Compounds with a core of 10 carbons generally formed via the mevalonate pathway from the combination of 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. They are cyclized and oxidized in a variety of ways. Due to the low molecular weight many of them exist in the form of essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE).
A class of compounds composed of repeating 5-carbon units of HEMITERPENES.
Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds in the ring. The cyclohexadienes are not aromatic, in contrast to BENZOQUINONES which are sometimes called 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diones.
Oils which evaporate readily. The volatile oils occur in aromatic plants, to which they give odor and other characteristics. Most volatile oils consist of a mixture of two or more TERPENES or of a mixture of an eleoptene (the more volatile constituent of a volatile oil) with a stearopten (the more solid constituent). The synonym essential oils refers to the essence of a plant, as its perfume or scent, and not to its indispensability.
Enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze reactions in which a group can be regarded as eliminated from one part of a molecule, leaving a double bond, while remaining covalently attached to the molecule. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.5.
A plant genus of the LAMIACEAE family.
A plant genus of the family CUPRESSACEAE.
Phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid esters of polyisoprenoids.
The five-carbon building blocks of TERPENES that derive from MEVALONIC ACID or deoxyxylulose phosphate.
'Bicyclo compounds' in medicinal chemistry refer to organic molecules containing two fused rings, where each ring shares two common atoms, creating a topological structure that resembles two overlapping circles or bicycle tires.
Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.
SESQUITERPENES cyclized to one 10-carbon ring.
A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.
A plant genus, of the family ONAGRACEAE, which is the subject of genetic studies. The floral aroma is attributed to benzenoid esters and benzyl acetate.
The mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).
A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.
A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that is the source of peppermint oil.
A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent. It was formerly used as a vermifuge.
Norbornanes are a class of bicyclic organic compounds consisting of a hydrocarbon skeleton made up of two fused 5-membered rings, where five of the six ring carbons are bonded to hydrogens and one is bonded to two additional carbon atoms, forming a bridge between the rings.
Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes consisting of three isoprene units, forming a 15-carbon skeleton, which can be found in various plant essential oils and are known for their diverse chemical structures and biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties.
Flammable, amorphous, vegetable products of secretion or disintegration, usually formed in special cavities of plants. They are generally insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, ether, or volatile oils. They are fusible and have a conchoidal fracture. They are the oxidation or polymerization products of the terpenes, and are mixtures of aromatic acids and esters. Most are soft and sticky, but harden after exposure to cold. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)
A product of hard secondary xylem composed of CELLULOSE, hemicellulose, and LIGNANS, that is under the bark of trees and shrubs. It is used in construction and as a source of CHARCOAL and many other products.
An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically.
A plant species of the genus PINUS which is the source of pinosylvin. It is sometimes called Scotch pine or Scots pine, which is also a common name for other species of this genus.
Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Family of MITES, in the superfamily Acaroidea, order Astigmata. They are frequently found in cereal-based foodstuffs including GRAIN and FLOUR.
A plant genus of the family MYRTACEAE. Members contain PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS.
A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. They are evergreen trees mainly in temperate climates.
A plant genus of the family Illiciaceae, order Illiciales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. They have evergreen, aromatic leaves and bisexual flowers. The female portion of the flower consists of 7 to 15 carpels.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plants, especially CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA. It is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent.
An enzyme that, in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis, catalyzes the condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallylpyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and geranylpyrophosphate. The enzyme then catalyzes the condensation of the latter compound with another molecule of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and farnesylpyrophosphate. EC 2.5.1.1.
INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.
A class of enzymes that catalyze geometric or structural changes within a molecule to form a single product. The reactions do not involve a net change in the concentrations of compounds other than the substrate and the product.(from Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5.
Mevalonic acid is a crucial intermediate compound in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, which is a metabolic route that produces cholesterol, other steroids, and isoprenoids in cells.
Oils derived from plants or plant products.
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.
A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of "daisy" refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
Twenty-carbon compounds derived from MEVALONIC ACID or deoxyxylulose phosphate.
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes. (1/702)

Monoterpenes are nonnutritive dietary components found in the essential oils of citrus fruits and other plants. A number of these dietary monoterpenes have antitumor activity. For example, d-limonene, which comprises >90% of orange peel oil, has chemopreventive activity against rodent mammary, skin, liver, lung and forestomach cancers. Similarly, other dietary monoterpenes have chemopreventive activity against rat mammary, lung and forestomach cancers when fed during the initiation phase. In addition, perillyl alcohol has promotion phase chemopreventive activity against rat liver cancer, and geraniol has in vivo antitumor activity against murine leukemia cells. Perillyl alcohol and d-limonene also have chemotherapeutic activity against rodent mammary and pancreatic tumors. As a result, their cancer chemotherapeutic activities are under evaluation in Phase I clinical trials. Several mechanisms of action may account for the antitumor activities of monoterpenes. The blocking chemopreventive effects of limonene and other monoterpenes during the initiation phase of mammary carcinogenesis are likely due to the induction of Phase II carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, resulting in carcinogen detoxification. The post-initiation phase, tumor suppressive chemopreventive activity of monoterpenes may be due to the induction of apoptosis and/or to inhibition of the post-translational isoprenylation of cell growth-regulating proteins. Chemotherapy of chemically induced mammary tumors with monoterpenes results in tumor redifferentiation concomitant with increased expression of the mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor and transforming growth factor beta1. Thus, monoterpenes would appear to act through multiple mechanisms in the chemoprevention and chemotherapy of cancer.  (+info)

Activation of the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway and induction of cytostasis and apoptosis in mammary carcinomas treated with the anticancer agent perillyl alcohol. (2/702)

The mechanisms of action of the anticancer agent perillyl alcohol (POH), presently in Phase II clinical trials, were investigated in advanced rat mammary carcinomas. Gross and ultrastructural morphology of POH-mediated tumor regression indicated that apoptosis accounted for the marked reduction in the epithelial compartment. Characterization of cell growth and death indices revealed that apoptosis was induced within 48 h of chemotherapy, before the induction of cytostasis. RNA expression studies, based on a multiplexed-nuclease protection assay, demonstrated that cell cycle- and apoptosis-related genes were differentially expressed within 48 h of POH treatment; p21(Cip1/WAF1), bax, bad, and annexin I were induced; cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 were repressed; and bcl-2 and p53 were unchanged. Next, a potential role for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling in POH-mediated carcinoma regression was explored. RNA expression studies, again based on a multiplexed-nuclease protection assay, showed that TGF-beta-related genes were induced and temporally regulated during POH treatment: (a) c-jun and c-fos were transiently induced within 12 h of chemotherapy; (b) TGF-beta1 was induced within 24 h of chemotherapy; (c) the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor and the TGF-beta type I and II receptors were induced within 48 h of chemotherapy; and (d) smad3 was induced during active carcinoma regression. In situ protein expression studies, based on fluorescence-immunohistochemistry in concert with confocal microscopy, confirmed up-regulation and demonstrated colocalization of TGF-beta1, the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor, the TGF-beta type I and II receptors, and Smad2/Smad3 in epithelial cells. Nuclear localization of Smad2/Smad3 indicated that the TGF-beta signaling pathway was activated in regressing carcinomas. Subpopulations of Smad2/Smad3-positive and apoptotic nuclei colocalized, indicating a role for Smads in apoptosis. Thus, Smads may serve as a potential biomarker for anticancer activity. Importantly, none of the POH-mediated anticancer activities were observed in normal mammary gland.  (+info)

Metabolism of (R)-(+)-pulegone and (R)-(+)-menthofuran by human liver cytochrome P-450s: evidence for formation of a furan epoxide. (3/702)

(R)-(+)-Pulegone, a monoterpene constituent of pennyroyal oil, is a hepatotoxin that has been used in folklore medicine as an abortifacient despite its potential lethal effects. Pulegone is metabolized by human liver cytochrome P-450s to menthofuran, a proximate hepatotoxic metabolite of pulegone. Expressed human liver cytochrome (CYP) P-450s (1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4) were tested for their ability to catalyze the oxidations of pulegone and menthofuran. Expressed CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP2C19 oxidized pulegone to menthofuran, with respective Km and Vmax values of 29 microM and 8.4 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP2E1, 94 microM and 2.4 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP1A2, and 31 microM and 1.5 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP2C19. The human liver P-450s involved in the metabolism of menthofuran are the same as pulegone except for the addition of CYP2A6. These P-450s were found to oxidize menthofuran to a newly identified metabolite, 2-hydroxymenthofuran, which is an intermediate in the formation of the known metabolites mintlactone and isomintlactone. Based on studies with 18O2 and H218O, 2-hydroxymenthofuran arises predominantly from a dihydrodiol formed from a furan epoxide. CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP2C19 oxidized menthofuran with respective Km and Vmax values of 33 microM and 0.43 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP2E1, 57 microM and 0.29 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP1A2, and 62 microM and 0.26 nmol/min/nmol P-450 for CYP2C19.  (+info)

Olfactory discrimination ability of human subjects for ten pairs of enantiomers. (4/702)

