The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
Abnormal protrusion or billowing of one or both of the leaflets of MITRAL VALVE into the LEFT ATRIUM during SYSTOLE. This allows the backflow of blood into left atrium leading to MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; SYSTOLIC MURMURS; or CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA.
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.
The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.
A type of heart valve surgery that involves the repair, replacement, or reconstruction of the annulus of the MITRAL VALVE. It includes shortening the circumference of the annulus to improve valve closing capacity and reinforcing the annulus as a step in more complex valve repairs.
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).
The tendinous cords that connect each cusp of the two atrioventricular HEART VALVES to appropriate PAPILLARY MUSCLES in the HEART VENTRICLES, preventing the valves from reversing themselves when the ventricles contract.
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart.
Surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves.
A device that substitutes for a heart valve. It may be composed of biological material (BIOPROSTHESIS) and/or synthetic material.
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).
Prosthesis, usually heart valve, composed of biological material and whose durability depends upon the stability of the material after pretreatment, rather than regeneration by host cell ingrowth. Durability is achieved 1, mechanically by the interposition of a cloth, usually polytetrafluoroethylene, between the host and the graft, and 2, chemically by stabilization of the tissue by intermolecular linking, usually with glutaraldehyde, after removal of antigenic components, or the use of reconstituted and restructured biopolymers.
A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
Echocardiography amplified by the addition of depth to the conventional two-dimensional ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY visualizing only the length and width of the heart. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging was first described in 1961 but its application to echocardiography did not take place until 1974. (Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:221-40)
Surgery performed on the heart.
A type of heart valve surgery that involves the repair, replacement, or reconstruction of the annuli of HEART VALVES. It includes shortening the circumference of the annulus to improve valve closing capacity and reinforcing the annulus as a step in more complex valve repairs.
Graphic registration of the heart sounds picked up as vibrations and transformed by a piezoelectric crystal microphone into a varying electrical output according to the stresses imposed by the sound waves. The electrical output is amplified by a stethograph amplifier and recorded by a device incorporated into the electrocardiograph or by a multichannel recording machine.
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.
Backflow of blood from the RIGHT VENTRICLE into the RIGHT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the TRICUSPID VALVE.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.
Echocardiography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image.
Flaps within the VEINS that allow the blood to flow only in one direction. They are usually in the medium size veins that carry blood to the heart against gravity.
Act of listening for sounds within the heart.
Measurement of intracardiac blood flow using an M-mode and/or two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiogram while simultaneously recording the spectrum of the audible Doppler signal (e.g., velocity, direction, amplitude, intensity, timing) reflected from the moving column of red blood cells.
Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.
The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.
A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.
A benign neoplasm derived from connective tissue, consisting chiefly of polyhedral and stellate cells that are loosely embedded in a soft mucoid matrix, thereby resembling primitive mesenchymal tissue. It occurs frequently intramuscularly where it may be mistaken for a sarcoma. It appears also in the jaws and the skin. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by the chordae tendineae.
The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.
The chambers of the heart, to which the BLOOD returns from the circulation.
Disease-related laceration or tearing of tissues of the heart, including the free-wall MYOCARDIUM; HEART SEPTUM; PAPILLARY MUSCLES; CHORDAE TENDINEAE; and any of the HEART VALVES. Pathological rupture usually results from myocardial infarction (HEART RUPTURE, POST-INFARCTION).
Techniques for securing together the edges of a wound, with loops of thread or similar materials (SUTURES).
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Tumors in any part of the heart. They include primary cardiac tumors and metastatic tumors to the heart. Their interference with normal cardiac functions can cause a wide variety of symptoms including HEART FAILURE; CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS; or EMBOLISM.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.
The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
The graphic recording of chest wall movement due to cardiac impulses.
Heart sounds caused by vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart. Heart murmurs can be examined by HEART AUSCULTATION, and analyzed by their intensity (6 grades), duration, timing (systolic, diastolic, or continuous), location, transmission, and quality (musical, vibratory, blowing, etc).
Malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking.
Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs.
Widening of a stenosed HEART VALVE by the insertion of a balloon CATHETER into the valve and inflation of the balloon.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Surgical incision into the chest wall.
The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the PULMONARY VALVE. This lesion restricts blood outflow from the RIGHT VENTRICLE to the PULMONARY ARTERY. When the trileaflet valve is fused into an imperforate membrane, the blockage is complete.
Occlusion of the outflow tract in either the LEFT VENTRICLE or the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This may result from CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS, predisposing heart diseases, complications of surgery, or HEART NEOPLASMS.
The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of SYSTOLE and is heard as a "lubb" sound; the second is produced by the closing of the AORTIC VALVE and PULMONARY VALVE and is heard as a "dupp" sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the HEART ATRIA; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.
An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome is associated with mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin, a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue.
Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of BLOOD from the HEART VENTRICLES to the HEART ATRIA or from the PULMONARY ARTERIES or AORTA to the ventricles.
Making an incision in the STERNUM.
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Procedures that avoid use of open, invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. These generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device.
General or unspecified injuries to the heart.
Radiography of the heart and great vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.
A spectrum of septal defects involving the ATRIAL SEPTUM; VENTRICULAR SEPTUM; and the atrioventricular valves (TRICUSPID VALVE; BICUSPID VALVE). These defects are due to incomplete growth and fusion of the ENDOCARDIAL CUSHIONS which are important in the formation of two atrioventricular canals, site of future atrioventricular valves.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the cardiovascular system, processes, or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers and other electronic equipment.
A conical fibro-serous sac surrounding the HEART and the roots of the great vessels (AORTA; VENAE CAVAE; PULMONARY ARTERY). Pericardium consists of two sacs: the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. The latter consists of an outer parietal layer facing the fibrous pericardium, and an inner visceral layer (epicardium) resting next to the heart, and a pericardial cavity between these two layers.
The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
Surgery performed on the heart or blood vessels.
This structure includes the thin muscular atrial septum between the two HEART ATRIA, and the thick muscular ventricular septum between the two HEART VENTRICLES.
The period following a surgical operation.
Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks.
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A localized bulging or dilatation in the muscle wall of a heart (MYOCARDIUM), usually in the LEFT VENTRICLE. Blood-filled aneurysms are dangerous because they may burst. Fibrous aneurysms interfere with the heart function through the loss of contractility. True aneurysm is bound by the vessel wall or cardiac wall. False aneurysms are HEMATOMA caused by myocardial rupture.
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.
Post-systolic relaxation of the HEART, especially the HEART VENTRICLES.
Period of contraction of the HEART, especially of the HEART VENTRICLES.
Motion picture study of successive images appearing on a fluoroscopic screen.
A surgical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Two major types of thoracic surgery are classified as pulmonary and cardiovascular.
A long, narrow, and flat bone commonly known as BREASTBONE occurring in the midsection of the anterior thoracic segment or chest region, which stabilizes the rib cage and serves as the point of origin for several muscles that move the arms, head, and neck.
A condition characterized by a combination of OSTIUM SECUNDUM ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT and an acquired MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS.
A condition characterized by the thickening of ENDOCARDIUM due to proliferation of fibrous and elastic tissue, usually in the left ventricle leading to impaired cardiac function (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE). It is most commonly seen in young children and rarely in adults. It is often associated with congenital heart anomalies (HEART DEFECTS CONGENITAL;) INFECTION; or gene mutation. Defects in the tafazzin protein, encoded by TAZ gene, result in a form of autosomal dominant familial endocardial fibroelastosis.
Removal of an implanted therapeutic or prosthetic device.
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the ATRIAL SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. Classification of atrial septal defects is based on location of the communication and types of incomplete fusion of atrial septa with the ENDOCARDIAL CUSHIONS in the fetal heart. They include ostium primum, ostium secundum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects.
Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the LEFT ATRIUM.
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.
Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.
Abnormalities in any part of the HEART SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communication between the left and the right chambers of the heart. The abnormal blood flow inside the heart may be caused by defects in the ATRIAL SEPTUM, the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM, or both.
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.
Abnormal protrusion of one or more of the leaflets of TRICUSPID VALVE into the RIGHT ATRIUM during SYSTOLE. This allows the backflow of blood into right atrium leading to TRICUSPID VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; SYSTOLIC MURMURS. Its most common cause is not primary valve abnormality but rather the dilation of the RIGHT VENTRICLE and the tricuspid annulus.
The valve, at the junction of the CECUM with the COLON, that guards the opening where the ILEUM enters the LARGE INTESTINE.
Methods of creating machines and devices.
Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
Infections resulting from the implantation of prosthetic devices. The infections may be acquired from intraoperative contamination (early) or hematogenously acquired from other sites (late).
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

Chordal force distribution determines systolic mitral leaflet configuration and severity of functional mitral regurgitation. (1/2148)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the chordae tendineae force distribution on systolic mitral leaflet geometry and mitral valve competence in vitro. BACKGROUND: Functional mitral regurgitation is caused by changes in several elements of the valve apparatus. Interaction among these have to comply with the chordal force distribution defined by the chordal coapting forces (F(c)) created by the transmitral pressure difference, which close the leaflets and the chordal tethering forces (FT) pulling the leaflets apart. METHODS: Porcine mitral valves (n = 5) were mounted in a left ventricular model where leading edge chordal forces measured by dedicated miniature force transducers were controlled by changing left ventricular pressure and papillary muscle position. Chordae geometry and occlusional leaflet area (OLA) needed to cover the leaflet orifice for a given leaflet configuration were determined by two-dimensional echo and reconstructed three-dimensionally. Occlusional leaflet area was used as expression for incomplete leaflet coaptation. Regurgitant fraction (RF) was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter. RESULTS: Mixed procedure statistics revealed a linear correlation between the sum of the chordal net forces, sigma[Fc - FT]S, and OLA with regression coefficient (minimum - maximum) beta = -115 to -65 [mm2/N]; p < 0.001 and RF (beta = -0.06 to -0.01 [%/N]; p < 0.001). Increasing FT by papillary muscle malalignment restricted leaflet mobility, resulting in a tented leaflet configuration due to an apical and posterior shift of the coaptation line. Anterior leaflet coapting forces increased due to mitral leaflet remodeling, which generated a nonuniform regurgitant orifice area. CONCLUSIONS: Altered chordal force distribution caused functional mitral regurgitation based on tented leaflet configuration as observed clinically.  (+info)

Changes in porcine transmitral flow velocity pattern and its diastolic determinants during partial coronary occlusion. (2/2148)

OBJECTIVES: To define the mechanical determinants of transmitral flow and the effect of heart rate during regional ischemia. BACKGROUND: Myocardial ischemia changes the transmitral flow velocity pattern due to disease-induced changes in the heart's diastolic properties. METHODS: Regional ischemia was produced in 12 pigs by partially occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery until segment-length shortening in the ischemic region fell by 20%. Transmitral flow velocity patterns and their determinants were measured under two conditions, baseline and ischemia, at two heart rates, 70 and 90 beats/min. RESULTS: Regional ischemia had a significant effect on two determinants of filling: relaxation, which was slower, and chamber stiffness, which increased. These changes were associated with reduced contractility and increased myocardial stiffness, resulting in an early transmitral flow pattern that was flatter and narrower, but no change in the late flow pattern. Moderate increases in heart rate accelerated relaxation and decreased atrioventricular pressure gradient but had no effect on contractility or myocardial or chamber stiffness, resulting in an early transmitral flow pattern that was flatter and narrower and an increased late flow velocity. CONCLUSIONS: This model of regional ischemia leads to a flatter and narrower early transmitral flow velocity pattern and no change in late flow due to a combination of slowed left ventricular relaxation and increased chamber stiffness. Reflex increases in heart rate that accompany ischemia tend to mask this effect.  (+info)

Effects of permanent dual-chamber pacing on mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. (3/2148)

AIMS: To assess the effects of chronic dual-chamber pacing on mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-three patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and mitral regurgitation. treated with DDD pacing for 16 +/- 14 months, were included in the study. Mitral regurgitation was assessed by Doppler-echocardiography using semi-quantitative analysis (grades I-IV) and by measuring the maximum regurgitant jet area/left atrial area ratio. At the end of follow-up, DDD pacing reduced the outflow gradient from 93 +/- 37 mmHg to 31 +/- 30 mmHg (P<0.0001). Nine of the 14 patients who initially had > or =grade II mitral regurgitation improved by at least one grade, two of them exhibiting dramatic improvement (from grade IV and III to grade I). The regurgitant jet area/left atrial area ratio was reduced with DDD pacing from 20 +/- 13% to 11 +/- 6% (P<0.0001). Patients who had significant mitral regurgitation despite pacing were those whose outflow gradient remained high or those with mitral valve organic abnormalities (mitral annulus calcification or mitral valve prolapse). In the absence of organic abnormalities other than leaflet elongation, there was a significant correlation between the gradient value achieved with DDD pacing and the extent of mitral regurgitation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: In the absence of organic mitral valve abnormalities, DDD pacing reduces in parallel mitral regurgitation and left ventricular outflow gradient. In such patients therefore, significant mitral regurgitation is not a contraindication to pacing.  (+info)

