Multiple birth offspring. Medical search. Web

The offspring in multiple pregnancies (PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE): TWINS; TRIPLETS; QUADRUPLETS; QUINTUPLETS; etc.

The condition of carrying two or more FETUSES simultaneously.

Three individuals derived from three FETUSES that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the UTERUS simultaneously, and born to the same mother.

The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Four individuals derived from four FETUSES that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the UTERUS simultaneously, and born to the same mother.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Clinical and laboratory techniques used to enhance fertility in humans and animals.

The age of the mother in PREGNANCY.

Two individuals derived from two FETUSES that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the UTERUS simultaneously, and born to the same mother. Twins are either monozygotic (TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC) or dizygotic (TWINS, DIZYGOTIC).

An infant during the first month after birth.

CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).

An infant having a birth weight of 2500 gm. (5.5 lb.) or less but INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT is available for infants having a birth weight of 1500 grams (3.3 lb.) or less.

Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.

Postnatal deaths from BIRTH to 365 days after birth in a given population. Postneonatal mortality represents deaths between 28 days and 365 days after birth (as defined by National Center for Health Statistics). Neonatal mortality represents deaths from birth to 27 days after birth.

The sequence in which children are born into the family.

Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.

The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.

The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.

Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.

An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.

Official certifications by a physician recording the individual's birth date, place of birth, parentage and other required identifying data which are filed with the local registrar of vital statistics.

Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.

The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.

The care of women and a fetus or newborn given before, during, and after delivery from the 28th week of gestation through the 7th day after delivery.

Inability to reproduce after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive sterility is permanent infertility.

Selective abortion of one or more embryos or fetuses in a multiple gestation pregnancy. The usual goal is to improve the outcome for the remaining embryos or fetuses.

Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.

The event that a FETUS is born alive with heartbeats or RESPIRATION regardless of GESTATIONAL AGE. Such liveborn is called a newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN).

Births: final data for 1997. (1/76)

OBJECTIVES: This report presents 1997 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment; maternal lifestyle and health characteristics (medical risk factors, weight gain, and tobacco and alcohol use); medical care utilization by pregnant women (prenatal care, obstetric procedures, complications of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth, and method of delivery); and infant health characteristics (period of gestation, birthweight, Apgar score, abnormal conditions, congenital anomalies, and multiple births). Also presented are birth and fertility rates by age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status. Selected data by mother's State of residence are shown including teenage birth rates and total fertility rates, as well as data on month and day of birth, sex ratio, and age of father. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. METHODS: Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 3.9 million births that occurred in 1997 are presented. RESULTS: Birth and fertility rates declined very slightly in 1997. Birth rates for teenagers fell 3 to 5 percent. Rates for women in their twenties changed very little, whereas rates for women in their thirties rose 2 percent. The number of births and the birth rate for unmarried women each declined slightly in 1997 while the percent of births that were to unmarried women was unchanged. Smoking by pregnant women overall dropped again in 1997, but continued to increase among teenagers. Improvements in prenatal care utilization continued. The cesarean delivery rate increased slightly after declining for 7 consecutive years. The proportion of multiple birth continued to rise; higher order multiple births (e.g., triplets, quadruplets) rose by 14 percent in 1997, following a 20 percent rise from 1995 to 1996. Key measures of birth outcome--the percents of low birthweight and preterm births--increased, with particularly large increases in the preterm rate. These changes are in large part the result of increases in multiple births. (+info)

Natural variation in the human sex ratio. (2/76)

Analysis of the effect of multiple birth, birth order, age of parents and the sexes of preceding siblings on the secondary sex ratio was performed for 815 891 children, born in Denmark, 1980-1993. The proportion of males was analysed as a function of multiple birth, birth order, age of parents and the sexes of preceding siblings, using contingency tables, chi(2) tests and logistic regression analysis. The secondary sex ratio decreased with increased number of children per plural birth and with paternal age, whereas no independent effect was observed for maternal age, birth order, the sex of the preceding child, or the combination of sexes of previously born children in the family. (+info)

Cerebral palsy and multiple births in China. (3/76)

BACKGROUND: A population-based study on prevalence of cerebral palsy in multiple births has not been carried out in China. The purpose of this paper was to determine the prevalence of cerebral palsy in multiple births and to explore the influence of multiple pregnancy on cerebral palsy after controlling for birthweight. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of cerebral palsy was carried out among 388,192 children aged <7 years in seven cities of Jiangsu province in China. Information about birthweight and plurality was obtained from routine health care records. Pediatricians at city level diagnosed all cases. All the doctors involved had taken part in a training programme held by Beijing Medical University. Stratified analysis by birthweight and its standard normal deviate was employed to compare the prevalence of cerebral palsy in multiples and singletons. RESULTS: The prevalence of cerebral palsy for children aged <7 years in multiples was 9.7 per 1000 children (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.5-14.0), which was 6.5 times that in singletons (95% CI: 4.4-9.3). The overall neonatal mortality rate was 60.9 per 1000 liveborn multiples, being highest (944.4 per 1000) in the 500-999 g birthweight groups. Most liveborn multiples weighing <1500 g at birth probably died from diseases related to very low birthweight prior to this study. The prevalence of cerebral palsy in multiple births was likely to be higher than that reported in developed countries for children weighing 1500-2499 g even though our data were from a cross-sectional study. When stratified by birthweight, the prevalence of cerebral palsy in multiples weighing <2500 g had tended to be lower than that of singletons in the same birthweight group. In contrast, in normal birthweight categories multiple births had a higher prevalence of cerebral palsy than singletons. When stratified by birthweight normal deviate, the prevalence of cerebral palsy in multiple births was uniformly higher than that in singletons in all birthweight strata and the prevalence of cerebral palsy among multiples appeared to be augmented as birthweight increased. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of cerebral palsy in multiples, 9.7 per 1000 children, is 6.5 times that in singletons. Survival of low birthweight infants is lower in China than in developed countries and survival quality of Chinese children weighing 1500-2499 g needs to be further improved. In terms of birthweight multiples and singletons may be heterogeneous. It might be difficult to directly use actual birthweight specific prevalence to compare the prevalence of cerebral palsy in multiples and singletons. Birthweight normal deviate specific prevalence of cerebral palsy suggests that multiple pregnancy is an independent risk factor for cerebral palsy in all birthweight groups. Multiples are in adverse circumstances very early in gestation and as the foetus matures the risk of cerebral palsy increases. (+info)

Multiple births and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. (4/76)

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Prevailing hypotheses about the causes of ovarian carcinogenesis predict that women with a history of multiple births (twins, triplets, etc.) should be at increased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. However, the scant available evidence suggests that they may actually be at lower risk. To resolve this issue, we pooled data from eight studies involving 2859 parous women with epithelial ovarian cancer (case patients) and 7434 parous women without ovarian cancer (control women). In addition to assessing their history of multiple births (and the sex of the children, where available), we obtained information on age, parity, oral contraceptive use, and other reproductive factors for each woman. Details of tumor histology were available for all case patients. We estimated the relative risks of various histologic types of ovarian cancers associated with multiple births by using multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusting for matching and confounding variables. RESULTS: Among these parous women, 73 case patients (2. 6%) and 257 control women (3.5%) had a history of multiple births. The adjusted summary odds ratio (OR) for developing all types of epithelial ovarian cancer that are associated with multiple births was 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.61-1.08). We found no evidence that risks associated with multiple births differed among women with borderline or invasive tumors and among women with same-sex and opposite-sex offspring from multiple births. The risk reductions appeared specific for nonmucinous tumors (n = 2453; summary adjusted OR = 0.71 [95% CI = 0.52-0.98]); in contrast, associations with mucinous tumors (n = 406) were heterogeneous across studies. CONCLUSIONS: Parous women with nonmucinous ovarian cancer are no more likely to have a history of multiple births than other parous women, counter to the predictions of current hypotheses for causes of ovarian cancer. (+info)

Contribution of assisted reproductive technology and ovulation-inducing drugs to triplet and higher-order multiple births--United States, 1980-1997. (5/76)

In the United States, pregnancies associated with assisted reproductive technology (ART) or ovulation-inducing drugs are more likely to result in multiple births than spontaneously conceived pregnancies (1). In addition, triplet and higher-order multiple births are at greater risk than singleton births to be preterm (< or = 37 completed weeks' gestation), low birthweight (LBW) (i.e., < or = 2500 g), or very low birthweight (i.e., < 1500 g), resulting in higher infant morbidity and mortality (2). Because preterm and LBW infants often require costly neonatal care and long-term developmental follow-up, the continuing increase in triplet and higher-order multiple births causes concern among health-care providers and policymakers (3). This report provides estimates of the contribution of ART and ovulation-inducing drugs to these birth outcomes for 1996 and 1997, and summarizes trends during 1980-1997, which indicate that the ratio of triplet and higher-order multiple births has more than quadrupled and that a large proportion of this increase can be attributed to ART or the use of ovulation-inducing drugs. (+info)

Offspring risk and sibling risk for multilocus traits. (6/76)

The recurrence risk of a trait in a relative of type R is the probability that an individual who is in relationship of type R to an affected proband has the trait. It is intuitively clear that closer relationships lead to higher recurrence risks. However, no exact analysis of this phenomenon has been presented for multilocus traits. We prove a theorem that shows how recurrence risks are influenced by the degree of closeness of the relationship R. For example, our theorem implies that sibling risk is always higher than offspring risk. The loci influencing the trait are assumed to be autosomal and unlinked, but arbitrary epistasis between the loci is allowed. We give a detailed proof of the theorem by using stochastic matrices. A shorter proof based on the additive and dominance genetic variances is also sketched. Additionally, we also give some empirical results and discuss generalizations of the theorem. (+info)