We tested the ability of human subjects to distinguish between enantiomers, i.e. odorants which are identical except for chirality. In a forced-choice triangular test procedure 20 subjects were repeatedly presented with 10 enantiomeric odor pairs and asked to identify the bottle containing the odd stimulus. We found (i) that as a group, the subjects were only able to significantly discriminate the optical isomers of alpha-pinene, carvone and limonene, whereas they failed to distinguish between the (+)- and (-)-forms of menthol, fenchone, rose oxide, camphor, alpha-terpineol, beta-citronellol and 2-butanol; (ii) marked individual differences in discrimination performance, ranging from subjects who were able to significantly discriminate between 6 of the 10 odor pairs to subjects who failed to do so with 9 of the 10 tasks; (iii) that with none of the 10 odor pairs were the antipodes reported to differ significantly in subjective intensity when presented at equal concentrations; and (iv) that error rates were quite stable and did not differ significantly between sessions, and thus, we observed a lack of learning or training effects. Additional tests of the degree of trigeminality and threshold measurements of the optical isomers of alpha-pinene, carvone and limonene suggest that the discriminability of these three enantiomeric odor pairs is indeed due to differences in odor quality. These findings support the assumption that enantioselective molecular odor receptors may only exist for some but not all volatile enantiomers and thus that chiral recognition of odorants may not be a general phenomenon but is restricted to some substances.  (+info)

Identification and sequencing of beta-myrcene catabolism genes from Pseudomonas sp. strain M1. (5/702)

The M1 strain, able to grow on beta-myrcene as the sole carbon and energy source, was isolated by an enrichment culture and identified as a Pseudomonas sp. One beta-myrcene-negative mutant, called N22, obtained by transposon mutagenesis, accumulated (E)-2-methyl-6-methylen-2,7-octadien-1-ol (or myrcen-8-ol) as a unique beta-myrcene biotransformation product. This compound was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We cloned and sequenced the DNA regions flanking the transposon and used these fragments to identify the M1 genomic library clones containing the wild-type copy of the interrupted gene. One of the selected cosmids, containing a 22-kb genomic insert, was able to complement the N22 mutant for growth on beta-myrcene. A 5,370-bp-long sequence spanning the region interrupted by the transposon in the mutant was determined. We identified four open reading frames, named myrA, myrB, myrC, and myrD, which can potentially code for an aldehyde dehydrogenase, an alcohol dehydrogenase, an acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase, and an enoyl-CoA hydratase, respectively. myrA, myrB, and myrC are likely organized in an operon, since they are separated by only 19 and 36 nucleotides (nt), respectively, and no promoter-like sequences have been found in these regions. The myrD gene starts 224 nt upstream of myrA and is divergently transcribed. The myrB sequence was found to be completely identical to the one flanking the transposon in the mutant. Therefore, we could ascertain that the transposon had been inserted inside the myrB gene, in complete agreement with the accumulation of (E)-2-methyl-6-methylen-2,7-octadien-1-ol by the mutant. Based on sequence and biotransformation data, we propose a pathway for beta-myrcene catabolism in Pseudomonas sp. strain M1.  (+info)

Mechanism of inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase by citral, a retinoid antagonist. (6/702)

Low concentrations of citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal), an inhibitor of retinoic acid biosynthesis, inhibited E1, E2 and E3 isozymes of human aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC1.2.1.3). The inhibition was reversible on dilution and upon long incubation in the presence of NAD+; it occurred with simultaneous formation of NADH and of geranic acid. Thus, citral is an inhibitor and also a substrate. Km values for citral were 4 microM for E1, 1 microM for E2 and 0.1 microM for E3; Vmax values were highest for E1 (73 nmol x min-1 x mg-1), intermediate for E2 (17 nmol x min-1 x mg-1) and lowest (0.07 nmol x min-1 x mg-1) for the E3 isozyme. Citral is a 1 : 2 mixture of isomers: cis isomer neral and trans isomer, geranial; the latter structurally resembles physiologically important retinoids. Both were utilized by all three isozymes; a preference for the trans isomer, geranial, was observed by HPLC and by enzyme kinetics. With the E1 isozyme, both geranial and neral, and with the E2 isozyme, only neral obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. With the E2 isozyme and geranial sigmoidal saturation curves were observed with S0.5 of approximately 50 nM; the n-values of 2-2.5 indicated positive cooperativity. Geranial was a better substrate and a better inhibitor than neral. The low Vmax, which appeared to be controlled by either the slow formation, or decomposition via the hydride transfer, of the thiohemiacetal reaction intermediate, makes citral an excellent inhibitor whose selectivity is enhanced by low Km values. The Vmax for citral with the E1 isozyme was higher than those of the E2 and E3 isozymes which explains its fast recovery following inhibition by citral and suggests that E1 may be the enzyme involved in vivo citral metabolism.  (+info)

The branched-chain dodecylbenzene sulfonate degradation pathway of Pseudomonas aeruginosa W51D involves a novel route for degradation of the surfactant lateral alkyl chain. (7/702)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa W51D is able to grow by using branched-chain dodecylbenzene sulfonates (B-DBS) or the terpenic alcohol citronellol as a sole source of carbon. A mutant derived from this strain (W51M1) is unable to degrade citronellol but still grows on B-DBS, showing that the citronellol degradation route is not the main pathway involved in the degradation of the surfactant alkyl moiety. The structures of the main B-DBS isomers and of some intermediates were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis, and a possible catabolic route is proposed.  (+info)

p53 induction as a genotoxic test for twenty-five chemicals undergoing in vivo carcinogenicity testing. (8/702)

In vivo carcinogenicity testing is an expensive and time-consuming process, and as a result, only a relatively small fraction of new and existing chemicals has been tested in this manner. Therefore, the development and validation of alternative approaches is desirable. We previously developed a mammalian in vitro assay for genotoxicity based on the ability of cells to increase their level of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 in response to DNA damage. Cultured cells are treated with various amounts of the test substances, and at defined times following treatment, they are harvested and lysed. The lysates are analyzed for p53 by Western blot and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. An increase in cellular p53 following treatment is interpreted as evidence for DNA damage. To determine the ability of this p53-induction assay to predict carcinogenicity in rodents and to compare such results with those obtained using alternate approaches, we subjected 25 chemicals from the predictive toxicology evaluation 2 list to analysis with this method. Five substances (citral, cobalt sulfate heptahydrate, D&C Yellow No. 11, oxymetholone, and t-butylhydroquinone) tested positive in this assay, and three substances (emodin, phenolphthalein, and sodium xylenesulfonate) tested as possibly positive. Comparisons between the results obtained with this assay and those obtained with the in vivo protocol, the Salmonella assay, and the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell assay indicate that the p53-induction assay is an excellent predictor of the limited number of genotoxic carcinogens in this set, and that its accuracy is roughly equivalent to or better than the Salmonella and SHE assays for the complete set of chemicals.  (+info)

Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. They are major components of many essential oils found in plants, giving them their characteristic fragrances and flavors. Monoterpenes can be further classified into various subgroups based on their structural features, such as acyclic (e.g., myrcene), monocyclic (e.g., limonene), and bicyclic (e.g., pinene) compounds. In the medical field, monoterpenes have been studied for their potential therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and clinical applications.

Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds produced by a variety of plants, including cannabis. They are responsible for the distinctive aromas and flavors found in different strains of cannabis. Terpenes have been found to have various therapeutic benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties. Some terpenes may also enhance the psychoactive effects of THC, the main psychoactive compound in cannabis. It's important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the potential medical benefits and risks associated with terpenes.

Cyclohexenes are organic compounds that consist of a six-carbon ring (cyclohexane) with one double bond. The general chemical formula for cyclohexene is C6H10. The double bond can introduce various chemical properties and reactions to the compound, such as electrophilic addition reactions.

Cyclohexenes are used in the synthesis of other organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. Some cyclohexene derivatives also occur naturally, for example, in essential oils and certain plant extracts. However, it is important to note that pure cyclohexene has a mild odor and is considered a hazardous substance, with potential health effects such as skin and eye irritation, respiratory issues, and potential long-term effects upon repeated exposure.

Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are a type of organic compound that are naturally produced in plants. They are called "volatile" because they evaporate quickly at room temperature due to their high vapor pressure. These oils are composed of complex mixtures of various compounds, including terpenes, terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and alcohols. They are responsible for the characteristic aroma and flavor of many plants and are often used in perfumes, flavors, and aromatherapy. In a medical context, volatile oils may have therapeutic properties and be used in certain medications or treatments, but it's important to note that they can also cause adverse reactions if not used properly.

Intramolecular lyases are a type of enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of a molecule by removing a group of atoms from within the same molecule, creating a new chemical bond in the process. These enzymes specifically cleave a molecule through an intramolecular mechanism, meaning they act on a single substrate molecule. Intramolecular lyases are involved in various biological processes, such as DNA replication, repair, and recombination. They play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of genetic material by removing or adding specific groups of atoms to DNA or RNA molecules.

