benefits over traditional open surgery, including smaller incisions, reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, quicker recovery times, and improved cosmetic outcomes. However, HAL still requires general anesthesia and carries the risks associated with any surgical procedure, such as infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding tissues or organs.

A living donor is a person who voluntarily donates an organ or part of an organ to another person while they are still alive. This can include donations such as a kidney, liver lobe, lung, or portion of the pancreas or intestines. The donor and recipient typically undergo medical evaluation and compatibility testing to ensure the best possible outcome for the transplantation procedure. Living donation is regulated by laws and ethical guidelines to ensure that donors are fully informed and making a voluntary decision.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XPN) is a rare and severe form of chronic pyelonephritis, which is an infection and inflammation of the renal pelvis. In XPN, there is a proliferation of lipid-laden macrophages (also known as xanthoma cells) and other inflammatory cells in the kidney parenchyma, leading to the formation of multiple granulomas.

XPN typically affects middle-aged to older women with underlying urologic abnormalities such as obstructive uropathy, calculi (stones), or chronic urinary tract infections. The condition can be difficult to diagnose and often requires a combination of imaging studies, urinalysis, and histopathological examination of renal tissue.

The clinical presentation of XPN is variable and may include fever, flank pain, weight loss, and symptoms related to urinary tract obstruction or infection. Treatment usually involves antibiotic therapy, surgical removal of the affected kidney (nephrectomy), and management of any underlying urologic abnormalities. If left untreated, XPN can lead to irreversible kidney damage and even sepsis.

Warm ischemia, also known as warm injury or warm hypoxia, refers to the damage that occurs to tissues when there is an inadequate blood supply at body temperature. This can happen during surgical procedures, trauma, or other medical conditions that restrict blood flow to a specific area of the body. The lack of oxygen and nutrients, combined with the buildup of waste products, can cause cells to become damaged or die, leading to tissue dysfunction or failure.

The term "warm" is used to distinguish this type of ischemia from cold ischemia, which occurs when tissues are cooled and blood flow is restricted. Cold ischemia is often used in organ transplantation to preserve the organ until it can be transplanted. Warm ischemia is generally more damaging to tissues than cold ischemia because the metabolic demands of the cells are not being met, leading to a more rapid onset of cellular damage.

The severity and duration of warm ischemia can affect the extent of tissue damage and the likelihood of recovery. In some cases, warm ischemia may be reversible if blood flow is restored quickly enough, but in other cases it may lead to permanent tissue damage or loss of function. Treatment for warm ischemia typically involves restoring blood flow to the affected area as soon as possible, along with supportive care to manage any complications that may arise.

Kidney transplantation is a surgical procedure where a healthy kidney from a deceased or living donor is implanted into a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or permanent kidney failure. The new kidney takes over the functions of filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, producing urine, and maintaining the body's electrolyte balance.

The transplanted kidney is typically placed in the lower abdomen, with its blood vessels connected to the recipient's iliac artery and vein. The ureter of the new kidney is then attached to the recipient's bladder to ensure proper urine flow. Following the surgery, the patient will require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ by their immune system.

Tissue and organ harvesting is the surgical removal of healthy tissues or organs from a living or deceased donor for the purpose of transplantation into another person in need of a transplant. This procedure is performed with great care, adhering to strict medical standards and ethical guidelines, to ensure the safety and well-being of both the donor and the recipient.

In the case of living donors, the harvested tissue or organ is typically removed from a site that can be safely spared, such as a kidney, a portion of the liver, or a segment of the lung. The donor must undergo extensive medical evaluation to ensure they are physically and psychologically suitable for the procedure.

For deceased donors, tissue and organ harvesting is performed in a manner that respects their wishes and those of their family, as well as adheres to legal and ethical requirements. Organs and tissues must be recovered promptly after death to maintain their viability for transplantation.

Tissue and organ harvesting is an essential component of the transplant process, allowing individuals with terminal illnesses or severe injuries to receive life-saving or life-enhancing treatments. It is a complex and highly regulated medical practice that requires specialized training, expertise, and coordination among healthcare professionals, donor families, and recipients.

Robotics, in the medical context, refers to the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots in medical fields. These machines are capable of performing a variety of tasks that can aid or replicate human actions, often with high precision and accuracy. They can be used for various medical applications such as surgery, rehabilitation, prosthetics, patient care, and diagnostics. Surgical robotics, for example, allows surgeons to perform complex procedures with increased dexterity, control, and reduced fatigue, while minimizing invasiveness and improving patient outcomes.

The renal veins are a pair of large veins that carry oxygen-depleted blood and waste products from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava, which is the largest vein in the body that returns blood to the heart. The renal veins are formed by the union of several smaller veins that drain blood from different parts of the kidney.

In humans, the right renal vein is shorter and passes directly into the inferior vena cava, while the left renal vein is longer and passes in front of the aorta before entering the inferior vena cava. The left renal vein also receives blood from the gonadal (testicular or ovarian) veins, suprarenal (adrenal) veins, and the lumbar veins.

It is important to note that the renal veins are vulnerable to compression by surrounding structures, such as the overlying artery or a tumor, which can lead to renal vein thrombosis, a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention.

The retroperitoneal space refers to the area within the abdominal cavity that is located behind (retro) the peritoneum, which is the smooth serous membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs. This space is divided into several compartments and contains vital structures such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, aorta, and vena cava.

The retroperitoneal space can be further categorized into two regions:

1. The posterior pararenal space, which is lateral to the psoas muscle and contains fat tissue.
2. The perirenal space, which surrounds the kidneys and adrenal glands and is filled with fatty connective tissue.

Disorders or conditions affecting the retroperitoneal space may include infections, tumors, hematomas, or inflammation, which can lead to various symptoms depending on the specific structures involved. Imaging techniques such as CT scans or MRI are commonly used to diagnose and assess retroperitoneal pathologies.

The renal artery is a pair of blood vessels that originate from the abdominal aorta and supply oxygenated blood to each kidney. These arteries branch into several smaller vessels that provide blood to the various parts of the kidneys, including the renal cortex and medulla. The renal arteries also carry nutrients and other essential components needed for the normal functioning of the kidneys. Any damage or blockage to the renal artery can lead to serious consequences, such as reduced kidney function or even kidney failure.

Uremia is not a disease itself, but rather it's a condition that results from the buildup of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure. The term "uremia" comes from the word "urea," which is one of the waste products that accumulate when the kidneys are not functioning properly.

In uremia, the kidneys are unable to effectively filter waste and excess fluids from the blood, leading to a variety of symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, itching, mental confusion, and ultimately, if left untreated, can lead to coma and death. It is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention, often involving dialysis or a kidney transplant to manage the underlying kidney dysfunction.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

A ureter is a thin, muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the bladder. In humans, there are two ureters, one for each kidney, and they are typically about 10-12 inches long. The ureters are lined with a special type of cells called transitional epithelium that can stretch and expand as urine passes through them. They are located in the retroperitoneal space, which is the area behind the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. The ureters play a critical role in the urinary system by ensuring that urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder for storage and eventual elimination from the body.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Kidney disease, also known as nephropathy or renal disease, refers to any functional or structural damage to the kidneys that impairs their ability to filter blood, regulate electrolytes, produce hormones, and maintain fluid balance. This damage can result from a wide range of causes, including diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, lupus, infections, drugs, toxins, and congenital or inherited disorders.

Depending on the severity and progression of the kidney damage, kidney diseases can be classified into two main categories: acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI is a sudden and often reversible loss of kidney function that occurs over hours to days, while CKD is a progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function that develops over months or years.

Symptoms of kidney diseases may include edema, proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and decreased urine output. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications, dietary modifications, dialysis, or kidney transplantation.

Surgical hemostasis refers to the methods and techniques used during surgical procedures to stop bleeding or prevent hemorrhage. This can be achieved through various means, including the use of surgical instruments such as clamps, ligatures, or staples to physically compress blood vessels and stop the flow of blood. Electrosurgical tools like cautery may also be used to coagulate and seal off bleeding vessels using heat. Additionally, topical hemostatic agents can be applied to promote clotting and control bleeding in wounded tissues. Effective surgical hemostasis is crucial for ensuring a successful surgical outcome and minimizing the risk of complications such as excessive blood loss, infection, or delayed healing.

A nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is responsible for filtering blood, reabsorbing necessary substances, and excreting waste products into the urine. Each human kidney contains approximately one million nephrons.