Live-birth rates and multiple-birth risk of assisted reproductive technology pregnancies conceived using thawed embryos, USA 1999-2000. (7/76)

BACKGROUND: Increasing use of assisted reproductive technology treatments has been associated with the current rise in multiple births in the USA. Embryo cryopreservation and subsequent thawed embryo transfer may favourably impact the multiple-birth risk by relieving some pressure that patients and providers may feel to transfer several embryos in a single cycle. The study objective was to examine both live-birth rates and multiple-birth risk in thawed cycles. METHODS: The authors used a population-based sample of 21 555 assisted reproductive technology procedures performed in US clinics in 1999 and 2000 that used thawed embryos derived from the patient's oocytes. RESULTS: Both patient age and the number of embryos transferred were independent predictors of live birth. Even among women aged 20-29 years, the transfer of three embryos resulted in an increase in the live-birth rate compared with cycles in which one or two embryos were transferred. This increase in success was accompanied by an increased multiple-birth risk. In all age groups up to 40 years, the transfer of just two embryos resulted in a multiple-birth risk of 16-17%. The multiple-birth risk increased with the number of embryos transferred. CONCLUSIONS: Patient age and the number of embryos transferred significantly affect live-birth and multiple-birth rates among women who use thawed embryos. (+info)

Assisted reproductive technology surveillance--United States, 2000. (8/76)

PROBLEM/CONDITION: In 1996, CDC initiated data collection regarding assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures performed in the United States to determine medical center-specific pregnancy success rates, as mandated by the Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act (FCSRCA) (Public Law 102-493, October 24, 1992). ART includes fertility treatments in which both eggs and sperm are handled in the laboratory (i.e., in vitro fertilization and related procedures). Patients who undergo ART treatments are more likely to deliver multiple-birth infants than women who conceive naturally. Multiple births are associated with increased risk for mothers and infants (e.g., pregnancy complications, premature delivery, low-birthweight infants, and long-term disability among infants). REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: 2000. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: CDC contracts with a professional society, the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART), to obtain data from fertility medical centers located in the United States. Since 1997, CDC has compiled data related to ART procedures. The Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance System was initiated by CDC in collaboration with the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, and RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association. RESULTS: In 2000, a total of 25,228 live-birth deliveries and 35,025 infants resulting from 99,629 ART procedures were reported to CDC from 383 medical centers that performed ART in the United States and U.S. territories. Nationally, 75,516 (76%) of ART treatments were freshly fertilized embryos using the patient's eggs; 13,312 (13%) were thawed embryos using the patient's eggs; 7,919 (8%) were freshly fertilized embryos from donor eggs; and 2,882 (3%) were thawed embryos from donor eggs. The national live-birth delivery per transfer rate was 30.8%. The five states that reported the highest number of ART procedures were California (13,194), New York (11,239), Massachusetts (8,041), Illinois (7,323), and New Jersey (5,506). These five states also reported the highest number of live-birth deliveries and infants born as a result of ART. Overall, 47% of women undergoing ART-transfer procedures using freshly fertilized embryos from their own eggs were aged <35 years; 23% were aged 35-37 years; 19% were aged 38-40 years; 7% were aged 41-42 years; and 4% were aged >42 years. Among ART treatments in which freshly fertilized embryos from the patient's eggs were used, substantial variation in patient age, infertility diagnoses, history of past infertility treatment, and past births was observed. Nationally, live-birth rates were highest for women aged <35 years (38%). The risk for a multiple-birth delivery was highest for women who underwent ART-transfer procedures using freshly fertilized embryos from either donor eggs (40%) or from their own eggs (35%). Among women who underwent ART-transfer procedures using freshly fertilized embryos from their own eggs, further variation by patient age and number of embryos transferred was observed. Of the 35,025 infants born, 44% were twins, and 9% were triplet and higher order multiples, for a total multiple-infant birth rate of 53%. Patient's residing in states with the highest number of live-birth deliveries also reported the highest number of infants born in multiple-birth deliveries. INTERPRETATION: Whether an ART procedure was successful (defined as resulting in a pregnancy and live-birth delivery) varied according to different patient and treatment factors. Patient factors included the age of the woman undergoing ART, whether she had previously given birth, whether she had previously undergone ART, and the infertility diagnosis of both the female and male partners. Treatment factors included whether eggs were from the patient or a woman serving as an egg donor, whether the embryos were freshly fertilized or previously frozen and thawed, how long the embryos were kept in culture, how many embryos were transferred, and whether various specialized treatment procedures were used in conjunction with ART. ART poses a major risk for multiple births. This risk varied according to the patient's age, the type of ART procedure performed, and the number of embryos transferred. In addition, the increased risk for multiple births has a notable population impact in certain states. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS: As use of ART and ART success rates continue to increase, ART-related multiple births are an increasingly important public health problem nationally and in many states. The proportion of infants born through ART in 2000 that were multiple births (53%) was substantially higher than in the general U.S. population during the same period. Data in this report indicate a need to reduce multiple births associated with ART. Efforts should be made to limit the number of embryos transferred for patients undergoing ART. In addition, continued research and surveillance is key to understanding the effect of ART on maternal and child health. (+info)

Medical definitions of "Multiple Birth Offspring" refer to two or more children born to the same mother during one single pregnancy and childbirth. The most common forms of multiple birth offspring are twins (two babies), triplets (three babies), quadruplets (four babies), and so on.

The occurrence of multiple birth offspring is influenced by several factors, including genetics, maternal age, the use of fertility treatments, and other medical conditions. Multiple birth offspring may be identical (monozygotic) or fraternal (dizygotic), depending on whether they developed from a single fertilized egg or from separate eggs.

Multiple birth offspring often face unique health challenges, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental delays, due to the limited space and resources available in the womb. As a result, they may require specialized medical care and attention both during and after pregnancy.

Multiple pregnancy is a type of gestation where more than one fetus is carried simultaneously in the uterus. The most common forms of multiple pregnancies are twins (two fetuses), triplets (three fetuses), and quadruplets (four fetuses). Multiple pregnancies can occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two or more embryos (monozygotic) or when more than one egg is released and gets fertilized during ovulation (dizygotic). The risk of multiple pregnancies increases with the use of assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization. Multiple pregnancies are associated with higher risks for both the mother and the fetuses, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and other complications.

In medical terms, triplets are a type of multiple pregnancy, where three offsprings (fetuses) develop simultaneously in the uterus of a single pregnant woman. This occurs when a woman releases more than one egg during ovulation, and all three eggs get fertilized by separate sperm cells. Triplets can also occur through the use of assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) where multiple embryos are transferred into the uterus.

Triplet pregnancies carry a higher risk of complications for both the mother and the offsprings compared to singleton or twin pregnancies, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and developmental issues. As such, they often require close monitoring and specialized care throughout the pregnancy.

The birth rate is the number of live births that occur in a population during a specific period, usually calculated as the number of live births per 1,000 people per year. It is an important demographic indicator used to measure the growth or decline of a population over time. A higher birth rate indicates a younger population and faster population growth, while a lower birth rate suggests an older population and slower growth.

The birth rate can be affected by various factors, including socioeconomic conditions, cultural attitudes towards childbearing, access to healthcare services, and government policies related to family planning and reproductive health. It is also influenced by the age structure of the population, as women in their reproductive years (typically ages 15-49) are more likely to give birth.

It's worth noting that while the birth rate is an important indicator of population growth, it does not provide a complete picture of fertility rates or demographic trends. Other measures, such as the total fertility rate (TFR), which estimates the average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years, are also used to analyze fertility patterns and population dynamics.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Quadruplets are defined in medicine as a type of multiple birth where four offspring are produced from the same pregnancy. This occurs when a single fertilized egg divides into four embryos, or more rarely, when four separate eggs are each fertilized by different sperm. Quadruplets face higher risks of preterm birth and other complications compared to singleton pregnancies.

Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.

Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.

Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) are medical procedures that involve the handling of human sperm and ova to establish a pregnancy. These techniques are used when other methods of achieving pregnancy have failed or are not available. Examples of ART include in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT). These procedures may be used to treat infertility, prevent genetic disorders, or to help same-sex couples or single people have children. It is important to note that the use of ART can involve significant physical, emotional, and financial costs, and it may not always result in a successful pregnancy.

Maternal age is a term used to describe the age of a woman at the time she becomes pregnant or gives birth. It is often used in medical and epidemiological contexts to discuss the potential risks, complications, and outcomes associated with pregnancy and childbirth at different stages of a woman's reproductive years.

Advanced maternal age typically refers to women who become pregnant or give birth at 35 years of age or older. This group faces an increased risk for certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, and other pregnancy-related complications, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cesarean delivery.

On the other end of the spectrum, adolescent pregnancies (those that occur in women under 20 years old) also come with their own set of potential risks and complications, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and anemia.

It's important to note that while maternal age can influence pregnancy outcomes, many other factors – including genetics, lifestyle choices, and access to quality healthcare – can also play a significant role in determining the health of both mother and baby during pregnancy and childbirth.