"Lavandula" is the biological name for a genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It includes around 39 species of flowering plants native to the Old World, primarily the Mediterranean region and parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe. The most common species is Lavandula angustifolia, also known as English lavender or true lavender. These plants are well-known for their fragrant purple flowers and have been used in various applications, such as perfumes, essential oils, and herbal remedies, due to their pleasant scent and potential medicinal properties. However, it is important to note that the term "Lavandula" itself does not constitute a medical definition but rather refers to a group of plants with diverse uses and benefits.

"Thuja" is a botanical term for a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs, also known as arborvitae or western red cedar. It belongs to the family Cupressaceae. While it has some traditional medicinal uses, there isn't a widely accepted medical definition for "Thuja" in modern medicine.

Historically, preparations made from Thuja occidentalis (eastern white cedar) have been used in alternative and traditional medicine, such as homeopathy. The leaves and twigs are often used to make teas, tinctures, or essential oils. However, it's important to note that the use of Thuja for medicinal purposes can have potential side effects and toxicities, and its effectiveness is not always supported by scientific evidence. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new treatment.

Polyisoprenyl phosphates are a type of organic compound that play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of various essential biomolecules in cells. They are formed by the addition of isoprene units, which are five-carbon molecules with a branched structure, to a phosphate group.

In medical terms, polyisoprenyl phosphates are primarily known for their role as intermediates in the biosynthesis of dolichols and farnesylated proteins. Dolichols are long-chain isoprenoids that function as lipid carriers in the synthesis of glycoproteins, which are proteins that contain carbohydrate groups attached to them. Farnesylated proteins, on the other hand, are proteins that have been modified with a farnesyl group, which is a 15-carbon isoprenoid. This modification plays a role in the localization and function of certain proteins within the cell.

Abnormalities in the biosynthesis of polyisoprenyl phosphates and their downstream products have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and genetic syndromes. Therefore, understanding the biology and regulation of these compounds is an active area of research with potential therapeutic implications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hemiterpenes" is not a recognized term in medical or biochemistry terminology. The term "terpene" does refer to a large class of naturally occurring organic hydrocarbons, which are synthesized in various plants and animals. They are built from repeating units of isoprene (a five-carbon molecule), and can be further classified into monoterpenes (two isoprene units), sesquiterpenes (three isoprene units), diterpenes (four isoprene units), and so on.

However, the prefix "hemi-" means "half," which doesn't have a clear application in this context. It's possible there may be a misunderstanding or a typo in your question. If you meant to ask about a specific type of compound or a concept related to terpenes, please provide more context so I can give a more accurate answer.

Bicyclic compounds are organic molecules that contain two rings in their structure, with at least two common atoms shared between the rings. These compounds can be found in various natural and synthetic substances, including some medications and bioactive molecules. The unique structure of bicyclic compounds can influence their chemical and physical properties, which may impact their biological activity or reactivity.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pentanes" is not a medical term. It is a chemical term that refers to a group of five-carbon alkane hydrocarbons, including n-pentane and iso-pentane. These substances can be used in medical settings as anesthetics or for medical research, but "Pentanes" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24. They are naturally occurring organic compounds that are synthesized by a variety of plants, insects, and other organisms. Sesquiterpenes play important roles in plant defense and communication, and some have been found to have medicinal properties.

Germacrane is a particular type of sesquiterpene that contains a specific carbon skeleton. It is a bicyclic compound with a five-membered ring fused to a seven-membered ring. Germacrane and its derivatives are found in various essential oils and have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities.

Volatilization, in the context of pharmacology and medicine, refers to the process by which a substance (usually a medication or drug) transforms into a vapor state at room temperature or upon heating. This change in physical state allows the substance to evaporate and be transferred into the air, potentially leading to inhalation exposure.

In some medical applications, volatilization is used intentionally, such as with essential oils for aromatherapy or topical treatments that utilize a vapor action. However, it can also pose concerns when volatile substances are unintentionally released into the air, potentially leading to indoor air quality issues or exposure risks.

It's important to note that in clinical settings, volatilization is not typically used as a route of administration for medications, as other methods such as oral, intravenous, or inhalation via nebulizers are more common and controlled.

'Clarkia' is a term that refers to a genus of annual or perennial plants belonging to the family Onagraceae. These plants are native to western North America and are commonly known as "godetias" or "farewell-to-springs." The name 'Clarkia' honors Captain William Clark, who explored the western United States with Meriwether Lewis in the early 19th century.

There is no specific medical definition associated with 'Clarkia.' While some species of 'Clarkia' have been used traditionally by indigenous peoples for medicinal purposes, there is limited scientific evidence to support their effectiveness or safety. Therefore, it is not commonly recognized as a term with a medical definition in the same way that other plant names, such as 'Digitalis' (foxglove) or 'Salix alba' (white willow), might be.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Lamiaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in biology, specifically it is a family of flowering plants that includes many familiar herbs such as mint, rosemary, sage, basil, and lavender. These plants are often used in medicine, cooking, and for ornamental purposes. The Lamiaceae family is characterized by their square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped flowers.

Alkyl and aryl transferases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or aryl groups from one molecule to another. These enzymes play a role in various biological processes, including the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics, as well as the biosynthesis of certain natural compounds.

Alkyl transferases typically catalyze the transfer of methyl or ethyl groups, while aryl transferases transfer larger aromatic rings. These enzymes often use cofactors such as S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) or acetyl-CoA to donate the alkyl or aryl group to a recipient molecule.

Examples of alkyl and aryl transferases include:

1. Methyltransferases: enzymes that transfer methyl groups from SAM to various acceptor molecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and small molecules.
2. Histone methyltransferases: enzymes that methylate specific residues on histone proteins, which can affect chromatin structure and gene expression.
3. N-acyltransferases: enzymes that transfer acetyl or other acyl groups to amino groups in proteins or small molecules.
4. O-acyltransferases: enzymes that transfer acyl groups to hydroxyl groups in lipids, steroids, and other molecules.
5. Arylsulfatases: enzymes that remove sulfate groups from aromatic rings, releasing an alcohol and sulfate.
6. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs): enzymes that transfer the tripeptide glutathione to electrophilic centers in xenobiotics and endogenous compounds, facilitating their detoxification and excretion.

"Mentha piperita" is the scientific name for peppermint, which is a hybrid plant that's a cross between watermint and spearmint. It is a commonly used herb in medicine, particularly in the form of peppermint oil. The oil has been found to have several medicinal properties including antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic effects. It is often used to treat gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), nausea, and vomiting. Additionally, it has been found to be effective in providing relief from headaches and muscle pain.

Thymol is not a medical condition or term, but rather it's an organic compound that is commonly used in the medical and pharmaceutical fields. Thymol is a natural monoterpene phenol derivative of cymene, found in oil of thyme and other essential oils. It has antiseptic, antibiotic, and antifungal properties, which makes it useful as a disinfectant and preservative in various medical and dental applications.

In some contexts, thymol may be used to treat conditions related to fungal or bacterial infections, but it is not typically used as a standalone treatment. Instead, it's often combined with other active ingredients in medications such as mouthwashes, throat lozenges, and topical creams.

It's important to note that thymol should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as its misuse or overuse can lead to adverse effects.

Norbornanes are a class of compounds in organic chemistry that contain a norbornane skeleton, which is a bicyclic structure consisting of two fused cyclohexane rings. One of the rings is saturated, while the other contains a double bond. The name "norbornane" comes from the fact that it is a "nor" (short for "norcarene") derivative of bornane, which has a similar structure but with a methyl group attached to one of the carbon atoms in the saturated ring.

Norbornanes have a variety of applications in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. Some derivatives of norbornane have been explored for their potential as drugs, particularly in the areas of central nervous system agents and anti-inflammatory agents. However, there is no specific medical definition associated with "norbornanes" as they are a class of chemical compounds rather than a medical term or condition.

Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units, hence the name "sesqui-" meaning "one and a half" in Latin. They are composed of 15 carbon atoms and have a wide range of chemical structures and biological activities. Sesquiterpenes can be found in various plants, fungi, and insects, and they play important roles in the defense mechanisms of these organisms. Some sesquiterpenes are also used in traditional medicine and have been studied for their potential therapeutic benefits.

In a medical context, "resins, plant" refer to the sticky, often aromatic substances produced by certain plants. These resins are typically composed of a mixture of volatile oils, terpenes, and rosin acids. They may be present in various parts of the plant, including leaves, stems, and roots, and are often found in specialized structures such as glands or ducts.

Plant resins have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and other applications. Some resins have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or analgesic properties and have been used to treat a variety of ailments, including skin conditions, respiratory infections, and pain.

Examples of plant resins with medicinal uses include:

* Frankincense (Boswellia spp.) resin has been used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation, arthritis, and asthma.
* Myrrh (Commiphora spp.) resin has been used as an antiseptic, astringent, and anti-inflammatory agent.
* Pine resin has been used topically for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

It's important to note that while some plant resins have demonstrated medicinal benefits, they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Some resins can have adverse effects or interact with medications, and it's essential to ensure their safe and effective use.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wood" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various hard, fibrous tissues that make up the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, as well as a term used for a wide range of items made from these materials. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Menthol is a compound obtained from the crystals of the mint plant (Mentha arvensis). It is a white, crystalline substance that is solid at room temperature but becomes a clear, colorless, oily liquid when heated. Menthol has a cooling and soothing effect on mucous membranes, which makes it a common ingredient in over-the-counter products used to relieve symptoms of congestion, coughs, and sore throats. It is also used as a topical analgesic for its pain-relieving properties and as a flavoring agent in various products such as toothpaste, mouthwashes, and candies.

