The resection or removal of the innervation of a muscle or muscle tissue.
The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
The removal or interruption of some part of the autonomic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.
The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.
Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.
Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.
The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.
Developmental events leading to the formation of adult muscular system, which includes differentiation of the various types of muscle cell precursors, migration of myoblasts, activation of myogenesis and development of muscle anchorage.
Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.

The effect of denervation and dystrophy on the adaptation of sarcomere number to the functional length of the muscle in young and adult mice. (1/810)

In young animals the elongation of the limb bones increases the functional lengths of the muscles. In adult animals the functional length of a muscle can be increased by immobilizing it in the lengthened position. In both cases the muscle adapts by adding on more sarcomeres in series. The role of the nerve supply in this adaptation has been investigated using denervated muscles and muscles from dystrophic animals where there is thought to be an abnormality of the nerve supply. Postnatal sarcomere addition in denervated muscles falls short of that of controls. Although this might mean that the nerve supply is necessary for normal addition of sarcomeres, it is just as likely that there is a change in gait resulting from denervation, which affects the sarcomere number. Sarcomere number in fully grown mice is not affected by denervation, nor is the ability of the muscle to adapt to immobilization in the lengthened position. This is true for fast-twitch as well as slow-twitch muscles. In dystrophic muscles postnatal sarcomere addition is normal, although the presence of a few short fibres in the muscle may mean that some muscle fibres cannot adapt to an increase in the functional length of the muscle accompanying bone growth. Adult dystrophic muscle is capable of adapting to immobilization in the lengthened position. However, although the total number of additional sarcomeres is the same as in normal immobilized muscle, they are added on at a slower rate. The experiments show that although denervated and dystrophic muscle fibres are in a state of atrophy they are still capable of adding on sarcomeres in series when the functional length of the muscle is increased. It would appear that the mechanism which enables the muscle to respond in this way to an increased functional length does not involve the nerve supply. This work was supported by a grant from the National Fund for Research into Crippling Diseases.  (+info)

Specific and innervation-regulated expression of the intermediate filament protein nestin at neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions in skeletal muscle. (2/810)

The intermediate filament proteins nestin, vimentin, and desmin show a specific temporal expression pattern during the development of myofibers from myogenic precursor cells. Nestin and vimentin are actively expressed during early developmental stages to be later down-regulated, vimentin completely and nestin to minimal levels, whereas desmin expression begins later and is maintained in mature myofibers, in which desmin participates in maintaining structural integrity. In this study we have analyzed the expression levels and distribution pattern of nestin in intact and denervated muscle in rat and in human. Nestin immunoreactivity was specifically and focally localized in the sarcoplasm underneath neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and in the vicinity of the myotendinous junctions (MTJs), ie, in regions associated with acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). This association prompted us to analyze nestin in neurogenically and myogenically denervated muscle. Immunoblot analysis disclosed a marked overall increase of accumulated nestin protein. Similar to the extrajunctional redistribution of AChRs in denervated myofibers, nestin immunoreactivity extended widely beyond the NMJ region. Re-innervation caused complete reversion of these changes. Our study demonstrates that the expression levels and distribution pattern of nestin are regulated by innervation, ie, signal transduction into myofibers.  (+info)

M2 receptors in genito-urinary smooth muscle pathology. (3/810)

In vitro bladder contractions in response to cumulative carbachol doses were measured in the presence of selective muscarinic antagonists from rats which had their major pelvic ganglion bilaterally removed (denervation, DEN) or from rats in which the spinal cord was injured (SCI) via compression. DEN induced both hypertrophy (505+/-51 mg bladder weight) and a supersensitivity of the bladders to carbachol (EC50=0.7+/-0.1 uM). Some of the SCI rats regained the ability to void spontaneously (SPV). The bladders of these animals weighed 184+/-17 mg, significantly less than the bladders of non voiding rats (NV, 644+/-92 mg). The potency of carbachol was greater in bladder strips from NV SCI animals (EC50=0.54+/-0.1 uM) than either bladder strips from SPV SCI (EC50=0.93+/-0.3 microM), DEN or control (EC50=1.2+/-0.1 microM) animals. Antagonist affinities in control bladders for antagonism of carbachol induced contractions were consistent with M3 mediated contractions. Antagonist affinities in DEN bladders for 4-diphenlacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP, 8.5) and para fluoro hexahydrosilodifenidol (p-F-HHSiD, 6.6); were consistent with M2 mediated contractions, although the methoctramine affinity (6.5) was consistent with M3 mediated contractions. p-F-HHSiD inhibited carbachol induced contraction with an affinity consistent with M2 receptors in bladders from NV SCI (pKb=6.4) animals and M3 receptors in bladders from SPV SCI animals (pKb=7.9). Subtype selective immunoprecipitation of muscarinic receptors revealed an increase in total and an increase in M2 receptor density with no change in M3 receptor density in bladders from DEN and NV SCI animals compared to normal or sham operated controls. M3 receptor density was lower in bladders from SPV SCI animals while the M2 receptor density was not different from control. This increase in M2 receptor density is consistent with the change in affinity of the antagonists for inhibition of carbachol induced contractions and may indicate that M2 receptors or a combination of M2 and M3 receptors directly mediate smooth muscle contraction in bladders from DEN and NV SCI rats.  (+info)

The observation of transplanted embryonic motoneurons in the denervated muscles of adult rats. (4/810)

OBJECTIVE: To observe the survival of embryonic motoneurons after they were transplanted into the denervated skeletal muscles and to find a new method to retard the atrophy of denervated muscles. METHODS: Dissociated embryonic motoneurons prelabled with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (Brdur) on the embryonic days 12 were injected into the denervated gastrocnemius muscles of adult rats. Then gastrocnemius muscles were processed with Nissl staining, acetylcholinesterase staining and Brdur immunocytochemical staining to show the implanted motoneurons at 9 and 22 weeks post-transplantation. Myofibrillar ATPase staining was used to show the morphology of muscle fibers. The rats in experimental group were implanted with embryonic motoneurons in the predenervation muscles, while the rats in control group were injected with just culture medium without motoneurons. RESULTS: Embryonic motoneurons survived, developed and extended long axons to form neuromuscular junctions with the denervated muscles. The differentiation of muscle fibers and fiber type grouping occurred among bigger fibers in experimental group. The transverse area was smaller and there was no apparent fiber type grouping in control group. CONCLUSIONS: Embryonic motoneurons can survive, develop and reinnervate denervated muscles after being transplanted into denervated muscles. It is worth further investigating on ameliorating the atrophy of denervated muscle.  (+info)

Cytosolic citrate and malonyl-CoA regulation in rat muscle in vivo. (5/810)

In liver, insulin and glucose acutely increase the concentration of malonyl-CoA by dephosphorylating and activating acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). In contrast, in incubated rat skeletal muscle, they appear to act by increasing the cytosolic concentration of citrate, an allosteric activator of ACC, as reflected by increases in the whole cell concentrations of citrate and malate [Saha, A. K., D. Vavvas, T. G. Kurowski, A. Apazidis, L. A. Witters, E. Shafrir, and N. B. Ruderman. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (Endocrinol. Metab. 35): E641-E648, 1997]. We report here that sustained increases in plasma insulin and glucose may also increase the concentration of malonyl-CoA in rat skeletal muscle in vivo by this mechanism. Thus 70 and 125% increases in malonyl-CoA induced in skeletal muscle by infusions of glucose for 1 and 4 days, respectively, and a twofold increase in its concentration during a 90-min euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp were all associated with significant increases in the sum of whole cell concentrations of citrate and/or malate. Similar correlations were observed in muscle of the hyperinsulinemic fa/fa rat, in denervated muscle, and in muscle of rats infused with insulin for 5 h. In muscle of 48-h-starved rats 3 and 24 h after refeeding, increases in malonyl-CoA were not accompanied by consistent increases in the concentrations of malate or citrate. However, they were associated with a decrease in the whole cell concentration of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA (LCFA-CoA), an allosteric inhibitor of ACC. The results suggest that increases in the concentration of malonyl-CoA, caused in rat muscle in vivo by sustained increases in plasma insulin and glucose or denervation, may be due to increases in the cytosolic concentration of citrate. In contrast, during refeeding after starvation, the increase in malonyl-CoA in muscle is probably due to another mechanism.  (+info)