In the field of medicine, twins are defined as two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. They can be either monozygotic (identical) or dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two separate embryos, resulting in individuals who share identical genetic material. Dizygotic twins, on the other hand, result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two different sperm cells, leading to siblings who share about 50% of their genetic material, similar to non-twin siblings.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

A premature birth is defined as the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of medical intervention due to maternal or fetal complications. Premature babies, also known as preemies, may face various health challenges depending on how early they are born and their weight at birth. These challenges can include respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, issues with feeding and digestion, developmental delays, and vision problems. With advancements in medical care and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), many premature babies survive and go on to lead healthy lives.

Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams). It's often defined as a birth weight of 2,499 grams or less. This can be further categorized into very low birth weight (less than 1,500 grams) and extremely low birth weight (less than 1,000 grams). Low birth weight is most commonly caused by premature birth, but it can also be caused by growth restriction in the womb. These babies are at risk for numerous health complications, both in the short and long term.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

Infant Mortality is the death of a baby before their first birthday. The infant mortality rate is typically expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births. This is a key indicator of the overall health of a population and is often used to measure the well-being of children in a society.

Infant mortality can be further categorized into neonatal mortality (death within the first 28 days of life) and postneonatal mortality (death after 28 days of life but before one year). The main causes of infant mortality vary by country and region, but generally include premature birth, low birth weight, congenital anomalies, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and infectious diseases.

Reducing infant mortality is a major public health goal for many countries, and efforts to improve maternal and child health, access to quality healthcare, and socioeconomic conditions are crucial in achieving this goal.

Birth order is a term that refers to the sequence in which a person is born in their family, specifically in relation to their siblings. It is used in psychology and sociology to describe the various personality traits, behaviors, and developmental milestones that have been associated with being the firstborn, middle child, youngest child, or an only child.

For example, some studies suggest that firstborn children tend to be more responsible, achievement-oriented, and socially dominant than their younger siblings, while later-born children may be more easygoing, adventurous, and rebellious. However, it's important to note that these patterns are not universal and can be influenced by a variety of factors, including family size, spacing between siblings, gender, parenting style, and individual temperament.

Overall, birth order is just one factor among many that contribute to a person's development and identity, and should not be used as a definitive predictor of their traits or behaviors.

Fetal death, also known as stillbirth or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as the death of a fetus at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The criteria for defining fetal death may vary slightly by country and jurisdiction, but in general, it refers to the loss of a pregnancy after the point at which the fetus is considered viable outside the womb.

Fetal death can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities, placental problems, maternal health conditions, infections, and umbilical cord accidents. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may remain unknown.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound or other imaging tests, which can confirm the absence of a heartbeat or movement in the fetus. Once fetal death has been diagnosed, medical professionals will work with the parents to determine the best course of action for managing the pregnancy and delivering the fetus. This may involve waiting for labor to begin naturally, inducing labor, or performing a cesarean delivery.

Experiencing a fetal death can be a very difficult and emotional experience for parents, and it is important for them to receive supportive care from their healthcare providers, family members, and friends. Grief counseling and support groups may also be helpful in coping with the loss.

Embryo transfer is a medical procedure that involves the transfer of an embryo, which is typically created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), into the uterus of a woman with the aim of establishing a pregnancy. The embryo may be created using the intended parent's own sperm and eggs or those from donors. After fertilization and early cell division, the resulting embryo is transferred into the uterus of the recipient mother through a thin catheter that is inserted through the cervix. This procedure is typically performed under ultrasound guidance to ensure proper placement of the embryo. Embryo transfer is a key step in assisted reproductive technology (ART) and is often used as a treatment for infertility.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Congenital abnormalities, also known as birth defects, are structural or functional anomalies that are present at birth. These abnormalities can develop at any point during fetal development, and they can affect any part of the body. They can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both.

Congenital abnormalities can range from mild to severe and may include structural defects such as heart defects, neural tube defects, and cleft lip and palate, as well as functional defects such as intellectual disabilities and sensory impairments. Some congenital abnormalities may be visible at birth, while others may not become apparent until later in life.

In some cases, congenital abnormalities may be detected through prenatal testing, such as ultrasound or amniocentesis. In other cases, they may not be diagnosed until after the baby is born. Treatment for congenital abnormalities varies depending on the type and severity of the defect, and may include surgery, therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.

Fertilization in vitro, also known as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), is a medical procedure where an egg (oocyte) and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization. The fertilized egg (embryo) is then transferred to a uterus with the hope of establishing a successful pregnancy. This procedure is often used when other assisted reproductive technologies have been unsuccessful or are not applicable, such as in cases of blocked fallopian tubes, severe male factor infertility, and unexplained infertility. The process involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer. In some cases, additional techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) may be used to increase the chances of success.

A birth certificate is an official document that serves as legal proof of a person's birth and provides important information about the individual, including their full name, date and place of birth, sex, parents' names, and other identifying details. In medical terms, a birth certificate may be used to establish a patient's identity, age, and other relevant demographic information.

Birth certificates are typically issued by the government agency responsible for vital records in the jurisdiction where the individual was born, such as a state or county health department. They are considered legal documents and are often required for various purposes, such as enrolling in school, applying for a passport, or obtaining government benefits.

It is important to note that birth certificates may be amended or corrected if there are errors or discrepancies in the information they contain. In some cases, individuals may also need to obtain certified copies of their birth certificate from the appropriate government agency in order to provide proof of their identity or other personal information.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

"Prenatal exposure delayed effects" refer to the adverse health outcomes or symptoms that become apparent in an individual during their development or later in life, which are caused by exposure to certain environmental factors or substances while they were still in the womb. These effects may not be immediately observable at birth and can take weeks, months, years, or even decades to manifest. They can result from maternal exposure to various agents such as infectious diseases, medications, illicit drugs, tobacco smoke, alcohol, or environmental pollutants during pregnancy. The delayed effects can impact multiple organ systems and may include physical, cognitive, behavioral, and developmental abnormalities. It is important to note that the risk and severity of these effects can depend on several factors, including the timing, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the individual's genetic susceptibility.

Perinatal care refers to the health care provided to pregnant individuals, fetuses, and newborn infants during the time immediately before and after birth. This period is defined as beginning at approximately 20 weeks of gestation and ending 4 weeks after birth. Perinatal care includes preventative measures, medical and supportive services, and treatment for complications during pregnancy, childbirth, and in the newborn period. It encompasses a wide range of services including prenatal care, labor and delivery management, postpartum care, and neonatal care. The goal of perinatal care is to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby by preventing, diagnosing, and treating any potential health issues that may arise during this critical period.

Infertility is a reproductive health disorder defined as the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or due to an impairment of a person's capacity to reproduce either as an individual or with their partner. It can be caused by various factors in both men and women, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, genetic issues, infections, age, lifestyle factors, and others. Infertility can have significant emotional and psychological impacts on individuals and couples experiencing it, and medical intervention may be necessary to help them conceive.

Pregnancy reduction, multifetal refers to the medical procedure used to decrease the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, such as twins or higher-order multiples (triplets, quadruplets, etc.). This is also known as selective reduction or selective termination. The goal of this procedure is to reduce the risk of complications associated with multifetal pregnancies, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and pregnancy loss.

The procedure typically involves an ultrasound-guided injection of a medication that stops the development of one or more fetuses. This is usually performed during the first trimester of pregnancy. The decision to undergo pregnancy reduction is often based on a variety of factors, including maternal age, medical history, and personal preferences. It's important to note that this procedure carries its own risks, such as infection, bleeding, and loss of the remaining fetuses, so it should be carefully considered and discussed with healthcare providers.

"Delivery, Obstetric" is a medical term that refers to the process of giving birth to a baby. It involves the passage of the fetus through the mother's vagina or via Caesarean section (C-section), which is a surgical procedure.

The obstetric delivery process typically includes three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is fully dilated.
2. The second stage starts with full dilation of the cervix and ends with the birth of the baby.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta, which is the organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus during pregnancy.

Obstetric delivery requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Various interventions and techniques may be used during the delivery process to facilitate a safe and successful outcome, including the use of medications, assisted delivery with forceps or vacuum extraction, and C-section.

A live birth is the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of human conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, that, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life - such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles - whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached.

This definition is used by the World Health Organization (WHO) and most national statistical agencies to distinguish live births from stillbirths. It's important to note that in some medical contexts, a different definition of live birth may be used.