"Pinus sylvestris" is the scientific name for a species of tree, not a medical term. It is commonly known as the Scotch Pine or Scots Pine and is native to Eurasia, ranging from Western Europe to Eastern Siberia. The tree can also be found in other parts of the world as an introduced species.

Here's some information about Pinus sylvestris that you might find interesting:
* Pinus sylvestris is a coniferous evergreen tree that typically grows to a height of 30-40 meters (98-131 feet) but can reach up to 60 meters (197 feet) in some cases.
* The bark of the tree is thick, scaly, and orange-reddish in color, while the leaves are needle-shaped, green, and grow in clusters of two.
* Pinus sylvestris produces both male and female cones, with the male cones releasing pollen and the female cones producing seeds.
* The tree is an important source of timber and is commonly used for construction, pulp and paper production, and as a Christmas tree.
* Pinus sylvestris has several medicinal uses, including as a treatment for respiratory conditions such as bronchitis and asthma, as well as for skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis. The needles and bark of the tree contain compounds with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties that are believed to be responsible for these therapeutic effects.

Nitric acid is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with the formula HNO3. It is a highly corrosive mineral acid and is the primary constituent of nitric acid solutions.

Medically, nitric acid or its salts may be mentioned in the context of certain medical conditions or treatments. For example, nitrate or nitrite salts of potassium or sodium can be used as vasodilators to treat angina pectoris (chest pain) by improving blood flow and reducing oxygen demand in the heart muscle. Nitric acid itself is not used medically.

It's important to note that exposure to nitric acid can cause severe burns and tissue damage, so it should be handled with care and appropriate personal protective equipment.

Acaridae is a family of mites, also known as "grain mites" or "flour mites." These mites are tiny arthropods that are commonly found in stored food products such as grains, cereals, and dried fruits. Some species of Acaridae can cause allergic reactions in humans, and they have been known to contaminate food and cause spoilage. They are also capable of carrying and transmitting various diseases.

Here is a medical definition for Acaridae:

"A family of mites that includes several species commonly found in stored food products such as grains, cereals, and dried fruits. These mites can cause allergic reactions in humans and contaminate food, leading to spoilage. Some species are capable of carrying and transmitting diseases."

"Myrtus" is a botanical name that refers to a genus of evergreen shrubs and trees in the family Myrtaceae. The most common species is Myrtus communis, also known as the common myrtle or European myrtle. It is native to the Mediterranean region and has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes.

In a medical context, "Myrtus" may be mentioned in relation to herbal remedies or phytotherapy, where extracts from the leaves, flowers, or fruits of the plant are used. Some studies suggest that Myrtus communis may have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects and establish safe and effective therapeutic dosages.

It's important to note that while some natural substances can be beneficial for health, they should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Pinus" is not a medical term. It is the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as pine trees, which belong to the family Pinaceae in the kingdom Plantae. These evergreen coniferous resinous trees are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with some species also found in the Southern Hemisphere.

If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to define or explain, please feel free to ask!

"Illicium" is a botanical term that refers to a genus of plants, primarily found in Asia and parts of the Americas. Commonly known as "star anise," these plants produce a fruit that is widely used in cooking for its distinct licorice-like flavor, and in traditional medicine for its purported health benefits. However, it's important to note that the term "Illicium" itself is not a medical term, but a taxonomic one.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separating power of gas chromatography with the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. This method is used to separate, identify, and quantify different components in complex mixtures.

In GC-MS, the mixture is first vaporized and carried through a long, narrow column by an inert gas (carrier gas). The various components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase inside the column, leading to their separation based on their partition coefficients between the mobile and stationary phases. As each component elutes from the column, it is then introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis.

The mass spectrometer ionizes the sample, breaks it down into smaller fragments, and measures the mass-to-charge ratio of these fragments. This information is used to generate a mass spectrum, which serves as a unique "fingerprint" for each compound. By comparing the generated mass spectra with reference libraries or known standards, analysts can identify and quantify the components present in the original mixture.

GC-MS has wide applications in various fields such as forensics, environmental analysis, drug testing, and research laboratories due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

Camphor is a waxy, flammable solid with a strong aroma, derived from the wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora). In a medical context, camphor is used topically as a skin protectant and a counterirritant, and in some over-the-counter products such as nasal decongestants and muscle rubs. It can also be found in some insect repellents and embalming fluids.

Camphor works by stimulating nerve endings and increasing blood flow to the area where it is applied. This can help to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and alleviate congestion. However, camphor should be used with caution, as it can be toxic if ingested or absorbed in large amounts through the skin. It is important to follow the instructions on product labels carefully and avoid using camphor on broken or irritated skin.

Dimethylallyltranstransferase (DMAT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of various natural compounds, including terpenoids and alkaloids. These compounds have diverse functions in nature, ranging from serving as pigments and fragrances to acting as defense mechanisms against predators or pathogens.

The primary function of DMAT is to catalyze the head-to-tail condensation of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) with various diphosphate-bound prenyl substrates, forming prenylated products. This reaction represents the first committed step in the biosynthesis of many terpenoids and alkaloids.

The enzyme's catalytic mechanism involves the formation of a covalent bond between the pyrophosphate group of DMAPP and a conserved cysteine residue within the DMAT active site, followed by the transfer of the dimethylallyl moiety to the diphosphate-bound prenyl substrate.

DMAT is found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. In humans, DMAT is involved in the biosynthesis of steroids, which are essential components of cell membranes and precursors to important hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.

In summary, dimethylallyltranstransferase (DMAT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) with various prenyl substrates, playing a critical role in the biosynthesis of diverse natural compounds, including terpenoids and alkaloids.

"Beetles" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to insects belonging to the order Coleoptera, which is one of the largest orders in the class Insecta. Beetles are characterized by their hardened forewings, known as elytra, which protect their hind wings and body when not in use for flying.

There are many different species of beetles found all over the world, and some can have an impact on human health. For example, certain types of beetles, such as bed bugs and carpet beetles, can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people. Other beetles, like the Colorado potato beetle, can damage crops and lead to economic losses for farmers. However, it is important to note that most beetles are not harmful to humans and play an essential role in ecosystems as decomposers and pollinators.

Isomerases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of isomers of a single molecule. They do this by rearranging atoms within a molecule to form a new structural arrangement or isomer. Isomerases can act on various types of chemical bonds, including carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen bonds.

There are several subclasses of isomerases, including:

1. Racemases and epimerases: These enzymes interconvert stereoisomers, which are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements of their atoms in three-dimensional space.
2. Cis-trans isomerases: These enzymes interconvert cis and trans isomers, which differ in the arrangement of groups on opposite sides of a double bond.
3. Intramolecular oxidoreductases: These enzymes catalyze the transfer of electrons within a single molecule, resulting in the formation of different isomers.
4. Mutases: These enzymes catalyze the transfer of functional groups within a molecule, resulting in the formation of different isomers.
5. Tautomeres: These enzymes catalyze the interconversion of tautomers, which are isomeric forms of a molecule that differ in the location of a movable hydrogen atom and a double bond.

Isomerases play important roles in various biological processes, including metabolism, signaling, and regulation.

Mevalonic acid is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions, but rather it is a biochemical concept. Mevalonic acid is a key intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway for cholesterol and other isoprenoids. It is formed from 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is the target of cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins.

In a medical context, mevalonic acid may be mentioned in relation to certain rare genetic disorders, such as mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) or hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS), which are caused by mutations in the gene encoding mevalonate kinase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of mevalonic acid. These conditions can cause recurrent fevers, rashes, joint pain, and other symptoms.

Medical definitions generally do not include plant oils as a specific term. However, in a biological or biochemical context, plant oils, also known as vegetable oils, are defined as lipid extracts derived from various parts of plants such as seeds, fruits, and leaves. They mainly consist of triglycerides, which are esters of glycerol and three fatty acids. The composition of fatty acids can vary between different plant sources, leading to a range of physical and chemical properties that make plant oils useful for various applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Some common examples of plant oils include olive oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, and jojoba oil.

Diphosphates, also known as pyrophosphates, are chemical compounds that contain two phosphate groups joined together by an oxygen atom. The general formula for a diphosphate is P~PO3~2-, where ~ represents a bond. Diphosphates play important roles in various biological processes, such as energy metabolism and cell signaling. In the context of nutrition, diphosphates can be found in some foods, including milk and certain vegetables.

Asteraceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the daisy family or sunflower family. It is one of the largest and most diverse families of vascular plants, with over 1,900 genera and 32,000 species. The family includes a wide variety of plants, ranging from annual and perennial herbs to shrubs and trees.