Adaptive changes in motor activity associated with functional recovery following muscle denervation in walking cats. (6/810)

In this investigation we examined the changes in the pattern of activity in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle in walking cats following transection of the nerves innervating synergist muscles (lateral gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris). Immediately following the nerve transections, there was a large increase in ankle flexion during early stance (from approximately 10 to approximately 30 degrees ) and a marked increase in the magnitude of the MG bursts during stance. We attribute this increase in the magnitude of the MG bursts to an increase in afferent feedback from the abnormally stretched MG muscle. During the week after the nerve transections, there was a progressive decrease in ankle yield. This improvement in ankle function was correlated with an increase in magnitude of two components of the MG bursts; the initial component starting during late swing and ending approximately 40 ms after ground contact, and a late component associated with stance. The time courses of the increases in the initial and late components of the MG bursts were different. Large and significant increases in the late component occurred the day after the nerve transections, whereas increases in the initial component occurred more gradually. This difference in time course was reflected in the kinematics of ankle movement. Over the first few days after the nerve transections, improvement in ankle movement occurred primarily late in the stance phase, and there was little change in ankle yield during early stance. At 1 wk, however, there was a significant reduction in ankle yield during early stance. This decreased yield was most likely due to an increase in stiffness of the MG muscle at the time of ground contact resulting from the increase in magnitude of the initial component of the MG bursts. The increases in the magnitude of the initial and late components of the MG bursts, as well as the improvement in ankle function, depended on use of the leg. All these changes were delayed by immobilizing the leg for 6 days in an extended position. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying the increase in the magnitude of the MG bursts and propose that proprioceptive signals from the stretched MG muscles provide an error signal for rescaling the magnitude of the centrally generated initial component. Our data support the concept that proprioceptive feedback functions to scale the magnitude of feed-forward motor commands to ensure they are appropriate for the biomechanical properties of the musculoskeletal system.  (+info)

Loss of distal axons and sensory Merkel cells and features indicative of muscle denervation in hindlimbs of P0-deficient mice. (7/810)

Mice lacking the major Schwann cell myelin component P0 show a severe dysmyelination with pathological features reminiscent of the Dejerine-Sottas syndrome in humans. Previous morphological and electrophysiological studies on these mice did not only demonstrate a compromised myelination and myelin maintenance, but were suggestive of an impairment of axons as well. Here, we studied the axonal pathology in P0-deficient mice by quantitative electron microscopy. In addition, we investigated epidermal receptor end organs by immunocytochemistry and muscle pathology by histochemistry. In proximal sections of facial and femoral nerves, axon calibers were significantly reduced, whereas the number of myelin-competent axons was not diminished in 5- and 17-month-old P0-deficient mice. However, in distal branches of the femoral and sciatic nerve (digital nerves innervating the skin of the first toe) the numbers of myelin-competent axons were reduced by 70% in 6-month-old P0-deficient mice. Immunolabeling of foot pads revealed a corresponding loss of Merkel cells by 75%, suggesting that survival of these cells is dependent on the presence or maintenance of their innervating myelinated axons. In addition, quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles showed pathological features indicative of denervation and axonal sprouting. These findings demonstrate that loss of an important myelin component can initiate degenerative mechanisms not only in the Schwann cell but also in the distal portions of myelinated axons, leading to the degeneration of specialized receptor end organs and impairment of muscle innervation.  (+info)

Anatomical study of the neural ganglionated plexus in the canine right atrium: implications for selective denervation and electrophysiology of the sinoatrial node in dog. (8/810)

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the topography and architecture of the intrinsic neural plexus (INP) in the canine right atrium because of its importance for selective denervation of the sinoatrial node (SAN). The morphology of the intrinsic INP was revealed by a histochemical method for acetylcholinesterase in whole hearts of 36 mongrel dogs and examined by stereoscopic, contact, and electron microscopes. At the hilum of the heart, nerves forming a right atrial INP were detected in five sites adjacent to the right superior pulmonary veins and superior vena cava (SVC). Nerves entered the epicardium and formed a INP, the ganglia of which, as a wide ganglionated field, were continuously distributed on the sides of the root of the SVC (RSVC). The epicardiac ganglia located on the RSVC were differentially involved in the innervation of the sinoatrial node, as revealed by epicardiac nerves emanating from its lower ganglia that proceed also into the atrial walls and right auricle. The INP on the RSVC (INP-RSVC) varied from animal to animal and in relation to the age of the animal. The INP-RSVC of juvenile dogs contained more small ganglia than that of adult animals. Generally, the canine INP-RSVC included 434+/-29 small, 17+/-4 medium-sized, and 3+/-1 large epicardiac ganglia that contained an estimated 44,700, 6,400, and 2,800 neurons, respectively. Therefore, the canine right atrium, including the SAN, may be innervated by more than 54,000 intracardiac neurons residing mostly in the INP-RSVC. In conclusion, the present study indicates that epicardiac ganglia that project to the SA-node are distributed more widely and are more abundant than was previously thought. Therefore, both selective and total denervation of the canine SAN should involve the whole region of the RSVC containing the INP-RSVC.  (+info)

Muscle denervation is a medical term that refers to the loss of nerve supply to a muscle or group of muscles. This can occur due to various reasons, such as injury to the nerves, nerve compression, or certain medical conditions like neuromuscular disorders. When the nerve supply to the muscle is interrupted, it can lead to muscle weakness, atrophy (wasting), and ultimately, paralysis.

In denervation, the communication between the nervous system and the muscle is disrupted, which means that the muscle no longer receives signals from the brain to contract and move. Over time, this can result in significant muscle wasting and disability, depending on the severity and extent of the denervation.

Denervation may be treated with various therapies, including physical therapy, medication, or surgical intervention, such as nerve grafting or muscle transfers, to restore function and prevent further muscle wasting. The specific treatment approach will depend on the underlying cause and severity of the denervation.

Denervation is a medical term that refers to the loss or removal of nerve supply to an organ or body part. This can occur as a result of surgical intervention, injury, or disease processes that damage the nerves leading to the affected area. The consequences of denervation depend on the specific organ or tissue involved, but generally, it can lead to changes in function, sensation, and muscle tone. For example, denervation of a skeletal muscle can cause weakness, atrophy, and altered reflexes. Similarly, denervation of an organ such as the heart can lead to abnormalities in heart rate and rhythm. In some cases, denervation may be intentional, such as during surgical procedures aimed at treating chronic pain or spasticity.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

A muscle is a soft tissue in our body that contracts to produce force and motion. It is composed mainly of specialized cells called muscle fibers, which are bound together by connective tissue. There are three types of muscles: skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac. Skeletal muscles attach to bones and help in movement, while smooth muscles are found within the walls of organs and blood vessels, helping with functions like digestion and circulation. Cardiac muscle is the specific type that makes up the heart, allowing it to pump blood throughout the body.

The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.

Motor neurons are specialized nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that play a crucial role in controlling voluntary muscle movements. They transmit electrical signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling us to perform actions such as walking, talking, and swallowing. There are two types of motor neurons: upper motor neurons, which originate in the brain's motor cortex and travel down to the brainstem and spinal cord; and lower motor neurons, which extend from the brainstem and spinal cord to the muscles. Damage or degeneration of these motor neurons can lead to various neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Autonomic denervation is a medical term that refers to the interruption or loss of nerve supply to the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and pupil dilation.

Autonomic denervation can occur due to various reasons, including surgical procedures, trauma, degenerative diseases, or medical conditions such as diabetes. The interruption of nerve supply can lead to a range of symptoms depending on the specific autonomic functions that are affected.

For example, autonomic denervation in the heart can lead to abnormal heart rhythms or low blood pressure. In the digestive system, it can cause problems with motility and secretion, leading to symptoms such as bloating, constipation, or diarrhea. Autonomic denervation in the eyes can result in pupil abnormalities, dry eyes, or light sensitivity.

Treatment for autonomic denervation depends on the underlying cause and the specific symptoms that are present. In some cases, medication may be used to manage symptoms, while in others, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or restore nerve function.