A female may give birth to multiple offspring in a single litter. The reproduction process may also involve mate-guarding, and ... ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4. Rodriguez, Idalia; Rasoazanabary, Emilienne; Godfrey, Laurie (2012). "Multiple ectoparasites infest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddish-gray_mouse_lemur

... septuplets eight offspring - octuplets nine offspring - nonuplets ten offspring - decuplets Terms used for multiple births or ... Facts About Multiples HFEA consultation on multiple births after IVF D. L. Ashliman, Multiple Births in Legend and Folklore ... and multiple births may be more common than single births. Multiple births in humans are the exception and can be exceptionally ... A multiple birth is the culmination of one multiple pregnancy, wherein the mother gives birth to two or more babies. A term ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_birth

By selectively breeding ewes that produce multiple offspring with higher birth weights for generations, sheep producers have ... After the birth, ewes ideally break the amniotic sac (if it is not broken during labor), and begin licking clean the lamb. Most ... "Quintuplet birth takes sheep breeder by surprise". Prague Daily Monitor. Czech News Agency. 24 January 2008. Archived from the ... Booth, K. K.; Katz, L. S. (2000). "Role of the vomeronasal organ in neonatal offspring recognitions in sheep". Biol. Reprod. 63 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep

By selectively breeding ewes that produce multiple offspring with higher birth weights for generations, sheep producers have ... This increase in the lamb births, both in number and birth weight, may cause problems in delivery and lamb survival, requiring ... After the birth, ewes ideally break the amniotic sac (if it is not broken during labor), and begin licking clean the lamb. The ... When birth is imminent, contractions begin to take place, and the fitful behavior of the ewe may increase. A normal labor may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_sheep_reproduction

A female that has been with multiple partners will most likely give birth to an offspring fathered by the male that produced ... If the female mates with multiple males, then the males will not know for sure who fathered the offspring. Infanticide can also ... CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links from July ... This is presumed to have an effect on offspring and giving them more genetic diversity. Sex role reversal is the change in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_mammals

... mating systems with high coefficients of relatedness between group members and where females give birth to multiple offspring. ... Humans produce offspring that develop slowly and are incapable of moving or retrieving food for a lengthy period after birth. ... "Paternal Effect on Offspring Survivorship among Ache and Hiwi Hunter-Gatherers: Implications for Modeling Pair-Bond Stability A ... Under low mortality rates, the chance of primipara, a woman giving birth to her first child, having her mother around is around ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomothering_in_humans

... is tendency of a female who has been bred by multiple males to give birth to their offspring in unequal proportions. Sperm ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_precedence

However, if the duration of lactation is cut short due to use of a formula substitute or the woman has multiple births, the ... Educated women tend to delay childbirth and have fewer offspring. In sub-Saharan Africa where gender disparities in education ... Birth Control has been the main tool to prevent unplanned births, and with greater access to birth control unplanned ... cost of birth control, religious prohibition, lack of availability of birth control, and lack of information about birth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_fertility

... and the general term for one offspring of a multiple birth is a multiple. Unrelated look-alikes whose resemblance parallels ... List of multiple births List of notable twins Litter (animal) Look-alike Mixed twins Multiple birth Multiverse Superfecundation ... "Facts About Multiples: An Encyclopedia of Multiple Birth Records". Archived from the original on 2009-10-15. Retrieved 2008-10- ... stimulated release of multiple eggs by the mother) has caused what some call an "epidemic of multiple births". In 2001, for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin

... multiple breeding females, birth intervals shorter than three months, and low infant survival probability. Maternal infanticide ... This may allow the mother to invest more in her current offspring or future offspring, leading to a greater net reproductive ... S2CID 16417269.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, ... DNA analysis revealed that males would not attack their own offspring or offspring of a female with whom they mated. Further, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide_in_primates

The word is most often used for the offspring of mammals, but can be used for any animal that gives birth to multiple young. In ... A litter is the live birth of multiple offspring at one time in animals from the same mother and usually from one set of ... With multiple young, predators could eat several and others could still survive to reach maturity, but with only one offspring ... Animals frequently display grouping behavior in herds, swarms, flocks, or colonies, and these multiple births derive similar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter_(zoology)

... for nibble in some contexts Quadruple-precision floating-point format in computing Multiple birth with four offspring A term ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple

Additionally, polytocy, or the birth of multiple offspring per birthing episode, is a highly correlated evolutionary ... production of multiple offspring, and monotocy, production of single offspring, with the evolution of cooperative breeding. The ... The cost to helpers varies depending upon presence or absence of related offspring. The presence of offspring has been found to ... Maternal investment within female offspring may be considerably higher than male offspring for one species, or vice versa for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_breeding

... which symbolizes the birth of a child, pomegranate which symbolized multiple offspring, and the Longfei fengwu (Chinese: 龙飞凤舞; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiuhuaxie

... this leads to the fact that multiple births tend to be favorable in terms of number of children and therefore offspring count; ... multiple births made only a slight relative difference in number of children. However, with fewer pregnancies, multiple births ... A trait in women known to greatly increase the chance of multiple births is being a tall woman (presumably the chance is ... "Dropping birth rates threaten global economic growth". CBS. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2016. "Tall women more likely to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_variability

The covenant was for Abraham and his seed, or offspring, both of natural birth and adoption. With Abraham multiple promised ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)

... generally are pregnant with one offspring at a time, although they may have twin or multiple births on occasion. In these large ... Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In ... The complete delivery of the calf (or calves in a multiple birth) signifies the end of stage two. The cow scrambles to her feet ... The majority of insects lay eggs but a very few give birth to offspring that are miniature versions of the adult. The aphid has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth

Boas are polygynous and ovoviviparous, thus males may mate with multiple females and give birth to live young. Females invest ... This is only the third genetically confirmed case of consecutive virgin births of viable offspring from a single female within ... Young are born fully developed and independent within minutes of birth. Reproduction in snakes is almost exclusively sexual. ... "Consecutive virgin births in the new world boid snake, the Colombian rainbow Boa, Epicrates maurus". J. Hered. 102 (6): 759-63 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicrates_maurus

This mating system works to ensure paternal investment in offspring. If a female mates with multiple males and give birth to a ... Observations on the birth and subsequent care of offspring by a lone pair of wild emperor tamarins (Saguinus imperator). ... Due to high rates of twinning or multiple births in Emperor tamarins, parental care and paternal investment is important to ... Most births occur during the wet season when food resources are in abundance. Tamarin species were once thought to be a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_tamarin

The gestation period is about 400 days, after which one offspring is born to an average mass of 9.4 kg (21 lb). Multiple births ... Even in these cases, the outcomes are unpredictable and often in the Baird's tapir's favor, as is evident on multiple Baird's ... are extremely rare, but in September 2020, a Baird's tapir in Boston's Franklin Park Zoo birthed twins. The babies, as with all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baird's_tapir

Multiple studies have established consanguinity as a high cause for birth defects and abnormalities. A risk of autosomal ... Chances of postnatal mortality are higher in offspring. The first year holds the highest chance of death due to the risk of ... This is based on the gene copies their offspring may receive. Though these unions are still prevalent in some communities, as ... recessive disorders increases in offspring coming from consanguineous marriages due to the increased likelihood of receiving ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguine_marriage

Females have four nipples, which allows them to nourish multiple offspring at once. Eastern red bat pups learn to fly about a ... and some eastern red bats have given birth to as many as five pups. ... Eastern red bat breeding season starts in the autumn, and multiple males can sire a single litter. Pups are born in the summer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_red_bat

Twins and other multiple births are counted as one pregnancy and birth. A woman who has never been pregnant is referred to as a ... Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops (gestates) inside a woman's uterus (womb). A multiple ... spontaneous birth after 37 weeks is considered term and is not associated with the same risks of a preterm birth. Planned birth ... Most births are successful vaginal births, but sometimes complications arise and a woman may undergo a cesarean section. During ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy

Each mother only has two teats and so only two offspring can be born at a time to ensure that both babies would get enough ... There can be multiple reasons for the organism's small species number. The organism doesn't have a very large habitat and ... the young has to continue to grow in their mother's pouch for a certain amount of time after birth. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate's_triok

Females mate with more than one male and each shares the responsibility of carrying the offspring. They are the only primate ... This communal breeding system involves groups of multiple males and females, but only one female is reproductively active. ... group that regularly produces twins, which constitute over 80% of births in species that have been studied. Unlike other male ... The typical social structure seems to constitute a breeding group, with several of their previous offspring living in the group ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callitrichidae

The offspring resemble their parent in every way except size. Thus, a female's diet can affect the body size and birth rate of ... Chen, Rui; Wang, Zhe; Chen, Jing; Jiang, Li-Yun; Qiao, Ge-Xia (2017). "Insect-bacteria parallel evolution in multiple-co- ... A typical life cycle involves flightless females giving live birth to female nymphs-who may also be already pregnant, an ... Viral infections, which can be extremely harmful to aphids, can also lead to the production of winged offspring. For example, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphid

These include low birth weight, miscarriage and premature labour. In modern medicine there are multiple options to limit the ... Where pregnancy occurs in these individuals, there are high risks associated with the health of the offspring due to pregnancy ... Female ovaries are estimated to store over 1,000,000 primordial follicles at birth which decrease in number and quality with ... The likelihood of perinatal infant mortality and low birth weight are significantly related to radiation dose. Male fertility ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effects_of_radiotherapy_on_fertility

Placental fish Heterandria formosa offspring from females who mate with multiple males, have a longer maturation time, leading ... Several viviparous shark species, where females give birth to live offspring that develop internally within the mother, also ... Male offspring from polyandrous mating tend to be more colorful than offspring from monogamous mating, which contain more black ... Offspring were more phenotypically diverse than their parents, suggesting a diversified selection that allows offspring to cope ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandry_in_fish

... diurnal lemurs to consistently give birth to two or three offspring. All other lemurs have single births. Multiple births in ... and the aye-aye usually have one offspring. Dwarf and mouse lemurs have up to four offspring, but both average only two. Ruffed ... After the offspring are born, lemurs either carry them around or stash them while foraging. When transported, the infants ... Alloparenting (multiple or group parenting) has been reported in all lemur families except the sportive lemurs and aye-aye. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur

When there are multiple offspring in a single brood, the potential for sibling rivalry arises due to competition for food and ... Siblings may compete for resources in a prenatal and/or post-birth environment. The degree of rivalry varies, ranging from a ... reducing their ability to invest in future offspring. This is known as interbrood rivalry, which can lead to parent-offspring ... When offspring beg for more food from their parents, they also are "competing" with their future siblings by decreasing the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibling_rivalry_(animals)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddish-gray_mouse_lemur