The structure of a nephron includes a glomerulus, which is a tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus filters blood, allowing small molecules like water and solutes to pass through while keeping larger molecules like proteins and blood cells within the capillaries.

The filtrate then passes through the tubular portion of the nephron, which includes the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. The tubular portion reabsorbs necessary substances like water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes back into the bloodstream while excreting waste products like urea and creatinine into the urine.

Overall, nephrons play a critical role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, regulating blood pressure, and removing waste products from the body.

Creatinine is a waste product that's produced by your muscles and removed from your body by your kidneys. Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, a compound found in meat and fish, as well as in the muscles of vertebrates, including humans.

In healthy individuals, the kidneys filter out most of the creatinine and eliminate it through urine. However, when the kidneys are not functioning properly, creatinine levels in the blood can rise. Therefore, measuring the amount of creatinine in the blood or urine is a common way to test how well the kidneys are working. High creatinine levels in the blood may indicate kidney damage or kidney disease.

Surgical blood loss is the amount of blood that is lost during a surgical procedure. It can occur through various routes such as incisions, punctures or during the removal of organs or tissues. The amount of blood loss can vary widely depending on the type and complexity of the surgery being performed.

Surgical blood loss can be classified into three categories:

1. Insensible losses: These are small amounts of blood that are lost through the skin, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal tract during surgery. They are not usually significant enough to cause any clinical effects.
2. Visible losses: These are larger amounts of blood that can be seen and measured directly during surgery. They may require transfusion or other interventions to prevent hypovolemia (low blood volume) and its complications.
3. Hidden losses: These are internal bleeding that cannot be easily seen or measured during surgery. They can occur in the abdominal cavity, retroperitoneal space, or other areas of the body. They may require further exploration or imaging studies to diagnose and manage.

Surgical blood loss can lead to several complications such as hypovolemia, anemia, coagulopathy (disorders of blood clotting), and organ dysfunction. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and manage surgical blood loss effectively to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Operative time, in medical terms, refers to the duration from when an incision is made in the surgical procedure until the closure of the incision. This period includes any additional time needed for re-exploration or reopening during the same operation. It does not include any time spent performing other procedures that may be necessary but are carried out at a later stage. Operative time is an essential metric used in surgery to assess efficiency, plan resources, and determine costs.

The umbilicus, also known as the navel, is the scar left on the abdominal wall after the removal of the umbilical cord in a newborn. The umbilical cord connects the developing fetus to the placenta in the uterus during pregnancy, providing essential nutrients and oxygen while removing waste products. After birth, the cord is clamped and cut, leaving behind a small stump that eventually dries up and falls off, leaving the umbilicus. In adults, it typically appears as a slight depression or dimple on the abdomen.

Kidney function tests (KFTs) are a group of diagnostic tests that evaluate how well your kidneys are functioning by measuring the levels of various substances in the blood and urine. The tests typically assess the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is an indicator of how efficiently the kidneys filter waste from the blood, as well as the levels of electrolytes, waste products, and proteins in the body.

Some common KFTs include:

1. Serum creatinine: A waste product that's produced by normal muscle breakdown and is excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels may indicate reduced kidney function.
2. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): Another waste product that's produced when protein is broken down and excreted by the kidneys. Increased BUN levels can suggest impaired kidney function.
3. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A calculation based on serum creatinine, age, sex, and race that estimates the GFR and provides a more precise assessment of kidney function than creatinine alone.
4. Urinalysis: An examination of a urine sample to detect abnormalities such as protein, blood, or bacteria that may indicate kidney disease.
5. Electrolyte levels: Measurement of sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate in the blood to ensure they're properly balanced, which is essential for normal kidney function.

KFTs are often ordered as part of a routine check-up or when kidney disease is suspected based on symptoms or other diagnostic tests. Regular monitoring of kidney function can help detect and manage kidney disease early, potentially preventing or slowing down its progression.

Chronic kidney failure, also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a permanent loss of kidney function that occurs gradually over a period of months to years. It is defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 ml/min, which means the kidneys are filtering waste and excess fluids at less than 15% of their normal capacity.

CKD can be caused by various underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and recurrent kidney infections. Over time, the damage to the kidneys can lead to a buildup of waste products and fluids in the body, which can cause a range of symptoms including fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and confusion.

Treatment for chronic kidney failure typically involves managing the underlying condition, making lifestyle changes such as following a healthy diet, and receiving supportive care such as dialysis or a kidney transplant to replace lost kidney function.

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children. It occurs in the cells of the developing kidneys and is named after Dr. Max Wilms, who first described this type of tumor in 1899. Wilms tumor typically develops before the age of 5, with most cases occurring in children under the age of 3.

The medical definition of Wilms tumor is:

A malignant, embryonal kidney tumor originating from the metanephric blastema, which is a mass of undifferentiated cells in the developing kidney. Wilms tumor is characterized by its rapid growth and potential for spread (metastasis) to other parts of the body, particularly the lungs and liver. The tumor usually presents as a large, firm, and irregular mass in the abdomen, and it may be associated with various symptoms such as abdominal pain, swelling, or blood in the urine.

Wilms tumor is typically treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for children with Wilms tumor has improved significantly over the past few decades due to advances in treatment methods and early detection.

Ureteral diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the ureters, which are the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as pain in the side or back, fever, and changes in urinary patterns. Here are some examples of ureteral diseases:

1. Ureteral stricture: A narrowing of the ureter that can be caused by scarring, inflammation, or tumors. This can lead to a backup of urine, which can cause kidney damage or infection.
2. Ureteral stones: Small, hard mineral deposits that form in the ureters and can cause pain, nausea, and blood in the urine.
3. Ureteral cancer: A rare type of cancer that affects the ureters and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, and bloody urine.
4. Ureteral reflux: A condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, causing infection and kidney damage.
5. Ureteral trauma: Injury to the ureters can occur due to accidents, surgeries, or other medical procedures. This can lead to bleeding, scarring, or blockages in the ureters.

Treatment for ureteral diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, or minimally invasive procedures such as stenting or balloon dilation.

A kidney glomerulus is a functional unit in the nephron of the kidney. It is a tuft of capillaries enclosed within a structure called Bowman's capsule, which filters waste and excess fluids from the blood. The glomerulus receives blood from an afferent arteriole and drains into an efferent arteriole.

The process of filtration in the glomerulus is called ultrafiltration, where the pressure within the glomerular capillaries drives plasma fluid and small molecules (such as ions, glucose, amino acids, and waste products) through the filtration membrane into the Bowman's space. Larger molecules, like proteins and blood cells, are retained in the blood due to their larger size. The filtrate then continues down the nephron for further processing, eventually forming urine.

Flank pain is defined as discomfort or pain located in the area of the body between the lower ribcage and the pelvis, specifically in the region of the abdomen that lies posterior to the axillary line (the line drawn from the underarm down the side of the body). This region contains several vital organs such as the kidneys, ureters, pancreas, colon, and parts of the reproductive system. Flank pain can be a symptom of various medical conditions affecting these organs, including but not limited to kidney stones, pyelonephritis (kidney infection), musculoskeletal issues, or irritable bowel syndrome. The intensity and character of flank pain may vary depending on the underlying cause, ranging from a dull ache to sharp stabbing sensations.

Urology is a surgical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions related to the male and female urinary tract system and the male reproductive organs. This includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, prostate gland, and testicles. Urologists are medical doctors who have completed specialized training in this field, and they may perform various surgical procedures such as cystoscopy, lithotripsy, and radical prostatectomy to treat conditions like kidney stones, urinary tract infections, bladder cancer, enlarged prostate, and infertility.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Renal hypertension, also known as renovascular hypertension, is a type of secondary hypertension (high blood pressure) that is caused by narrowing or obstruction of the renal arteries or veins, which supply blood to the kidneys. This can lead to decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the kidney tissue, activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and resulting in increased peripheral vascular resistance, sodium retention, and extracellular fluid volume, ultimately causing hypertension.

Renal hypertension can be classified into two types:

1. Renin-dependent renal hypertension: This is caused by a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, leading to increased renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that causes an increase in peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure.
2. Renin-independent renal hypertension: This is caused by increased sodium retention and extracellular fluid volume, leading to an increase in blood pressure. This can be due to various factors such as obstructive sleep apnea, primary aldosteronism, or pheochromocytoma.