Perivalvular abscesses associated with endocarditis; clinical features and prognostic factors of overall survival in a series of 233 cases. Perivalvular Abscesses French Multicentre Study. (4/2148)

AIMS: The purposes of this study were to determine the clinical features and to identify prognostic factors of abscesses associated with infective endocarditis. METHODS AND RESULTS: During a 5-year period from January 1989, 233 patients with perivalvular abscesses associated with infective endocarditis were enrolled in a retrospective multicentre study. Of the patients, 213 received medical surgical therapy and 20 medical therapy alone. No causative microorganism could be identified in 31% of cases. Sensitivity for the detection of abscesses was 36 and 80%, respectively using transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography. Surgical treatment consisted of primary suture of the abscess (38%), insertion of a felt aortic or mitral ring using Teflon or pericardium (42%), or debridment of the abscess cavity (20%). The 1 month operative mortality was 16%. Actuarial rates for overall survival at 3 and 27 months in operated patients were 75 +/- 10% and 59 +/- 11%, respectively. Increasing patient age, staphylococcal infection, and fistulization of the abscess were found to be independent risk factors in both 1 month and overall operative mortality. Renal failure was a risk factor predictive of operative mortality at 1 month, whereas uncontrolled infection and circumferential abscess were regarded as risk factors predictive of overall operative mortality. CONCLUSION: The data determined prognostic factors of abscesses associated with infective endocarditis.  (+info)

Intraoperative left ventricular perforation with false aneurysm formation. (5/2148)

Two cases of perforation of the left ventricle during mitral valve replacement are described. In the first case there was perforation at the site of papillary muscle excision and this was recognized and successfully treated. However, a true ventricular aneurysm developed at the repair site. One month after operation rupture of the left ventricle occurred at a second and separate site on the posterior aspect of the atrioventricular ring. This resulted in a false aneurysm which produced a pansystolic murmur mimicking mitral regurgitation. Both the true and the false aneurysm were successfully repaired. In the second case perforation occurred on the posterior aspect of the atrioventricular ring and was successfully repaired. However, a false ventricular aneurysm developed and ruptured into the left atrium producing severe, but silent, mitral regurgitation. This was recognized and successfully repaired. The implications of these cases are discussed.  (+info)

Echocardiographic diagnosis of large fungal verruca attached to mitral valve. (6/2148)

In a patient with endocarditis due to Candida tropicalis echocardiograms from mitral valve vegetations were found to mimic the typical pattern of a left atrial myxoma. A mass was shown occupying the mitral orifice posterior to the anterior mitral leaflet; densities also appeared in the left atrium. Though these echocardiographic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of a left atrial myxoma, there were other distinctive differential diagnostic features. Other diagnostic possibilities must, therefore, be considered in the interpretation of echocardiograms which suggest left atrial tumour.  (+info)

Long-term clinical and echocardiographic follow-up after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty with the Inoue balloon. (7/2148)

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess the long-term clinical outcome and valvular changes (area and regurgitation) after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV). METHODS AND RESULTS: After PMV, 561 patients were followed up for 39 (+/-23) months and clinical/echocardiographic data obtained yearly. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to estimate event-free survival, its predictors, and the relative risks of several patient subgroups. There were several nonexclusive events: 19 (3.3%) cardiac deaths, 55 (9.8%) mitral replacements, 6 (1%) repeated PMVs, 56 (10%) cases of restenosis, and 108 (19%) cases of clinical impairment. Survival free of major events (cardiac death, mitral surgery, repeat PMV, or functional impairment) was 69% at 7 years, ranging from 88% to 40% in different subgroups of patients. Wilkins score was the best preprocedural predictor of mitral opening, but the procedural result (mitral area and regurgitation) was the only independent predictor of major event-free survival. Mitral area loss, though mild [0.13 (+/-0.21)cm2], increased with time and was >/=0.3 cm2 in 12%, 22%, and 27% of patients at 3, 5, and 7 years, respectively. Regurgitation did not progress in 81% of patients, and when it occurred it was usually by 1 grade. CONCLUSIONS: Seven years after PMV, more than two thirds of patients were in good clinical condition and free of any major event. The procedural result was the main determinant of long-term outcome, although a high score had also negative implications. Mitral area decreased progressively over time, whereas regurgitation did not tend to progress.  (+info)

Mobile echoes on prosthetic valves are not reproducible. Results and clinical implications of a multicentre study. (8/2148)

AIMS: To test the hypothesis that inter-observer variability accounts for the wide variation in reported prevalences of fibrin strands on prosthetic heart valves and to develop criteria for their identification and reporting. METHODS AND RESULTS: A videotape with 30 sequences of prosthetic heart valves imaged by transoesophageal echocardiography and showing abnormalities such as strands, microbubbles, and spontaneous echocardiographic contrast, was assessed in 13 European and three American centres. There were three duplicated examples, unbeknown to the observers. Definitions and reported prevalence rates of the abnormalities were analysed, and inter- and intra-observer agreement estimated with the kappa statistic. Mobile echoes were identified in 40 to 80% of the sequences on the tape. The reported prevalence of mobile echoes correlated with the time spent reporting the tape. There was moderate inter-observer agreement for the identification of any mobile echoes (kappa = 0.38), but no agreement for their labelling (kappa = 0.22), in spite of similar definitions. Intra-observer reproducibility was good (agreement in 76% of the reduplicated sequences). CONCLUSIONS: The true prevalence and potential significance of mobile echoes on prosthetic heart valves cannot be assessed unless inter-observer consensus on echocardiographic criteria for identifying such echoes is reached.  (+info)

The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, is a two-leaflet valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart. Its function is to ensure unidirectional flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle during the cardiac cycle. The mitral valve consists of two leaflets (anterior and posterior), the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and the left atrial and ventricular myocardium. Dysfunction of the mitral valve can lead to various heart conditions such as mitral regurgitation or mitral stenosis.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a heart condition where the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart, doesn't function properly. In MVP, one or both of the mitral valve flaps (known as leaflets) bulge or billow into the left atrium during the contraction of the left ventricle. This prolapse can cause a leakage of blood back into the atrium, known as mitral regurgitation. In many cases, MVP is asymptomatic and doesn't require treatment, but in some instances, it may lead to complications such as infective endocarditis or arrhythmias. The exact causes of MVP are not fully understood, but it can be associated with certain genetic factors, connective tissue disorders, and mitral valve abnormalities present at birth.

Mitral valve insufficiency, also known as mitral regurgitation, is a cardiac condition in which the mitral valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward into the atrium during contraction of the ventricle. This leads to an increased volume load on the left heart chamber and can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. The condition can be caused by various factors including valve damage due to degenerative changes, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, or trauma. Treatment options include medication, mitral valve repair, or replacement surgery depending on the severity and underlying cause of the insufficiency.

Mitral valve stenosis is a cardiac condition characterized by the narrowing or stiffening of the mitral valve, one of the four heart valves that regulate blood flow through the heart. This narrowing prevents the mitral valve from fully opening during diastole (relaxation phase of the heart cycle), leading to restricted flow of oxygenated blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle.

The narrowing or stiffening of the mitral valve can be caused by various factors, such as rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart defects, aging, or calcium deposits on the valve leaflets. As a result, the left atrium has to work harder to pump blood into the left ventricle, causing increased pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary veins. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, coughing, and heart palpitations.

Mitral valve stenosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging techniques like echocardiography or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications, as well as surgical interventions such as mitral valve repair or replacement to alleviate the stenosis and improve heart function.

The aortic valve is the valve located between the left ventricle (the lower left chamber of the heart) and the aorta (the largest artery in the body, which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body). It is made up of three thin flaps or leaflets that open and close to regulate blood flow. During a heartbeat, the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta, and then closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricle when it relaxes. Any abnormality or damage to this valve can lead to various cardiovascular conditions such as aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or infective endocarditis.

Mitral valve annuloplasty is a surgical procedure that involves repairing and reinforcing the mitral valve in the heart, which helps control blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle. The procedure typically aims to reduce the size of the mitral valve's dilated or stretched opening (annulus) by implanting a prosthetic ring or band around it. This reinforcement helps restore normal valve function, preventing regurgitation or backflow of blood into the atrium during heart contractions.

The procedure is often performed to treat mitral valve regurgitation, which can be caused by various factors such as age-related degenerative changes, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, or congenital abnormalities. Mitral valve annuloplasty may be done alone or in combination with other cardiac surgeries like mitral valve replacement or repair of the valve leaflets.

Heart valve diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function of one or more of the heart's four valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic). These valves are responsible for controlling the direction and flow of blood through the heart. Heart valve diseases can cause the valves to become narrowed (stenosis), leaky (regurgitation or insufficiency), or improperly closed (prolapse), leading to disrupted blood flow within the heart and potentially causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and irregular heart rhythms. The causes of heart valve diseases can include congenital defects, age-related degenerative changes, infections, rheumatic heart disease, and high blood pressure. Treatment options may include medications, surgical repair or replacement of the affected valve(s), or transcatheter procedures.

The chordae tendineae are cord-like tendons that attach the heart's papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves in the heart. They play a crucial role in preventing the backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. The chordae tendineae ensure that the cusps of the atrioventricular valves close properly and maintain their shape during the cardiac cycle. Damage to these tendons can result in heart conditions such as mitral or tricuspid valve regurgitation.

Aortic valve stenosis is a cardiac condition characterized by the narrowing or stiffening of the aortic valve, which separates the left ventricle (the heart's main pumping chamber) from the aorta (the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body). This narrowing or stiffening prevents the aortic valve from opening fully, resulting in reduced blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and the rest of the body.

The narrowing can be caused by several factors, including congenital heart defects, calcification (hardening) of the aortic valve due to aging, or scarring of the valve due to rheumatic fever or other inflammatory conditions. As a result, the left ventricle must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed valve, which can lead to thickening and enlargement of the left ventricular muscle (left ventricular hypertrophy).

Symptoms of aortic valve stenosis may include chest pain or tightness, shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness or fainting, and heart palpitations. Severe aortic valve stenosis can lead to serious complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or even sudden cardiac death. Treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms, lifestyle changes, or surgical intervention such as aortic valve replacement.

The tricuspid valve is the heart valve that separates the right atrium and the right ventricle in the human heart. It is called "tricuspid" because it has three leaflets or cusps, which are also referred to as flaps or segments. These cusps are named anterior, posterior, and septal. The tricuspid valve's function is to prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atrium during systole, ensuring unidirectional flow of blood through the heart.

Heart valve prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial heart valve is inserted to replace a damaged or malfunctioning native heart valve. This can be necessary for patients with valvular heart disease, including stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leaking), who do not respond to medical management and are at risk of heart failure or other complications.

There are two main types of artificial heart valves used in prosthesis implantation: mechanical valves and biological valves. Mechanical valves are made of synthetic materials, such as carbon and metal, and can last a long time but require lifelong anticoagulation therapy to prevent blood clots from forming. Biological valves, on the other hand, are made from animal or human tissue and typically do not require anticoagulation therapy but may have a limited lifespan and may need to be replaced in the future.

The decision to undergo heart valve prosthesis implantation is based on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, type and severity of valvular disease, and personal preferences. The procedure can be performed through traditional open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques, such as robotic-assisted surgery or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Recovery time varies depending on the approach used and individual patient factors.

A heart valve prosthesis is a medical device that is implanted in the heart to replace a damaged or malfunctioning heart valve. The prosthetic valve can be made of biological tissue (such as from a pig or cow) or artificial materials (such as carbon or polyester). Its function is to allow for the proper directional flow of blood through the heart, opening and closing with each heartbeat to prevent backflow of blood.

There are several types of heart valve prostheses, including:

1. Mechanical valves: These are made entirely of artificial materials and have a longer lifespan than biological valves. However, they require the patient to take blood-thinning medication for the rest of their life to prevent blood clots from forming on the valve.
2. Bioprosthetic valves: These are made of biological tissue and typically last 10-15 years before needing replacement. They do not require the patient to take blood-thinning medication, but there is a higher risk of reoperation due to degeneration of the tissue over time.
3. Homografts or allografts: These are human heart valves that have been donated and preserved for transplantation. They have similar longevity to bioprosthetic valves and do not require blood-thinning medication.
4. Autografts: In this case, the patient's own pulmonary valve is removed and used to replace the damaged aortic valve. This procedure is called the Ross procedure and has excellent long-term results, but it requires advanced surgical skills and is not widely available.