The defining characteristic of Asteraceae is the presence of a unique type of inflorescence called a capitulum, which resembles a single flower but is actually composed of many small flowers (florets) arranged in a dense head. The florets are typically bisexual, with both male and female reproductive structures, and are radially symmetrical.

Asteraceae includes many economically important plants, such as sunflowers, daisies, artichokes, lettuce, chicory, and ragweed. Some species of Asteraceae are also used in traditional medicine and have been found to contain bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic uses.

It's worth noting that the taxonomy of this family has undergone significant revisions in recent years, and some genera and species have been moved to other families or renamed.

I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.

Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.

Diterpenes are a class of naturally occurring compounds that are composed of four isoprene units, which is a type of hydrocarbon. They are synthesized by a wide variety of plants and animals, and are found in many different types of organisms, including fungi, insects, and marine organisms.

Diterpenes have a variety of biological activities and are used in medicine for their therapeutic effects. Some diterpenes have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, and are used to treat a range of conditions, including respiratory infections, skin disorders, and cancer.

Diterpenes can be further classified into different subgroups based on their chemical structure and biological activity. Some examples of diterpenes include the phytocannabinoids found in cannabis plants, such as THC and CBD, and the paclitaxel, a diterpene found in the bark of the Pacific yew tree that is used to treat cancer.

It's important to note that while some diterpenes have therapeutic potential, others may be toxic or have adverse effects, so it is essential to use them under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional.

Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism (structural arrangement of atoms) in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. This occurs when the molecule contains asymmetric carbon atoms or other rigid structures that prevent free rotation, leading to distinct spatial arrangements of groups of atoms around a central point. Stereoisomers can have different chemical and physical properties, such as optical activity, boiling points, and reactivities, due to differences in their shape and the way they interact with other molecules.

There are two main types of stereoisomerism: enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) and diastereomers (non-mirror-image isomers). Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, but cannot be superimposed on one another. Diastereomers, on the other hand, are non-mirror-image stereoisomers that have different physical and chemical properties.

Stereoisomerism is an important concept in chemistry and biology, as it can affect the biological activity of molecules, such as drugs and natural products. For example, some enantiomers of a drug may be active, while others are inactive or even toxic. Therefore, understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for designing and synthesizing effective and safe drugs.

Lovastatin is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called statins, which are used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood. It works by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the production of cholesterol in the body. By reducing the amount of cholesterol produced in the liver, lovastatin helps to decrease the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or "bad" cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, while increasing the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or "good" cholesterol.

Lovastatin is available in both immediate-release and extended-release forms, and it is typically taken orally once or twice a day, depending on the dosage prescribed by a healthcare provider. Common side effects of lovastatin include headache, nausea, diarrhea, and muscle pain, although more serious side effects such as liver damage and muscle weakness are possible, particularly at higher doses.

It is important to note that lovastatin should not be taken by individuals with active liver disease or by those who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Additionally, it may interact with certain other medications, so it is essential to inform a healthcare provider of all medications being taken before starting lovastatin therapy.

A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.

Chromatography, gas (GC) is a type of chromatographic technique used to separate, identify, and analyze volatile compounds or vapors. In this method, the sample mixture is vaporized and carried through a column packed with a stationary phase by an inert gas (carrier gas). The components of the mixture get separated based on their partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases due to differences in their adsorption/desorption rates or solubility.