Renal hypertension is often asymptomatic but can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, heart failure, and stroke if left untreated. Diagnosis of renal hypertension involves imaging studies such as renal artery duplex ultrasound, CT angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to identify any narrowing or obstruction in the renal arteries or veins. Treatment options include medications such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers, and diuretics, as well as interventions such as angioplasty and stenting to improve blood flow to the kidneys.

Angiomyolipoma is a type of benign tumor that occurs most commonly in the kidney. It is composed of blood vessels (angio-), smooth muscle cells (myo-), and fat cells (lipo-). Angiomyolipomas are usually associated with the genetic disorder tuberous sclerosis complex, but they can also occur spontaneously or as a result of other genetic conditions.

These tumors can vary in size and may cause symptoms such as pain, blood in the urine, or a palpable mass in the abdomen if they grow large enough. In some cases, angiomyolipomas may also be at risk for rupture and bleeding, particularly if they are larger than 4 cm in size.

Treatment options for angiomyolipomas include surveillance with imaging tests, medication to reduce the risk of bleeding, or surgical removal of the tumor. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the size and location of the tumor, the presence of symptoms, and the patient's overall health.

Proteinuria is a medical term that refers to the presence of excess proteins, particularly albumin, in the urine. Under normal circumstances, only small amounts of proteins should be found in the urine because the majority of proteins are too large to pass through the glomeruli, which are the filtering units of the kidneys.

However, when the glomeruli become damaged or diseased, they may allow larger molecules such as proteins to leak into the urine. Persistent proteinuria is often a sign of kidney disease and can indicate damage to the glomeruli. It is usually detected through a routine urinalysis and may be confirmed with further testing.

The severity of proteinuria can vary, and it can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and other kidney diseases. Treatment for proteinuria depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to control blood pressure, manage diabetes, or reduce protein loss in the urine.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a pattern of kidney injury that involves scarring or sclerosis in some (segmental) areas of some (focal) glomeruli. Glomeruli are the tiny blood vessel clusters within the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.

In FSGS, the scarring occurs due to damage to the glomerular basement membrane, which can be caused by various factors such as genetic mutations, viral infections, or immune system disorders. The damage leads to the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and the formation of scar tissue, impairing the kidney's ability to filter blood effectively.

FSGS is characterized by proteinuria (protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), hypertension (high blood pressure), and declining kidney function, which can lead to end-stage renal disease if left untreated. The focal and segmental nature of the scarring means that not all glomeruli are affected, and only some areas of each affected glomerulus are damaged, making FSGS a highly variable condition with different clinical presentations and outcomes.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a test used to check how well the kidneys are working. Specifically, it estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute. The glomeruli are the tiny fibers in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood. A lower GFR number means that the kidneys aren't working properly and may indicate kidney disease.

The GFR is typically calculated using a formula that takes into account the patient's serum creatinine level, age, sex, and race. The most commonly used formula is the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) equation. A normal GFR is usually above 90 mL/min/1.73m2, but this can vary depending on the individual's age and other factors.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is a laboratory value that measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea nitrogen is a waste product that is formed when proteins are broken down in the liver. The kidneys filter urea nitrogen from the blood and excrete it as urine.

A high BUN level may indicate impaired kidney function, as the kidneys are not effectively removing urea nitrogen from the blood. However, BUN levels can also be affected by other factors such as dehydration, heart failure, or gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, BUN should be interpreted in conjunction with other laboratory values and clinical findings.

The normal range for BUN is typically between 7-20 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) or 2.5-7.1 mmol/L (millimoles per liter), but the reference range may vary depending on the laboratory.

Organ sparing treatments refer to medical interventions that are designed to preserve the structure and function of an organ, while still effectively treating the underlying disease or condition. These treatments can include surgical techniques, radiation therapy, or medications that aim to target specific cells or processes involved in the disease, while minimizing damage to healthy tissues.

Organ sparing treatments may be used in a variety of medical contexts, such as cancer treatment, where the goal is to eliminate malignant cells while preserving as much normal tissue as possible. For example, radiation therapy may be delivered with precise techniques that limit exposure to surrounding organs, or medications may be used to target specific receptors on cancer cells, reducing the need for more extensive surgical interventions.

Similarly, in the context of kidney disease, organ sparing treatments may include medications that help control blood pressure and reduce proteinuria (protein in the urine), which can help slow the progression of kidney damage and potentially delay or prevent the need for dialysis or transplantation.

Overall, organ sparing treatments represent an important area of medical research and practice, as they offer the potential to improve patient outcomes, reduce treatment-related morbidity, and maintain quality of life.

Renovascular hypertension is a type of secondary hypertension (high blood pressure) that is caused by renal artery stenosis or narrowing. This condition reduces blood flow to the kidneys, leading to the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which causes an increase in peripheral vascular resistance and blood volume, resulting in hypertension.

Renovascular hypertension is often seen in people with atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia, which are the most common causes of renal artery stenosis. Other conditions that can lead to renovascular hypertension include vasculitis, blood clots, and compression of the renal artery by nearby structures.

Diagnosis of renovascular hypertension typically involves imaging studies such as duplex ultrasound, CT angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography to visualize the renal arteries and assess for stenosis. Treatment may involve medications to control blood pressure, lifestyle modifications, and procedures such as angioplasty and stenting to open up the narrowed renal artery. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow to the kidney.

Hypertrophy, in the context of physiology and pathology, refers to an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an enlargement of its constituent cells. It is often used to describe the growth of muscle cells (myocytes) in response to increased workload or hormonal stimulation, resulting in an increase in muscle mass. However, hypertrophy can also occur in other organs such as the heart (cardiac hypertrophy) in response to high blood pressure or valvular heart disease.

It is important to note that while hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size, hyperplasia refers to an increase in cell number. In some cases, both hypertrophy and hyperplasia can occur together, leading to a significant increase in the overall size and function of the organ or tissue.

A "learning curve" is not a medical term per se, but rather a general concept that is used in various fields including medicine. It refers to the process of acquiring new skills or knowledge in a specific task or activity, and the improvement in performance that comes with experience and practice over time.

In a medical context, a learning curve may refer to the rate at which healthcare professionals acquire proficiency in a new procedure, technique, or technology. It can also describe how quickly patients learn to manage their own health conditions or treatments. The term is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of training programs and to identify areas where additional education or practice may be necessary.

It's important to note that individuals may have different learning curves depending on factors such as prior experience, innate abilities, motivation, and access to resources. Therefore, it's essential to tailor training and support to the needs of each learner to ensure optimal outcomes.

Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that involves the renal pelvis and the kidney parenchyma. It's typically caused by bacterial invasion, often via the ascending route from the lower urinary tract. The most common causative agent is Escherichia coli (E. coli), but other bacteria such as Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas can also be responsible.

Acute pyelonephritis can lead to symptoms like fever, chills, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, and frequent or painful urination. If left untreated, it can potentially cause permanent kidney damage, sepsis, or other complications. Chronic pyelonephritis, on the other hand, is usually associated with underlying structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, urinalysis, and imaging studies, while treatment often consists of antibiotics tailored to the identified pathogen and the patient's overall health status.

Renin is a medically recognized term and it is defined as:

"A protein (enzyme) that is produced and released by specialized cells (juxtaglomerular cells) in the kidney. Renin is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.

When the kidney detects a decrease in blood pressure or a reduction in sodium levels, it releases renin into the bloodstream. Renin then acts on a protein called angiotensinogen, converting it to angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) subsequently converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor that narrows blood vessels and increases blood pressure.

Additionally, angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone, a hormone that promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys and increases water retention, further raising blood pressure.

Therefore, renin plays a critical role in maintaining proper blood pressure and electrolyte balance in the body."

Metipranolol is a non-selective beta blocker, which is a type of medication that works by blocking the effects of certain hormones like adrenaline (epinephrine) on the heart and blood vessels. This results in a slower heart rate, decreased force of heart contractions, and reduced blood vessel contraction, leading to lower blood pressure and improved oxygen supply to the heart.

Metipranolol is primarily used to treat open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension by reducing the production of fluid within the eye, thereby decreasing intraocular pressure. It is available as an ophthalmic solution for topical application.

It's important to note that systemic absorption of metipranolol can occur after ophthalmic use, and it may cause systemic side effects such as bradycardia (slow heart rate), hypotension (low blood pressure), and bronchospasm (narrowing of the airways) in some individuals. Therefore, patients should be monitored for potential systemic side effects during treatment with metipranolol.