However, the plesiosaurs are said to be unique in that they give birth to a single large offspring instead of multiple smaller ... The finding also suggests that the species gave birth to live young. Also known as viviparity, live birth has also been ... Ancient Sea Monster Fossil Demonstrates Evidence of Live Birth. By IBTimes Staff Reporter 08/12/11 AT 1:17 AM EDT. ... It demonstrates that the plesiosaur gives live birth and did not crawl out on land (to lay eggs). It puts this 200-year mystery ...

https://www.ibtimes.com/ancient-sea-monster-fossil-demonstrates-evidence-live-birth-831469

... in order to guarantee the birth of offspring and secure a future, the female will do this multiple times with other fish. ... As in most circumstances in the harshness of the ocean, offspring pipefish are left to survive on their own, immediately ...

https://www.coralrealm.com/pipefish

Conjugal multiple sclerosis: population-based prevalence and recurrence risks in offspring. Canadian Collaborative Study Group. ... Timing of birth and risk of multiple sclerosis: population based study BMJ 2005; 330 :120 doi:10.1136/bmj.38301.686030.63 ... Season of birth in multiple sclerosis in Sweden: replication of Denmark findings.J Orthomol Med1994; 9:71-74. ... Is season of birth associated with multiple sclerosis?Acta Neurol Scand2000; 101:381-3. ...

https://www.bmj.com/content/330/7483/120?ijkey=486ca81eea69fccebaa2d1b47c128d5eab2f4946&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

for the offspring of mammals, but can be used for any animal that gives birth to multiple young. In comparison, a group of eggs ... which Zaid said, Ali and the offspring of Ali, Aqil and the offspring of Aqil, the offspring of Jaffer, and the offspring of ... The Offspring (album) (view), The Offspring Collection (view), The Offspring World Tour 2017 (view), The Offspring discography ... their offspring. The offspring are connected by a horizontal sibship line and listed in birth order from left to right. If the ...

https://edwardbetts.com/find_link/The_Offspring

Relative impact of maternal depression and associated risk factors on offspring psychopathology - Volume 200 Issue 2 ... multiple risk factor exposures were examined between birth and 2 years of age; and DSM-IV-based externalising and internalising ... Child birth weight and birth complications (for example abruption, preterm rupture, cervical suture) were recorded at birth. ... Antenatal and postnatal maternal mood symptoms and psychiatric disorders in pre-school children from the 2004 Pelotas Birth ...

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/relative-impact-of-maternal-depression-and-associated-risk-factors-on-offspring-psychopathology/2C2DBAD78CB2763623790D8D85F8518F

Northern Finland Birth Cohort of 1966;. NFBC86. Northern Finland Birth Cohort of 1986;. NMR. nuclear magnetic resonance;. PCA. ... equivalent to 0.05 after accounting for multiple testing). Results were similar in each individual cohort, and in the two-stage ... Adjustment of the parent BMI-offspring metabolite associations for offspring BMI suggested the parental associations were ... to examine the association between maternal prepregnancy BMI and offspring serum metabolome from three European birth cohorts ( ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114413v1.abstract

Among them were Marxists, the thumb of the demons claw, which has given birth to multiple bastard offspring like Communists ...

https://www.ihrc.org.uk/from-nagpur-to-nairobi-to-neasden-tracing-global-hindutva/

Birth defect co-occurrence patterns in the Texas Birth Defects Registry. Benjamin, R. H., Scheuerle, A. E., Scott, D. A., ... Birth Defect Co-Occurrence Patterns Among Infants With Cleft Lip and/or Palate. Sanchez, M. L. N., Benjamin, R. H., Mitchell, L ... Patterns of co-occurring birth defects in children with anotia and microtia. Schraw, J. M., Benjamin, R. H., Shumate, C. J., ... A Comprehensive Assessment of Co-occurring Birth Defects among Infants with Non-Syndromic Anophthalmia or Microphthalmia. ...

https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/persons/joseph-ray

... which birth multiple offspring), as aneuploid embryos perishing earlier may enable siblings to benefit from a greater share of ... At least 12 Million Babies Since the First IVF Birth. The calculation made with a high degree of confidence by ICMART was ... A baby has been born following regrafting of frozen ovarian tissue, the first successful birth from the procedure in England. ... IVF Does Not Impact Cardiometabolic Health of Offspring. An international multi-cohort study shows that people conceived using ...

https://planer.com/blog/323-2022/1272-selfish-centromeres-and-the-wastefulness-of-human-reproduction.html

Multiple Birth Offspring Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Peripartum Period Medicine & Life Sciences 94% ... especially those with multiple births - at greatest risk.. AB - Because symptoms of early heart failure may mimic common ... especially those with multiple births - at greatest risk. ... especially those with multiple births - at greatest risk.", ... especially those with multiple births - at greatest risk. ...

https://utsouthwestern.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/diagnosing-and-managing-peripartum-cardiomyopathy

For example, at birth, offspring are more likely to be large, macrosomic and suffer from birth injury [1]. After birth, they ... The hyperglycaemic intrauterine environment in GDM pregnancy can affect multiple aspects of the health of the offspring ... It carries significant short-term and long-term adverse health outcomes for both mother and offspring, which reinforces the ... Xiang AH, Wang X, Martinez MP et al (2015) Association of maternal diabetes with autism in offspring. JAMA 313:1425-1434 ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-016-3979-3?error=cookies_not_supported&code=ab92093b-4245-4add-9768-5b489df69a65

Every species on this planet has to have multiple offspring just so one or two of them can survive to propagate the species. ... Its called "birth control". Look into it.. And I dont buy the argument that birth control is against your religion. ... Health care in first world countries is at such a high level now that almost every single human offspring will survive long ... What mankind really needs now is a little birth control to keep ourselves from over-running the planet on which we live. ...

https://kottke.org/99/05/put-on-a-condom-dammit

Multiple Birth Offspring. *Occupational Groups. *Parents. *Patients. *Population Groups. *Prisoners. *Refugees. *Research ... Differences in birth weight between immigrants and natives children in Europe and Australia: a LifeCycle comparative ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Emigrants%20and%20Immigrants

Different names for multiple births are used, depending on the number of offspring. Common multiples are two and three, known ... A multiple birth occurs when more than one fetus is carried to term in a single pregnancy. ... It does not usually refer to monozygotic multiple birth. Multiple birth. ...

http://image.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Human_cloning

Twins can be either monozygotic ... and the general term for one offspring of a multiple birth is a multiple. → Check Latest ... 16 Giving birth to multiple babies - Tommys https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/giving-birth/giving-birth-multiple- ... Research indicates that about half of multiples ... → Check Latest Keyword Rankings ← 2 Giving birth to twins , Pregnancy Birth ... 80 Multiple births and premature babies , nidirect https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/multiple-births-and-premature-babies ...

https://bye.fyi/keyword-ranking/1104808/What+is+the+average+delivery+time+for+twins

Speaking of offspring, there was a call to ban infertility treatments that would result in multiple births. And scientists in ...

https://crooksandliars.com/gordonskene/april-29-1998-imelda-ted-and-ken-starr

... epigenetic clocks capturing multiple dimensions of biology and health do not predict birth outcomes in offspring. ... and information was obtained on gestational age at delivery and offspring weight after birth. Genome-wide DNA methylation was ... Of the other 29 relationships tested predicting gestational age and offspring birth weight, none were statistically significant ... Identifying the maternal factors that contribute to adverse birth outcomes in the next generation is thus a priority. ...

https://clinicalepigeneticsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13148-022-01296-6

... between Maternal Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy and Changes in Offspring Size at Birth Reflect Those of Multiple ... "Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and associations with offspring size at birth and adiposity: a cohort study" (2021 ... "Identification of 371 genetic variants for age at first sex and birth linked to externalising behaviour" (2021) Nat Hum Behav. ... "Antenatal Determinants of Childhood Obesity in High-Risk Offspring: Protocol for the DiGest Follow-Up Study" (2021) Nutrients ...

https://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/research/publications-and-resources/2021-publications/

Among 2 175 762 women resident in Norway in 31.12.1996, all women who gave birth in 1996-7 were identified from the Medical ... Birth Registry of Norway. Attendance to the cervical cancer screening was assessed by linkage to the Cytology Registry ... multiple offspring, birth weight, and information on previous pregnancies. When there was more than one pregnancy registered ... When there was more than one offspring per birth (1904 twins, 58 triples and 2 women had 4 offspring) we used information about ...

https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-7-10

After all, cats, dogs, and many other animals give birth to multiple offspring after each breeding, so why dont horses? With ... of all mares carrying twins actually giving birth. Sadly though most of those births are stillborn or with one (or both) foals ... While she gave birth on her own without any help the foals (two fillies and a colt) were all very weak and needed intensive ... In 2018 a horse owned by Tania Mackee (at Gassons Farm Stud in Exeter, UK) gave birth to healthy identical twins, while this ...

https://horsefactbook.com/trivia/can-horses-have-twins/

Multiple Sclerosis: Glatiramer Acetate Compatible With Breastfeeding, Study Suggests. May 11, 2022 For patients suffering from ... Sugars in Breastmilk Could Help Treat Infections, Prevent Preterm Births. Aug. 9, 2023 Breastfeeding has long been used as a ... others by the offspring. By identifying these proteins and proposing a mechanism through which mother and offspring contribute ... which are transferred to the offspring through breastfeeding. Aided by a protein in the offsprings gut lining and some immune ...