The choice of heart valve prosthesis depends on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health, lifestyle, and personal preferences.

Aortic valve insufficiency, also known as aortic regurgitation or aortic incompetence, is a cardiac condition in which the aortic valve does not close properly during the contraction phase of the heart cycle. This allows blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta, instead of being pumped out to the rest of the body. As a result, the left ventricle must work harder to maintain adequate cardiac output, which can lead to left ventricular enlargement and heart failure over time if left untreated.

The aortic valve is a trileaflet valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta. During systole (the contraction phase of the heart cycle), the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta and then distributed to the rest of the body. During diastole (the relaxation phase of the heart cycle), the aortic valve closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

Aortic valve insufficiency can be caused by various conditions, including congenital heart defects, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, Marfan syndrome, and trauma. Symptoms of aortic valve insufficiency may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, palpitations, and edema (swelling). Diagnosis is typically made through physical examination, echocardiography, and other imaging studies. Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition and may include medication, surgery to repair or replace the aortic valve, or a combination of both.

A bioprosthesis is a type of medical implant that is made from biological materials, such as heart valves or tendons taken from animals (xenografts) or humans (allografts). These materials are processed and sterilized to be used in surgical procedures to replace damaged or diseased tissues in the body.

Bioprosthetic implants are often used in cardiac surgery, such as heart valve replacement, because they are less likely to cause an immune response than synthetic materials. However, they may have a limited lifespan due to calcification and degeneration of the biological tissue over time. Therefore, bioprosthetic implants may need to be replaced after several years.

Bioprostheses can also be used in other types of surgical procedures, such as ligament or tendon repair, where natural tissue is needed to restore function and mobility. These prostheses are designed to mimic the properties of native tissues and provide a more physiological solution than synthetic materials.

The pulmonary valve, also known as the pulmonic valve, is a semilunar valve located at the exit of the right ventricle of the heart and the beginning of the pulmonary artery. It has three cusps or leaflets that prevent the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during ventricular diastole, ensuring unidirectional flow of blood towards the lungs for oxygenation.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a type of echocardiogram, which is a medical test that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart. In TEE, a special probe containing a transducer is passed down the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach) to obtain views of the heart from behind. This allows for more detailed images of the heart structures and function compared to a standard echocardiogram, which uses a probe placed on the chest. TEE is often used in patients with poor image quality from a standard echocardiogram or when more detailed images are needed to diagnose or monitor certain heart conditions. It is typically performed by a trained cardiologist or sonographer under the direction of a cardiologist.

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is defined as a chronic heart condition caused by damage to the heart valves due to untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal throat infection (strep throat). The immune system's response to this infection can mistakenly attack and damage the heart tissue, leading to inflammation and scarring of the heart valves. This damage can result in narrowing, leakage, or abnormal functioning of the heart valves, which can further lead to complications such as heart failure, stroke, or infective endocarditis.

RHD is a preventable and treatable condition if detected early and managed effectively. It primarily affects children and young adults in developing countries where access to healthcare and antibiotics for strep throat infections may be limited. Long-term management of RHD typically involves medications, regular monitoring, and sometimes surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is a type of cardiac ultrasound that uses advanced technologies to create a real-time, detailed 3D image of the heart. This imaging technique provides a more comprehensive view of the heart's structure and function compared to traditional 2D echocardiography. By visualizing the heart from multiple angles, 3DE can help physicians better assess complex cardiac conditions, plan treatments, and monitor their effectiveness.

In a 3DE examination, a transducer (a handheld device that emits and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest to capture ultrasound data. This data is then processed by specialized software to create a 3D model of the heart. The procedure is non-invasive and typically takes less than an hour to complete.

Three-dimensional echocardiography has several clinical applications, including:

1. Evaluation of cardiac morphology and function in congenital heart disease
2. Assessment of valvular structure and function, such as mitral or aortic valve regurgitation or stenosis
3. Guidance during interventional procedures like transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
4. Quantification of left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and mass
5. Assessment of right ventricular size and function
6. Detection and monitoring of cardiac tumors or other masses
7. Pre-surgical planning for complex heart surgeries

Overall, 3DE offers a more accurate and detailed view of the heart, allowing healthcare providers to make informed decisions about patient care and improve outcomes.

Cardiac surgical procedures are operations that are performed on the heart or great vessels (the aorta and vena cava) by cardiothoracic surgeons. These surgeries are often complex and require a high level of skill and expertise. Some common reasons for cardiac surgical procedures include:

1. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): This is a surgery to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with coronary artery disease. During the procedure, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to create a detour around the blocked or narrowed portion of the coronary artery.
2. Valve repair or replacement: The heart has four valves that control blood flow through and out of the heart. If one or more of these valves become damaged or diseased, they may need to be repaired or replaced. This can be done using artificial valves or valves from animal or human donors.
3. Aneurysm repair: An aneurysm is a weakened area in the wall of an artery that can bulge out and potentially rupture. If an aneurysm occurs in the aorta, it may require surgical repair to prevent rupture.
4. Heart transplantation: In some cases, heart failure may be so severe that a heart transplant is necessary. This involves removing the diseased heart and replacing it with a healthy donor heart.
5. Arrhythmia surgery: Certain types of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) may require surgical treatment. One such procedure is called the Maze procedure, which involves creating a pattern of scar tissue in the heart to disrupt the abnormal electrical signals that cause the arrhythmia.
6. Congenital heart defect repair: Some people are born with structural problems in their hearts that require surgical correction. These may include holes between the chambers of the heart or abnormal blood vessels.

Cardiac surgical procedures carry risks, including bleeding, infection, stroke, and death. However, for many patients, these surgeries can significantly improve their quality of life and longevity.

Cardiac valve annuloplasty is a surgical procedure that involves repairing and reinforcing the ring-like structure (annulus) surrounding the heart valves, primarily the mitral or tricuspid valves. This procedure is often performed to correct valve leaks or regurgitation caused by various conditions such as valve disease or dilated cardiomyopathy.

During the annuloplasty procedure, the surgeon typically uses an artificial ring-like device (annuloplasty ring) made of fabric, metal, or a combination of both to reshape and stabilize the damaged annulus. The ring is sewn in place, reducing the size of the valve opening and helping the valve leaflets to coapt properly, thereby preventing valve leaks and improving heart function.

Annuloplasty can be performed as a standalone procedure or in combination with other cardiac surgeries such as valve replacement or repair. The specific technique and approach may vary depending on the individual patient's needs and the surgeon's preference.

Phonocardiography is a non-invasive medical procedure that involves the graphical representation and analysis of sounds produced by the heart. It uses a device called a phonocardiograph to record these sounds, which are then displayed as waveforms on a screen. The procedure is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic techniques, such as electrocardiography (ECG), to help diagnose various heart conditions, including valvular heart disease and heart murmurs.

During the procedure, a specialized microphone called a phonendoscope is placed on the chest wall over the area of the heart. The microphone picks up the sounds generated by the heart's movements, such as the closing and opening of the heart valves, and transmits them to the phonocardiograph. The phonocardiograph then converts these sounds into a visual representation, which can be analyzed for any abnormalities or irregularities in the heart's function.

Phonocardiography is a valuable tool for healthcare professionals, as it can provide important insights into the health and functioning of the heart. By analyzing the waveforms produced during phonocardiography, doctors can identify any potential issues with the heart's valves or other structures, which may require further investigation or treatment. Overall, phonocardiography is an essential component of modern cardiac diagnostics, helping to ensure that patients receive accurate and timely diagnoses for their heart conditions.

Bacterial endocarditis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and infection of the inner layer of the heart, known as the endocardium. This infection typically occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach themselves to damaged or abnormal heart valves or other parts of the endocardium. The bacteria can then multiply and cause the formation of vegetations, which are clusters of infected tissue that can further damage the heart valves and lead to serious complications such as heart failure, stroke, or even death if left untreated.

Bacterial endocarditis is a relatively uncommon but potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention. Risk factors for developing bacterial endocarditis include pre-existing heart conditions such as congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, previous history of endocarditis, or other conditions that damage the heart valves. Intravenous drug use is also a significant risk factor for this condition.

Symptoms of bacterial endocarditis may include fever, chills, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a new or changing heart murmur. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood cultures, and imaging tests such as echocardiography. Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics to eradicate the infection, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Tricuspid valve insufficiency, also known as tricuspid regurgitation, is a cardiac condition in which the tricuspid valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the right atrium during contraction of the right ventricle. This results in a portion of the blood being pumped inefficiently, which can lead to volume overload of the right side of the heart and potentially result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with common causes including dilated cardiomyopathy, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and trauma.

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart chambers and heart valves, called the endocardium. This inflammation typically results from a bacterial or, less commonly, fungal infection that travels through the bloodstream and attaches to damaged areas of the heart.

There are two main types of endocarditis:

1. Acute Endocarditis: Develops quickly and can be severe, causing fever, chills, shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart murmurs. It may lead to serious complications like heart failure, embolism (blood clots that travel to other parts of the body), and damage to heart valves.

2. Subacute Endocarditis: Develops more slowly, often causing milder symptoms that can be mistaken for a cold or flu. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, weight loss, joint pain, and heart murmurs. Subacute endocarditis is more likely to affect people with previously damaged heart valves or congenital heart conditions.

Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics or antifungal medications, depending on the cause of the infection. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair or replace damaged heart valves. Preventive measures include good oral hygiene and prompt treatment of infections, especially in individuals at a higher risk for endocarditis, such as those with congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, or previous history of endocarditis.

Echocardiography, Doppler, color is a type of ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create detailed moving images of the heart and its blood vessels. In this technique, color Doppler is used to visualize the direction and speed of blood flow through the heart and great vessels. The movement of the red blood cells causes a change in frequency of the reflected sound waves (Doppler shift), which can be used to calculate the velocity and direction of the blood flow. By adding color to the Doppler image, it becomes easier for the interpreting physician to understand the complex three-dimensional motion of blood through the heart. This test is often used to diagnose and monitor various heart conditions, including valve disorders, congenital heart defects, and cardiac muscle diseases.

Venous valves are one-way flaps made of thin, flexible tissue that lie inside your veins. They allow blood to flow towards the heart but prevent it from flowing backward. These valves are especially important in the veins of the legs, where they help to counteract the force of gravity and ensure that blood flows back up to the heart. When venous valves become damaged or weakened, blood can pool in the veins, leading to conditions such as varicose veins or chronic venous insufficiency.

Heart auscultation is a medical procedure in which a healthcare professional uses a stethoscope to listen to the sounds produced by the heart. The process involves placing the stethoscope on various locations of the chest wall to hear different areas of the heart.

The sounds heard during auscultation are typically related to the opening and closing of the heart valves, as well as the turbulence created by blood flow through the heart chambers. These sounds can provide important clues about the structure and function of the heart, allowing healthcare professionals to diagnose various cardiovascular conditions such as heart murmurs, valvular disorders, and abnormal heart rhythms.

Heart auscultation is a key component of a physical examination and requires proper training and experience to interpret the findings accurately.

Doppler echocardiography is a type of ultrasound test that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart and its blood vessels. It measures the direction and speed of blood flow in the heart and major blood vessels leading to and from the heart. This helps to evaluate various conditions such as valve problems, congenital heart defects, and heart muscle diseases.

In Doppler echocardiography, a small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the chest, which emits sound waves that bounce off the heart and blood vessels. The transducer then picks up the returning echoes, which are processed by a computer to create moving images of the heart.

The Doppler effect is used to measure the speed and direction of blood flow. This occurs when the frequency of the sound waves changes as they bounce off moving objects, such as red blood cells. By analyzing these changes, the ultrasound machine can calculate the velocity and direction of blood flow in different parts of the heart.

Doppler echocardiography is a non-invasive test that does not require any needles or dyes. It is generally safe and painless, although patients may experience some discomfort from the pressure applied by the transducer on the chest. The test usually takes about 30 to 60 minutes to complete.

Catheterization is a medical procedure in which a catheter (a flexible tube) is inserted into the body to treat various medical conditions or for diagnostic purposes. The specific definition can vary depending on the area of medicine and the particular procedure being discussed. Here are some common types of catheterization:

1. Urinary catheterization: This involves inserting a catheter through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine. It is often performed to manage urinary retention, monitor urine output in critically ill patients, or assist with surgical procedures.
2. Cardiac catheterization: A procedure where a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or arm, and guided to the heart. This allows for various diagnostic tests and treatments, such as measuring pressures within the heart chambers, assessing blood flow, or performing angioplasty and stenting of narrowed coronary arteries.
3. Central venous catheterization: A catheter is inserted into a large vein, typically in the neck, chest, or groin, to administer medications, fluids, or nutrition, or to monitor central venous pressure.
4. Peritoneal dialysis catheterization: A catheter is placed into the abdominal cavity for individuals undergoing peritoneal dialysis, a type of kidney replacement therapy.
5. Neurological catheterization: In some cases, a catheter may be inserted into the cerebrospinal fluid space (lumbar puncture) or the brain's ventricular system (ventriculostomy) to diagnose or treat various neurological conditions.