Muscle proteins are a type of protein that are found in muscle tissue and are responsible for providing structure, strength, and functionality to muscles. The two major types of muscle proteins are:

1. Contractile proteins: These include actin and myosin, which are responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. They work together to cause muscle movement by sliding along each other and shortening the muscle fibers.
2. Structural proteins: These include titin, nebulin, and desmin, which provide structural support and stability to muscle fibers. Titin is the largest protein in the human body and acts as a molecular spring that helps maintain the integrity of the sarcomere (the basic unit of muscle contraction). Nebulin helps regulate the length of the sarcomere, while desmin forms a network of filaments that connects adjacent muscle fibers together.

Overall, muscle proteins play a critical role in maintaining muscle health and function, and their dysregulation can lead to various muscle-related disorders such as muscular dystrophy, myopathies, and sarcopenia.

Smooth muscle, also known as involuntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and functions without conscious effort. These muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels, as well as in the eyes, skin, and other areas of the body.

Smooth muscle fibers are shorter and narrower than skeletal muscle fibers and do not have striations or sarcomeres, which give skeletal muscle its striped appearance. Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system through the release of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, which bind to receptors on the smooth muscle cells and cause them to contract or relax.

Smooth muscle plays an important role in many physiological processes, including digestion, circulation, respiration, and elimination. It can also contribute to various medical conditions, such as hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and genitourinary dysfunction, when it becomes overactive or underactive.

Sympathectomy is a surgical procedure that involves interrupting the sympathetic nerve pathways. These nerves are part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, and digestion. The goal of sympathectomy is to manage conditions like hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), Raynaud's phenomenon, and certain types of chronic pain.

There are different types of sympathectomy, including thoracic sympathectomy (which targets the sympathetic nerves in the chest), lumbar sympathectomy (which targets the sympathetic nerves in the lower back), and cervical sympathectomy (which targets the sympathetic nerves in the neck). The specific type of procedure depends on the location of the affected nerves and the condition being treated.

Sympathectomy is usually performed using minimally invasive techniques, such as endoscopic surgery, which involves making small incisions and using specialized instruments to access the nerves. While sympathectomy can be effective in managing certain conditions, it carries risks such as nerve damage, bleeding, infection, and chronic pain.

Skeletal muscle fibers, also known as striated muscle fibers, are the type of muscle cells that make up skeletal muscles, which are responsible for voluntary movements of the body. These muscle fibers are long, cylindrical, and multinucleated, meaning they contain multiple nuclei. They are surrounded by a connective tissue layer called the endomysium, and many fibers are bundled together into fascicles, which are then surrounded by another layer of connective tissue called the perimysium.

Skeletal muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, which are long, thread-like structures that run the length of the fiber. Myofibrils contain repeating units called sarcomeres, which are responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers. Sarcomeres are composed of thick and thin filaments, which slide past each other during muscle contraction to shorten the sarcomere and generate force.

Skeletal muscle fibers can be further classified into two main types based on their contractile properties: slow-twitch (type I) and fast-twitch (type II). Slow-twitch fibers have a high endurance capacity and are used for sustained, low-intensity activities such as maintaining posture. Fast-twitch fibers, on the other hand, have a higher contractile speed and force generation capacity but fatigue more quickly and are used for powerful, explosive movements.

A smooth muscle within the vascular system refers to the involuntary, innervated muscle that is found in the walls of blood vessels. These muscles are responsible for controlling the diameter of the blood vessels, which in turn regulates blood flow and blood pressure. They are called "smooth" muscles because their individual muscle cells do not have the striations, or cross-striped patterns, that are observed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Smooth muscle in the vascular system is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and by hormones, and can contract or relax slowly over a period of time.

Muscle contraction is the physiological process in which muscle fibers shorten and generate force, leading to movement or stability of a body part. This process involves the sliding filament theory where thick and thin filaments within the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscles) slide past each other, facilitated by the interaction between myosin heads and actin filaments. The energy required for this action is provided by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary, and they play a crucial role in various bodily functions such as locomotion, circulation, respiration, and posture maintenance.

Muscle development, also known as muscle hypertrophy, refers to the increase in size and mass of the muscles through a process called myofiber growth. This is primarily achieved through resistance or strength training exercises that cause micro-tears in the muscle fibers, leading to an inflammatory response and the release of hormones that promote muscle growth. As the muscles repair themselves, they become larger and stronger than before. Proper nutrition, including adequate protein intake, and rest are also essential components of muscle development.

It is important to note that while muscle development can lead to an increase in strength and muscular endurance, it does not necessarily result in improved athletic performance or overall fitness. A well-rounded exercise program that includes cardiovascular activity, flexibility training, and resistance exercises is recommended for optimal health and fitness outcomes.

Fast-twitch muscle fibers, also known as type II fibers, are a type of skeletal muscle fiber that are characterized by their rapid contraction and relaxation rates. These fibers have a larger diameter and contain a higher concentration of glycogen, which serves as a quick source of energy for muscle contractions. Fast-twitch fibers are further divided into two subcategories: type IIa and type IIb (or type IIx). Type IIa fibers have a moderate amount of mitochondria and can utilize both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways, making them fatigue-resistant. Type IIb fibers, on the other hand, have fewer mitochondria and primarily use anaerobic metabolism, leading to faster fatigue. Fast-twitch fibers are typically used in activities that require quick, powerful movements such as sprinting or weightlifting.