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/11/171120093722.htm

... of an international laboratory network to standardize folate measurement to decrease the risk of neural tube birth defects. ... Low blood folate concentrations in women of childbearing age increase the risk of neural tube birth defects in their offspring ... CDC is supporting training and facilitating capacity development to conduct folate microbiologic measurements in multiple ... of an international laboratory network to standardize folate measurement to decrease the risk of neural tube birth defects. ...

https://www.cdcfoundation.org/programs/capacity-building-folate-measurement

A collection of RAND research on the topic of Offspring ... is generally defined as the period of life between birth and ... RAND research on children covers the prenatal period to age 18 and spans multiple research areas, including health, education, ...

https://www.rand.org/topics/offspring.html

Nine-banded armadillos are the only mammals to produce double twins - they give birth to four identical offspring which share ... ANCHOR Because of this armadillos have been used to study multiple births and other reproductive issues. The four identical ... Marsupials have a very short gestation period and give birth to tiny, under-developed young - the equivalent of a six week old ... offspring produced by armadillos are of great interest to scientists as they provide excellent experimental controls for ...

https://www.animalresearch.info/en/designing-research/research-animals/other-mammals/

Female orangutans typically give birth to a single offspring every 6-9 years. This relatively slow reproduction rate makes it ... Bornean orangutans are critically endangered, facing multiple threats in the wild. Sharing almost 97% of human DNA, the ...

https://www.orangutan-appeal.org.uk/resources/why-orangutans-need-our-help

... with a long history of multiple undiagnosed pregnancy losses and deaths of offspring as a result of this disease, who underwent ... Live Birth Derived From Oocyte Spindle Transfer To Prevent Mitochondrial Disease. By: John Zhang, Hui Liu, Shiyu Luo, Zhuo Lu, ... Current clinical options to prevent transmission of mtDNA mutations to offspring are limited. Experimental spindle transfer in ...

https://www.infertile.com/infertility-news/article-live-birth-derived-from-oocyte-spindle-transfer-to-prevent-mitochondrial-disease/

0.05 after accounting for multiple testing). Results were similar in each individual cohort, and in the 2-stage analysis. ... 2017) Association of pre-pregnancy body mass index with offspring metabolic profile: Analyses of 3 European prospective birth ... Association of pre-pregnancy body mass index with offspring metabolic profile : analyses of 3 European prospective birth ... Adjustment of parental BMI-offspring metabolic traits associations for offspring BMI suggested the parental associations were ...

https://oulurepo.oulu.fi/handle/10024/21884

... and clinical and epidemiological data will be collected from the mothers and offspring at multiple time points from birth ... adjusting for multiple covariates. RESULTS: There were 24,817 births in the exposed group and 50,017 births in the control ... Preterm birth is the leading cause of infant death worldwide, but the causes of preterm birth are largely unknown. During the ... Perinatal outcomes will include weekly rates of total births, stillbirths, preterm births, neonatal intensive care admissions, ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Whitehead,+Clare

By selectively breeding ewes that produce multiple offspring with higher birth weights for generations, sheep producers have ... Multiple Sclerosis With our inventory of oral medications and injectables, we want this to be the least stressful part of your ... They may require that you enter your birth date to verify that youre old enough to watch movies intended for mature audiences ... nodes in your environment with the same simplicity as your first two no matter if they are on the same site or across multiple ...

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Low blood folate concentrations in women of childbearing age increase the risk of neural tube birth defects in their offspring. (cdcfoundation.org)
To facilitate training, capacity development and implementation of an international laboratory network to standardize folate measurement to decrease the risk of neural tube birth defects. (cdcfoundation.org)
These potential problems include but are not limited to cancers, birth defects in offspring of the person taking the medications and (with two of the orals) a risk of developing PML, a potentially fatal brain infection. (msfocusmagazine.org)
Association between maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents and congenital heart defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2002. (cdc.gov)
Objective: To examine the relation between congenital heart defects (CHDs) in offspring and estimated maternal occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents, aromatic solvents and Stoddard solvent during the period from 1 month before conception through the first trimester. (cdc.gov)
Methods: The study population included mothers of infants with simple isolated CHDs and mothers of control infants who delivered from 1997 through 2002 and participated in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. (cdc.gov)

However, it is unknown whether maternal pregnancy adiposity is associated with long-term risk of adverse metabolic profiles in offspring, and if so, whether this association is causal, via intrauterine mechanisms, or explained by shared familial (genetic, lifestyle, socioeconomic) characteristics. (biorxiv.org)
We aimed to determine if associations between maternal body mass index (BMI) with offspring systemic metabolite profile are causal via intrauterine mechanisms or familial factors. (biorxiv.org)
Methods and Findings We used one and two-stage individual participant data (IPD) metaanalysis, and a negative-control (paternal BMI) to examine the association between maternal prepregnancy BMI and offspring serum metabolome from three European birth cohorts (offspring age at metabolite assessment 16, 17 and 31 years). (biorxiv.org)
Results from one-stage IPD meta-analysis ( N =5327 to 5377 mother-father-offspring trios) showed that increasing maternal and paternal BMI was associated with an adverse cardio-metabolic profile in offspring. (biorxiv.org)
Identifying the maternal factors that contribute to adverse birth outcomes in the next generation is thus a priority. (biomedcentral.com)
Epigenetic clocks, which have emerged as powerful tools for quantifying biological aging and various dimensions of physiological dysregulation, hold promise for clarifying relationships between maternal biology and infant health, including the maternal factors or states that predict birth outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Nevertheless, studies exploring the relationship between maternal epigenetic age and birth outcomes remain few. (biomedcentral.com)
We used 1- and 2-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis, and a negative-control (paternal BMI) to examine the association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring serum metabolome from 3 European birth cohorts (offspring age at blood collection: 16, 17, and 31 years). (oulu.fi)
Limitations of this study are that inferences cannot be drawn about the role of circulating maternal fetal fuels (i.e., glucose, lipids, fatty acids, and amino acids) on later offspring metabolic profile. (oulu.fi)
Our findings suggest that maternal BMI-offspring metabolome associations are likely to be largely due to shared genetic or familial lifestyle confounding rather than to intrauterine mechanisms. (oulu.fi)
Inadequate maternal weight gain, cannabis use during pregnancy, and birth order have been identified as 3 new potential risk factors for Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders in children, new research shows. (medscape.com)
A prospective study of 6090 children from the prospective Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) showed that less than adequate maternal weight gain during pregnancy and being born first were significantly associated with Tourette syndrome in the offspring by the age of 13 or 14 years. (medscape.com)
A primary objective of the study was to determine whether potential risk factors identified for Tourette's in previous studies ― including maternal prenatal smoking and alcohol use, excessive vomiting during pregnancy, complications of delivery, low birth weight, and young gestational age at birth ― could be validated. (medscape.com)

Offspring BMI showed similar patterns of crosssectional association with metabolic profiles as for parental pre-pregnancy BMI associations, but with greater magnitudes. (biorxiv.org)
The hyperglycaemic intrauterine environment in GDM pregnancy can affect multiple aspects of the health of the offspring throughout the course of its life. (springer.com)
A multiple birth occurs when more than one fetus is carried to term in a single pregnancy. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Experimental work with animal models shows that restricting prenatal nutrition, or imposing acute stress during pregnancy, replicates many of these long-term outcomes in offspring, showing that gestational conditions can have lasting effects on health in the next generation [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
G), with a long history of multiple undiagnosed pregnancy losses and deaths of offspring as a result of this disease, who underwent IVF after reconstitution of her oocytes by spindle transfer into the cytoplasm of enucleated donor oocytes. (infertile.com)
And while we can't know what they are thinking, they are extremely intelligent and intuitive… so I think it's possible that after watching me go through a pregnancy they could recognize that I was showing them my daughter, especially Jill who has birthed and raised multiple offspring of her own. (ananova.news)
Twins are defined as two offspring from the same pregnancy. (montanapost.com)
Twins are the most common pregnancy outcome in goats , though mom goats can give birth to a single-born kid or larger litters, too. (montanapost.com)
Similar risks come with twin pregnancies in horses , which tend to lead to both pregnancy complications that may harm the mare and the birth of weak foals. (montanapost.com)
If implantation occurs, the cycle may progress to clinical pregnancy and possibly live-birth delivery. (cdc.gov)

Professor Laurence Hurst from the Milner Centre for Evolution which carried out the study, proposes that 'selfish' mutations which destroy embryos, may have an advantage in mice (which birth multiple offspring), as aneuploid embryos perishing earlier may enable siblings to benefit from a greater share of resources in the womb. (planer.com)
Fertilization of individual eggs by distinct spermatazoa from a male produces multiple embryos. (montanapost.com)
Pregnant females in toxic waters carry much larger embryos, more than twice as large at birth, compared to their closest relatives," Langerhans said. (scienceblog.com)

25-OHD correlated positively with birth weight while serum ferritin showed a negative correlation. (who.int)

For example, early gestational age at birth predicts the two largest causes of death in premature infants: underdevelopment of mature organs and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a chronic lung disease that damages alveolar tissue [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Infants of multiple births, who are often premature, might be more susceptible to developing a more severe RSV infection than singletons. (tau.ac.il)
objective: To assess the impact of multiple births on the severity of RSV infection and define risk factors for acquiring RSV infection in infants of multiple birth. (tau.ac.il)
To assess this, Department of Defense Birth and Infant Health Research program data were used to identify 7,087 singleton infants whose fathers were considered submariners. (health.mil)
2-4 In the U.S., the sex ratio at birth decreased from 1.055 in 1940 to 1.048 in 2002;1 in 2016, the sex ratio of all live born U.S. infants was 1.047. (health.mil)
7.0%) births had congenital anomalies, There were 16 (14.7%) infants with of which 39 (72.2%) were in first-cousin congenital heart disease (4.53/1000 live marriages and 15 (27.8%) were in second- births). (who.int)
Girls' offspring are at increased risk for premature birth and death as neonates, infants, or children. (cdc.gov)