These are just a few examples of catheterization procedures in medicine. The specific definition and purpose will depend on the medical context and the particular organ or body system involved.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Cardiac catheterization is a medical procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions. In this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm or leg and threaded up to the heart. The catheter can be used to perform various diagnostic tests, such as measuring the pressure inside the heart chambers and assessing the function of the heart valves.

Cardiac catheterization can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions, such as narrowed or blocked arteries. In these cases, a balloon or stent may be inserted through the catheter to open up the blood vessel and improve blood flow. This procedure is known as angioplasty or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Cardiac catheterization is typically performed in a hospital cardiac catheterization laboratory by a team of healthcare professionals, including cardiologists, radiologists, and nurses. The procedure may be done under local anesthesia with sedation or general anesthesia, depending on the individual patient's needs and preferences.

Overall, cardiac catheterization is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of various heart conditions, and it can help improve symptoms, reduce complications, and prolong life for many patients.

A prolapse is a medical condition where an organ or tissue in the body slips from its normal position and drops down into a lower part of the body. This usually occurs when the muscles and ligaments that support the organ become weak or stretched. The most common types of prolapses include:

* Uterine prolapse: When the uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina.
* Rectal prolapse: When the rectum (the lower end of the colon) slips outside the anus.
* Bladder prolapse (cystocele): When the bladder drops into the vagina.
* Small bowel prolapse (enterocele): When the small intestine bulges into the vagina.

Prolapses can cause various symptoms, such as discomfort, pain, pressure, and difficulty with urination or bowel movements. Treatment options depend on the severity of the prolapse and may include lifestyle changes, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.

A reoperation is a surgical procedure that is performed again on a patient who has already undergone a previous operation for the same or related condition. Reoperations may be required due to various reasons, such as inadequate initial treatment, disease recurrence, infection, or complications from the first surgery. The nature and complexity of a reoperation can vary widely depending on the specific circumstances, but it often carries higher risks and potential complications compared to the original operation.

A myxoma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops in the heart, specifically in the heart's chambers or valves. It is the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults and typically affects the left atrium. Myxomas are composed of gelatinous, mucoid material and may have a stalk-like attachment to the endocardium (the inner lining of the heart).

Myxomas can vary in size and may cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, coughing, and fever. These symptoms are due to obstruction of blood flow within the heart or embolization (detachment and travel) of tumor fragments to other parts of the body. Surgical removal is usually required to treat myxomas, as they can lead to serious complications if left untreated.

Papillary muscles are specialized muscle structures located in the heart, specifically in the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). They are attached to the tricuspid and mitral valves' leaflets via tendinous cords, also known as chordae tendineae. The main function of papillary muscles is to prevent the backflow of blood during contraction by providing tension to the valve leaflets through these tendinous cords.

There are two sets of papillary muscles in the heart:

1. Anterior and posterior papillary muscles in the left ventricle, which are attached to the mitral (bicuspid) valve.
2. Three smaller papillary muscles in the right ventricle, which are attached to the tricuspid valve.

These muscle structures play a crucial role in maintaining proper blood flow through the heart and ensuring efficient cardiac function.

Prosthesis design is a specialized field in medical device technology that involves creating and developing artificial substitutes to replace a missing body part, such as a limb, tooth, eye, or internal organ. The design process typically includes several stages: assessment of the patient's needs, selection of appropriate materials, creation of a prototype, testing and refinement, and final fabrication and fitting of the prosthesis.

The goal of prosthesis design is to create a device that functions as closely as possible to the natural body part it replaces, while also being comfortable, durable, and aesthetically pleasing for the patient. The design process may involve collaboration between medical professionals, engineers, and designers, and may take into account factors such as the patient's age, lifestyle, occupation, and overall health.

Prosthesis design can be highly complex, particularly for advanced devices such as robotic limbs or implantable organs. These devices often require sophisticated sensors, actuators, and control systems to mimic the natural functions of the body part they replace. As a result, prosthesis design is an active area of research and development in the medical field, with ongoing efforts to improve the functionality, comfort, and affordability of these devices for patients.

The heart atria are the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins and deliver it to the lower chambers, or ventricles. There are two atria in the heart: the right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle, which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated; and the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle, which then sends it out to the rest of the body. The atria contract before the ventricles during each heartbeat, helping to fill the ventricles with blood and prepare them for contraction.

A heart rupture, also known as cardiac rupture, is a serious and life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a tear or hole in the muscle wall of the heart. This can happen as a result of a severe injury to the heart, such as from a car accident or a fall, or it can occur as a complication of a heart attack.

During a heart attack, blood flow to a portion of the heart is blocked, causing the heart muscle to become damaged and die. If the damage is extensive, the weakened heart muscle may rupture, leading to bleeding into the pericardial sac (the space surrounding the heart) or into one of the heart chambers.

A heart rupture can cause sudden cardiac arrest and death if not treated immediately. Symptoms of a heart rupture may include chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, and loss of consciousness. Treatment typically involves emergency surgery to repair or replace the damaged portion of the heart.

Suture techniques refer to the various methods used by surgeons to sew or stitch together tissues in the body after an injury, trauma, or surgical incision. The main goal of suturing is to approximate and hold the edges of the wound together, allowing for proper healing and minimizing scar formation.

There are several types of suture techniques, including:

1. Simple Interrupted Suture: This is one of the most basic suture techniques where the needle is passed through the tissue at a right angle, creating a loop that is then tightened to approximate the wound edges. Multiple stitches are placed along the length of the incision or wound.
2. Continuous Locking Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed continuously through the tissue in a zigzag pattern, with each stitch locking into the previous one. This creates a continuous line of sutures that provides strong tension and support to the wound edges.
3. Running Suture: Similar to the continuous locking suture, this technique involves passing the needle continuously through the tissue in a straight line. However, instead of locking each stitch, the needle is simply passed through the previous loop before being tightened. This creates a smooth and uninterrupted line of sutures that can be easily removed after healing.
4. Horizontal Mattress Suture: In this technique, two parallel stitches are placed horizontally across the wound edges, creating a "mattress" effect that provides additional support and tension to the wound. This is particularly useful in deep or irregularly shaped wounds.
5. Vertical Mattress Suture: Similar to the horizontal mattress suture, this technique involves placing two parallel stitches vertically across the wound edges. This creates a more pronounced "mattress" effect that can help reduce tension and minimize scarring.
6. Subcuticular Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed just below the surface of the skin, creating a smooth and barely visible line of sutures. This is particularly useful in cosmetic surgery or areas where minimizing scarring is important.

The choice of suture technique depends on various factors such as the location and size of the wound, the type of tissue involved, and the patient's individual needs and preferences. Proper suture placement and tension are crucial for optimal healing and aesthetic outcomes.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Heart neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the heart tissue. They can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors, such as myxomas and rhabdomyomas, are typically slower growing and less likely to spread, but they can still cause serious complications if they obstruct blood flow or damage heart valves. Malignant tumors, such as angiosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas, are fast-growing and have a higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. Symptoms of heart neoplasms can include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and irregular heart rhythms. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Calcinosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal deposit of calcium salts in various tissues of the body, commonly under the skin or in the muscles and tendons. These calcium deposits can form hard lumps or nodules that can cause pain, inflammation, and restricted mobility. Calcinosis can occur as a complication of other medical conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, kidney disease, and hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood). In some cases, the cause of calcinosis may be unknown. Treatment for calcinosis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to manage calcium levels, physical therapy, and surgical removal of large deposits.

The heart ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump it to the lungs or the rest of the body. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Both ventricles have thick, muscular walls to generate the pressure necessary to pump blood through the circulatory system.

Kinetocardiography (often abbreviated as KCG) is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, in general terms, it appears to refer to a method of measuring and recording the motion or vibrations of the chest wall that may be related to cardiac activity. It's possible that this term is used in some specific research or technical contexts, but it does not have a standardized medical definition.

It's important to note that there is another term called "ballistocardiography" (BCG) which is a non-invasive method of measuring the mechanical forces generated by the heart and great vessels during each cardiac cycle. BCG can provide information about various aspects of cardiovascular function, such as stroke volume, contractility, and vascular compliance. However, kinetocardiography does not seem to be synonymous with ballistocardiography or any other established medical technique.

A heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard during a heartbeat, which is caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart. It is often described as a blowing, whooshing, or rasping noise. Heart murmurs can be innocent (harmless and not associated with any heart disease) or pathological (indicating an underlying heart condition). They are typically detected during routine physical examinations using a stethoscope. The classification of heart murmurs includes systolic, diastolic, continuous, and functional murmurs, based on the timing and auscultatory location. Various heart conditions, such as valvular disorders, congenital heart defects, or infections, can cause pathological heart murmurs. Further evaluation with diagnostic tests like echocardiography is often required to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

Prosthesis failure is a term used to describe a situation where a prosthetic device, such as an artificial joint or limb, has stopped functioning or failed to meet its intended purpose. This can be due to various reasons, including mechanical failure, infection, loosening of the device, or a reaction to the materials used in the prosthesis.

Mechanical failure can occur due to wear and tear, manufacturing defects, or improper use of the prosthetic device. Infection can also lead to prosthesis failure, particularly in cases where the prosthesis is implanted inside the body. The immune system may react to the presence of the foreign material, leading to inflammation and infection.

Loosening of the prosthesis can also cause it to fail over time, as the device becomes less stable and eventually stops working properly. Additionally, some people may have a reaction to the materials used in the prosthesis, leading to tissue damage or other complications that can result in prosthesis failure.

In general, prosthesis failure can lead to decreased mobility, pain, and the need for additional surgeries or treatments to correct the problem. It is important for individuals with prosthetic devices to follow their healthcare provider's instructions carefully to minimize the risk of prosthesis failure and ensure that the device continues to function properly over time.

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a medical procedure that temporarily takes over the functions of the heart and lungs during major heart surgery. It allows the surgeon to operate on a still, bloodless heart.

During CPB, the patient's blood is circulated outside the body with the help of a heart-lung machine. The machine pumps the blood through a oxygenator, where it is oxygenated and then returned to the body. This bypasses the heart and lungs, hence the name "cardiopulmonary bypass."

CPB involves several components, including a pump, oxygenator, heat exchanger, and tubing. The patient's blood is drained from the heart through cannulas (tubes) and passed through the oxygenator, where it is oxygenated and carbon dioxide is removed. The oxygenated blood is then warmed to body temperature in a heat exchanger before being pumped back into the body.

While on CPB, the patient's heart is stopped with the help of cardioplegia solution, which is infused directly into the coronary arteries. This helps to protect the heart muscle during surgery. The surgeon can then operate on a still and bloodless heart, allowing for more precise surgical repair.

After the surgery is complete, the patient is gradually weaned off CPB, and the heart is restarted with the help of electrical stimulation or medication. The patient's condition is closely monitored during this time to ensure that their heart and lungs are functioning properly.

While CPB has revolutionized heart surgery and allowed for more complex procedures to be performed, it is not without risks. These include bleeding, infection, stroke, kidney damage, and inflammation. However, with advances in technology and technique, the risks associated with CPB have been significantly reduced over time.

Balloon valvuloplasty is a medical procedure used to treat heart valve stenosis or narrowing. It involves the use of a thin, flexible tube (catheter) with a balloon at its tip, which is guided through a blood vessel to the narrowed heart valve. Once in position, the balloon is inflated to stretch and widen the valve opening, improving blood flow. After the valve is widened, the balloon is deflated and the catheter is removed. This procedure can be performed on various heart valves, including the aortic, mitral, and pulmonary valves.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. They can affect any part of the heart's structure, including the walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, and the major blood vessels that lead to and from the heart.

Congenital heart defects can range from mild to severe and can cause various symptoms depending on the type and severity of the defect. Some common symptoms of CHDs include cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails), shortness of breath, fatigue, poor feeding, and slow growth in infants and children.

There are many different types of congenital heart defects, including:

1. Septal defects: These are holes in the walls that separate the four chambers of the heart. The two most common septal defects are atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD).
2. Valve abnormalities: These include narrowed or leaky valves, which can affect blood flow through the heart.
3. Obstruction defects: These occur when blood flow is blocked or restricted due to narrowing or absence of a part of the heart's structure. Examples include pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta.
4. Cyanotic heart defects: These cause a lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to cyanosis. Examples include tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries.

The causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetic factors and environmental influences during pregnancy may play a role. Some CHDs can be detected before birth through prenatal testing, while others may not be diagnosed until after birth or later in childhood. Treatment for CHDs may include medication, surgery, or other interventions to improve blood flow and oxygenation of the body's tissues.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision on the chest wall to gain access to the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and other vital organs. The incision can be made on the side (lateral thoracotomy), back (posterolateral thoracotomy), or front (median sternotomy) of the chest wall, depending on the specific surgical indication.

Thoracotomy is performed for various indications, including lung biopsy, lung resection, esophagectomy, heart surgery, and mediastinal mass removal. The procedure allows the surgeon to directly visualize and access the organs within the thoracic cavity, perform necessary procedures, and control bleeding if needed.

After the procedure, the incision is typically closed with sutures or staples, and a chest tube may be placed to drain any accumulated fluid or air from the pleural space around the lungs. The patient will require postoperative care and monitoring in a hospital setting until their condition stabilizes.

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis is a cardiac condition where the pulmonary valve, located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, has a narrowed opening. This stenosis (narrowing) can cause obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. The narrowing can be caused by a fusion of the valve leaflets, thickened or calcified valve leaflets, or rarely, a dysplastic valve.

The severity of Pulmonary Valve Stenosis is classified based on the gradient pressure across the valve, which is measured during an echocardiogram. A mild stenosis has a gradient of less than 30 mmHg, moderate stenosis has a gradient between 30-59 mmHg, and severe stenosis has a gradient of 60 mmHg or higher.

Mild Pulmonary Valve Stenosis may not require treatment, while more severe cases may need to be treated with balloon valvuloplasty or surgical valve replacement. If left untreated, Pulmonary Valve Stenosis can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and other complications.

Ventricular outflow obstruction is a term used in cardiology to describe a condition where there is an obstruction or narrowing in the flow of blood as it exits the heart's ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This obstruction can occur due to various reasons such as congenital heart defects, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or calcification of the aortic valve.

In a normal heart, the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta through the aortic valve, and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonic valve. Any obstruction in these outflow tracts can lead to increased pressure within the ventricles, which can result in various symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, or fatigue.

The severity of the obstruction and the resulting symptoms can vary depending on the location and extent of the narrowing. Treatment options may include medications, surgical procedures, or catheter-based interventions to alleviate the obstruction and improve blood flow.

Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the movement of blood through it. They are caused by the vibration of the cardiac structures, such as the valves, walls, and blood vessels, during the cardiac cycle.

There are two normal heart sounds, often described as "lub-dub," that can be heard through a stethoscope. The first sound (S1) is caused by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole, when the ventricles contract to pump blood out to the body and lungs. The second sound (S2) is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole, as the ventricles relax and the ventricular pressure decreases, allowing the valves to close.

Abnormal heart sounds, such as murmurs, clicks, or extra sounds (S3 or S4), may indicate cardiac disease or abnormalities in the structure or function of the heart. These sounds can be evaluated through a process called auscultation, which involves listening to the heart with a stethoscope and analyzing the intensity, pitch, quality, and timing of the sounds.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Left ventricular function refers to the ability of the left ventricle (the heart's lower-left chamber) to contract and relax, thereby filling with and ejecting blood. The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Its function is evaluated by measuring several parameters, including:

1. Ejection fraction (EF): This is the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. A normal ejection fraction ranges from 55% to 70%.
2. Stroke volume (SV): The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one contraction. A typical SV is about 70 mL/beat.
3. Cardiac output (CO): The total volume of blood that the left ventricle pumps per minute, calculated as the product of stroke volume and heart rate. Normal CO ranges from 4 to 8 L/minute.

Assessment of left ventricular function is crucial in diagnosing and monitoring various cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, valvular heart diseases, and cardiomyopathies.

Atrial fibrillation (A-tre-al fi-bru-la'shun) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria, the upper chambers of the heart. In this condition, the electrical signals that coordinate heartbeats don't function properly, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting effectively. As a result, blood may not be pumped efficiently into the ventricles, which can lead to blood clots, stroke, and other complications. Atrial fibrillation is a common type of arrhythmia and can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness. It can be caused by various factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, age, and genetics. Treatment options include medications, electrical cardioversion, and surgical procedures to restore normal heart rhythm.

Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the body's connective tissue. Connective tissue helps to strengthen and support various structures in the body, including the skin, ligaments, blood vessels, and heart. In Marfan syndrome, the body produces an abnormal amount of a protein called fibrillin-1, which is a key component of connective tissue. This leads to problems with the formation and function of connective tissue throughout the body.

The most serious complications of Marfan syndrome typically involve the heart and blood vessels. The aorta, which is the large artery that carries blood away from the heart, can become weakened and stretched, leading to an increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture. Other common features of Marfan syndrome include long, thin fingers and toes; tall stature; a curved spine; and eye problems such as nearsightedness and lens dislocation.

Marfan syndrome is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene mutation from a parent who has the condition. However, about 25% of cases are the result of a new mutation and occur in people with no family history of the disorder. There is no cure for Marfan syndrome, but treatment can help to manage the symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.

Heart valves are specialized structures in the heart that ensure unidirectional flow of blood through its chambers during the cardiac cycle. There are four heart valves: the tricuspid valve and the mitral (bicuspid) valve, located between the atria and ventricles, and the pulmonic (pulmonary) valve and aortic valve, located between the ventricles and the major blood vessels leaving the heart.

The heart valves are composed of thin flaps of tissue called leaflets or cusps, which are supported by a fibrous ring. The aortic and pulmonic valves have three cusps each, while the tricuspid and mitral valves have three and two cusps, respectively.

The heart valves open and close in response to pressure differences across them, allowing blood to flow forward into the ventricles during diastole (filling phase) and preventing backflow of blood into the atria during systole (contraction phase). A properly functioning heart valve ensures efficient pumping of blood by the heart and maintains normal blood circulation throughout the body.

A sternotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision through the sternum, also known as the breastbone. This type of incision allows surgeons to access the thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs. Sternotomies are often performed during open-heart surgery or other procedures that require access to the heart or major blood vessels. After the procedure, the sternum is typically wired or stapled back together to allow for proper healing.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle, specifically the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the body). This thickening can make it harder for the heart to pump blood effectively, which can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. In some cases, HCM can also cause abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and may increase the risk of sudden cardiac death.

The thickening of the heart muscle in HCM is caused by an overgrowth of the cells that make up the heart muscle, known as cardiomyocytes. This overgrowth can be caused by mutations in any one of several genes that encode proteins involved in the structure and function of the heart muscle. These genetic mutations are usually inherited from a parent, but they can also occur spontaneously in an individual with no family history of the disorder.

HCM is typically diagnosed using echocardiography (a type of ultrasound that uses sound waves to create images of the heart) and other diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment for HCM may include medications to help manage symptoms, lifestyle modifications, and in some cases, surgical procedures or implantable devices to help prevent or treat arrhythmias.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Minimally invasive surgical procedures are a type of surgery that is performed with the assistance of specialized equipment and techniques to minimize trauma to the patient's body. This approach aims to reduce blood loss, pain, and recovery time as compared to traditional open surgeries. The most common minimally invasive surgical procedure is laparoscopy, which involves making small incisions (usually 0.5-1 cm) in the abdomen or chest and inserting a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) to visualize the internal organs.

The surgeon then uses long, slender instruments inserted through separate incisions to perform the necessary surgical procedures, such as cutting, coagulation, or suturing. Other types of minimally invasive surgical procedures include arthroscopy (for joint surgery), thoracoscopy (for chest surgery), and hysteroscopy (for uterine surgery). The benefits of minimally invasive surgical procedures include reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, quicker return to normal activities, and improved cosmetic results. However, not all surgeries can be performed using minimally invasive techniques, and the suitability of a particular procedure depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the nature and extent of the surgical problem, and the surgeon's expertise.

Heart injuries, also known as cardiac injuries, refer to any damage or harm caused to the heart muscle, valves, or surrounding structures. This can result from various causes such as blunt trauma (e.g., car accidents, falls), penetrating trauma (e.g., gunshot wounds, stabbing), or medical conditions like heart attacks (myocardial infarction) and infections (e.g., myocarditis, endocarditis).

Some common types of heart injuries include:

1. Contusions: Bruising of the heart muscle due to blunt trauma.
2. Myocardial infarctions: Damage to the heart muscle caused by insufficient blood supply, often due to blocked coronary arteries.
3. Cardiac rupture: A rare but life-threatening condition where the heart muscle tears or breaks open, usually resulting from severe trauma or complications from a myocardial infarction.
4. Valvular damage: Disruption of the heart valves' function due to injury or infection, leading to leakage (regurgitation) or narrowing (stenosis).
5. Pericardial injuries: Damage to the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, which can result in fluid accumulation (pericardial effusion), inflammation (pericarditis), or tamponade (compression of the heart by excess fluid).
6. Arrhythmias: Irregular heart rhythms caused by damage to the heart's electrical conduction system.

Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing heart injuries, as they can lead to severe complications or even be fatal if left untreated.

Angiocardiography is a medical procedure used to examine the heart and blood vessels, particularly the chambers of the heart and the valves between them. It involves injecting a contrast agent into the bloodstream and taking X-ray images as the agent flows through the heart. This allows doctors to visualize any abnormalities such as blockages, narrowing, or leakage in the heart valves or blood vessels.

There are different types of angiocardiography, including:

* Left heart catheterization (LHC): A thin tube called a catheter is inserted into a vein in the arm or groin and threaded through to the left side of the heart to measure pressure and oxygen levels.
* Right heart catheterization (RHC): Similar to LHC, but the catheter is threaded through to the right side of the heart to measure pressure and oxygen levels there.
* Selective angiocardiography: A catheter is used to inject the contrast agent into specific blood vessels or chambers of the heart to get a more detailed view.

Angiocardiography can help diagnose and evaluate various heart conditions, including congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and valvular heart disease. It is an invasive procedure that carries some risks, such as bleeding, infection, and damage to blood vessels or heart tissue. However, it can provide valuable information for diagnosing and treating heart conditions.

Thromboembolism is a medical condition that refers to the obstruction of a blood vessel by a thrombus (blood clot) that has formed elsewhere in the body and then been transported by the bloodstream to a narrower vessel, where it becomes lodged. This process can occur in various parts of the body, leading to different types of thromboembolisms:

1. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): A thrombus forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs or pelvis, and then breaks off and travels to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.
2. Pulmonary Embolism (PE): A thrombus formed elsewhere, often in the deep veins of the legs, dislodges and travels to the lungs, blocking one or more pulmonary arteries. This can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and potentially life-threatening complications if not treated promptly.
3. Cerebral Embolism: A thrombus formed in another part of the body, such as the heart or carotid artery, dislodges and travels to the brain, causing a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).
4. Arterial Thromboembolism: A thrombus forms in an artery and breaks off, traveling to another part of the body and blocking blood flow to an organ or tissue, leading to potential damage or loss of function. Examples include mesenteric ischemia (intestinal damage due to blocked blood flow) and retinal artery occlusion (vision loss due to blocked blood flow in the eye).

Prevention, early detection, and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing thromboembolism and reducing the risk of severe complications.

An endocardial cushion defect is a type of congenital heart defect that affects the development of the heart's septum and valves. The endocardial cushions are a pair of tissue formations in the developing heart that eventually become part of the atrial and ventricular septums (the walls that divide the right and left chambers of the heart) as well as the tricuspid and mitral valves (which control blood flow between the chambers).

Endocardial cushion defects occur when these tissues fail to fuse properly during fetal development, resulting in abnormal openings or malformations of the septum and/or valves. This can lead to various heart-related symptoms and complications, such as:

* A hole between the right and left atria (atrial septal defect) or ventricles (ventricular septal defect)
* Improper functioning of the tricuspid or mitral valve, leading to leakage or regurgitation of blood
* Increased risk of infection in the heart (endocarditis) due to abnormal blood flow patterns

Endocardial cushion defects can range from mild to severe and may require medical intervention, such as surgery or medication, to correct. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, poor feeding, and slow growth in infants and children. In some cases, endocardial cushion defects may not cause any noticeable symptoms until later in life.

Cardiovascular models are simplified representations or simulations of the human cardiovascular system used in medical research, education, and training. These models can be physical, computational, or mathematical and are designed to replicate various aspects of the heart, blood vessels, and blood flow. They can help researchers study the structure and function of the cardiovascular system, test new treatments and interventions, and train healthcare professionals in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.

Physical cardiovascular models may include artificial hearts, blood vessels, or circulation systems made from materials such as plastic, rubber, or silicone. These models can be used to study the mechanics of heart valves, the effects of different surgical procedures, or the impact of various medical devices on blood flow.