The postoperative period is the time following a surgical procedure during which the patient's response to the surgery and anesthesia is monitored, and any complications or adverse effects are managed. This period can vary in length depending on the type of surgery and the individual patient's needs, but it typically includes the immediate recovery phase in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) or recovery room, as well as any additional time spent in the hospital for monitoring and management of pain, wound healing, and other aspects of postoperative care.

The goals of postoperative care are to ensure the patient's safety and comfort, promote optimal healing and rehabilitation, and minimize the risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, or other postoperative issues. The specific interventions and treatments provided during this period will depend on a variety of factors, including the type and extent of surgery performed, the patient's overall health and medical history, and any individualized care plans developed in consultation with the patient and their healthcare team.

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK) is a congenital kidney disorder, which means it is present at birth. It occurs when the kidney doesn't develop properly and forms one or more non-functioning cysts. The kidney with MCDK is usually small and has abnormally shaped cysts that can be seen on an ultrasound.

In a normal kidney, the renal pelvis (the central part of the kidney where urine collects) and the calyces (the smaller cups that receive urine from the renal tubules) are shaped like funnels to help direct urine into the ureter and then to the bladder. However, in a dysplastic kidney, these structures don't form correctly and instead develop as cysts of various sizes.

MCDK is usually unilateral (occurring in one kidney), but it can be bilateral (occurring in both kidneys), which is a more serious condition because it can lead to kidney failure. Most cases of MCDK are discovered prenatally during routine ultrasounds, and if the other kidney is normal, no treatment is necessary. The affected kidney will shrink over time and may disappear entirely. However, regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider are essential to monitor kidney function and overall health.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure, is a rapid loss of kidney function that occurs over a few hours or days. It is defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level by 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours or an increase in the creatinine level to more than 1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed to have occurred within the prior 7 days, or a urine volume of less than 0.5 mL/kg per hour for six hours.

AKI can be caused by a variety of conditions, including decreased blood flow to the kidneys, obstruction of the urinary tract, exposure to toxic substances, and certain medications. Symptoms of AKI may include decreased urine output, fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury and providing supportive care, such as dialysis, to help maintain kidney function until the injury resolves.

Surgical instruments are specialized tools or devices that are used by medical professionals during surgical procedures to assist in various tasks such as cutting, dissecting, grasping, holding, retracting, clamping, and suturing body tissues. These instruments are designed to be safe, precise, and effective, with a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials used depending on the specific surgical application. Some common examples of surgical instruments include scalpels, forceps, scissors, hemostats, retractors, and needle holders. Proper sterilization and maintenance of these instruments are crucial to ensure patient safety and prevent infection.