Denervated muscles have shown the ability to survive after periods of denervation or in the case of a damaged nerve. The size ... Denervation affects the muscle activation process that is brought on by the development and propagation of an action potential ... Following denervation, muscular atrophy and degeneration occurs within affected skeletal muscle tissue. Within the skeletal ... Denervation is any loss of nerve supply regardless of the cause. If the nerves lost to denervation are part of the neuronal ...
"Denervation pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles associated with diabetic neuropathy". Radiology Case Reports. 12 (4): 815-820. ... The pathology may result in muscle inflammation (swelling), muscle hyperplasia, muscle hypertrophy, muscle pseudohypertrophy ( ... Skeletal muscle hypertrophy, calf muscle hypertrophy, muscle hypertrophy of the lower extremities, upper limb muscle ... Skeletal muscle hypertrophy, generalized muscle hypertrophy, calf muscle hypertrophy, thigh hypertrophy The Human Phenotype ...
... and multiple denervations. Muscle biopsies performed in the brother detected chronic partial denervation. Through the siblings ... The male had difficulties releasing his grip, childhood-onset neuromyotonia and muscle stiffness, progressive motor neuropathy ... of the muscles in the hands, feet and legs, chronic muscular weakness which is very apparent when exercise is being done, ... Muscle & Nerve. 52 (6): 1110-1113. doi:10.1002/mus.24774. ISSN 1097-4598. PMID 26182879. S2CID 19535873. Meng, Lingchao; Fu, ...
Denervation leads to a slow fibrosis that worsens over many months. The cartilages of the larynx. Posterior view. Muscles of ... The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are the only muscles to open the vocal cords. By abducting the vocal folds, the muscle ... Muscles of the larynx, seen from above. Dissection of the muscles of the palate from behind. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle ... In this, the muscle is an antagonist of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. The muscle additionally draws the arytenoid ...
... and thus denervation of the concerned muscle. Position of the teres minor muscles (shown in red). Animation. Suprascapular and ... Teres minor muscle Accessory muscles of the scapula This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 441 of the ... The teres minor (Latin teres meaning 'rounded') is a narrow, elongated muscle of the rotator cuff. The muscle originates from ... one of which separates it from the infraspinatus muscle, the other from the teres major muscle. Its fibers run obliquely ...
... a novel neurite-outgrowth factor secreted by muscle after denervation". NeuroReport. 8 (16): 3649-3654. doi:10.1097/00001756- ... A novel neurite outgrowth factor from chick denervated skeletal muscle has been cloned and characterised. The protein, termed ...
Denervation increases a neurite-promoting activity in extracts of skeletal muscle. Nature. 1983 Apr 14;302(5909):609-11. Betz H ... A full mechanistic model of the nicotinic receptor from striated muscle (or electric organ) was to be provided much later, when ... Klarsfeld A., Laufer R., Fontaine B., Devillers-Thiéry A., Dubreuil C., Changeux J.-P. (1989). Regulation of muscle AChR alpha- ... From the mid-1980s, the group studied the compartimentalisation of the muscle cell upon development, as a model of ...
Effects of denervation and cortisone on protein catabolism in skeletal muscle". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 244 (12): ... However, as a graduate student, Goldberg showed that the loss of muscle mass upon denervation or fasting occurred primarily ... Mechanisms of muscle wasting. The role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. N Engl J Med. 1996 Dec 19;335(25):1897-905. PubMed ... Muscle wasting in disease: molecular mechanisms and promising therapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2015 Jan;14(1):58-74. PubMed PMID ...
Garcia A, Fulton JE (1996). "Cosmetic denervation of the muscles of facial expression with botulinum toxin. A dose-response ... A comparable process takes place in muscles, in which the myosin heads must first hydrolyze ATP in order to adapt the necessary ... These toxins prevent proper vesicle recycling and result in poor muscle control, spasms, paralysis, and even death. Botulinum ... Wheeler AH (1998). "Botulinum toxin A, adjunctive therapy for refractory headaches associated with pericranial muscle tension ...
4) Denervation supersensitivity. Like any denervated muscle, the iris becomes supersensitive to its normal neurotransmitter (in ... These neurons supply the pupillary sphincter muscle, which constricts the pupil, and the ciliary muscle which contracts to make ... These neurons project axons through the short ciliary nerves to innervate the ciliary muscle and pupillary sphincter muscle. ... The ciliary muscle is also more massive than the constrictor pupillae, again by a factor of twenty. Based on these observations ...
May 2009). "Age-related fatigue resistance in the knee extensor muscles is specific to contraction mode". Muscle Nerve. 39 (5 ... Some spindles show changes consistent with denervation associated with grouped denervation atrophy. Age-related changes are ... For instance, the number of motor units may decrease, the size of the motor units, i.e. the number of muscle fibers they ... They propagate in the spinal cord, the motor neurons and the set of muscle fibers they innervate. This results in a twitch ...
Surgery, such as the denervation of selected muscles, may also provide some relief; however, the destruction of nerves in the ... There is a risk of temporary paralysis of the muscles being injected or the leaking of the toxin into adjacent muscle groups, ... When called upon to perform an intentional activity, the muscles fatigue very quickly and some portions of the muscle groups do ... Many individuals with the condition have continuous pain, cramping, and relentless muscle spasms due to involuntary muscle ...
... "miR-125b-5p targeting TRAF6 relieves skeletal muscle atrophy induced by fasting or denervation". Annals of Translational ... However, overexpression of miR-125b, especially the miR-125b-5p form, can protect skeletal muscle from atrophy. Targets of miR- ... MiR-125b can also negatively regulate skeletal myoblast differentiation and muscle regeneration by targeting insulin-like ... Goljanek-Whysall, Katarzyna; Sweetman, Dylan; Münsterberg, Andrea E. (2012-08-01). "microRNAs in skeletal muscle ...
An increase of ALCAT1 level has been observed in skeletal muscles of denervation rats. Deficiency of ALCAT1 gene prevented ... Additionally, inhibition of ALCAT1 prevented SOD1 protein aggregation and attenuated skeletal muscle atrophy in SOD1 transgenic ... "Irisin and ALCAT1 mediated aerobic exercise-alleviated oxidative stress and apoptosis in skeletal muscle of mice with ... mitochondrial fragmentation from oxidative stress and increased the thickness of the skeletal muscle fibers. ...
With muscle wasting or electromyographic evidence of denervation, timely surgical decompression is clearly indicated. Nerve ... Muscle weakness is usually noticed later, and is often associated with muscle atrophy. The distribution of symptoms is highly ... Motor nerve entrapment may present with muscle weakness or paralysis for voluntary movements of the innervated muscles. ... Muscle Nerve. 2000 Jun;23(6):933-8. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(200006)23:6. 3.0.co;2-g. PMID 10842271. Siddiq MAB, Jahan I, ...
Stöhr M (1977). "Benign fibrillation potentials in normal muscle and their correlation with endplate and denervation potentials ... Fibrillation also occurs with individual skeletal muscle fibers. This happens when muscle fibers lose contact with their ... the proteins that make up each muscle fiber (muscle cell). Reddy, Vivek; Taha, Wael; Kundumadam, Shanker; Khan, Mazhar (2017-07 ... In other cases they are a major symptom in acute and severe peripheral nerve disorders, in myopathies in which muscle fibers ...
Rottweiler distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy is characterized by distal muscle denervation, but the cause is unknown. It ... Distal symmetric polyneuropathy symptoms include atrophy of the distal leg muscles and the muscles of the head, and rear limb ... "Peripheral Nerve and Muscle Disorders: Small Animals". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 11 February 2007. "A case ... Symptoms include decreased or absent reflexes and muscle tone, weakness, or paralysis. It often occurs in the rear legs and is ...
Neuromuscular transmission may be abnormal in these muscles because of rapid denervation and immature reinnervation. Paralysis ... Only muscle biopsy and examination of the transporter genes is considered to provide a definitive diagnosis. However, because ... FLD produces rapidly progressive weakness of tongue, face and pharyngeal muscles in a clinical pattern similar to myasthenia. ... Progression to involve other cranial nerve muscles occurs over a period of months or years. In the Gomez review facial nerve ...
Muscles show fiber type grouping, a similarly nonspecific finding that indicates a cycle of denervation/reinnervation. Normally ... PT typically focuses on muscle-strength training, muscle stretching, and aerobic exercise, while OT can provide education on ... Symptoms of CMT2D include foot deformity, muscle weakness and cramping, compromised reflexes, loss of sensation, and muscle ... Damaged axons cause slowed transmission of signals to the muscles and brain, causing symptoms including muscle atrophy, ...
"Transient expression of collagen type XIV during muscle development and its reappearance after denervation and degeneration". J ...
Lieber RL, Steinman S, Barash IA, Chambers H (May 2004). "Structural and functional changes in spastic skeletal muscle". Muscle ... To avoid denervation caused by lack of stimulus, surgery should be done as soon as possible; however, it is often difficult to ... These grafts are taken from the masseter muscle, which controls mouth movement, or the hypoglossal nerve which controls the ... Such stem cells include bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC), adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMCs), muscle ...
Muscle atrophy may result from various causes, including aging, disuse, denervation, muscular dystrophy, cachexia and ... "Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks". J ... "Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks". Journal ... The deltoid muscle is the muscle forming the rounded contour of the human shoulder. It is also known as the 'common shoulder ...