The separated components elute at different times, depending on their interaction with the stationary phase, which can be detected and quantified by various detection systems like flame ionization detector (FID), thermal conductivity detector (TCD), electron capture detector (ECD), or mass spectrometer (MS). Gas chromatography is widely used in fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, environmental science, forensics, and food analysis.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may ... Monoterpenes are considered allelochemicals. Many monoterpenes are volatile compounds and some of them are well-known fragrants ... Many monoterpenes found in marine organisms are halogenated, such as halomon. Selected Monoterpenes and Monoterpenoids Myrcene ... Umbellulone is another example of bicyclic monoterpene ketone. Monoterpenes are found in many parts of different plants, such ...
The enzyme monoterpene ε-lactone hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.83, MLH; systematic name isoprop(en)ylmethyloxepan-2-one lactonohydrolase ... Monoterpene+epsilon-lactone+hydrolase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology ... van der Vlugt-Bergmans CJ, van der Werf MJ (February 2001). "Genetic and biochemical characterization of a novel monoterpene ε- ...
Monocyclic+monoterpene+ketone+monooxygenase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: ... Monocyclic monoterpene ketone monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.105, 1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene 1,2-monooxygenase, dihydrocarvone 1,2- ... Monocyclic monoterpene ketone monooxygenase is a flavoprotein (FAD). van der Werf MJ, Swarts HJ, de Bont JA (May 1999). " ... of a Baeyer-Villiger mono-oxygenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 involved in three different monocyclic monoterpene ...
Savage TJ, Ichii H, Hume SD, Little DB, Croteau R (July 1995). "Monoterpene synthases from gymnosperms and angiosperms: ... Phillips MA, Savage TJ, Croteau R (December 1999). "Monoterpene synthases of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) produce pinene isomers ... Croteau R, Satterwhite DM, Cane DE, Chang CC (July 1988). "Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Enantioselectivity in the enzymatic ... Bohlmann J, Steele CL, Croteau R (August 1997). "Monoterpene synthases from grand fir (Abies grandis). cDNA isolation, ...
Croteau R, Satterwhite DM, Cane DE, Chang CC (July 1988). "Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Enantioselectivity in the enzymatic ... Wagschal KC, Pyun HJ, Coates RM, Croteau R (February 1994). "Monoterpene biosynthesis: isotope effects associated with bicyclic ... Two enzymes from sage (Salvia officinalis) which catalyze stereospecific cyclizations of geranyl pyrophosphate to monoterpene ... alpha-pinene by monoterpene cyclases from sage (Salvia officinalis)". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 308 (2): 488-96 ...
Croteau R, Satterwhite DM, Wheeler CJ, Felton NM (1988). "Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Stereochemistry of the enzymatic ... Croteau R, Miyazaki JH, Wheeler CJ (1989). "Monoterpene biosynthesis: mechanistic evaluation of the geranyl pyrophosphate:(−)- ...
Croteau R, Hooper CL, Felton M (1978). "Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Partial purification and characterization of a bicyclic ... Dehal SS, Croteau R (1987). "Metabolism of monoterpenes: Specificity of the dehydrogenases responsible for the biosynthesis of ...
Croteau R, Satterwhite DM (September 1989). "Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Stereochemical implications of acyclic and ... and functional expression of four new monoterpene synthase members of the Tpsd gene family from grand fir (Abies grandis)". ...
Satterwhite, D. M.; Wheeler, C. J.; Croteau, R. (15 November 1985). "Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Enantioselectivity in the ... "Screening of antibacterial activities of twenty-one oxygenated monoterpenes". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 62 (7-8): 507- ...
Phillips MA, Savage TJ, Croteau R (December 1999). "Monoterpene synthases of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) produce pinene isomers ... Croteau R, Satterwhite DM, Cane DE, Chang CC (July 1988). "Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Enantioselectivity in the enzymatic ... Bohlmann J, Steele CL, Croteau R (August 1997). "Monoterpene synthases from grand fir (Abies grandis). cDNA isolation, ... Hyatt DC, Croteau R (July 2005). "Mutational analysis of a monoterpene synthase reaction: altered catalysis through directed ...
Phillips MA, Savage TJ, Croteau R (December 1999). "Monoterpene synthases of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) produce pinene isomers ... Croteau R, Satterwhite DM, Cane DE, Chang CC (July 1988). "Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Enantioselectivity in the enzymatic ... Wagschal KC, Pyun HJ, Coates RM, Croteau R (February 1994). "Monoterpene biosynthesis: isotope effects associated with bicyclic ... Two enzymes from sage (Salvia officinalis) which catalyze stereospecific cyclizations of geranyl pyrophosphate to monoterpene ...
Croteau, R.; Satterwhite, D. M.; Cane, D. E.; Chang, C. C. (1988). "Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes. Enantioselectivity in the ...
Eberhard Breitmaier (2006). "Hemi‐ and Monoterpenes". Terpenes: Flavors, Fragrances, Pharmaca, Pheromones. pp. 10-23. doi: ...
It is one of the most pervasive monoterpenes. As for other terpenes, it is insoluble in water, flammable, colorless, and has a ... Croteau, R.; Satterwhite, D. M.; Cane, D. E.; Chang, C. C. (1988). "Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes. Enantioselectivity in the ...
Selected terpenes Limonene, a monoterpene. Carvone is a monoterpenoid, a modified monoterpene. Pinene, a monoterpene which ... Monoterpenes consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. Examples of monoterpenes and monoterpenoids ... Terpenes are further classified by the number of carbons: monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), as ... IPP and DMAPP condense to give geranyl pyrophosphate, the precursor to monoterpenes and monoterpenoids. Geranyl pyrophosphate ...
... is a colorless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic monoterpene, and is the major component in the oil ... Essential oil Monoterpenes Resin "D-Limonene". PubChem Compound Database. National Center for Biotechnology Information, US ... Limonene is a relatively stable monoterpene and can be distilled without decomposition, although at elevated temperatures it ...
Monoterpenes in grape juice and wines. M. Jiménez, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 881, Issues 1-2, 9 June 2000, Pages 557- ... Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes such as linalool and α-terpineol Glutathione (reduced and oxidized) Methoxypyrazines Esters: ...
Davis, Edward M.; Croteau, Rodney (2000). "Cyclization Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, and ... Ashour, Mohamed; Wink, Michael; Gershenzon, Jonathan (2010). "Biochemistry of Terpenoids: Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes and ...
At least 70 of these are terpenoids which come in the form of sesquiterpenes and chromones; no monoterpenes have been detected ...
Another example is the study of monoterpenes. since the 1980s SNIF-NMR study of α-pinene has found large variations in D/H ...
Immediately after insect attack, toxic monoterpenes are released. These provide a volatile solvent for the diterpene resins so ...
For example, juniper monoterpenes come from juniper berries. Citric and berry flavours come from chemicals such as limonene and ...
... is a collection of unsaturated bicyclic monoterpenes. Two geometric isomers of pinene are found in nature, α-pinene and ...
ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4. Smith, Richard H. (1977). Monoterpenes of ponderosa pine in Western United States. USDA Forest Service ...
... is a monoterpene. It is a colorless liquid with a pleasant floral or fruity rose aroma. It is a colorless ...
It contains specific monoterpene glucosides. The indigenous Ainu people of Hokkaido used this plant, called horap or orap, as a ...
... is an irregular monoterpene. Irregular monoterpenes are derived from two isoprene C5 units, but do not follow the ...
Monoterpenes showed a significantly greater loss than sesquiterpenes, but none of the major components completely disappeared ... Natural monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes from cannabis flowers have relaxing, sedative and anti-depressant effects when inhaled ... The sesquiterpenes ranged from 5.2 to 48.6%. The most abundant monoterpene was β-myrcene, followed by trans-caryophyllene, α- ... For those applications, oils with high monoterpene percentages (but a low alpha-humulene or caryophyllene oxide concentration) ...
Lücker J, El Tamer MK, Schwab W, Verstappen FW, van der Plas LH, Bouwmeester HJ, Verhoeven HA (July 2002). "Monoterpene ... LaFever RE, Croteau R (March 1993). "Hydride shifts in the biosynthesis of the p-menthane monoterpenes α-terpinene, γ-terpinene ... "Purification and characterization of the monoterpene cyclase gamma-terpinene synthase from Thymus vulgaris". Archives of ... biosynthesis in lemon (Citrus limon). cDNA isolation and functional analysis of four monoterpene synthases". European Journal ...
Lücker J, El Tamer MK, Schwab W, Verstappen FW, van der Plas LH, Bouwmeester HJ, Verhoeven HA (July 2002). "Monoterpene ... Bouwmeester HJ, Gershenzon J, Konings MC, Croteau R (July 1998). "Biosynthesis of the monoterpenes limonene and carvone in the ... the enzyme responsible for monoterpene biosynthesis in peppermint, is localized to leucoplasts of oil gland secretory cells". ... biosynthesis in lemon (Citrus limon). cDNA isolation and functional analysis of four monoterpene synthases". European Journal ...
Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may ... Monoterpenes are considered allelochemicals. Many monoterpenes are volatile compounds and some of them are well-known fragrants ... Many monoterpenes found in marine organisms are halogenated, such as halomon. Selected Monoterpenes and Monoterpenoids Myrcene ... Umbellulone is another example of bicyclic monoterpene ketone. Monoterpenes are found in many parts of different plants, such ...
"Monoterpenes" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Monoterpenes" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, ... Evolving a Generalist Biosensor for Bicyclic Monoterpenes. ACS Synth Biol. 2022 01 21; 11(1):265-272. ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Monoterpenes" by people in Profiles. ...
Oxygenated monoterpenes-rich volatile oils as potential antifungal agents for dermatophytes. Download Prime PubMed App to ... Oxygenated Monoterpenes-rich Volatile Oils as Potential Antifungal Agents for Dermatophytes. Nat Prod Res. 2017;31(4):460-464. ... Oxygenated monoterpenes-rich volatile oils as potential antifungal agents for dermatophytes. Nat Prod Res. 2017;31(4):460-464. ... Oxygenated monoterpenes-rich volatile oils as potential antifungal agents for dermatophytes.. Nat Prod Res. 2017 Feb; 31(4):460 ...
You will see below that monoterpenes are present in varying amounts in nearly every essential oil! Common monoterpenes found in ... When a chemical bond forms between two isoprene units, a 10-carbon molecule called a monoterpene results. Monoterpenes can ... Common physical characteristics of monoterpenes are a low molecular weight (meaning they are small and light compared to other ...
Biological Activity of Bicyclic Monoterpene Alcohols. Bionanoscience 2021, 11, 970-976.. Keywords. Bicyclic monoterpene ... Biological Activity of Bicyclic Monoterpene Alcohols. ru_RU. dc.type. Articles in international journals and collections. ru_RU ... Biological Activity of Bicyclic Monoterpene Alcohols. Bionanoscience 2021, 11, 970-976.. ru_RU. ...
... the monoterpene cyclic ether originated from eucalyptus polybractea, by cytochrome P450 3A enzymes in rat and human liver ... Roles of cytochrome P450 3A enzymes in the 2-hydroxylation of 1,4-cineole, a monoterpene cyclic ether, by rat and human liver ... 1,8-Cineole, the monoterpene cyclic ether known as eucalyptol, is one of the components in essential oils from Eucalyptus ... Oxidation of 1,8-cineole, the monoterpene cyclic ether originated from eucalyptus polybractea, by cytochrome P450 3A enzymes in ...