Computational and mathematical cardiovascular models use algorithms and equations to simulate the behavior of the cardiovascular system. These models may range from simple representations of a single heart chamber to complex simulations of the entire circulatory system. They can be used to study the electrical activity of the heart, the biomechanics of blood flow, or the distribution of drugs in the body.

Overall, cardiovascular models play an essential role in advancing our understanding of the human body and improving patient care.

The pericardium is the double-walled sac that surrounds the heart. It has an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer, which further divides into two parts: the parietal layer lining the fibrous pericardium and the visceral layer (epicardium) closely adhering to the heart surface.

The space between these two layers is filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid, allowing for smooth movement of the heart within the pericardial cavity. The pericardium provides protection, support, and helps maintain the heart's normal position within the chest while reducing friction during heart contractions.

Stroke volume is a term used in cardiovascular physiology and medicine. It refers to the amount of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each contraction (systole). Specifically, it is the difference between the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (when the ventricle is filled with blood) and the volume at the end of systole (when the ventricle has contracted and ejected its contents into the aorta).

Stroke volume is an important measure of heart function, as it reflects the ability of the heart to pump blood effectively to the rest of the body. A low stroke volume may indicate that the heart is not pumping efficiently, while a high stroke volume may suggest that the heart is working too hard. Stroke volume can be affected by various factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and physical fitness level.

The formula for calculating stroke volume is:

Stroke Volume = End-Diastolic Volume - End-Systolic Volume

Where end-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole, and end-systolic volume (ESV) is the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of systole.

Cardiovascular surgical procedures refer to a range of surgeries performed on the heart and blood vessels to treat or manage various cardiovascular conditions. These surgeries can be open or minimally invasive, and they aim to correct structural abnormalities, improve blood flow, or replace damaged or diseased parts of the cardiovascular system.

Some common types of cardiovascular surgical procedures include:

1. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): This surgery involves taking a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body and using it to create a detour around a blocked or narrowed coronary artery, improving blood flow to the heart muscle.
2. Heart valve repair or replacement: When one or more heart valves become damaged or diseased, they may not open or close properly, leading to reduced blood flow or leakage of blood backward through the valve. In these cases, surgeons may repair or replace the affected valve with a mechanical or biological prosthetic valve.
3. Aneurysm repair: An aneurysm is a weakened area in the wall of an artery that can bulge and potentially rupture, causing severe bleeding. Surgeons can repair an aneurysm by reinforcing the weakened area with a graft or by replacing the affected section of the blood vessel.
4. Heart transplant: In cases where heart failure is irreversible and all other treatment options have been exhausted, a heart transplant may be necessary. This procedure involves removing the damaged heart and replacing it with a healthy donor heart.
5. Ventricular assist devices (VADs): These are mechanical pumps that can be implanted to help support heart function in patients with advanced heart failure who are not candidates for heart transplants. VADs can help improve blood flow, reduce symptoms, and increase the patient's quality of life.
6. Minimally invasive procedures: Advances in technology have led to the development of several minimally invasive cardiovascular surgical procedures, such as robotic-assisted heart surgery, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). These techniques typically involve smaller incisions, reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery times compared to traditional open-heart surgeries.

The heart septum is the thick, muscular wall that divides the right and left sides of the heart. It consists of two main parts: the atrial septum, which separates the right and left atria (the upper chambers of the heart), and the ventricular septum, which separates the right and left ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). A normal heart septum ensures that oxygen-rich blood from the lungs does not mix with oxygen-poor blood from the body. Any defect or abnormality in the heart septum is called a septal defect, which can lead to various congenital heart diseases.

The postoperative period is the time following a surgical procedure during which the patient's response to the surgery and anesthesia is monitored, and any complications or adverse effects are managed. This period can vary in length depending on the type of surgery and the individual patient's needs, but it typically includes the immediate recovery phase in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) or recovery room, as well as any additional time spent in the hospital for monitoring and management of pain, wound healing, and other aspects of postoperative care.

The goals of postoperative care are to ensure the patient's safety and comfort, promote optimal healing and rehabilitation, and minimize the risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, or other postoperative issues. The specific interventions and treatments provided during this period will depend on a variety of factors, including the type and extent of surgery performed, the patient's overall health and medical history, and any individualized care plans developed in consultation with the patient and their healthcare team.

Surgical instruments are specialized tools or devices that are used by medical professionals during surgical procedures to assist in various tasks such as cutting, dissecting, grasping, holding, retracting, clamping, and suturing body tissues. These instruments are designed to be safe, precise, and effective, with a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials used depending on the specific surgical application. Some common examples of surgical instruments include scalpels, forceps, scissors, hemostats, retractors, and needle holders. Proper sterilization and maintenance of these instruments are crucial to ensure patient safety and prevent infection.

Heart disease is a broad term for a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. It's often used to refer to conditions that include:

1. Coronary artery disease (CAD): This is the most common type of heart disease. It occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become hardened and narrowed due to the buildup of cholesterol and other substances, which can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or a heart attack.

2. Heart failure: This condition occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by various conditions, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and cardiomyopathy.

3. Arrhythmias: These are abnormal heart rhythms, which can be too fast, too slow, or irregular. They can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and fainting.

4. Valvular heart disease: This involves damage to one or more of the heart's four valves, which control blood flow through the heart. Damage can be caused by various conditions, including infection, rheumatic fever, and aging.

5. Cardiomyopathy: This is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood efficiently. It can be caused by various factors, including genetics, viral infections, and drug abuse.

6. Pericardial disease: This involves inflammation or other problems with the sac surrounding the heart (pericardium). It can cause chest pain and other symptoms.

7. Congenital heart defects: These are heart conditions that are present at birth, such as a hole in the heart or abnormal blood vessels. They can range from mild to severe and may require medical intervention.

8. Heart infections: The heart can become infected by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, leading to various symptoms and complications.

It's important to note that many factors can contribute to the development of heart disease, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions. Regular check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of developing heart disease.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

A heart aneurysm, also known as a ventricular aneurysm, is a localized bulging or ballooning of the heart muscle in the left ventricle, which is the main pumping chamber of the heart. This condition typically occurs following a myocardial infarction (heart attack), where blood flow to a portion of the heart muscle is blocked, leading to tissue death and weakness in the heart wall. As a result, the weakened area may stretch and form a sac-like bulge or aneurysm.

Heart aneurysms can vary in size and may cause complications such as blood clots, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), or heart failure. In some cases, they may be asymptomatic and discovered during routine imaging tests. The diagnosis of a heart aneurysm is typically made through echocardiography, cardiac MRI, or cardiac CT scans. Treatment options depend on the size, location, and symptoms of the aneurysm and may include medications, surgical repair, or implantation of a device to support heart function.

Spontaneous rupture in medical terms refers to the sudden breaking or tearing of an organ, tissue, or structure within the body without any identifiable trauma or injury. This event can occur due to various reasons such as weakening of the tissue over time because of disease or degeneration, or excessive pressure on the tissue.

For instance, a spontaneous rupture of the appendix is called an "appendiceal rupture," which can lead to peritonitis, a serious inflammation of the abdominal cavity. Similarly, a spontaneous rupture of a blood vessel, like an aortic aneurysm, can result in life-threatening internal bleeding.

Spontaneous ruptures are often medical emergencies and require immediate medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Diastole is the phase of the cardiac cycle during which the heart muscle relaxes and the chambers of the heart fill with blood. It follows systole, the phase in which the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood out to the body. In a normal resting adult, diastole lasts for approximately 0.4-0.5 seconds during each heartbeat. The period of diastole is divided into two phases: early diastole and late diastole. During early diastole, the ventricles fill with blood due to the pressure difference between the atria and ventricles. During late diastole, the atrioventricular valves close, and the ventricles continue to fill with blood due to the relaxation of the ventricular muscle and the compliance of the ventricular walls. The duration and pressure changes during diastole are important for maintaining adequate cardiac output and blood flow to the body.

Systole is the phase of the cardiac cycle during which the heart muscle contracts to pump blood out of the heart. Specifically, it refers to the contraction of the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart. This is driven by the action of the electrical conduction system of the heart, starting with the sinoatrial node and passing through the atrioventricular node and bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers.

During systole, the pressure within the ventricles increases as they contract, causing the aortic and pulmonary valves to open and allowing blood to be ejected into the systemic and pulmonary circulations, respectively. The duration of systole is typically shorter than that of diastole, the phase during which the heart muscle relaxes and the chambers fill with blood.

In clinical settings, the terms "systolic" and "diastolic" are often used to describe blood pressure measurements, with the former referring to the pressure exerted on the artery walls when the ventricles contract and eject blood, and the latter referring to the pressure when the ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood.

Cineradiography is a medical imaging technique that combines fluoroscopy and cinematography to record moving images of the internal structures of a patient's body. It uses a special X-ray machine with a high-speed image intensifier and a movie camera or video recorder to capture real-time, dynamic visualizations of bodily functions such as swallowing, digestion, or muscle movements.

During cineradiography, a continuous X-ray beam is passed through the patient's body while the image intensifier converts the X-rays into visible light, which is then captured by the camera or video recorder. The resulting film or digital recordings can be played back in slow motion or frame by frame to analyze the movement and function of internal organs and structures.

Cineradiography has largely been replaced by newer imaging technologies such as CT and MRI, which offer higher resolution and more detailed images without the use of radiation. However, it is still used in some specialized applications where real-time, dynamic visualization is essential for diagnosis or treatment planning.

Thoracic surgery, also known as cardiothoracic surgery, is a branch of medicine that specializes in the surgical treatment of diseases affecting the organs inside the thorax (chest), specifically the heart, lungs, esophagus, and major blood vessels. This can include procedures such as lung biopsies, lobectomies, pneumonectomies, esophagectomies, heart valve repairs or replacements, coronary artery bypass grafting, and treatment of chest injuries. Thoracic surgeons are medical doctors who have completed extensive training in this field, including a general surgery residency followed by a fellowship in thoracic surgery.

The sternum, also known as the breastbone, is a long, flat bone located in the central part of the chest. It serves as the attachment point for several muscles and tendons, including those involved in breathing. The sternum has three main parts: the manubrium at the top, the body in the middle, and the xiphoid process at the bottom. The upper seven pairs of ribs connect to the sternum via costal cartilages.

Lutembacher syndrome is a rare heart condition that is characterized by the presence of both an atrial septal defect (a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart) and mitral stenosis (narrowing of the mitral valve, which controls blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle).

In most cases, the atrial septal defect is congenital (present from birth), while the mitral stenosis is acquired, often as a result of rheumatic heart disease. The combination of these two conditions can lead to various symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention.

The syndrome is named after André Lutembacher, a Belgian cardiologist who first described the condition in 1916.

Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is a rare heart condition characterized by the thickening and stiffening of the endocardium, which is the inner lining of the heart chambers. This thickening is caused by an overgrowth of fibrous tissue and elastic fibers in the endocardium, particularly affecting the left ventricle and atrium.

EFE can occur as a primary condition or secondary to other heart diseases, infections, or genetic disorders. In some cases, it may be associated with conditions such as congenital heart defects, metabolic disorders, or viral infections like coxsackievirus B.

The symptoms of EFE depend on the severity and underlying cause of the condition. They can include difficulty breathing, poor feeding, failure to thrive, fatigue, and irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias). In severe cases, EFE can lead to heart failure and require medical intervention such as medications or even a heart transplant.

The exact cause of primary EFE is still unknown, but it is believed to involve genetic factors. Secondary EFE is usually a result of damage to the heart muscle due to various causes, including infections, inflammation, or other underlying conditions. Treatment for EFE focuses on addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms to prevent further complications.

"Device Removal" in a medical context generally refers to the surgical or nonsurgical removal of a medical device that has been previously implanted in a patient's body. The purpose of removing the device may vary, depending on the individual case. Some common reasons for device removal include infection, malfunction, rejection, or when the device is no longer needed.

Examples of medical devices that may require removal include pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), artificial joints, orthopedic hardware, breast implants, cochlear implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs). The procedure for device removal will depend on the type of device, its location in the body, and the reason for its removal.

It is important to note that device removal carries certain risks, such as bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding tissues, or complications related to anesthesia. Therefore, the decision to remove a medical device should be made carefully, considering both the potential benefits and risks of the procedure.

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a type of congenital heart defect that involves a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart, the ventricles. This defect allows oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to mix with deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle, leading to inefficient oxygenation of the body's tissues. The size and location of the hole can vary, and symptoms may range from none to severe, depending on the size of the defect and the amount of blood that is able to shunt between the ventricles. Small VSDs may close on their own over time, while larger defects usually require medical intervention, such as medication or surgery, to prevent complications like pulmonary hypertension and heart failure.