In Horner's syndrome, the sympathetic innervation to the pupillary dilator muscle is lost. The affected pupil is thus miotic ... Koc F, Kansu T, Kavuncu S, Firat E (March 2006). "Topical apraclonidine testing discloses pupillary sympathetic denervation in ... When applied to the denervated (and thus hyper-sensitive) pupillary dilator muscle, a super-normal dilatory response is ... generated in which the pupil dilates to a degree greater than that which would be seen in a non-denervated muscle. This causes ...
After a denervation time of approximately more than 2 years, atrophy of the mimetic muscles is permanent. In these cases a free ... A free muscle transfer is also used, due to the atrophic muscle. Based on the preference of the surgeon, the gracilis muscle, ... A free muscle transfer is always used on the paralysed side, as the muscle is a congenital atrophic muscle. Complete bilateral ... Analogue to the gracilis muscle, this muscle can be trimmed to the correct size and volume. The latissimus dorsi muscle is also ...
If the median nerve is damaged, the ability to abduct and oppose the thumb may be lost due to paralysis of the thenar muscles. ... In uncooperative patients, the skin wrinkle test offers a pain-free way to identify denervation of the fingers. After ... The median nerve controls the majority of the muscles in the forearm. It controls abduction of the thumb, flexion of hand at ... Lack of ability to abduct and oppose the thumb due to paralysis of the thenar muscles. This is called "ape-hand deformity". ...
The smooth muscle of the blood vessels reacts to the stretching of the muscle by opening ion channels, which cause the muscle ... which could not be prevented by denervation or various blocking agents. Bayliss effect or Bayliss myogenic response is a ... Stretch of the muscle membrane opens a stretch-activated ion channel. The cells then become depolarized and this results in a ... The contracted state of the smooth muscle depends on the grade of stretch and plays an important part in the regulation of ...
Although MRI may show denervation atrophy of the affected muscles, its role in the evaluation of pronator teres syndrome is ... It innervates most of the flexor muscles in the forearm and hand. Its sensory component supplies the skin of the palm, thumb, ... Compression of the proximal median nerve results in weakness of these three muscles, and can cause aching pain in the wrist on ... People easily adapt to this weakness without conscious effort or self-awareness, by using 1) the next muscles down, which are ...
Several studies have suggested that the function of denervation-induced myoD may be to prevent the muscle atrophy induced by ... Chronaxie varies across different types of tissue: fast-twitch muscles have a lower chronaxie, slow-twitch muscles have a ... 2007). "Electrical stimulation based on chronaxie reduces atrogin-1 and myod gene expression in denervated rat muscle". Muscle ... Electrical stimulation based on chronaxie could regulate myoD gene expression in denervated muscle fibers. 20 muscle ...
Muscle wasting, fasciculations and fibrillations are typically signs of end-stage muscle denervation and are seen over a longer ... Disuse atrophy of the muscle occurs i.e., shrinkage of muscle fibre finally replaced by fibrous tissue (fibrous muscle) Other ... Muscle paresis or paralysis Fibrillations Fasciculations - caused by increased receptor concentration on muscles to compensate ... Muscle paresis/paralysis, hypotonia/atonia, and hyporeflexia/areflexia are usually seen immediately following an insult. ...
ARPP has also exhibited elevated expression following skeletal muscle denervation, persisting for four weeks following the ... In mice lacking all three muscle ankyrin repeat proteins (MARPs), ARPP, CARP, and DARP), skeletal muscles tended towards a more ... is preferentially expressed in type 1 skeletal muscle fibers and is markedly induced by denervation". Lab. Invest. 82 (5): 645- ... is preferentially expressed in type 1 skeletal muscle fibers and is markedly induced by denervation". Laboratory Investigation ...
CMAP monitoring may be useful as an objective index for facet denervation. ... Our results suggest that percutaneous radiofrequency facet joint denervation with CMAPs monitoring is a safe, long-lasting, and ... Percutaneous radiofrequency facet joint denervation with monitoring of compound muscle action potential of the multifidus ... Conclusions: Our results suggest that percutaneous radiofrequency facet joint denervation with CMAPs monitoring is a safe, long ...
Evidence for a selective stimulation of myosin synthesis following muscle denervation Journal Articles ...
Denervated muscles have shown the ability to survive after periods of denervation or in the case of a damaged nerve. The size ... Denervation affects the muscle activation process that is brought on by the development and propagation of an action potential ... Following denervation, muscular atrophy and degeneration occurs within affected skeletal muscle tissue. Within the skeletal ... Denervation is any loss of nerve supply regardless of the cause. If the nerves lost to denervation are part of the neuronal ...
Contribution of the distal nerve sheath to nerve and muscle preservation following denervation and sensory protection: Invited ... Contribution of the distal nerve sheath to nerve and muscle preservation following denervation and sensory protection: Invited ... Contribution of the distal nerve sheath to nerve and muscle preservation following denervation and sensory protection: Invited ... title = "Contribution of the distal nerve sheath to nerve and muscle preservation following denervation and sensory protection ...
Muscle expression of Nogo-A is associated with NMJ denervation and thus constitutes a therapeutic target to slow disease ... Finally, high-level expression of Nogo-A in muscle was significantly associated with higher extent of NMJ denervation and ... with loss of nerve-muscle contact. Overexpression of the neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-A in muscle may play a role in this ... Methods We used confocal and electron microscopy to study the structure of the NMJs in muscle samples collected from nine ALS ...
Left thigh and lumbosacral plexus MRI revealed multifocal denervation of the muscle of the thigh and mild focal thickening of ... Case Report: Imaging Findings in COVID-19 Muscle Denervation Atrophy. Journal Published on March 18, 2021 ... and colleagues recently described a patient with COVID-19 who developed an unusual case of muscle denervation atrophy with ... The multifocal muscular edema in this case doesnt represent isolated sciatic neuropathy, since muscles innervated by multiple ...
We assess the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle, as a representative muscle, at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-denervation by ... Tibial Nerve Transection - A Standardized Model for Denervation-induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice Academic Article ... and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. Although originally developed and used ... The tibial nerve supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles, so its transection permits the study of denervated ...
The generator emits electrical signals to help control muscle contractions.. Selective denervation surgery. This surgery would ... electromyography to monitor the electrical activity in your muscles. *an MRI or CT scan to look for tumors or lesions on your ... Injections of botulinum toxin (BOTOX) can help to subtly weaken the affected muscles of the hand. This may help reduce the ... oromandibular dystonia: a clenching or locking of the jaw muscles *spasmodic dysphonia: when the vocal cords do not work ...
... this finding suggests denervation. Reduced size of the muscle belly and fatty atrophy may be seen. The differential diagnosis ... Tendinous, Ligamentous, and Muscle Abnormalities. Soft-tissue abnormalities involving the tendons, ligaments, and muscles ... T2W and STIR images demonstrate diffuse increase signal intensity in affected muscles, with decreased muscle bulk suggesting ... hematoma of the triceps muscle, where the muscle appears hyperintense on T1W and T2W images; and fracture of the olecranon, ...
cDNAs encoding various isoforms of ARIA : regulation during development, denervation and nerve regeneration in chick muscle. by ... The expression of these ARIA isoforms in muscle changed during development, denervation and nerve regeneration. A splicing ... The expression of these ARIA isoforms in muscle changed during development, denervation and nerve regeneration. A splicing ... RT-PCR analysis revealed three biological active isoforms of ARIA mRNA in chick muscle, namely ARIAβ1, ARIAα2 and ARIAβ2. ...
Avoiding denervation of the rectus abdominis muscle in DIEP flap harvest III: A functional study of the nerves to the rectus ... Avoiding denervation of the rectus abdominis muscle in DIEP flap harvest III: A functional study of the nerves to the rectus ... Avoiding denervation of the rectus abdominis muscle in DIEP flap harvest III: A functional study of the nerves to the rectus ... Avoiding denervation of the rectus abdominis muscle in DIEP flap harvest III : A functional study of the nerves to the rectus ...
Electromyography may demonstrate widespread denervation in limb muscles. Early in the disease, especially in patients with a ... Signs and symptoms reflect frontal and temporal lobe dysfunction with lower motor neuron-type weakness, muscle atrophy, and ... MND signs include bulbar weakness with dysarthria and dysphagia, limb weakness, muscle wasting and fasciculations, and, of ... Consider neuroprotective agents (eg, riluzole, gabapentin) or nutritional supplements (eg, creatine) to preserve muscle bulk, ...
... indicating that MTR may be more sensitive to muscle damaged by denervation than conventional MRI. The significant reductions in ... The MTR in the calf muscles was significantly lower than controls in the two patient groups (both p,0.001). The median MTRs ( ... Skeletal muscle MRI magnetisation transfer ratio reflects clinical severity in peripheral neuropathies ... Skeletal muscle MRI magnetisation transfer ratio reflects clinical severity in peripheral neuropathies ...
A very high myosin-ChE activity in found in both tonic and totanic muscles in early developmental stages and after denervation ... atropby) VARGA, E.; KOVER, A.; KOVACS, T.; HMNYI, B. Changes in cholinesterase activity of striated muscle after denervation ... of muscles, were (Ic-terrdincd in intact an-L - vated Cpstrocner-ius muscles. According to the r1iffcrcncc between the last ... ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE~ (MUSCLES) 111T Z -3 L c r.,.i ,ul L v CX in ~jf Mill: L rl 664-66 ACC VR: AP6009382- SOURCE CODE: ...