ANCHOR Because of this armadillos have been used to study multiple births and other reproductive issues. (animalresearch.info)
As summarized below and detailed in Chapter 3, health effects that have been associated with exposure to PCBs in humans and/or animals include liver, thyroid, dermal and ocular changes, immunological alterations, neurodevelop- mental changes, reduced birth weight, reproductive toxicity, and cancer. (cdc.gov)
The natural human sex ratio at birth (male:female) slightly favors males, and altered sex ratios might be indicative of exposure to reproductive hazards. (health.mil)
This study's null findings suggest that submariners are not likely exposed to reproductive hazards in the workplace that alter offspring sex ratio. (health.mil)
Offspring sex ratio is often used in demographic, environmental, and occupational studies to assess the impact of certain exposures on reproductive and endocrine health. (health.mil)
6-8 Because low sex ratios have been linked to reduced sperm quality and quantity, 9-11 some postulate that a low offspring sex ratio is an early indicator for exposure to reproductive hazards or damage to the male reproductive system. (health.mil)

Adjustment of parental BMI-offspring metabolic traits associations for offspring BMI suggested the parental associations were largely due to the association of parental BMI with offspring BMI. (oulu.fi)
Our aims were to describe trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence for offspring of parents with and without maladaptive personality traits and to test for effect modification by SEP. (medrxiv.org)
Conclusions Offspring of mothers with high levels of maladaptive personality traits show evidence of greater depressive symptoms throughout adolescence although the absolute increase in symptoms is small. (medrxiv.org)
We show that the evolution of social groupings among adults and juveniles is overwhelmingly preceded by the evolution of live birth across multiple independent origins of both traits. (lu.se)
Brian Langerhans , a biological sciences professor at NC State and senior author of the paper, says that the study illustrates how theory can accurately predict evolutionary outcomes in the wild, and reveals nuances about the simultaneous evolution of multiple traits. (scienceblog.com)

Classic studies of twins, adoptees, half siblings, and families 1 - 4 have led to a widely accepted notion that multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex trait in which susceptibility is determined by the interplay of genes and environmental factors. (bmj.com)
Common multiples are two and three, known as twins and triplets. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Twins are more likely to be born early, often before 38 weeks, so it's important to understand your birth options. (bye.fyi)
What is the best week for the birth of twins? (bye.fyi)
Like all other mammals, horses are capable of carrying twins but the chances of this happening are rare, while the likelihood of a mare giving birth to two healthy foals is even less likely, but that doesn't mean to say it doesn't happen. (horsefactbook.com)
With somewhere between 250,000 and 300,000 horses being born in the US alone every year you might think that there would be a lot of twins, especially when you consider that there's a 1 in 10,000 chance of a mare carrying twins but this doesn't tell you the chances of a mare successfully giving birth. (horsefactbook.com)
Most mares will naturally abort the twins within the first two months, those that don't though will likely do so after the eighth month with only 20% of all mares carrying twins actually giving birth. (horsefactbook.com)
In 2018 a horse owned by Tania Mackee (at Gassons Farm Stud in Exeter, UK) gave birth to healthy identical twins, while this was incredible in itself, what was really amazing was that the same horse, known as Destiny, gave birth to more healthy twins less than two years later. (horsefactbook.com)
Nine-banded armadillos are the only mammals to produce double twins - they give birth to four identical offspring which share the same placenta during development. (animalresearch.info)
Can animals give birth to twins? (montanapost.com)
When a litter of dogs, for instance, consists of only two offspring, people tend to refer to the two puppies as twins. (montanapost.com)
But twins in cattle may result in birth complications for the cow and undersized calves with reduced survival rates. (montanapost.com)

It carries significant short-term and long-term adverse health outcomes for both mother and offspring, which reinforces the significance of understanding risk factors, in particular modifiable factors, for GDM and of preventing the condition. (springer.com)
Adverse birth outcomes, such as early gestational age and low birth weight, can have lasting effects on morbidity and mortality, with impacts that persist into adulthood. (biomedcentral.com)
In this sample of Filipino women, epigenetic clocks capturing multiple dimensions of biology and health do not predict birth outcomes in offspring. (biomedcentral.com)
Birth outcomes like birth weight, length, and gestational age predict both short- and long-term health. (biomedcentral.com)
Ordinal outcomes can also retain information and increase statistical power compared to dichotomised outcomes and can allow multiple clinical outcomes to be comprised in a single endpoint. (bvsalud.org)

Objectives To determine if risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with month of birth in countries in the northern hemisphere and if factors related to month of birth interact with genetic risk. (bmj.com)
Populations 17 874 Canadian patients and 11 502 British patients with multiple sclerosis. (bmj.com)
Main outcome measure Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. (bmj.com)
I had the opportunity to attend the annual meeting of the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers in Seattle recently and would like to take a moment to share some highlights from that conference. (msfocusmagazine.org)

All the neonates had a thorough physical to the general knowledge about the pre- examination at birth and in the first 24 hours disposing factors and different patterns of of life by a paediatric resident and/or an congenital malformations. (who.int)

Studies of month of birth and risk of MS have been carried out in several cohorts of people with MS, but sample sizes, ethnic groups, and statistical methods differed for each study and findings have been inconsistent. (bmj.com)

Background Parental personality may influence the course of offspring depression but this is unclear. (medrxiv.org)
It is also unknown whether the impact of parental personality on offspring depression is moderated by socioeconomic position (SEP). (medrxiv.org)
There is a large body of evidence showing that parental mental health problems are associated with an increase in the risk of a range offspring mental health problems. (medrxiv.org)

for the offspring of mammals, but can be used for any animal that gives birth to multiple young. (edwardbetts.com)
Dogs, like many other mammals, have the remarkable ability to give birth to multiple puppies in a single litter. (quatdi.com)

Conclusions Month of birth and risk of MS are associated, more so in familial cases, implying interactions between genes and environment that are related to climate. (bmj.com)

Chi-square tests and unconditional logistic regression models were used to compare the offspring sex ratio of male submariners with 2 other active duty populations and the U.S. population. (health.mil)
Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for the association between solvent classes and CHDs. (cdc.gov)

Data collected included mother's age and ciencies exist in women of childbearing parity, infant's birth weight and gestation age [ 8,9 ]. (who.int)

The four identical offspring produced by armadillos are of great interest to scientists as they provide excellent experimental controls for genetic factors. (animalresearch.info)

The offspring of a very successful pairing of Camilio siblings, Jason won the AOBA Nationals championship in brown three years running. (txolan.org)

The finding also suggests that the species gave birth to live young. (ibtimes.com)
Also known as viviparity, live birth has also been observed in other species from this era like mosasaurs and ichthyosaurs as well as the present day sea snakes. (ibtimes.com)
Every species on this planet has to have multiple offspring just so one or two of them can survive to propagate the species. (kottke.org)
For many animal species it's the norm to have multiple babies at once. (montanapost.com)
Pigs are one species that gives birth to large litters. (montanapost.com)
Here we report results from a phylogenetic comparative analysis of over 1000 species of squamate reptile, nearly 100 of which exhibit facultative forms of group living, including prolonged parent-offspring associations. (lu.se)
The study examining nine different live-bearing fish species living in waters with toxic levels of hydrogen sulfide in Venezuela, Mexico, the Bahamas, Florida and Oklahoma shows that these fish have all evolved larger offspring size at birth compared to their counterparts living in nontoxic waters. (scienceblog.com)

While natural selection has repeatedly resulted in an adaptive shift in offspring size in toxic waters, we found that the reduction in fecundity, the number of offspring per brood, resulted from a correlation with offspring size and not because it represents an adaptation to these extreme conditions. (scienceblog.com)

Such interactions may act during gestation or shortly after birth in individuals born in the northern countries studied. (bmj.com)
1 This may implicate environmental factor(s) such as shared timing of gestation or birth, or both. (bmj.com)
Marsupials have a very short gestation period and give birth to tiny, under-developed young - the equivalent of a six week old human foetus. (animalresearch.info)

After birth, they are likely to develop childhood obesity, impaired glucose tolerance and vascular disorders. (springer.com)
Childhood is generally defined as the period of life between birth and adulthood, but children can also be characterized by their stage of development, including prenatal, infant, toddler, school-age, pre-pubescent, and teen or adolescent. (rand.org)
Tourette syndrome is a phenomenologically heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disorder comprising multiple motor and vocal tics that begin in early childhood and persist for at least a year. (medscape.com)

Current clinical options to prevent transmission of mtDNA mutations to offspring are limited. (infertile.com)

Sadly though most of those births are stillborn or with one (or both) foals dying within the first two weeks. (horsefactbook.com)

However, the plesiosaurs are said to be unique in that they give birth to a single large offspring instead of multiple smaller ones as seen in other animals. (ibtimes.com)
Health care in first world countries is at such a high level now that almost every single human offspring will survive long enough to breed. (kottke.org)
Female orangutans typically give birth to a single offspring every 6-9 years. (orangutan-appeal.org.uk)

In conjunction with birthing big babies, fish in toxic environments also give birth to fewer offspring per brood. (scienceblog.com)

In mice, milk from mothers exposed to egg protein gave protection against egg allergy not only to the mothers' own offspring, but also to fostered newborns whose birth mothers had not received egg. (sciencedaily.com)
Live-bearing fish mothers in toxic North and South American waters try to give their offspring the best chance at surviving the harsh environment by giving birth to big babies, according to research published in Ecology Letters . (scienceblog.com)