A fibroma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that consists primarily of fibrous or connective tissue. It can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, and internal organs. The term "fibroma" is often used to describe any benign fibrous growth, but there are specific types of fibromas such as dermatofibroma (found in the skin), oral fibroma (found in the mouth), and benign fibrous histiocytoma (found in soft tissues).

It's important to note that while fibromas are generally harmless, they can cause discomfort or problems depending on their size and location. If a fibroma is causing issues or there's concern about its growth or malignancy, it should be evaluated by a healthcare professional for potential removal or further assessment.

Left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) is a condition characterized by the impaired ability of the left ventricle of the heart to pump blood efficiently during contraction. The left ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

LVD can be caused by various underlying conditions, such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, or hypertension. These conditions can lead to structural changes in the left ventricle, including remodeling, hypertrophy, and dilation, which ultimately impair its contractile function.

The severity of LVD is often assessed by measuring the ejection fraction (EF), which is the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during each contraction. A normal EF ranges from 55% to 70%, while an EF below 40% is indicative of LVD.

LVD can lead to various symptoms, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, fluid retention, and decreased exercise tolerance. It can also increase the risk of complications, such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest. Treatment for LVD typically involves managing the underlying cause, along with medications to improve contractility, reduce fluid buildup, and control heart rate. In severe cases, devices such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) or left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) may be required.

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a type of congenital heart defect that involves the septum, which is the wall that separates the two upper chambers of the heart (atria). An ASD is a hole or abnormal opening in the atrial septum, allowing oxygen-rich blood to leak into the oxygen-poor blood chambers in the heart. This leads to an overload of blood in the right side of the heart, which can cause enlargement of the heart and increased work for the right ventricle.

ASDs can vary in size, and small defects may not cause any symptoms or require treatment. Larger defects, however, can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart rhythm abnormalities. Over time, if left untreated, ASDs can lead to complications like pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and stroke.

Treatment for ASD typically involves surgical closure of the defect or catheter-based procedures using devices to close the hole. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the size and location of the defect, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence of any coexisting conditions.

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is a medical procedure that records the electrical activity of the heart. It provides a graphic representation of the electrical changes that occur during each heartbeat. The resulting tracing, called an electrocardiogram, can reveal information about the heart's rate and rhythm, as well as any damage to its cells or abnormalities in its conduction system.

During an ECG, small electrodes are placed on the skin of the chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes detect the electrical signals produced by the heart and transmit them to a machine that amplifies and records them. The procedure is non-invasive, painless, and quick, usually taking only a few minutes.

ECGs are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various heart conditions, including arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and electrolyte imbalances. They can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of certain medications or treatments.

Left atrial function refers to the role and performance of the left atrium in the heart. The left atrium is the upper chamber on the left side of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and then contracts to help pump it into the left ventricle, which is the lower chamber that pumps blood out to the rest of the body.

The main functions of the left atrium include:

1. Receiving oxygen-rich blood from the lungs: The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and acts as a reservoir for this blood before it is pumped into the left ventricle.
2. Contracting to help pump blood into the left ventricle: During atrial contraction, also known as atrial kick, the left atrium contracts and helps push blood into the left ventricle, increasing the amount of blood that can be ejected with each heartbeat.
3. Relaxing to receive more blood: Between heartbeats, the left atrium relaxes and fills up with more oxygenated blood from the lungs.
4. Contributing to heart rate regulation: The left atrium contains specialized cells called pacemaker cells that can help regulate the heart rate by initiating electrical impulses that trigger heart contractions.

Left atrial function is crucial for maintaining efficient cardiac output and overall cardiovascular health. Various conditions, such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension, can negatively impact left atrial function and contribute to the development of complications like stroke and reduced exercise tolerance.

An embolism is a medical condition that occurs when a substance, such as a blood clot or an air bubble, blocks a blood vessel. This can happen in any part of the body, but it is particularly dangerous when it affects the brain (causing a stroke) or the lungs (causing a pulmonary embolism). Embolisms can cause serious harm by preventing oxygen and nutrients from reaching the tissues and organs that need them. They are often the result of underlying medical conditions, such as heart disease or deep vein thrombosis, and may require immediate medical attention to prevent further complications.

A feasibility study is a preliminary investigation or analysis conducted to determine the viability of a proposed project, program, or product. In the medical field, feasibility studies are often conducted before implementing new treatments, procedures, equipment, or facilities. These studies help to assess the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed intervention, as well as its potential benefits and risks.

Feasibility studies in healthcare typically involve several steps:

1. Problem identification: Clearly define the problem that the proposed project, program, or product aims to address.
2. Objectives setting: Establish specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) objectives for the study.
3. Literature review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research and best practices related to the proposed intervention.
4. Methodology development: Design a methodology for data collection and analysis that will help answer the research questions and achieve the study's objectives.
5. Resource assessment: Evaluate the availability and adequacy of resources, including personnel, time, and finances, required to carry out the proposed intervention.
6. Risk assessment: Identify potential risks and challenges associated with the implementation of the proposed intervention and develop strategies to mitigate them.
7. Cost-benefit analysis: Estimate the costs and benefits of the proposed intervention, including direct and indirect costs, as well as short-term and long-term benefits.
8. Stakeholder engagement: Engage relevant stakeholders, such as patients, healthcare providers, administrators, and policymakers, to gather their input and support for the proposed intervention.
9. Decision-making: Based on the findings of the feasibility study, make an informed decision about whether or not to proceed with the proposed project, program, or product.

Feasibility studies are essential in healthcare as they help ensure that resources are allocated efficiently and effectively, and that interventions are evidence-based, safe, and beneficial for patients.

A heart septal defect is a type of congenital heart defect, which means it is present at birth. It involves an abnormal opening in the septum, the wall that separates the two sides of the heart. This opening allows oxygen-rich blood to leak into the oxygen-poor blood chambers in the heart.

There are several types of heart septal defects, including:

1. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): A hole in the atrial septum, the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart (the right and left atria).
2. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): A hole in the ventricular septum, the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart (the right and left ventricles).
3. Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD): A combination of an ASD and a VSD, often accompanied by malformation of the mitral and/or tricuspid valves.

The severity of a heart septal defect depends on the size of the opening and its location in the septum. Small defects may cause no symptoms and may close on their own over time. Larger defects can lead to complications, such as heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or infective endocarditis, and may require medical or surgical intervention.

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a clot forms in an artery, it can cut off the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues served by that artery, leading to damage or tissue death. If a thrombus forms in the heart, it can cause a heart attack. If a thrombus breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, it can lodge in a smaller vessel, causing blockage and potentially leading to damage in the organ that the vessel supplies. This is known as an embolism.

Thrombosis can occur due to various factors such as injury to the blood vessel wall, abnormalities in blood flow, or changes in the composition of the blood. Certain medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors can increase the risk of thrombosis. Treatment typically involves anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy to dissolve or prevent further growth of the clot, as well as addressing any underlying causes.

Tricuspid valve prolapse is a cardiac condition where the tricuspid valve, located between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart, doesn't close properly due to one or more of its leaflets (flaps) bulging or billowing into the right atrium during contraction of the right ventricle. This allows the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium, known as tricuspid regurgitation. In some cases, tricuspid valve prolapse may not cause any symptoms and can be an incidental finding on echocardiography. However, if severe tricuspid regurgitation occurs, it can lead to right-sided heart failure, atrial arrhythmias, and other complications. The condition is often associated with mitral valve prolapse or other connective tissue disorders.

The ileocecal valve, also known as the Bauhin's valve, is a vital physiological structure in the gastrointestinal tract. It is a valve located at the junction between the ileum (the final portion of the small intestine) and the cecum (the first part of the large intestine or colon). This valve functions to control the flow of digesta from the small intestine into the large intestine, preventing backflow from the colon into the small intestine. It is an essential component in maintaining proper digestive function and gut health.

Equipment design, in the medical context, refers to the process of creating and developing medical equipment and devices, such as surgical instruments, diagnostic machines, or assistive technologies. This process involves several stages, including:

1. Identifying user needs and requirements
2. Concept development and brainstorming
3. Prototyping and testing
4. Design for manufacturing and assembly
5. Safety and regulatory compliance
6. Verification and validation
7. Training and support

The goal of equipment design is to create safe, effective, and efficient medical devices that meet the needs of healthcare providers and patients while complying with relevant regulations and standards. The design process typically involves a multidisciplinary team of engineers, clinicians, designers, and researchers who work together to develop innovative solutions that improve patient care and outcomes.

Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), is a surgical procedure used to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with severe coronary artery disease. This condition occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits, called plaques.

During CABG surgery, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted, or attached, to the coronary artery, creating a new pathway for oxygen-rich blood to flow around the blocked or narrowed portion of the artery and reach the heart muscle. This bypass helps to restore normal blood flow and reduce the risk of angina (chest pain), shortness of breath, and other symptoms associated with coronary artery disease.

There are different types of CABG surgery, including traditional on-pump CABG, off-pump CABG, and minimally invasive CABG. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, such as the patient's overall health, the number and location of blocked arteries, and the presence of other medical conditions.

It is important to note that while CABG surgery can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with severe coronary artery disease, it does not cure the underlying condition. Lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, smoking cessation, and medication therapy, are essential for long-term management and prevention of further progression of the disease.

Hemolytic anemia is a type of anemia that occurs when red blood cells are destroyed (hemolysis) faster than they can be produced. Red blood cells are essential for carrying oxygen throughout the body. When they are destroyed, hemoglobin and other cellular components are released into the bloodstream, which can lead to complications such as kidney damage and gallstones.

Hemolytic anemia can be inherited or acquired. Inherited forms of the condition may result from genetic defects that affect the structure or function of red blood cells. Acquired forms of hemolytic anemia can be caused by various factors, including infections, medications, autoimmune disorders, and certain medical conditions such as cancer or blood disorders.

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and a rapid heartbeat. Treatment for hemolytic anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, blood transfusions, or surgery.

Blood flow velocity is the speed at which blood travels through a specific part of the vascular system. It is typically measured in units of distance per time, such as centimeters per second (cm/s) or meters per second (m/s). Blood flow velocity can be affected by various factors, including cardiac output, vessel diameter, and viscosity of the blood. Measuring blood flow velocity is important in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

Myocardial contraction refers to the rhythmic and forceful shortening of heart muscle cells (myocytes) in the myocardium, which is the muscular wall of the heart. This process is initiated by electrical signals generated by the sinoatrial node, causing a wave of depolarization that spreads throughout the heart.

During myocardial contraction, calcium ions flow into the myocytes, triggering the interaction between actin and myosin filaments, which are the contractile proteins in the muscle cells. This interaction causes the myofilaments to slide past each other, resulting in the shortening of the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscle contraction) and ultimately leading to the contraction of the heart muscle.

Myocardial contraction is essential for pumping blood throughout the body and maintaining adequate circulation to vital organs. Any impairment in myocardial contractility can lead to various cardiac disorders, such as heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias.

Risk assessment in the medical context refers to the process of identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing risks to patients, healthcare workers, or the community related to healthcare delivery. It involves determining the likelihood and potential impact of adverse events or hazards, such as infectious diseases, medication errors, or medical devices failures, and implementing measures to mitigate or manage those risks. The goal of risk assessment is to promote safe and high-quality care by identifying areas for improvement and taking action to minimize harm.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. There are four pulmonary veins in total, two from each lung, and they are the only veins in the body that carry oxygen-rich blood. The oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins is then pumped by the left ventricle to the rest of the body through the aorta. Any blockage or damage to the pulmonary veins can lead to various cardiopulmonary conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Prosthesis-related infections, also known as prosthetic joint infections (PJIs), are infections that occur around or within a prosthetic device, such as an artificial joint. These infections can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms and can lead to serious complications if not treated promptly and effectively.

Prosthesis-related infections can occur soon after the implantation of the prosthetic device (early infection) or months or even years later (late infection). Early infections are often caused by bacteria that enter the surgical site during the procedure, while late infections may be caused by hematogenous seeding (i.e., when bacteria from another source spread through the bloodstream and settle in the prosthetic device) or by contamination during a subsequent medical procedure.

Symptoms of prosthesis-related infections can include pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and drainage around the affected area. In some cases, patients may also experience fever, chills, or fatigue. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests (such as blood cultures, joint fluid analysis, and tissue biopsy), and imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI).