involved_in response to denervation involved in regulation of muscle adaptation IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation. more ... involved_in skeletal muscle tissue development IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation. more info ... involved_in regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion IBA Inferred from ... involved_in regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion ISS Inferred from ...
There is a longstanding belief that a given nucleus controls a defined volume of cytoplasm, so when a muscle grows (hypertrophy ... There is a longstanding belief that a given nucleus controls a defined volume of cytoplasm, so when a muscle grows (hypertrophy ... Skeletal muscles are the largest cells in the body and are one of the few syncytial ones. ... Skeletal muscles are the largest cells in the body and one of the few syncytial ones. ...
Masticator muscle enhancement in subacute denervation atrophy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:1292-1294. ... Another contributing factor in the enhancement of a grafted muscle is denervation. Free flaps are of course completely ... A grafted muscle cannot be precisely compared with a denervated muscle in situ, yet some of these mechanisms may contribute to ... Removing a muscle results in significant vascular disruption, even in the case of a rotational flap, because distal vessels are ...
Sex-specific role of myostatin signaling in neonatal muscle growth, denervation atrophy, and neuromuscular contractures ... Sex-specific role of myostatin signaling in neonatal muscle growth, denervation atrophy, and neuromuscular contractures ... is a putative signaling mechanism by which neonatal denervation could impair longitudinal muscle growth, and thus a potential ... causes disabling and incurable muscle contractures that result from impaired longitudinal growth of denervated muscles. This ...
Since the resulting chemical denervation of muscle produces local paresis or paralysis, selected muscles can be treated. ... When a sufficient amount of acetylcholine has been released with subsequent binding to the muscle fiber proteins, muscle ... For larger muscle groups, it is generally agreed that once a maximum dose per site has been reached and there is no response, ... This chemical denervation is not permanent, and the clinical efficacy generally lasts for 2-3 months, which is enough time for ...
They are a direct consequence of muscle denervation via destruction of the anterior horn cell. ALS is eventually fatal because ... Riluzole blocks human muscle acetylcholine receptors. J Physiol. 2012 May 1. 590:2519-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text]. ... and weakness or wasting of intrinsic hand muscles. The patient may develop painless foot drop resulting in a fall or sprain. ... of respiratory muscle weakness. Aspiration pneumonia and medical complications of immobility contribute to morbidity. [2] ...
... is a test that checks the health of the muscles and the nerves that control the muscles. ... is a test that checks the health of the muscles and the nerves that control the muscles. ... Denervation (reduced nerve stimulation of a muscle). *Dermatomyositis (muscle disease that involves inflammation and a skin ... It can help tell the difference between muscle weakness caused by the injury of a nerve attached to a muscle, and weakness due ...
Ischemia was created by a tourniquet strictly wrapping the pedicle containing skin and muscle for 8 h. After ischemia, the ... showed BoTAs chemical denervation effect on the biceps femoris muscle, and another study by Akcal et al. showed a protective ... studied BoTAs protective effect in reperfused muscle and demonstrated that chemical denervation with BoTA was equal to ... "The effect of surgical and chemical denervation on ischaemia/reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle," Journal of Plastic, ...
Direct Optical Activation of Skeletal Muscle Fibres Efficiently Controls Muscle Contraction and Attenuates Denervation Atrophy ... 2010). Optogenetic Control of Heart Muscle In Vitro and In Vivo. Nat. Methods 7, 897-900. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1512 ... and skeletal muscle (e.g., Bruegmann et al., 2015; Magown et al., 2015), among others. In addition to controlling the ionic ... Optogenetic Control of Contractile Function in Skeletal Muscle. Nat. Commun. 6, 7153. doi:10.1038/ncomms8153 ...
... or hand is caused by denervation (loss of nerve supply). Strengthening exercises are not possible or effective on a muscle that ... A tendon is taken from a healthy muscle and transferred to a damaged tendon in order to restore its connected muscles function ... If muscle weakness or paralysis shows no signs of improvement after several months, surgery may be an option. A couple of the ... Zinovy Meyler is a physiatrist with over a decade of experience specializing in the non-surgical care of spine, muscle, and ...
... muscle fiber denervation, and loss of motor units, along with the modification of circulating myostatin and CAF, the ... reflects progressive myofibers denervation that finally contributes to muscle dysfunction and atrophy24.. Although it is known ... Mancinelli, R. et al. Biological aspects of selected myokines in skeletal muscle: Focus on aging. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 8520. ... control skeletal muscle mass loss and have a particular meaning in counteracting the development of muscle atrophy and ...
Effects of Long-Term Denervation on Skeletal Muscle in Old Rats J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002 57: B366-B374. [Abstract] [ ... Skeletal Muscle Strength as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in Healthy Men J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002 57: B359-B365 ... Differential Increases in Average Isokinetic Power by Specific Muscle Groups of Older Women Due to Variations in Training and ...
Functional denervation in the soleus muscle of dystrophic mice. Experimental Neurology. 51: 434-43. PMID 178519 DOI: 10.1016/ ... Nonequivalence of surgical and natural denervation in dystrophic mouse muscles. Experimental Neurology. 34: 200-9. PMID 5016194 ... Trophic reactions of crayfish muscle fibers and neuromuscular synapses after denervation, tenotomy, and immobilization. ... Nutrition and muscle potassium: differential effect in rat slow and fast muscles. Canadian Journal of Physiology and ...
Enhanced post-synaptic responsiveness, denervation hypersensitivity. * Denervation hypersensivity in skeletal muscle is due to ... In smooth muscle and in the cardiac conduction system, intrinsic electrical activity and mechanism activity is present, ... The cardiac action potential associated with HIS-purkinje fibers or ventricular muscle consists of five phases * Phase 0 ... Generally similar to skeletal muscle site: initial depolarization is due to receptor activation. * The receptor is a ligand- ...
Dynamic Expression of αB-Crystallin in Skeletal Muscle. Effects of Unweighting, Passive Stretch and Denervation ... This protein is abundant in soleus muscle but less in fast plantaris muscle. We purified this protein, determined the partial ... Rotary shadowed image of α-connectin (titin 1; TI), mother molecule of the muscle elastic filament, was a long thin rod, ... Further we demonstrated that αB-crystallin did not decrease in passively stretched slow muscle even under HS, and did markedly ...
  • The motor unit areas soon increase to a point where reinnervation is no longer possible causing an uncompensated denervation of motor units which leads to muscle atrophy and loss of muscular strength. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following denervation, muscular atrophy and degeneration occurs within affected skeletal muscle tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sara Bahouth, MD , diagnostic radiologist, and Daniel Rosenthal, MD , musculoskeletal radiologist and senior vice chairman of the Department of Radiology , both of the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention at Massachusetts General Hospital, and colleagues recently described a patient with COVID-19 who developed an unusual case of muscle denervation atrophy with striking MRI findings. (massgeneral.org)
  • The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Thus, this model offers the advantages of inducing less morbidity and impediment of ambulation than the sciatic nerve transection model and also allows investigators to study the physiologic, cellular and molecular biologic mechanisms regulating the process of muscle atrophy in genetically engineered mice. (mcmaster.ca)
  • We assess the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle, as a representative muscle, at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-denervation by measuring muscle weights and fiber type specific cross-sectional area on paraffin-embedded histologic sections immunostained for fast twitch myosin. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Signs and symptoms reflect frontal and temporal lobe dysfunction with lower motor neuron-type weakness, muscle atrophy, and fasciculations. (medscape.com)
  • There is a longstanding belief that a given nucleus controls a defined volume of cytoplasm, so when a muscle grows (hypertrophy) or shrinks (atrophy), the number of myonuclei change accordingly. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recently, two independent models, one from rodents and the other from insects, have demonstrated that nuclei are not lost from skeletal muscle fibers when they undergo either atrophy or programmed cell death. (frontiersin.org)
  • The nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) pathway is a major thoroughfare for skeletal muscle atrophy and is driven by diverse stimuli. (elifesciences.org)
  • In this study, we used gain- and loss-of-function mouse models to examine the role of NFκB in muscle atrophy following rotator cuff tenotomy - a model of chronic rotator cuff tear. (elifesciences.org)
  • Scientists studied the muscles of cancer patients with cachexia and saw the same problems as in the muscles of mice: excess noggin, signs of denervation, and atrophy. (chemdiv.com)
  • Direct optical activation of skeletal muscle fibres efficiently controls muscle contraction and attenuates denervation atrophy. (rndsystems.com)
  • Neurological examination revealed dysarthria, frontal release signs, preserved perception of touch and pain, spasticity of the lower limbs with a scissors gait, and loss of strength and muscle atrophy in the lower limbs and interosseous muscles of the hands. (scielo.br)