Targeted Isolation of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids from ,i,Palicourea sessilis,/i,. In: Journal of Natural Products, 2017, vol ... using molecular networking and an in silico MS/MS fragmentation approach suggested the presence of several new monoterpene ...
Investigating the behavior of monoterpene alcohols in fermentation and the relationship between monoterpene alcohols metabolism ... Higher DCO2 caused lower content for all seven monoterpene alcohols, including geraniol. It was suggested that monoterpene ... So we investigated the behavior of monoterpene alcohols in fermentation and the relationship between monoterpene alcohols ... Investigating the behavior of monoterpene alcohols in fermentation and the relationship between monoterpene alcohols metabolism ...
PRMs containing monoterpenes are challenging because monoterpenes are highly reactive compounds and can isomerise, tautomerise ... PRMs of monoterpenes are challenging to produce due to the high chemical reactivity and low vapour pressures of monoterpenes ... treated canisters for monoterpenes. It was discovered that SilcoNert 2000® treated canisters could hold monoterpenes for up to ... PRMs containing the four monoterpenes, α-pinene (both the minus and plus optical isomers), 3-carene, R-limonene and 1,8-cineole ...
They observed elevated levels of monoterpene, a formerly considered biogenic emitted Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and ... Given that monoterpenes also contribute to the formation of atmospheric aerosols, controlling anthropogenic monoterpenes ... they revealed that monoterpenes were likely emitted from biomass burning. The deduced that monoterpene emission ratio to CO is ... Although monoterpenes are also emitted in forest regions intensively, people dont worry about their contribution to ozone ...
Here we implement a new BVOC oxidation mechanism (including updated isoprene chemistry, new monoterpene chemistry, and particle ... Formation of organic nitrates (RONO2) during oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs: isoprene, monoterpenes) ... and monoterpene-rich atmosphere: constraints from aircraft (SEAC4RS) and ground-based (SOAS) observations in the Southeast US, ... is contributed by gas-phase monoterpene nitrates. Observations in the free troposphere show an important contribution from long ...
Results for MONOTERPENE EMISSION. Publications & Outputs. *. Sensitivity of isoprene emissions from the terrestrial biosphere ...
Monoterpenes are emitted into the atmosphere by vegetation and by the use of certain consumer products. Reactions of ... Global simulations of monoterpene-derived peroxy radical fates and the distributions of highly oxygenated organic molecules ( ... Monoterpenes are emitted into the atmosphere by vegetation and by the use of certain consumer... ... monoterpenes in the atmosphere lead to low-volatility products that condense to grow particulate matter or participate in new ...
Three new monoterpene glycosides (1-3) were isolated from Sibiraea laevigata (L.) Maxim. • Fourteen known compounds (4-17) were ...
A novel and efficient catalytic epoxidation of olefins and monoterpenes with microencapsulated Lewis base adducts of ... A novel and efficient catalytic epoxidation of olefins and monoterpenes with microencapsulated Lewis base adducts of ... A novel and efficient catalytic epoxidation of olefins and monoterpenes with microencapsulated Lewis base adducts of ... containing ligands are highly efficient and selective catalysts for the epoxidation of several olefins and monoterpenes with ...
Lavandula dentata and Laurus nobilis essential oils and a major monoterpene constituent 1,8-cineole against Aspergillus ... Lavandula dentata and Laurus nobilis essential oils and a major monoterpene constituent 1,8-cineole against Aspergillus ...
Structure and Mechanism of the Monoterpene Cyclolavandulyl Diphosphate Synthase that Catalyzes Consecutive Condensation and ... cyclization to form a cyclic monoterpene, CLPP. The structures of apo-CLDS and CLDS in complex with Tris, pyrophosphate, and Mg ...
Monoterpenes as Chiral Building Blocks. 2022, 235-266. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527834204.ch8 ...
Therefore, when comparing the two samples in terms of the presence of monoterpenes, which are compounds frequently present in ... seems very distinct as it generally presents monoterpenes as the main constituent group followed by oxygenated monoterpenes, ...
28] showed the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes (89.06%), monoterpenes (0.04%), sesquiterpenes (10.6%) and linear components ... confirmed the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes (89.06%), monoterpenes (0.04%), sesquiterpenes (10.6%) and linear components ... monoterpenes and hydrocarbonated sesquiterpenes were the principal components: eugenol (60.4%), trans β- ... oxygenated monoterpenes (89.06%) and hydrocarbonated sesquiterpenes (10.86%). Three main constituents ...
The santalene synthase from Cinnamomum camphora: reconstruction of a sesquiterpene synthase from a monoterpene synthase. Arch. ... Engineered mitochondrial production of monoterpenes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab. Eng. 55, 76-84 (2019). ... Functional characterization of four mono-terpene synthases (TPSs) provided insight into the biosynthesis of volatile ...
Monoterpenes are one of the main chemical constituents of EOs that have appeared in a large number of studies, and their ... Essential Oils and Monoterpenes as Potential Anti- Cancer Agents Page: 1-36 (36). Author: Julia Pérez-Ramos, Nimsi Campos- ... This review presents the latest research progress in the use of EOs and monoterpenes as anticancer agents. The 115 EOs and 26 ... Monoterpenes, built from two isoprene molecules, are hydrocarbon terpenes and oxygenated compounds (terpenoids), such as ...
An isoprene unit bound to a second isoprene is the defining characteristic of terpene, which is also a monoterpene (C10). ... Estimation of total Terpenoids concentration in plant tissues using a monoterpene, Linalool as standard reagent. ... high-throughput assay for approximating the total terpenoids content in plant tissue using a monoterpene, Linalool as standard ... has been attempted to estimate the total terpenoids concentration of different resin producing plants using a monoterpene, ...
Monoterpenes contain 2 isoprene units; examples include cantharidin, menthol, pinene, and camphor. [1] Diterpenes contain 4 ...
Monoterpenes (%) 19.56 Sesquiterpenes (%) 3.16 Phenylpropanoid (%) 75.88. * a RI =Experimental retention index; b RI = ...
al., 2000). The major components of conifer-derived VOCs are monoterpenes (MTs), such as α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, Δ-3- ... Crowell, P.L. Monoterpenes in breast cancer chemoprevention. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (1997) 46:191-197. ... A review and synthesis of monoterpene speciation from forests in the United States. Atmos. Environ. (2000) 34(11):1761-1781. ...
3.2.2 Monoterpene emissions. Results for monoterpene emissions are shown in Fig. 9. Panels a and b present the spatial ... 13, similar behaviour in the monoterpene emission estimates is depicted for all studies. Monoterpene emission rates increase in ... The mean isoprene annual emission flux is 750 Tg yr−1 (SD = 17 Tg yr−1), while for monoterpenes it is 50 Tg yr−1 (SD = 1 Tg yr− ... Isoprene and monoterpenes are the most abundant species among the BVOCs (Kesselmeier and Staudt, 1999; Lathiere et al., 2006; ...
... a monoterpene component of the essential oils of several aromatic plants, exhibits antitumor effects. In this study, the ... Monoterpenes are major plant-derived secondary metabolites; they consist of two isoprene units, are found in essential oils, ... Terpinen-4-ol, a monoterpene component of the essential oils of several aromatic plants, exhibits antitumor effects. In this ... A. Astani, J. Reichling, and P. Schnitzler, "Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from ...
1997). Cancer chemoprevention and therapy by monoterpenes.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470060/. ...
A new iridoid glucoside 10 apodanthoside (1) and a new monoterpene. * Post author By careersfromscience ... A new iridoid glucoside 10 apodanthoside (1) and a new monoterpene glycoside (3linalool-3 7 (Rubiaceae) along with eighteen ... Additional compounds isolated through the flowers were defined as the monoterpene 6 7 dihydroxy linalool (5) [11] β-sitosterol ... glucoside (6) [12] the monoterpene glycosides: (3with IC50 VS-5584 ideals of 8.18 9.02 and 7.80 μg/mL and IC90 ideals of >10 > ...
  • better source needed] According to a review, several studies showed "that some monoterpenes (e.g., pulegone, menthofuran, camphor, and limonene) and sesquiterpenes (e.g., zederone, germacrone) exhibited liver toxicity" and that i.a. intensive research on terpenes toxicity is needed. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2010) emit substantial quantities of isoprene (a hemiterpene ( C 5 H 8 )), monoterpenes ( C 10 H 16 ) and sesquiterpenes ( C 15 H 24 ) (Barkley et al. (copernicus.org)
  • EOs are mainly composed of compounds of low molecular weight, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and phenolic compounds. (benthamscience.com)
  • The most important reactive biogenic VOCs are isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Emissions of isoprene mostly contribute to the formation of ground level ozone, while monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes can lead to an increase in particle number and mass. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Monoterpenes can assume many shapes including cyclic, straight, and branched varieties. (doterra.com)
  • 1,8-Cineole, the monoterpene cyclic ether known as eucalyptol, is one of the components in essential oils from Eucalyptus polybractea. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • AU - Miyazawa,M, AU - Shindo,M, AU - Shimada,T, PY - 2001/2/13/pubmed PY - 2001/3/27/medline PY - 2001/2/13/entrez SP - 200 EP - 5 JF - Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals JO - Drug Metab Dispos VL - 29 IS - 2 N2 - 1,8-Cineole, the monoterpene cyclic ether known as eucalyptol, is one of the components in essential oils from Eucalyptus polybractea. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • We report the three-dimensional structure of cyclolavandulyl diphosphate (CLPP) synthase (CLDS), which consecutively catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) followed by cyclization to form a cyclic monoterpene, CLPP. (u-tokyo.ac.jp)
  • It consists primarily of monoterpenes, terpene alcohols and oxygenated cyclic compounds. (europa.eu)
  • As a consequence, measurements are required to assess how changes in emissions of monoterpenes impact air quality. (copernicus.org)
  • Since the biogenic emissions in eastern China could not explain the observation, they wondered if there was another monoterpene source. (bioengineer.org)
  • The current anthropogenic VOC emission reduction strategies for ozone pollution control barely consider the anthropogenic monoterpene emissions. (bioengineer.org)
  • This study shows that the control of urban ozone pollution in China and other developing countries may be more challenging than expected if the effects of anthropogenic monoterpene emissions on ozone production are considered. (bioengineer.org)
  • Given that monoterpenes also contribute to the formation of atmospheric aerosols, controlling anthropogenic monoterpenes emissions will be a win-win solution to the joint control of ozone and fine particle pollutions. (bioengineer.org)
  • Global isoprene and monoterpene emissions from terrestrial vegetation, which represent the most important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the Earth system, need to be included in global and regional chemical transport models given their major chemical impacts on the atmosphere. (copernicus.org)
  • MEGAN determines 657 and 55 Tg of isoprene and monoterpene emissions annually. (copernicus.org)
  • Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from vegetation are included from release version 3.0. (lu.se)
  • Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. (wikipedia.org)
  • PRMs of monoterpenes are challenging to produce due to the high chemical reactivity and low vapour pressures of monoterpenes and also their propensity to convert into other compounds, including other terpenes. (copernicus.org)