... for renal cell carcinoma is rapidly being modified to allow partial removal of the kidney. Nephrectomy is also ... Partial nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney tumor along with a thin rim of normal kidney, with the two aims of ... A partial nephrectomy should be attempted when there is a kidney tumor in a solitary kidney, when there are kidney tumors in ... The first recorded nephrectomy was performed in 1861 by Erastus B. Wolcott in Wisconsin. The patient had had a large tumor and ...
"The 'Finger-Assisted' Nephrectomy of Prof. Nadey Hakim and the World Presidents of the International College of Surgeons in ... The 'Finger-Assisted' Nephrectomy of Professor Nadey Hakim and the World Presidents of the International College of Surgeons in ... "The International College of Surgeons Announces the Unveiling of "The Finger Assisted Nephrectomy" Painting at the House of ...
Néphrectomie, 1885 - Nephrectomy. Affections chirurgicales des reins, des uretères et des capsules surrénales, 1889 - Surgical ... in 1875 being credited with achieving the first recorded occurrence of cure by nephrectomy in France, and in 1898, with Joaquín ...
Palese performed the first robotic radical nephrectomy, robotic partial nephrectomy, robotic donor nephrectomy, robotic ... open partial nephrectomy in consecutive patients: The Cornell Experience". BJU International. 96 (6): 811-814. doi:10.1111/j. ... Complications of Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy. Complications of Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery. Springer, New York ... "The first decade of a laparoscopic donor nephrectomy program: effect of surgeon and institution experience with 512 cases from ...
Two nephrectomies). Guérison, 1887. P. Segond. De l'hystérectomie vaginale dans le traitement des suppurations péri-utérines. ( ...
Truong LD, Shen SS, Park MH, Krishnan B (February 2009). "Diagnosing nonneoplastic lesions in nephrectomy specimens". Archives ...
Truong LD, Shen SS, Park MH, Krishnan B (February 2009). "Diagnosing nonneoplastic lesions in nephrectomy specimens". Archives ...
Truong LD, Shen SS, Park MH, Krishnan B (February 2009). "Diagnosing nonneoplastic lesions in nephrectomy specimens". Archives ...
Complications include common ureteral narrowing (one patient); subsequent kidney removal, or nephrectomy (one patient); ...
Nephrectomy is the removal of a kidney. Neurectomy is the removal of a nerve. Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of the ...
... and on 2 August 1869 performed the first planned nephrectomy on a human, only eight years after the first nephrectomy by ... Tinker, Martin B. (Aug 1901). "The First Nephrectomy and the First Cholectystomoy". Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. 12 ...
2021-08-19). "Adjuvant Pembrolizumab after Nephrectomy in Renal-Cell Carcinoma". New England Journal of Medicine. 385 (8): 683- ...
It was there that he underwent nephrectomy surgery. He returned to Burma in 1947 and continued his mission there, and met the ...
de la Cour d'appel, Maretheux dir., 1912 - Treatment of urinary tuberculosis (tuberculin and nephrectomy). Le Dosage de l'urée ...
August 19, 2021). "Adjuvant Pembrolizumab after Nephrectomy in Renal-Cell Carcinoma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 385 ...
Nephrectomy is generally considered extreme for human cases. A physician reportedly used Ivermectin to treat a patient, who was ... leading to radical nephrectomy. Adult worms typically only infect one kidney. The kidney is destroyed because of fibrosis, the ...
This requires drainage, best performed by ureteral stent placement or nephrostomy.[citation needed] Surgery - Nephrectomy, if ...
Nephrectomy is frequently used to cure renal cell carcinoma. Renal physiology is the study of kidney function. Nephrology is ... surgical removal of the kidney is a nephrectomy, while a reduction in kidney function is called renal dysfunction. Diabetic ...
1992 Ehrlich, R., Raz, S., Gershman, A., Fuchs, G.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In A Child: Expending Horizons Of Laparoscopy In ... 1995 Fuchs, G., Gershman A., David, R., Patel, A., Ehrlich, R.: Transabdominal Bilateral And Unilateral Nephrectomy In Adults. ... 1995 Fuchs, G., Gershman, A., David, R., Patel, A., Ehrlich, R.: Transabdominal Unit And Bilateral Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In ... 1993 Gershman, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy in Adults. 11th World Congress of Endourology, Italy. 1993 ...
"First robotic radical nephrectomy with all ports placed through a single incision". Sciencedaily.com. 2011-03-01. doi:10.1097/ ... first nanoknife kidney surgery in Michigan first clinical study of barbed suture for Robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy 2011 ... "Barbed Suture for Renorrhaphy During Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy". Journal of Endourology. Liebertonline.com. 25 (3): ... "Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy - Journal of Endourology Feb 2011". Journal of Endourology. Liebertonline.com. 25 (3): 529- ...
Patel, M. N.; Bhandari, M; Menon, M; Rogers, C. G. (2009). "Robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy: Has it come of age?". Indian ... for cystectomy in 2003 and for nephrectomy in 2006 and most recently, in 2013, for kidney transplantation (trial ongoing). In ...
"Hospitalizations following living donor nephrectomy in the United States". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 9 (2): 355-65. doi:10.2215/ ... "Current trends and short-term outcomes of live donor nephrectomy: a population-based analysis of the nationwide inpatient ...
... live donor nephrectomy: 239 cases". Yonsei Medical Journal. 45 (6): 1149-1154. doi:10.3349/ymj.2004.45.6.1149. ISSN 0513-5796. ...
May 1995). "Subtotal but not unilateral nephrectomy induces hyperplasia and protooncogene expression". The American Journal of ...
When performing partial nephrectomy, many surgeons clamp the renal artery. Urologic dogma has been that every minute of clamp ...
Removal of the kidney (nephrectomy) is strongly to be avoided. An asymptomatic angiomyolipoma that is growing larger than 3 cm ...
... after 5/6 nephrectomy. Causes severe side effects that can not be tolerated on daily bases. Side effects include hypokalemia ...
Kirkali, Z; Canda, AE (2008). "Open partial nephrectomy in the management of small renal masses". Adv Urol. 2008: 309760. doi: ... In 1887 Czerny performed the first open partial nephrectomy for renal carcinoma. Czerny made contributions to other surgical ...
Reported cases have been subjected to nephrectomy and/or chemotherapy. Primary gallbladder EMZL (i.e. extranodal marginal zone ...
Other treatments may include denervation, autotransplantation, renal neurectomy, or nephrectomy. Unfortunately symptoms often ... between pain exacerbations Implantable drug delivery system Surgical renal denervation Renal autotransplantation Nephrectomy ( ...
Nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma is rapidly being modified to allow partial removal of the kidney. Nephrectomy is also ... Partial nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney tumor along with a thin rim of normal kidney, with the two aims of ... A partial nephrectomy should be attempted when there is a kidney tumor in a solitary kidney, when there are kidney tumors in ... The first recorded nephrectomy was performed in 1861 by Erastus B. Wolcott in Wisconsin. The patient had had a large tumor and ...
In a laparoscopic nephrectomy, the surgeon makes two or three small incisions close to the bellybutton and uses a special ...
Over 95% of our partial nephrectomies in 2014 were performed robotically, a much higher rate than most other institutions. ... Additionally, greater than 95% of our radical nephrectomies in 2014 were performed using laparoscopy, sparing our patients a ... larger painful incision through the ribs and potentially weeks or months of recovery.Partial nephrectomy is the removal of part ... Partial nephrectomy is the removal of part of the kidney, usually because of a tumor, while sparing the remainder from damage ...
This guide will help you get ready for your nephrectomy (surgery to remove your kidney) or adrenalectomy (surgery to remove ... About Your Nephrectomy or Adrenalectomy * About Your Kidneys and Adrenal Glands * About Your Nephrectomy or Adrenalectomy * ... A partial nephrectomy is the removal of the part of the kidney that has the cancer and the tissue surrounding it. If needed, ... A radical nephrectomy is the removal of the entire kidney and the tissue that surrounds it. If needed, the lymph nodes and the ...
Senior Health / Clinics/Facilities / Urology / Education and Resources / Robotic Surgery / Partial Nephrectomy ... With the benefits of da Vinci Surgery, doctors may be able to perform a partial nephrectomy or kidney-sparing surgery (healthy ... A surgical technique called partial nephrectomy removes only the diseased part of your kidney while sparing the healthy, ...
AUA 2019 Outcomes after Nephrectomy, renal cancer, partial nephrectomy ... AUA 2019: Predicting Functional Outcomes after Partial Nephrectomy Chicago, IL (UroToday.com) At least four separate methods ... I would not be surprised to see this simple 89% rule for estimating postoperative GFR after partial nephrectomy rapidly adopted ... Can We Predict Functional Outcomes after Partial Nephrectomy?. J Urol. 2019;201(4):693-701. ...
I am 3 weeks post op nephrectomy. My pre op GFR was 50. Now my GFR is 27. Question: what problems if any will I have with this ... I am 3 weeks post op nephrectomy. My pre op GFR was 50. ...
Gerota s fascia (see renal anatomy) was opened and the perinephric fat was separated to expose the left renal artery near the hilum ...
"So we showed that in this complex cohort of patients, axitinib can be used to cytoreduce masses and enable partial nephrectomy ... Pre-Op Axitinib Helps for Partial Nephrectomy of Complex Renal Tumors. - Approach in small ongoing trial resulted in reduction ... In addition, "19 of 26 patients were able to undergo partial nephrectomy," Hakimi told MedPage Today. "For patients that have ... Six of the 26 patients had Clavien grade III-IV surgical complications after partial nephrectomy, including urine leaks in four ...
Our outcomes compare favorably to published data on open surgical radical nephrectomy in this setting, and HALN should be ... Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal cell cancer with renal vein tumor thrombus Urology. 2008 Aug;72(2):268-72. doi ... Our outcomes compare favorably to published data on open surgical radical nephrectomy in this setting, and HALN should be ... Objectives: To assess outcomes after hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy (HALN) for renal cell cancer tumor thrombus ...
Nephrectomy. Treatment/Procedure: Nephrectomy. Also called: Living Donor Nephrectomy; Robotic Partial Nephrectomy; Kidney ... Providers Performing or Prescribing Nephrectomy. Note that every provider listed below may not perform or prescribe Nephrectomy ...
Discover 2023s top 10 clinics worldwide for Nephrectomy, offering world class care and cutting edge treatment options. ... Top 10 Nephrectomy Clinics in the World for 2023. List of Affordable and Best Nephrectomy Clinics Around the World. ... Nephrectomy Related Experiences. Kidney Stones Removal Surgery in Turkey. When you are looking for a place to have your kidney ... Nephrectomy Related Packages. Affordable Kidney Stone Removal Package in Cancun, Mexico by Dr. Alejandro Cumming. Dr. Alejandro ...
Radical Nephrectomy: the Golden Standard. Ημερομηνία-ώρα: Friday, April 11, 2008 - 09:30 to 10:30 ...
Scheduled for HAL Radical Nephrectomy left side on 8/31/10 Just signed up so I could post. I have been reading these posts for ... Scheduled for HAL Radical Nephrectomy left side on 8/31/10. Just signed up so I could post. I have been reading these posts for ... Scheduled for HAL Radical Nephrectomy left side on 8/31/10. Just signed up so I could post. I have been reading these posts for ... Scheduled for HAL Radical Nephrectomy left side on 8/31/10. Just signed up so I could post. I have been reading these posts for ...