  • Among the conditions that resemble ALS are some forms of muscular dystrophy, the neurologic conditions known as spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy , intraspinal tumor, the nerve-to-muscle transmission disorder known as myasthenia gravis , and more. (mda.org)
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the selective loss of motor neurons, resulting in muscle atrophy, weakness, and progressive paralysis (Sun et al. (lww.com)
  • Heterogeneous neuromuscular abnormalities were present in 22 out of 23 patients studied and included axonal neuropathy, denervation, generalised fibre atrophy, non-specific myopathy and necrotising myopathy. (nih.gov)
  • This peculiar pattern of dissociated atrophy of the intrinsic hand muscles is termed the 'split hand' and is rarely seen in diseases other than ALS. (bmj.com)
  • This peculiar pattern of dissociated atrophy of the intrinsic hand muscles was termed 'split hand' by Dr Asa Wilbourn. (bmj.com)
  • B) Hand muscle atrophy in C8 radiculopathy. (bmj.com)
  • Note the marked atrophy of the FDI as well as the hypothenar muscle (white arrows). (bmj.com)
  • Spinal muscular atrophy type 4 (late-onset) can be recessive, dominant, or X-linked, with adult onset (age 30 to 60 years) and slow progression of primarily proximal muscle weakness and wasting. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The aim of this study was to study the effectiveness of percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy of facet joints by monitoring compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) of the multifidus muscle group as an objective index of treatment efficacy. (nih.gov)
  • Electrodiagnostic studies, however, displayed reduced compound muscle action potentials, normal sensory nerve action potentials, and widespread denervation, consistent with a severe, asymmetric process involving anterior horn cells or motor axons. (cdc.gov)
  • During the 1990s, Wilbourn routinely compared the amplitudes of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) and extent of denervation in the thenar muscles, FDI and ADM in patients with ALS. (bmj.com)
  • Our results suggest that percutaneous radiofrequency facet joint denervation with CMAPs monitoring is a safe, long-lasting, and effective treatment for chronic facet joint pain. (nih.gov)
  • Effects Anabolic steroids cause unpleasant side effects like with testosterone so that for lumbar pain managed through radiofrequency denervation of the facet. (htdig.org)
  • facet joint injections and radiofrequency denervations for low back 'nerve root' and neck pain. (ashfordstpeters.nhs.uk)
  • Creatine kinase is a muscle enzyme that has been reported at various levels in different studies involving patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (lww.com)
  • Perturbed BMP signaling and denervation promote muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. (chemdiv.com)
  • These findings may provide some clues for therapy which could prevent the muscle wasting in cancer cachexia from progression to the late stage. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It is well known that muscle wasting in cancer cachexia is directly related to the poor quality of life of cancer patients and even impacts their survival ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Activation of myostatin signaling in muscle tissue has been demonstrated to be critical to enhancing muscle catabolism, which causes muscle wasting in cancer cachexia ( 22 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Those with post polio syndrome are undergoing a constant process of denervation and reinnervation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This process of denervation is however different from post-polio syndrome in that it only involves upper and lower motor neuron degeneration and does not experience a process of constant reinnervation and denervation. (wikipedia.org)
  • EMG patterns in ALS are due to the acute and chronic denervation and reinnervation of the affected muscles. (mda.org)
  • Since interstitial cells might remodel extracellular matrix, and since extracellular matrix in nerve and muscle plays a direct role in reinnervation of the sites of the original neuromuscular junctions, we sought to determine whether interstitial cell accumulation differs between junctional and extrajunctional regions of denervated muscle. (rupress.org)
  • Cancer-induced muscle wasting, which commonly occurs in cancer cachexia, is characterized by impaired quality of life and poor patient survival. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Thus far, studies on muscle wasting using cancer cachectic models have generally focused on early cancer cachexia (ECC), before severe body weight loss occurs. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This syndrome is prevalent in cancer patients, and muscle wasting is the most prominent symptom of cancer cachexia. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The tibial nerve supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles, so its transection permits the study of denervated skeletal muscle composed of fast twitch type II fibers and/or slow twitch type I fibers. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Frozen sections (250 microm-thick) were cut from cardiac muscle, diaphragm, liver, and soleus muscle from the rat. (cdc.gov)
  • Denervation is any loss of nerve supply regardless of the cause. (wikipedia.org)
  • Electrodiagnostics are done to assess how much of the weakness in the shoulder, arm, or hand is caused by denervation (loss of nerve supply). (spine-health.com)
  • BTS is a selective inhibitor of the ATPase activity of skeletal muscle myosin II subfragment 1 (S1) (IC 50 ~ 5 mM). (rndsystems.com)
  • A small-molecule inhibitor of skeletal muscle myosin II. (rndsystems.com)
  • Skeletal muscle myosin cross-bridge cycling is necessary for myofibrillogenesis. (rndsystems.com)
  • Denervation was confirmed using fast myosin immunohistochemistry which revealed large areas of small myofibres containing fast myosin. (cdc.gov)
  • Most likely the cells are derived from fibroblasts that normally occupy the space between muscle fibers and are known to make and degrade extracellular matrix components. (rupress.org)
  • The study population included 20 myocutaneous free flaps (19 rectus abdominis muscle and one latissimus dorsi free flap), and seven pedicled rotation flaps (five temporalis, one pectoralis major, and one trapezius muscle rotation flaps). (ajnr.org)
  • 11: Gunnarsson U, Stark B, Dahlstrand U, StrigÃ¥rd K. Correlation between abdominal rectus diastasis width and abdominal muscle strength. (cancercentrum.se)
  • However, its success rate has varied in different studies because an objective method for evaluating the facet joint denervation is lacking. (nih.gov)
  • Acetylcholine receptor inducing activity (ARIA) is a glycoprotein released from the motor neuron to stimulate the synthesis of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the muscle fiber at vertebrate neuromuscular junction. (edu.hk)
  • Transcript encoding ARIA was detected not only in brain but also in muscle, and immunohistochemical staining showed that the muscle-derived ARIA was restricted to the neuromuscular junctions. (edu.hk)
  • Muscle histopathology, neurophysiological studies, record of all drugs administered, APACHE II score, organ system failure score, presence or absence of sepsis, clinical evaluation of neuromuscular problems, time to hospital discharge. (nih.gov)
  • The multifocal muscular edema in this case doesn't represent isolated sciatic neuropathy, since muscles innervated by multiple other nerves were also affected. (massgeneral.org)
  • On baseline postoperative images, 21 flaps showed moderate or intense enhancement of the muscular graft component relative to nonenhancing native muscle, three flaps showed mild enhancement, and three showed no enhancement. (ajnr.org)
  • T1 signal intensity of muscular graft components was always isointense with normal muscle, whereas T2 signal intensity was variable and tended to be stable. (ajnr.org)
  • Ninety-three percent of our muscular flap components showed striations typical of normal muscle and were best identified on T1-weighted images. (ajnr.org)
  • Spinal muscular atrophies include several types of hereditary disorders characterized by skeletal muscle wasting due to progressive degeneration of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord and of motor nuclei in the brain stem. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These muscles exhibit a slowing of contraction speed, a reduction of developed tension, and twitch force. (wikipedia.org)
  • In patients with Horner syndrome, the α1-agonist effect dominates because of the supersensitivity of the α1-receptors, resulting in relative mydriasis by contraction of the dilator muscle. (aao.org)
  • If the nerves lost to denervation are part of the neuronal communication to a specific function in the body then altered or a loss of physiological functioning can occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Electromyography (EMG) is a test that checks the health of the muscles and the nerves that control the muscles. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The electrical activity seen on the monitor provides information about your muscle's ability to respond when the nerves to your muscles are stimulated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This test measures the signals that run between nerves and muscles and the electrical activity inside muscles to see if there is a pattern consistent with ALS. (mda.org)
  • There is a general agreement that hypertrophy is accompanied by the addition of new nuclei from stem cells to help the muscles meet the enhanced synthetic demands of a larger cell. (frontiersin.org)
  • Available data have documented the role of selected myokines in lipid and glucose metabolism, or muscle hypertrophy. (nature.com)
  • The purpose of this brief review is to discuss whether or not ambulatory exercise elicits leg muscle hypertrophy in older adults. (researchgate.net)
  • In addition, slow-walk training with a combination of leg muscle blood flow restriction elicits muscle hypertrophy only in the blood flow restricted leg muscles. (researchgate.net)
  • Competitive marathon running and regular high intensity distance running in young and middle-aged adults may not produce leg muscle hypertrophy due to insufficient recovery from the damaging running bout, although there have been no studies that have investigated the effects of running on leg muscle morphology in older subjects. (researchgate.net)
  • It is clear that skeletal muscle hypertrophy can occur independently of exercise mode and load. (researchgate.net)