Of these neonates, 109 (3.09%, 109 malformations (9.92/1000 live births). (who.int)
The rate of consanguineous marriage second in frequency in 22.0% (6.80/1000 among the neonates was 21.8% (768/3529) live births). (who.int)

For years together, scientists and researchers have been pondering about how plesiosaur gave birth to young ones. (ibtimes.com)

We've been present for the births of many puppies and kittens over the years - and the animal moms almost always deliver multiples. (montanapost.com)
While it's impossible to guarantee that this unique trait will be passed on to his offspring, Narnia recently fathered two kittens with coats that match his own distinctive coloring. (quatdi.com)

Differences in birth weight between immigrants' and natives' children in Europe and Australia: a LifeCycle comparative observational cohort study. (harvard.edu)
The food allergy protections described in the study are dependent on specific proteins, some provided by the mother, others by the offspring. (sciencedaily.com)
By identifying these proteins and proposing a mechanism through which mother and offspring contribute to the development of food tolerance in the newborn mouse, the research opens new opportunities to study how the protections break down in the case of food allergy and how such breakdowns might be prevented. (sciencedaily.com)
The mouse study found that when a nursing mother is exposed to a food protein, her milk contains complexes of the food protein combined with her antibodies, which are transferred to the offspring through breastfeeding. (sciencedaily.com)
A 1970 record-based study from the Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory found a higher proportion of female offspring among male Navy personnel serving aboard nuclear-powered submarines than among the general U.S. population. (health.mil)
12 A 2004 survey-based study did not corroborate this finding, but it did report a decrease in offspring sex ratio with additional time in the submarine community and detected lower sex ratios among submariners with certain naval ratings (i.e., occupational specialties), such as sonar technicians. (health.mil)
A widespread life-history tradeoff is that females can either have a few, large offspring or many, small offspring, but usually not many, large offspring," said Rüdiger Riesch, a postdoctoral researcher who led the study. (scienceblog.com)

But he adds that while evolving bigger babies represents an adaptation to toxic waters, the reduced number of offspring appears to largely reflect a side effect of the shift toward bigger babies. (scienceblog.com)

Those with the trait have no symptoms but can pass the gene on to their offspring. (who.int)

Her 2018 daughter, Amber Autumn Katch the Moment, is a 2X Champion and multiple Blue-Ribbon winner! (txolan.org)

By selectively breeding ewes that produce multiple offspring with higher birth weights for generations, sheep producers have inadvertently caused some domestic sheep to have difficulty lambing balancing ease of lambing with tom clancy's rainbow six siege hacks free productivity is one of the dilemmas of sheep breeding. (wishyoutravels.com)

It demonstrates that the plesiosaur gives live birth and did not crawl out on land (to lay eggs). (ibtimes.com)
Female dogs and cats ovulate multiple eggs at one time . (montanapost.com)

New pregnancies were identified prospectively, dried blood spot samples were collected during the third trimester, and information was obtained on gestational age at delivery and offspring weight after birth. (biomedcentral.com)
Of the other 29 relationships tested predicting gestational age and offspring birth weight, none were statistically significant. (biomedcentral.com)
Exclusion criteria were multiple preg- weight [ 1,3 ]. (who.int)
6 ] and birth weight but the contributions micronutrient status. (who.int)
The research ethics committee of the affect birth weight are unknown. (who.int)

Children with thalassaemia are often healthy at birth, but become anaemic between the ages of six months and two years. (who.int)
As a result of multiple transfusions over the years, various organs become severely overloaded with iron, and, in order to avoid death in adolescence, regular subcutaneous infusion of an iron-chelating agent is essential. (who.int)

Social stigma and compounded losses: quality-of-life issues for multiple-birth families. (ucsd.edu)

RAND research on children covers the prenatal period to age 18 and spans multiple research areas, including health, education, criminal justice, and safety. (rand.org)

Psychosocial risks associated with multiple births resulting from assisted reproduction. (ucsd.edu)

Diagnosis of this rare, often fatal, disorder is one of exclusion, with older, overweight, black women - especially those with multiple births - at greatest risk. (elsevierpure.com)

Multiple research groups have developed artificial mitochondrial transfer/transplantation (AMT/T) methods that transfer healthy mitochondria into damaged cells and recover cellular function. (biomedcentral.com)

Antenatal iron supplementation, FGF23, and bone metabolism in Kenyan women and their offspring: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial " (2021) Am J Clin Nutr . (cam.ac.uk)
Among 2 175 762 women resident in Norway in 31.12.1996, all women who gave birth in 1996-7 were identified from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. (biomedcentral.com)

According to the developmental overnutrition hypothesis, this could lead offspring to have metabolic disruption throughout their lives, and, thus perpetuate the obesity epidemic across generations. (biorxiv.org)

Globally, the percentage of carriers of thalassaemia is greater than that of carriers of sickle-cell anaemia, but because of the higher frequency of the sickle-cell gene in certain regions, the number of affected births is higher than with thalassaemia. (who.int)

For example, at birth, offspring are more likely to be large, macrosomic and suffer from birth injury [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Contrary to previous studies, this large, record-based analysis found no evidence to suggest the offspring sex ratio of male active duty U.S. Navy submariners is different from that of other active duty populations or the U.S. population as a whole. (health.mil)

What mankind really needs now is a little birth control to keep ourselves from over-running the planet on which we live. (kottke.org)
Sex ratio is conventionally defined as the proportion of male to female live births in a given population. (health.mil)

After all, cats, dogs, and many other animals give birth to multiple offspring after each breeding, so why don't horses? (horsefactbook.com)

Speaking of offspring, there was a call to ban infertility treatments that would result in multiple births. (crooksandliars.com)
However, older thalassaemics may have to contend with multiple conditions including early osteoporosis, cardiac disease, pulmonary hypertension and diabetes, some of which result from increased iron deposition in the endocrine glands and myocardial cells. (who.int)

It is the offspring of a male donkey (a jack) and a female horse (a mare). (edwardbetts.com)
A hinny is a domestic equine hybrid, the offspring of a male horse (a stallion) and a female donkey (a jenny). (edwardbetts.com)

Diseases7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science3

Named Groups6

Health Care6

Births: final data for 1997. (1/76)

Natural variation in the human sex ratio. (2/76)

Cerebral palsy and multiple births in China. (3/76)

Multiple births and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. (4/76)

Contribution of assisted reproductive technology and ovulation-inducing drugs to triplet and higher-order multiple births--United States, 1980-1997. (5/76)

Offspring risk and sibling risk for multilocus traits. (6/76)

Live-birth rates and multiple-birth risk of assisted reproductive technology pregnancies conceived using thawed embryos, USA 1999-2000. (7/76)

Assisted reproductive technology surveillance--United States, 2000. (8/76)

No images available that match "multiple birth offspring"

Multiple Birth Offspring

Pregnancy, Multiple

Triplets

Birth Rate

Pregnancy

Quadruplets

Birth Weight

Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

Maternal Age

Twins

Infant, Newborn

Premature Birth

Infant, Low Birth Weight

Pregnancy Outcome

Infant Mortality

Birth Order

Fetal Death

Embryo Transfer

Gestational Age

Congenital Abnormalities

Fertilization in Vitro

Birth Certificates

Pregnancy Complications

Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects

Perinatal Care

Infertility

Pregnancy Reduction, Multifetal

Delivery, Obstetric

Live Birth

Births: final data for 1997. (1/76)

Natural variation in the human sex ratio. (2/76)

Cerebral palsy and multiple births in China. (3/76)

Multiple births and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. (4/76)

Contribution of assisted reproductive technology and ovulation-inducing drugs to triplet and higher-order multiple births--United States, 1980-1997. (5/76)

Offspring risk and sibling risk for multilocus traits. (6/76)

Live-birth rates and multiple-birth risk of assisted reproductive technology pregnancies conceived using thawed embryos, USA 1999-2000. (7/76)

Assisted reproductive technology surveillance--United States, 2000. (8/76)

Reddish-gray mouse lemur

Multiple birth

Sheep

Domestic sheep reproduction

Sexual selection in mammals

Allomothering in humans

Sperm precedence

Natural fertility

Twin

Infanticide in primates

Litter (zoology)

Quadruple

Cooperative breeding

Xiuhuaxie

Human variability

Covenant (biblical)

Birth

Epicrates maurus

Emperor tamarin

Baird's tapir

Consanguine marriage

Eastern red bat

Pregnancy

Tate's triok

Callitrichidae

Aphid

Side effects of radiotherapy on fertility

Polyandry in fish

Lemur

Sibling rivalry (animals)

Reddish-gray mouse lemur - Wikipedia

Ancient Sea Monster Fossil Demonstrates Evidence of Live Birth | IBTimes

Pipefish: A Species, Diet, Habitat and Care Guide - CoralRealm

Timing of birth and risk of multiple sclerosis: population based study | The BMJ

The Offspring - Find link

Relative impact of maternal depression and associated risk factors on offspring psychopathology | The British Journal of...

Association of pre-pregnancy body mass index with future offspring metabolic profile: findings from three independent European...

From Nagpur to Nairobi to Neasden - tracing global Hindutva - IHRC

Ray, J. W.<...

Selfish Centromeres and the Wastefulness of Human Reproduction

Diagnosing and managing peripartum cardiomyopathy<...

Risk factors for gestational diabetes: is prevention possible? | SpringerLink

Put on a condom, dammit