... is less likely to develop postoperatively in men who undergo partial rather than radical nephrectomy, a study found. ... The study, which involved 432 men, is the first to demonstrate an increased risk of ED following radical nephrectomy (RN) ... The study, which involved 432 men, is the first to demonstrate an increased risk of ED following radical nephrectomy (RN) ... Erectile dysfunction (ED) is less likely to develop postoperatively in men who undergo partial rather than radical nephrectomy ...
Genomics may ultimately play an important role in determining recurrence risk in patients who undergo surgery for localized kidney cancer, according to Brian Rini, MD, of Cleveland Clinic.
She began a planned 12-week course of chemotherapy to be followed by partial versus total nephrectomies. After 6 weeks of ... Case Study: Concurrent Bilateral Partial Nephrectomies for Wilms Tumors. Published on Feb 22, 2021 ... During the surgery, the first partial nephrectomy and renal reconstruction had no complications, allowing Kolon to continue and ... To save RL from undergoing two rounds of anesthesia, Kolon planned bilateral partial nephrectomies. This requires complete ...
These findings suggest that nephrectomy can be avoided in some patients.. *Patient selection is key. Nephrectomy may be more ... the question is whether all patients should have nephrectomy as well as targeted therapy. Nephrectomy poses risks for ... Nephrectomy May Be Avoided in Some Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. By Alice Goodman. June 25, 2018. Advertisement ... He added that nephrectomy remains the gold standard for patients who do not require systemic therapy, such as those with one ...
Laparoscopic nephrectomy tends to become the new gold standard surgical technique in a selected population (non-functioning ...
... after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for locally advanced renal cell carcinoma are similar to those of open nephrectomy. ... Laparoscopic nephrectomy: Not just for localized renal cell carcinoma?. May 1, 2008. Article ... Traditionally, most T3 lesions have been treated with open radical nephrectomy, with 5-year survival rates in the 40% to 80% ... Intermediate-term oncologic results after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for locally advanced renal cell carcinoma are ...
... to review published literature comparing robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN).Evidence ... to review published literature comparing robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN).Evidence ... Humans, Laparoscopy, Nephrectomy, Robotics, Comparative Study, Journal Article, Meta-Analysis, Review. 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.06 ... Robotic versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Contex: centres worldwide have been ...
The doctor and the patient will discuss the number of embryos to be transferred. The number of successfully fertilized eggs usually determines the number of eggs to be placed in the uterus. Embryos are transferred to the uterus with transabdominal ultrasound guidance. This process does not require anesthesia, but it can cause minor cervical or uterine discomfort. Following transfer, the patient is advised to take at least one days bed rest and two or three additional days of rest, then 10 to 12 days later, two pregnancy tests are scheduled to confirm success. Once two positive tests are completed, an obstetrical ultrasound is ordered to show the sac, fetal pole, yolk sac and fetal heart rate. ...
Living donor kidney transplant following nephrectomy for renal artery stenosis with arterial reconstruction and viability ... Living donor kidney transplant following nephrectomy for renal artery stenosis with arterial reconstruction and viability ...
We report the use of EVNP to assess graft perfusion quality following indication nephrectomy and back-bench arterial ... Living donor kidney transplant following nephrectomy for renal artery stenosis with arterial reconstruction and viability ... Living donor kidney transplant following nephrectomy for renal artery stenosis with arterial reconstruction and viability ...
apos;Pseudo' pseudoaneurysm following robotic assisted partial nephrectomy Schommer Eric, Gundian Julio, Thiel D. David, ... A 65-year-old female presented to clinic requesting follow up for a history of right robotic partial nephrectomy done at an ... MRI confirmed these findings, and the patient ultimately required a laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for definitive treatment. ...
Cytoreductive Nephrectomy and Overall Survival of Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Targeted Therapy- ... Cytoreductive Nephrectomy and Overall Survival of Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Targeted Therapy- ... metastatic renal cell carcinoma; targeted therapy; cytoreductive nephrectomy; overall survival Popis. Simple Summary: The ... The role of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) in treatment of locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) in the ...
Tag Archive for: partial nephrectomy. You are here: Home1 / partial nephrectomy ... 4 Thompson RH, Lane BR, Lohse CM et al. Every minute counts when the renal hilum is clamped during partial nephrectomy. Eur ... Partial nephrectomy has replaced radical nephrectomy as the preferred treatment for T1 renal masses. This publication ... 3 Polascik TJ, Pound CR, Meng MV, Partin AW, Marshall FF. Partial nephrectomy: technique, complications and pathological fi ...
Are there anatomical barriers to laparoscopic donor nephrectomy?. Catherine Crane, Vincent W. T. Lam*, Abdulrahman Alsakran, ... Are there anatomical barriers to laparoscopic donor nephrectomy?. In: ANZ Journal of Surgery. 2010 ; Vol. 80, No. 11. pp. 781- ... Are there anatomical barriers to laparoscopic donor nephrectomy? ANZ Journal of Surgery. 2010 Nov 1;80(11):781-785. doi: ... Are there anatomical barriers to laparoscopic donor nephrectomy? / Crane, Catherine; Lam, Vincent W. T.; Alsakran, Abdulrahman ...
... - [nə frek′tə mē] n. pl. nephrectomies [ NEPHR + ECTOMY] surgical removal of the kidneys … English World dictionary ... nephrectomy - /neuh frek teuh mee/, n., pl. nephrectomies. Surg. excision of a kidney. [1875 80; NEPHR + ECTOMY] * * * … ... nephrectomy - Surgery to remove a kidney or part of a kidney. In a partial nephrectomy, part of one kidney or a tumor is ... Nephrectomy - The surgical removal of a kidney. A nephrectomy can be radical, simple, or partial. The kidney, the adrenal gland ...
nephrectomy. Adenocarcinoma adenoma anatomy bleeding cancer colon colonoscopy duodenum echocardiography emr Endodontics ... Partial nephrectomy with selective arterial clamping in a solitary kidney in a patient with a right kidney tumor R.E.N.A.L. ... During right partial or radical nephrectomy the vena cava can be damaged. The laparoscopic approach offers great advantages for ... This video describes how to place a retroperitoneal optical port for renal procedures like pyeloplasty, nephrectomy etc. My ...
  • The relative effectiveness of partial vs radical nephrectomy remains unclear in light of the recent phase 3 European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer trial. (nih.gov)
  • We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of partial vs radical nephrectomy for localized renal tumors, considering all cause and cancer specific mortality, and severe chronic kidney disease. (nih.gov)
  • Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE®, EMBASE®, Scopus and Web of Science® were searched for sporadic renal tumors that were surgically treated with partial or radical nephrectomy. (nih.gov)
  • citation needed] A total nephrectomy is the removal of at least the entire kidney, whereas a 'radical nephrectomy' also includes at least some perinephric fat, possibly including Gerota's fascia, and usually also the ipsilateral adrenal gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • These patients require radical nephrectomy, regional lymph adenectomy, and adrenalectomy by open or laparoscopic surgery. (medscape.com)
  • Over the last decade, kidney-preserving partial nephrectomy, once restricted to tumors in patients with a solitary kidney or with renal insufficiency or disease, has become an accepted alternative to radical nephrectomy, even for patients with both kidneys intact. (medscape.com)
  • Studies have shown that partial nephrectomy for tumors of ≤ 4 cm provides equivalent tumor control to radical nephrectomy. (medscape.com)
  • When technically feasible, partial nephrectomy for tumors of ≤ 7 cm produces equivalent disease-free intervals to those achieved in similar patients treated with radical nephrectomy, across all histologic subtypes. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] Two important studies have demonstrated that long-term renal function is adversely affected by radical nephrectomy. (medscape.com)
  • Published experiences from centers with expertise in both open and minimally invasive approaches for RCTs, however, have revealed inconsistencies in the management of small RCTs, with surgeons more likely to perform partial nephrectomy during open surgery, and radical nephrectomy during laparoscopic surgery. (medscape.com)
  • For pT1b disease, the NCCN recommends either partial or radical nephrectomy. (medscape.com)
  • For stage II renal tumors, the NCCN guideline recommends partial nephrectomy or radical nephrectomy as primary treatment. (medscape.com)
  • For stage III, the NCCN guideline recommends radical nephrectomy, or partial nephrectomy if clinically indicated. (medscape.com)
  • Partial nephrectomy versus radical nephrectomy for clinical localised renal masses. (medscape.com)
  • There are two main types of nephrectomy: partial and radical. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The long-term results of a partial nephrectomy are often similar to those of a radical nephrectomy, with the benefit of maintaining more kidney function. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In a radical nephrectomy , the surgeon removes the entire kidney, nearby adrenal gland and lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • While a radical nephrectomy may involve removing the adrenal glands , a surgeon may be able to leave them intact if the cancer is in the lower part of the kidney. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This approach is particularly suited for radical nephrectomy. (medscape.com)
  • A radical nephrectomy removes the entire kidney and some nearby structures. (cancer.org)
  • The surgeon may do a radical nephrectomy to remove the kidney containing the most tumor, and then a partial nephrectomy on the other kidney, removing just the tumor and a margin of normal kidney around it. (cancer.org)
  • When either radical or partial nephrectomy is done, another main goal of surgery is to determine the extent of the cancer and whether or not it can all be removed. (cancer.org)
  • I am scheduled to have my open radical nephrectomy in one week and I am becoming increasingly nervous. (cancer.org)
  • Most radical nephrectomies are done laproscopically. (cancer.org)
  • The decision to undergo partial nephrectomy (PN) versus radical nephrectomy (RN) for a localized renal mass should take various factors into consideration, including tumor characteristics, patient's health status and preference, and risks and benefits of these each approach. (iospress.com)
  • Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (RN) should be offered to patients with locally advanced tumor growth or in T1 tumors with unfavorable location [ 6 ]. (iospress.com)