  • Dosing must be tailored to the individual patient based on the patient's head and neck position, localization of pain and muscle hypertrophy, patient's body weight, and patient response. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Some evidence suggest that ultrasound of the muscles can detect fasciculations that can aid in the diagnosis of ALS. (mda.org)
  • Children have flaccid muscle weakness and fasciculations, which may be hard to see in young children. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Myckatyn, TM & Mackinnon, SE 2005, ' Contribution of the distal nerve sheath to nerve and muscle preservation following denervation and sensory protection: Invited discussion ', Journal of reconstructive microsurgery , vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 71-74. (wustl.edu)
  • In addition to peripheral nerve injury, denervation is used as a medical procedure for various benefits resulting from eliminating nerve supply to a specific area of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ultrasonography is advantageous with the evaluation of peripheral nerve resolutions while Magnetic Resonance Imaging is more sensitive in regard to signal intensity changes of the muscle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The significant reductions in muscle MTR in peripheral neuropathies and the associated correlations with clinical measures indicate that MTR has potential as an imaging outcome measure in future therapeutic trials. (bmj.com)
  • If muscle weakness or paralysis shows no signs of improvement after several months, surgery may be an option. (spine-health.com)
  • When injected intramuscularly at therapeutic doses, botulinum toxin type A produces a partial chemical denervation of the muscle resulting in localized muscle paralysis. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Collagen concentration increased by five-fold and collagen cross-links by more than 7-fold consistent with fibrotic changes known to occur with denervation. (cdc.gov)
  • Although originally developed and used extensively in the rat due to its larger size, the tibial nerve in mice is big enough that it can be easily manipulated with either crush or transection, leaving the peroneal and sural nerve branches of the sciatic nerve intact and thereby preserving their target muscles. (mcmaster.ca)
  • IKKβ was knocked down or constitutively activated in muscle-specific inducible transgenic mice to elicit a 2-fold gain or loss of NFκB signaling. (elifesciences.org)
  • As a result of the overproduction of noggin, the muscles of the experimental mice were not only exhausted, but also lost contact with the motor neurons that control the muscles. (chemdiv.com)
  • The amounts of muscle loss differed between the ECC and LCC mice. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Moreover, the expression of some molecules was altered in the muscles from the LCC mice but not in those from the ECC mice compared with their CN mice. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In conclusion, the molecules with altered expression in the muscles from the ECC and LCC mice were not exactly the same. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Myostatin, which functions specifically as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth, is present at a higher level in serum of cancer cachectic mice than in those of normal healthy mice ( 19 - 21 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Skeletal muscles are the largest cells in the body and are one of the few syncytial ones. (frontiersin.org)
  • If skeletal muscles are denervated, the number of mononucleated cells in the connective tissue between muscle fibers increases. (rupress.org)
  • In Horner syndrome, the weakened dilator muscle causes the pupil to dilate more slowly, producing an anisocoria that is greatest at 4-5 seconds and less if remeasured at 15 seconds. (aao.org)
  • Cocaine drops block the reuptake of NE at the sympathetic nerve terminal to the iris dilator muscle, and AC acts as an agonist to the receptors of the iris dilator muscle, which are hypersensitive in Horner syndrome due to denervation. (chop.edu)
  • 2019). Creatine kinase (CK), a muscle enzyme, is used to differentiate between neurogenic and myopathic disorders. (lww.com)
  • Surprisingly, neither knockdown of IKKβ nor overexpression of caIKKβ significantly altered the loss of muscle mass following tenotomy. (elifesciences.org)
  • Motor potentials evoked by magnetic stimulation are significantly smaller when recorded from the thenar complex, compared with the hypothenar muscles, supporting a cortical mechanism. (bmj.com)
  • Membrane potentials, synaptic responses, neuronal circuitry, neuromodulation and muscle histology using the crayfish: student laboratory exercises. (neurotree.org)
  • Acute rhabdomyolysis with hyperkalemia followed by ventricular dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and death has occurred after use in apparently healthy pediatric patients who were subsequently found to have undiagnosed skeletal muscle myopathy. (nih.gov)
  • Calsequestrin functions as a luminal sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium sensor in both cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. (nih.gov)
  • In smooth muscle and in the cardiac conduction system, intrinsic electrical activity and mechanism activity is present, modifiable by autonomic tone. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • In renal denervation, the procedure involves using radio frequency or ultrasound to remove sympathetic nerve supply to the wall of the kidney with the intention of reducing blood pressure and treating chronic hypertension. (wikipedia.org)
  • As well, many older individuals suffer from sarcopenia, a protracted muscle wasting disorder that typically begins after the age of 50 and involves a loss of about 1% of muscle mass per year ( Woo, 2017 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In some instances, a muscle biopsy, which involves taking a small sample of muscle under local anesthesia, is performed. (mda.org)
  • Bioavailability leucine is key anabolic trigger for muscle protein synthesis many beginning to novice athletes should do basic nonstop sled dragging. (htdig.org)
  • The current clinical therapy for muscle wasting contributes to the recovery of cancer patients, but the mortality rate of cancer is still rising. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Consequently, a novel strategy for the clinical treatment of cancer-induced muscle wasting is urgently required, and research on this subject is highly necessary ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Following an acute polio infection diagnosis symptoms such as fatiguability, general weakness and pain are believed to be correlated to muscle denervation. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are a direct consequence of muscle denervation via destruction of the anterior horn cell. (medscape.com)
  • Denervation can have many harmful side effects such as increased risk of infection and tissue dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within the skeletal tissue is observable progressive loss of weight of denervated muscles as well as reduction in muscle fiber size and quantity. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, since there are many different non-muscle cell populations that reside within the tissue, these experiments cannot easily distinguish true myonuclei from those of neighboring mononuclear cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body. (frontiersin.org)
  • Alternatively, the patient may find reduced finger dexterity, cramping, stiffness, and weakness or wasting of intrinsic hand muscles. (medscape.com)
  • 2 Among the intrinsic hand muscles, wasting predominantly affects the 'lateral (thenar) hand' involving both median innervated muscles (abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and opponens pollicis) and ulnar innervated muscles (first dorsal interosseous (FDI), adductor pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis), with relative sparing of the hypothenar muscles (the abductor digiti minimi (ADM)) ( figure 1 ). (bmj.com)
  • There is clear wasting of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and thenar complex but sparing of the hypothenar muscle (black arrows). (bmj.com)
  • Experimental denervation of ocular muscles. (bvsalud.org)
  • Denervation affects the muscle activation process that is brought on by the development and propagation of an action potential and the ensuing release of calcium. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene encodes the skeletal muscle specific member of the calsequestrin protein family. (nih.gov)
  • This protein, also known as calmitine, functions as a calcium regulator in the mitochondria of skeletal muscle. (nih.gov)
  • Among other things, the BMPs signal stimulates muscle growth when there is a lot of protein - muscle growth is even excessive. (chemdiv.com)
  • Vegan diets have plenty of protein for muscle-building. (htdig.org)
  • Myostatin binding to type IIB activin receptor (ActRIIB) on muscle surface induces the recruitment and activation of activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5), and eventually leads to forkhead box O3 (FoxO3a)-dependent transcription to promote muscle protein breakdown via the ubiquitin-proteasome system ( 23 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Denervation processes have a strong association with the symptoms seen in post-polio syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Processes of the cells form a multilayered veil around muscle fibers but make little, if any, contact with the muscle cell or its basal lamina sheath. (rupress.org)
  • It can help tell the difference between muscle weakness caused by the injury of a nerve attached to a muscle, and weakness due to nervous system disorders, such as muscle diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In a rhizotomy, nerve fibers in the spinal cord are removed in the hopes of eliminating chronic muscle pain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The I4895T mutation in the type 1 ryanodine receptor induces fiber-type specific alterations in skeletal muscle that mimic premature aging. (rndsystems.com)
  • 3 metabolic equivalents [METs], which is defined as the ratio of the work metabolic rate to the resting metabolic rate) intensity estimated by accelerometer is positively correlated with lower body muscle size and function in older adults. (researchgate.net)
  • This maintains the life of muscle cells in conditions of insufficient innervation. (chemdiv.com)
  • Cachexia is associated with the inhibition of energy metabolism in adipose and muscle tissues. (chemdiv.com)
  • Denervation can be caused by injury or be a symptom of a disorder like ALS, post-polio syndrome, or POTS. (wikipedia.org)