  • Monoterpene alcohols, such as linalool and geraniol, are important natural flavor compounds that are contained in beer via hopping. (mbaa.com)
  • However, no one has clarified the behavior of monoterpene alcohols in fermentation. (mbaa.com)
  • So we investigated the behavior of monoterpene alcohols in fermentation and the relationship between monoterpene alcohols' metabolism and the fermentation parameter in the commercial plant. (mbaa.com)
  • First, we investigated the behavior of monoterpene alcohols (geraniol, linalool, nerol, α-terpineol, geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, and β-citronellol) in fermentation and lagering every day for 14 days by using lager yeast. (mbaa.com)
  • A big change of monoterpene alcohols occurred for the first 48 hours, and only a little change followed it up to 14 days. (mbaa.com)
  • This result indicates there is a close relationship between monoterpene alcohols' metabolism and the growth of yeast. (mbaa.com)
  • Second, we carried out several tests that had different fermentation temperatures (12.5 ℃, 13.5 ℃, and 14.5 ℃) to investigate the effect of temperature on monoterpene alcohols' metabolism. (mbaa.com)
  • We found that a high fermentation temperature, which led to high growth in yeast, was influenced by lower content of geraniol and by higher content of the other six monoterpene alcohols. (mbaa.com)
  • It is suggested that geraniol content in beer became higher with lower growth of yeast and the six other monoterpene alcohols' content in beer became higher with higher growth of yeast. (mbaa.com)
  • Finally, we also investigated the relationship between monoterpene alcohols' metabolism and DCO2. (mbaa.com)
  • Higher DCO2 caused lower content for all seven monoterpene alcohols, including geraniol. (mbaa.com)
  • Many monoterpenes are volatile compounds and some of them are well-known fragrants found in the essential oils of many plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • They observed elevated levels of monoterpene, a formerly considered biogenic emitted Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and determined a rapid oxidation rate by OH radical, O 3 and NO 3 radical observed with in-situ state-of-art instrumentations. (bioengineer.org)
  • Formation of organic nitrates (RONO2) during oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs: isoprene, monoterpenes) is a significant loss pathway for atmospheric nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx), but the chemistry of RONO2 formation and degradation remains uncertain. (nasa.gov)
  • A new iridoid glucoside 10 apodanthoside (1) and a new monoterpene glycoside (3linalool-3 7 (Rubiaceae) along with eighteen known compounds (3-20) including monoterpenes iridoid glycosides and a lignin which were encountered for the first time in the genus with IC50 values of 8. (careersfromscience.org)
  • Additional compounds isolated through the flowers were defined as the monoterpene 6 7 dihydroxy linalool (5) [11] β-sitosterol glucoside (6) [12] the monoterpene glycosides: (3with IC50 VS-5584 ideals of 8.18 9.02 and 7.80 μg/mL and IC90 ideals of >10 >10 and 9 respectively.76 μg/mL respectively weighed against the positive control DFMO difluoromethylornithine (IC50 and IC90 values of 2.30 and 5.20 μg/mL). (careersfromscience.org)
  • Seventeen monoterpene glycosides were identified without performing the hydrolytic artifacts commonly used to study these compounds whichmay affect sample profile. (unicatt.it)
  • The model can generate annual and monthly isoprene and monoterpene fluxes. (lu.se)
  • This method was applied to study grape monoterpene glycosides, the main grape aroma precursors. (unicatt.it)
  • Selected Monoterpenes and Monoterpenoids Myrcene is an acyclic monoterpene, an alkene hydrocarbon Menthol is a monocyclic monoterpenoid Limonene is a monocyclic monoterpene Carvone is a monoterpenoid Hinokitiol is a monoterpenoid, a tropolone derivative Linalool is an acyclic monoterpenoid Bicyclic monoterpenes include carene, sabinene, camphene, and thujene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several monoterpenes produced by trees, such as linalool, hinokitiol, and ocimene have fungicidal and antibacterial activities and participate in wound healing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Estimation of total Terpenoids concentration in plant tissues using a monoterpene, Linalool as standard reagent. (researchsquare.com)
  • In the present study a protocol has been attempted to estimate the total terpenoids concentration of different resin producing plants using a monoterpene, Linalool as standard reagent. (researchsquare.com)
  • This protocol describes a rapid, small-scale, high-throughput assay for approximating the total terpenoids content in plant tissue using a monoterpene, Linalool as standard reagent with conc. (researchsquare.com)
  • Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids are diverse. (wikipedia.org)
  • Geranyl pyrophosphate is the precursor to monoterpenes (and hence monoterpenoids). (wikipedia.org)
  • Such fast oxidation rate of monoterpene even exceeded that of isoprene, which was thought to be the dominant biogenic emitted VOCs. (bioengineer.org)
  • After revealing the potential source of monoterpenes, the researchers used an observation-based box model to quantify the contribution of monoterpene oxidation to local ozone production. (bioengineer.org)
  • It was found that the oxidation of monoterpenes during daytime can provide an additional ozone by about 4 ppb, accounting for about 6% of the total ozone production during the daytime. (bioengineer.org)
  • Here we implement a new BVOC oxidation mechanism (including updated isoprene chemistry, new monoterpene chemistry, and particle uptake of RONO2) in the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model with ∼ 25 × 25 km2 resolution over North America. (nasa.gov)
  • Essential oils are very rich in monoterpenes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Terpinen-4-ol, a monoterpene component of the essential oils of several aromatic plants, exhibits antitumor effects. (hindawi.com)
  • Terpinen-4-ol, a naturally occurring monoterpene found in the essential oils of many aromatic plants including Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), Hajeb Layoun arboreta (Tunisia) and Alpinia zerumbet, has been shown to have antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal effects as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [ 9 - 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings (monocyclic and bicyclic). (wikipedia.org)
  • Umbellulone is another example of bicyclic monoterpene ketone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evolving a Generalist Biosensor for Bicyclic Monoterpenes. (harvard.edu)
  • 2000). The major components of conifer-derived VOCs are monoterpenes (MTs), such as α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, Δ-3-carene, and limonene. (cdc.gov)
  • Notably, two naturally occurring monoterpenes, perillyl alcohol (POH) and limonene (LIM), are currently undergoing clinical trials to evaluate their therapeutic effect [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Monoterpenes play an important role in atmospheric chemistry due to their large anthropogenic and biogenic emission sources and high chemical reactivity. (copernicus.org)
  • In the beginning, we were very confused because the biogenic emission of monoterpene was not able to sustain the observed concentrations with such high level of oxidants. (bioengineer.org)
  • This is due to ozonolysis of monoterpenes like Limonene leading to the production of atmospheric SOA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reaction rates and reaction probabilities have been quantified on model indoor surfaces for the reaction of ozone with two monoterpenes (Delta3-carene and d-limonene). (cdc.gov)
  • Monoterpenes are one of the main chemical constituents of EOs that have appeared in a large number of studies, and their anticancer efficacy has been documented between 2015-2020. (benthamscience.com)
  • This review presents the latest research progress in the use of EOs and monoterpenes as anticancer agents. (benthamscience.com)
  • The deduced that monoterpene emission ratio to CO is also consistent with the reported values from laboratory studies. (bioengineer.org)
  • However, in urban regions with high NOx emission, the role of anthropogenic monoterpenes on ozone production can be sharply enhanced. (bioengineer.org)
  • LPJ-GUESS-driven global emission estimates for isoprene and monoterpenes from the submodel ONEMIS were 546 and 102 Tg yr −1 , respectively. (copernicus.org)
  • Monoterpenes are emitted by forests and form aerosols that are proposed to serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). (wikipedia.org)
  • Although monoterpenes are also emitted in forest regions intensively, people don't worry about their contribution to ozone production, because nitrogen oxides, another precursor for ozone production, is very much limited in such environments. (bioengineer.org)
  • It is known that the metabolism of a monoterpene alcohol is influenced by the yeast strain. (mbaa.com)
  • It was suggested that monoterpene alcohol content in beer became higher with lower DCO2. (mbaa.com)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - Oxygenated monoterpenes-rich volatile oils as potential antifungal agents for dermatophytes. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A study suggests that a range of floor cleaners with certain monoterpenes may cause indoor air pollution equivalent or exceeding the harm to respiratory tracts when the time is spent near a busy road. (wikipedia.org)
  • Accurate and comparable measurements of monoterpenes in indoor and outdoor environments require gaseous primary reference materials (PRMs) that are traceable to the international system of units (SI). (copernicus.org)
  • Targeted Isolation of Monoterpene. (unige.ch)
  • Update on Monoterpenes from Red Macroalgae: Isolation, Analysis, and Bioactivity. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, recent studies showed that large amounts of monoterpenes sourced from the volatile chemical products evaporation in cities like New York, and their environmental impacts deserve further attention. (bioengineer.org)
  • Common physical characteristics of monoterpenes are a low molecular weight (meaning they are small and light compared to other types of molecules), clear in color, free flowing (not viscous), high volatility, and strong aroma. (doterra.com)
  • You will see below that monoterpenes are present in varying amounts in nearly every essential oil! (doterra.com)
  • Among them, anthropogenic monoterpenes absolutely dominated the contribution. (bioengineer.org)
  • Phytochemical investigation of the alkaloid extract of Palicourea sessilis by LC-HRMS/MS using molecular networking and an in silico MS/MS fragmentation approach suggested the presence of several new monoterpene indole alkaloids. (unige.ch)
  • Many monoterpenes found in marine organisms are halogenated, such as halomon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Monoterpenes are found in many parts of different plants, such as barks, heartwood, bark and leaves of coniferous trees, in vegetables, fruits and herbs. (wikipedia.org)
  • EOs were characterised by high amount of oxygenated monoterpenes in their composition. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • When a chemical bond forms between two isoprene units, a 10-carbon molecule called a monoterpene results. (doterra.com)
  • In addition, numerous monoterpenes have been proposed to exert potent antitumor action, and some have shown promising results in the prevention and treatment of a variety of cancers in tumor model systems [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Monoterpenes" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Monoterpenes" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
  • The 115 EOs and 26 monoterpenes obtained from 36 different plant families included in this review show that Asteraceae and Lamiaceae have been the most studied families during this period. (benthamscience.com)
  • Based on the correlation analysis of nocturnal monoterpenes and CO (a tracer of biomass burning), they revealed that monoterpenes were likely emitted from biomass burning. (bioengineer.org)
  • We demonstrate that static PRMs of multiple monoterpenes can be prepared and used as a suitable long-term standard. (copernicus.org)