  • We prospectively collected radical nephrectomy (RN) specimens, to analyze the histological changes within peritumoral and distant parenchyma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our study exclusively enrolled radical nephrectomy (RN) specimens to better assess the non-neoplastic parenchyma, including the tumor pseudo-capsule (PC), peritumoral parenchyma and distant parenchyma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • What Is Radical Nephrectomy? (royalclinicdubai.com)
  • Hence, Radical Nephrectomy is approached to cut off a section of the ureter or completely discard the affected kidney to stop the infection from spreading widely. (royalclinicdubai.com)
  • T is another minimally invasive technique that allows the Radical Nephrectomy to be performed more precisely and effortlessly. (royalclinicdubai.com)
  • This medical video presents laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in diagnosed kidney cancer. (medtube.net)
  • Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy - Identifying. (medtube.net)
  • This video shows one part of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: identifying the ureter by stimulating peristalsis. (medtube.net)
  • Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy - Lower Pole. (medtube.net)
  • This video shows one part of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: lower pole dissection. (medtube.net)
  • Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy - Ligation of. (medtube.net)
  • This video shows one part of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: ligation of vessels using linear stapler. (medtube.net)
  • Abstract Purpose: To compare the functional outcomes of patients who underwent partial (PN) or radical nephrectomy (RN) for clinical T1 (cT1) renal tumors using the Kidney Cancer Database of the Urooncology Association, Turkey. (authorea.com)
  • At present, for cT1 tumours, partial nephrectomy has fully supplanted radical nephrectomy as the reference standard treatment, given the superior functional, and equivalent oncological outcomes. (amedi.sk)
  • The retrospective review of over 6,000 patients who underwent partial (PN) or radical nephrectomy (RN) at Cleveland Clinic found that the disparity was most pronounced in Black patients with estimated normal kidney function. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The race-modified equations appear to be overestimating a patient's kidney function for Black patients, so when making a decision that balances cancer eradication and long-term kidney function, the team may lean toward cancer eradication with radical nephrectomy," says Dr. Weight, "when really, in some of these patients, the kidney function is more precarious than presumed. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: IOAEs were defined as the occurrence of intraoperative surgical complications, blood transfusion, or conversion to open surgery/radical nephrectomy. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • 2. [The laparoscopic approach to renal tumors outcome of 121 laparoscopic radical and partial nephrectomy procedures]. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: techniques, results and oncological outcome in 125 consecutive cases. (nih.gov)
  • 9. Financial analysis of open versus laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for cancer with level I renal vein involvement. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Prospective randomized comparison of transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Direct access to the renal artery at the level of treitz ligament during left radical laparoscopic transperitoneal nephrectomy. (nih.gov)
  • 19. [The experience of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal tumors]. (nih.gov)
  • The 2019 European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines also recommend partial nephrectomy as the preferred option in tumors measuring up to 7 cm. (medscape.com)
  • Partial nephrectomy is also recommended in patients with compromised renal function, solitary kidney, or bilateral tumors, with no tumor size limitation. (medscape.com)
  • A partial nephrectomy is typically the preferable option for early-stage kidney cancer or smaller tumors measuring less than 4 centimeters across. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • With this experience, surgeons have naturally started to push the envelope for partial nephrectomy to more complex cT1a tumors, and larger masses (cT1b and T2 tumors). (iospress.com)
  • Conclusion: For the treatment of stage T1 kidney tumors, the first choice should be open or laparoscopic partial nephrectomy due to the superior long-term preservation of renal function and overall survival, regardless of age and comorbidities. (authorea.com)
  • Partial nephrectomy is a surgery preferred for patients with smaller kidney tumors less than 4 cm in size, wherein only the tumor and a surrounding rim of the kidney is removed. (medanta.org)
  • However, tumors between 4 and 7 centimeters can also be treated with partial nephrectomy, if they are located in certain areas and technically feasible. (medanta.org)
  • Partial nephrectomy for smaller tumors has been found to be just as effective as complete nephrectomy with the advantage of leaving the functional kidney behind. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Laparoscopic kidney tumor ablation, which includes cryosurgery and radiofrequency ablation, is also an option for smaller tumors that are not easily removed by laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Our study shows that robotic partial nephrectomy is not only safe and effective but also a preferred approach for treating small kidney tumors," Gill added. (malar.tv)
  • 17. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for hilar tumors: technique and results. (nih.gov)
  • 20. Robot assisted partial nephrectomy versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors: a multi-institutional analysis of perioperative outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • 65% of RCT patients undergo partial nephrectomy. (medscape.com)
  • Urinary fistula after robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: a multicentre analysis of 1 791 patients. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic kidney disease after nephrectomy in patients with renal cortical tumours: a retrospective cohort study. (medscape.com)
  • The long-term outlook for patients with unilateral renal agenesis or following unilateral nephrectomy in childhood is controversial. (nih.gov)
  • Investigators have created a model to preoperatively identify which patients undergoing nephrectomy for localized kidney cancer are at risk for kidney failure within 5 years. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with a survival benefit for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with sunitinib, with and without cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN). (medscimonit.com)
  • We present the largest known series of patients with renal malignancy in horseshoe kidneys managed by partial or hemi-nephrectomy with associated outcomes. (canjurol.com)
  • Eight patients with horseshoe kidney who underwent partial or hemi-nephrectomy for renal malignancy were identified. (canjurol.com)
  • Partial and hemi-nephrectomy for renal malignancy can safely be performed in patients with horseshoe kidney with acceptable operative and oncologic outcomes. (canjurol.com)
  • Laparosopic nephrectomy is a minimally invasive procedure for removal of kidney and provides patients with a safe and effective way to remove a diseased or. (medtube.net)
  • Patients with kidney masses suspicious for cancer are the most common reason for a partial nephrectomy. (texomaurology.com)
  • Indications for nephrectomy included chronic infection in a nonfunctioning kidney in 2 patients, and a 4.5-cm enhancing renal mass in the other patient. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Patients ( n = 54) undergoing partial or total unilateral nephrectomy at two Danish centres were followed for 1 year in an observational study. (medscape.com)
  • After 1 year, only unilateral nephrectomy patients displayed increased plasma ANP, which could support adaptation. (medscape.com)
  • OBJECTIVE To report the risk factors and natural history of urinary fistula (UF) after partial nephrectomy (PN), as their incidence has been reported to be 3-6% in large series of PN but there are few reports of the risk factors associated with the development of UF after PN, and the natural history of UF in a large group of patients. (northwestern.edu)
  • However, the effects of unilateral nephrectomy on BP and its circadian rhythm have not yet been clarified in patients with a compromised renal function, including dialysis patients . (bvsalud.org)
  • In contrast, in dialysis patients , no significant differences were observed in the N/D ratio of SBP or the patterns of circadian BP rhythm before and after nephrectomy . (bvsalud.org)
  • However, current trends broad the horizons of the partial nephrectomy indications for patients with healthy contralateral kidney. (amedi.sk)
  • In a study, patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and an MSKCC intermediate-risk score had better overall survival following deferred cytoreductive nephrectomy than patients with a poor-risk score. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Among patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), deferred cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) might safely be offered to patients with a Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) intermediate-risk score but not to those with a poor-risk score, investigators reported at the 36th annual European Association of Urology virtual congress. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Washington D.C. [USA] July 11: Turns out, robotic partial nephrectomy offers significantly better outcomes for patients with early kidney cancer. (malar.tv)
  • It's well known that disparities exist in the use of partial nephrectomy in Black patients in the U.S., even though on average, Black patients have a higher risk of chronic kidney disease [CKD] and high blood pressure and of needing dialysis," says Christopher Weight, MD , Director of Cleveland Clinic's Center for Urologic Oncology and lead author of the study. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Background: Ability to predict the risk of intraoperative adverse events (IOAEs) for patients undergoing partial nephrectomy (PN) can be of great clinical significance. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • 10. Laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy: a matched-pair comparison of 200 patients. (nih.gov)
  • Hi, I am new to RCC and will have a total nephrectomy on this Thurs.(nov. 4th,2004) I would like any info on how you have coped with the recovery.I am an RN and know the technical aspects but would like to hear of personal experiences.Thank you and Bless all of you. (cancer.org)
  • [ 4 ] Previous deterrents to partial nephrectomy, including proximity to the collecting system, endophytic tumor location, concern for tumor multifocality, and desire for a 1 cm surgical margin, have been addressed. (medscape.com)
  • A person with kidney cancer may require a nephrectomy to remove a cancerous tumor. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • You may be a candidate for a robotic partial nephrectomy if you have a small kidney tumor or if removing your entire kidney could result in kidney failure and the need for dialysis . (clevelandclinic.org)
  • If you have a kidney tumor and it's smaller than 1.5 inches (4 centimeters) in size, your provider will likely recommend a robotic partial nephrectomy. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • This video shows a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in horseshoe kidney because of tumor. (medtube.net)
  • Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy involves removing just the tumor rather than the whole kidney and sparing as much normal kidney tissue as possible. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • The provider will also discuss what type of partial nephrectomy procedure is best for you. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Single-incision donor nephrectomy (SIDN) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure performed to remove a healthy kidney from a living donor for the purpose of kidney transplantation. (asterhospitals.in)
  • Single-incision donor nephrectomy takes a more advanced approach, where the entire procedure is performed through a single small incision, usually hidden within the donor's belly button (umbilicus) or in the lower abdomen. (asterhospitals.in)
  • Laparoscopic nephrectomy (kidney removal) is the most common laparoscopic urologic procedure performed at Emory. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • The surgery can be done through an open incision (open nephrectomy) or through several small incisions (laparoscopic nephrectomy). (uwhealth.org)
  • A robotic partial nephrectomy is performed by making small incisions in the abdomen where the robotic surgical equipment and camera can be inserted. (medanta.org)
  • In traditional donor nephrectomy, several small incisions are made in the donor's abdomen to access the kidney, and the kidney is then carefully removed. (asterhospitals.in)
  • Single-incision donor nephrectomy offers several potential benefits, including a reduced number of incisions, less post-operative pain, shorter recovery time, and improved cosmetic outcomes compared to traditional multi-incision donor nephrectomy. (asterhospitals.in)
  • Single-incision donor nephrectomy aims to reduce the potential risks associated with multiple incisions while ensuring the best possible outcomes for the living donor. (asterhospitals.in)
  • Conclusion Minimally invasive partial nephrectomy can be tailored according to tumour location, avoiding unnecessary clamping and/or suturing of the kidney without negatively affecting treatment outcomes. (wustl.edu)
  • A study from the Keck School of Medicine of USC found that robotic partial nephrectomy decreases complications, mortality and other important patient outcomes as compared with open or laparoscopic techniques. (malar.tv)
  • When comparing robotic to open partial nephrectomy, the study found that robotic partial nephrectomy offered several superior patient outcomes, including decreased complications during and after surgery, cancer recurrence, overall mortality, hospital length of stay and readmission. (malar.tv)
  • The study examined how the resection technique used during partial nephrectomy might affect perioperative outcomes and surgical margins. (foxchase.org)
  • 11. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: surgical experience and outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • 14. Outcomes of hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy in technically challenging cases. (nih.gov)
  • Since 2009 all live donor nephrectomy cases have been performed by laparoscopic, hand-assisted technique, by means of "handport" and 3 laparoscopic ports (5/12 mm). (hindawi.com)
  • Renal agenesis and unilateral nephrectomy: what are the risks of living with a single kidney? (nih.gov)
  • The Effects of Unilateral Nephrectomy on Blood Pressure and Its Circadian Rhythm. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusion Unilateral nephrectomy affects the circadian rhythm of BP but not absolute values of BP. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusions: Keyhole umbilical nephrectomy utilizing articulating laparoscopic instrumentation to facilitate triangulation is feasible. (elsevierpure.com)
  • When technically feasible laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) is an increasingly used option. (coek.info)
  • A patient may also heal faster, have a shorter hospital stay, and experience smaller incisions with this type of nephrectomy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • During a typical open partial nephrectomy, your healthcare provider will make one or more large cuts (incisions) in your abdomen. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Like autumneve said the recovery time will be different for laprascopic versus open nephrectomy. (cancer.org)
  • On this basis, we intended to examine skin closure in living donors subjected to laparoscopic, hand-assisted nephrectomy by a prospective, randomized trial: tissue adhesive (cyanoacrylate (Liquiband)) versus conventional, intracutaneous suture and dressing (1 : 1). (hindawi.com)
  • Ideal patient selection for deferred cytoreductive nephrectomy should therefore include an assessment of MSKCC risk score, with intermediate MSKCC risk disease identified as a favorable prognostic factor for survival following surgery," Dr Choy concluded. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Choy J, Szabados B, Abu-Ghanem Y, Powles T, Wimalasingham A, Bex A. Optimizing patient selection for deferred cytoreductive nephrectomy in the contemporary era of targeted therapy . (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • A robotic partial nephrectomy is robotic-assisted surgery . (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The increase of partial nephrectomies performed was attributable to robotic assisted surgery that increased by 15%, with a concomitant decrease of open surgery by 33% [ 7 ]. (iospress.com)
  • Robot Assisted Laparascopy surgery is one of the most advanced method of performing partial nephrectomy as it incorporates the principles of open surgery and applies them to a robotic-assisted, minimally invasive approach. (medanta.org)
  • While this study was only recently published, this collaborative approach to nephrectomy dates back many years, according to Alexander Kutikov, MD, FACS, Chief of the Division of Urology and Urologic Oncology at Fox Chase. (foxchase.org)
  • A nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney, performed to treat a number of kidney diseases including kidney cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the name suggests, partial nephrectomy involves a surgeon removing only the area of the kidney containing cancer and leaving the rest of the kidney intact. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Harasemiw O, Nayak JG, Grubic N, Ferguson TW, Sood MM, Tangri N. A predictive model for kidney failure after nephrectomy for localized kidney cancer: the kidney cancer risk equation . (renalandurologynews.com)
  • Laparoscopic nephrectomy (LN) was first performed by Clayman et al in 1991 and has since become a standard therapy for various renal lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy (RLN) is regularly performed for both benign and malignant lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy is also routinely performed for benign renal lesions. (medscape.com)
  • In general, the indications for an extraperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy are similar to those for the intraperitoneal approach. (medscape.com)
  • Such alternatives include renal embolization for those who are poor candidates for surgery, or partial nephrectomy if possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • The complication rate of open partial nephrectomy is 9%, the most bothersome adverse events being prolonged urinary fistula and delayed hemorrhage, which rarely require surgery. (medscape.com)
  • In this article, we will discuss what a nephrectomy is, why a person may require one, and how to prepare for the surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A laparoscopic nephrectomy is a minimally invasive surgery - done while a patient is under general anesthetic - that involves the use of a laparoscope. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A partial nephrectomy is a surgery that fixes a kidney condition. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • A partial nephrectomy is a type of surgery in which a surgeon removes part of your kidney to treat a disease or injury. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • This is especially true in contemporary practice as experience in partial nephrectomy grows, primarily driven by the rise of robotic minimally-invasive surgery. (iospress.com)
  • [ 1 ] Living donor nephrectomy is associated with an increase in the single kidney and thus single nephron GFR (snGFR) after surgery reflecting the higher functional demand. (medscape.com)
  • 12. Complications of laparoscopic nephrectomy: the Mayo clinic experience. (nih.gov)
  • Does tumour effraction during robotic partial nephrectomy have any impact on recurrence? (hal.science)
  • Using a retroperitoneal approach has certain advantages over a traditional laparoscopic nephrectomy, which include prompt access to the great vessels and renal vasculature without requiring medial mobilization of solid viscus or bowel. (medscape.com)
  • All living donors subjected to laparoscopic, hand-assisted nephrectomy at Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet between January 2012 and November 2012 were approached for inclusion in this trial. (hindawi.com)
  • HALDN - hand-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. (annalsoftransplantation.com)
  • Treatment consisted of nephrectomy, irradiation, and chemotherapy with actinomycin D and vincristine. (nih.gov)
  • [ 4 ] While this was attributed previously to increases in renal blood flow, magnetic resonance imaging studies contest this view by showing that GFR increases in association with a relatively minor change or even a decrease in total kidney perfusion and cortical perfusion after nephrectomy. (medscape.com)
  • The two types include an open partial nephrectomy and a robotic partial nephrectomy. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • As a result, it's much less invasive than an open partial nephrectomy. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • You may have an open partial nephrectomy or a robotic partial nephrectomy. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • There are generally two ways to remove a person's kidney for the purposes of transplantation (donor nephrectomy): open or minimally invasive (MIS). (bctransplant.ca)
  • Study's corresponding author Inderbir Gill, said," Robotic partial nephrectomy has become increasingly more common, yet there's a lack of consensus among urologists about its performance vis-a-vis open or laparoscopic techniques. (malar.tv)
  • Another option might be to do partial nephrectomies on both kidneys. (cancer.org)
  • We report, for the first time, pre-emptive bilateral native nephrectomies and successful renal transplantation, prior to the onset of ESRD, for severe, clinically brittle, neonatal BS, resulting in correction of metabolic abnormalities and excellent graft function. (qxmd.com)
  • Nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma is rapidly being modified to allow partial removal of the kidney. (wikipedia.org)
  • examining a large cohort of Medicare beneficiaries, increase rates of computed tomography (CT) imaging was associated with a higher risk of nephrectomy, presumably from incidental detection of renal masses, with little change in morality [ 4 ]. (iospress.com)
  • Nephrectomy is also performed for the purpose of living donor kidney transplantation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, this approach helps control and efficiently drain any urinary leakage immediately after renal reconstructive procedures (eg, pyeloplasty , anatrophic nephrolithotomy with infundibuloplasty, partial nephrectomy ). (medscape.com)
  • Objective To externally validate and modify an existing technical strategy of prospectively tailoring one's operative approach to minimally invasive partial nephrectomy (MIPN). (wustl.edu)
  • A nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney or part of a kidney. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A nephrectomy describes the surgical removal of an entire kidney or part of a kidney. (medicalnewstoday.com)