Treatment of prosthesis-related infections usually involves a combination of antibiotics and surgical intervention. The specific treatment approach will depend on the type and severity of the infection, as well as the patient's overall health status. In some cases, it may be necessary to remove or replace the affected prosthetic device.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

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Murray, Randall (May 20, 1977). Mitral Valve Prolapse. Ardent Media. ISBN 9780842241236 - via Google Books. Mitral Valve ... Specifically, he outlined the left ventricular abnormalities that were associated with mitral Valve Disease and its associated ... His research focused on cardiac mitral and tricuspid valve disease. His work was widely cited by other researchers. ... "Life-threatening arrhythmias in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome". The American Journal of Medicine. 60 (7): 961-967. doi: ...
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Mitral valve repair in patients with low left ventricular ejection fractions: early and late results. Chest. 2004 Sep;126(3): ... Mitral valve: toward complete repairability. Surg Technol Int. 2006;15:189-97. PMID 17029176 Lawrie GM, Earle EA, Earle NR. ... Ensuring proper leaflet apposition during mitral valve repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008 Jan;135(1):228; author reply 228- ... Feasibility and intermediate term outcome of repair of prolapsing anterior mitral leaflets with artificial chordal replacement ...
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... mitral valve replacement and mitral valve repair. Mitral valve repair is preferred to mitral valve replacement where a repair ... Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur at mitral area Heart sounds of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral ... The mitral valve apparatus comprises two valve leaflets, the mitral annulus, which forms a ring around the valve leaflets, and ... Mitral valve stenosis (MVS) can sometimes be a cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in the sense that a stenotic valve (calcified ...
... mitral, tricuspid, or pulmonary valve. These can be seen as either valve narrowing, also known as or stenosis, or regurgitation ... incomplete closing of the valves which leads to leaking of blood backward through the chambers of the heart. Of these, mitral ... "Valve Disease in Women". Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 2012-10-26. Retrieved 2022-04-06. Martínez-Sellés M, García- ... This is often combined with a Doppler ultrasound to help track the blood flowing through the heart's chambers and valves. ...
... valves= tricuspid valve; mitral valve † Semilunar valves= pulmonary valve; aortic valve The closure of the aortic valve causes ... The mitral and tricuspid valves, also known as the atrioventricular, or AV valves, open during ventricular diastole to permit ... the mitral and tricuspid valves open again, and the completed cycle returns to ventricular diastole and a new "Start" of the ... Both atrioventricular (AV) valves open to facilitate the 'unpressurized' flow of blood directly through the atria into both ...
Coronary artery bypass Mitral valve repair Mitral valve replacement Aortic valve replacement Atrial septal defects Hybrid ... Patients referred for this procedure may have coronary artery disease (CAD); aortic, mitral or tricuspid valve diseases; or ... including single or multiple heart valve procedures, bypass surgery, and congenital heart repairs. Eliminating the need for ... "Experience with a minimally invasive approach to combined valve surgery and coronary artery bypass grafting through bilateral ...
The human heart contains four valves: tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve and aortic valve. Their main purpose is to ... "Assessment of a novel stentless mitral valve using a pulsatile mitral valve simulator". The Journal of Heart Valve Disease. 21 ... "Surgical Valves , Trifecta GT Valve and Epic Mitral Valve". www.cardiovascular.abbott. Retrieved 2019-07-29.[permanent dead ... 3D Rendering of Mechanical Valve 3D Rendering of Mechanical Valve (St. Francis model) Artificial heart Mitral valve replacement ...
Nocardia endocarditis in a native mitral valve]". Revista Espanola de Cardiologia (in Spanish). 57 (8): 787-8. doi:10.1016/ ... it has caused damage to heart valves whether natural or prosthetic Lymphocutaneous disease Nocardial cellulitis is akin to ... "Successful antimicrobial chemotherapy for nocardia asteroides prosthetic valve endocarditis". The American Journal of Medicine ...
The normal area of the mitral valve orifice is about 4 to 6 cm2. In normal cardiac physiology, the mitral valve opens during ... The treatment options for mitral stenosis include mitral valve replacement by surgery, and percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty by ... because of increased force in closing the mitral valve. The first heart sound is made by the mitral and tricuspid heart valves ... which correlates to the forceful opening of the mitral valve. The mitral valve opens when the pressure in the left atrium is ...
2019). "Primary cilia defects causing mitral valve prolapse". Sci. Transl. Med. 11 (493): eaax0290. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed. ... mitral valve prolapse, and retinal degeneration, called ciliopathies. The primary cilium is now known to play an important role ...
The mitral valve in cases of mitral stenosis may open with an opening snap on the beginning of diastole. Patients with mitral ... Hutter A, Dinsmore R, Willerson J, DeSanctis R (October 1971). "Early Systolic Clicks due to Mitral Valve Prolapse". ... "The Auscultation Assistant - Mitral Stenosis". Retrieved 2019-12-13. Rizzon P, Biasco G, Brindicci G, Mauro F (March 1973). " ... MOUNSEY P (April 1953). "The opening snap of mitral stenosis". Br Heart J. 15 (2): 135-42. doi:10.1136/hrt.15.2.135. PMC 479479 ...
"Mitral Valve Disease and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009. "Mitral Valve Disease ... mitral valve disease is generally (as in humans) a disease of old age. The "hinge" on the heart's mitral valve loosens and can ... Cavaliers can notably be prone to mitral valve disease, which leads to heart failure. This appears in many Cavaliers at some ... The health problems shared with this breed include mitral valve disease, luxating patella, and hereditary eye issues such as ...
Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur Heart sounds of a 16 year old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. ... the tricuspid or mitral valves can be repaired surgically, avoiding the need for a valve replacement. Heart valves can also be ... The mitral valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle. It is also known as the bicuspid valve due to its having two ... It is then pumped into the left ventricle through the mitral valve and into the aorta through the aortic valve for systemic ...
He also implanted artificial aortic and mitral valves. He continued to pioneer in surgical procedures for operating on the ... A small hole would be cut in the heart and a finger would be used to widen the valve. This technique became known as blind ... In 1948, Harken discovered a way similar to how he operated on soldiers to correct mitral stenosis. ...
Mitral valve prolapse occurs because the size of the heart muscle decreases while the tissue of the mitral valve remains the ... It has been suggested that there is an association between mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac death, but it has not been ... Studies have shown rates of mitral valve prolapse of around 20 percent in those with anorexia nervosa, while the rate in the ... Individuals with anorexia nervosa may experience chest pain or palpitations; these can be a result of mitral valve prolapse. ...
Braunwald, NS (September 1989). "It will work: the first successful mitral valve replacement". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. ... Braunwald designed and fabricated an experimental, artificial mitral valve prostheses, implanting them in dogs at the National ... She then developed a cloth-covered mechanical valve (the Braunwald-Cutter valve), which was implanted into thousands of ... for mitral valve replacement, surgical treatment of chronic thromboembolic disease, and pioneering techniques for the use of ...
... it can block blood flow through the mitral valve and cause symptoms of mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation. This may ... Some patients will also need their mitral valve replaced. This can be done during the same surgery. Usually, inadequate ... Arrhythmias Pulmonary edema Peripheral emboli Spread (metastasis) of the tumor Blockage of the mitral heart valve Stroke ... and are most commonly found within the left atrium near the valve of the fossa ovalis. Myxomata may also develop in the other ...
"Computer and Experimental Modelling of Blood Flow through the Mitral Valve of the Heart". JSME Journal of Biomechanical Science ... "Biomechanical Assessment of Surgical Repair of the Mitral Valve". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part ...
Soffer has published the Patient's Guide to Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome. He has also published the Mediterranean Diet Book. ... His published papers include research on mitral valve prolapse. He has also published in Vein Therapy News. Assistant Professor ... "Psychiatric and medical co-morbidity in mitral valve prolapse". Ir J Psychol Med. 19 (1): 16-20. doi:10.1017/S0790966700006790 ...
... mitral valve repair/replacement, aortic valve replacement, valve-sparing aortic root replacement and surgery for aortic ... novel designs and materials for artificial heart valves, mitral and aortic valve repair and replacement, surgical and medical ... Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation during mitral-valve surgery. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(15), 1399-1409; 261 ... "Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation during Mitral-Valve Surgery". New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (15): 1399-1409. ...
... mitral and aortic valve heart defects. A second genetic study specific to mitral valve prolapse focused on the PDGF signaling ... March 2021). "PDGFRα: Expression and Function during Mitral Valve Morphogenesis". Journal of Cardiovascular Development and ... such as mitral valve prolapse, creates an increased risk for infective endocarditis during surgery. This may progress to a life ... affecting aortic and mitral valves), skin problems such as hyperextensibility, atrophic scarring, thin skin, and easy bruising ...
... across the mitral valve. This early filling across the mitral valve is seen on doppler echocardiography of the mitral valve as ... or the mitral valve may be narrowed (mitral stenosis). Rheumatic heart disease often affects the mitral valve; the valve may ... The heart valves are all one-way valves allowing blood flow in just one direction. The mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are ... The mitral valve (/ˈmaɪtrəl/), also known as the bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve, is one of the four heart valves ...
... occurs when one of your hearts valves doesnt work properly. Problems are rare. Learn about symptoms and treatment. ... What is the mitral valve?. The mitral valve is one of the four valves in your heart. Heart valves have flaps that open and ... What is mitral valve prolapse (MVP)?. Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) happens when the flaps of the mitral valve become floppy and ... Can mitral valve prolapse be prevented?. You cant prevent mitral valve prolapse. But if you have mitral valve prolapse, you ...
Also, read about the different types of mitral valve surgery. ... Find out about the problems that can affect the hearts mitral ... In some cases, mitral valve surgery may be needed.. Mitral valve prolapse. Mitral valve prolapse is where the mitral valve is ... Mitral valve replacement. Mitral valve replacement is an operation to replace your mitral valve with a mechanical valve or a ... Mitral valve repair. Mitral valve repair is an operation to make the flaps of the mitral valve stay closer together. This will ...
... pulmonic balloon valvuloplasty was reported in 1982 and was quickly followed by applications to the aortic and mitral valves. ... is used to treat mitral regurgitation (MR; depicted in the image below). Percutaneous procedures used to treat valvular heart ... During ventricular systole, the mitral valve closes and prevents backflow to the LA. The normal function of the mitral valve ... encoded search term (Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair) and Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is an uncommon anomaly that was first described by Greenfield in 1876. Since that time, more ... Double Orifice Mitral Valve. Two-dimensional echocardiogram (apical view) in a patient with duplicate mitral valve. Two mitral ... in a patient with duplicate mitral valve. Two mitral valves can be seen opening into the left ventricle. Each valve has a ... Valve repair for mitral regurgitation associated with isolated double-orifice mitral valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996 Dec ...
The predicted STS (Society of Thoracic Surgeons) mortality for mitral valve repair among these two groups was 14.8% vs. 15% (P ... In Cardiogenic Shock, Edge-to-Edge Mitral Valve Repair Improves Outcome - Medscape - Sep 17, 2022. ... In MR patients, cardiogenic shock is associated with a high risk of death, but there has been little evidence that valve repair ... In patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and cardiogenic shock, successful transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) is ...
Mitral valve repair: better than replacement J M Ferrão de Oliveira, Manuel J Antunes ... Mitral repair best practice: proposed standards B Bridgewater, T Hooper, C Munsch, S Hunter, U von Oppell, S Livesey, B Keogh, ... Percutaneous valve repair and replacement techniques B Munt, J Webb. Heart Oct 2006, 92 (10) 1369-1372; DOI: 10.1136/hrt. ... Cardiac resynchronisation therapy reduces functional mitral regurgitation during dynamic exercise in patients with chronic ...
... Review clinical trials at Sutter Health. ... moderate-to-severe or severe mitral regurgitation or for patients with symptomatic mitral valve disease due to severe mitral ... In addition, the safety and effectiveness of the Tendyne Mitral Valve System will be evaluated in patients with severe mitral ... Patients who are not suitable for mitral valve surgery for reasons other than severe mitral annular calcification and are also ...
Care guide for Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair. Includes: possible causes, signs and symptoms, standard treatment options and ... TMVR is a minimally invasive way to repair your mitral valve. TMVR is done if mitral valve replacement surgery is not safe for ... Your healthcare provider will use sound waves to look to see how severe your leaky mitral valve is. You may need to stop taking ... Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair. Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Nov 5, 2023. ...
Pre- and intraoperative echocardiography for surgical mitral valve repair for mitral regurg … ... These developments have elevated the need for the imager to have a core understanding of the functional mitral valve anatomy. ... There has been rapid progress in transcatheter therapies for mitral regurgitation. ... mitral valve; mitral valve anatomy for interventions; transcatheter mitral valve interventions; transcatheter mitral valve ...
Introduction Mitral valve replacement is surgery to replace the mitral valve with an artificial (prosthetic) valve. You may ... The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonic valve, the mitral valve, and the aortic valve. The tricuspid ... Mitral Valve Repair or Mitral Valve Replacement. "If the patient chooses to have Mitral Valve Replacement, he or she should ... Mitral valve replacement is surgery to replace the mitral valve with an artificial (prosthetic) valve. You may need this ...
Read the product details and find more surgical heart valves. ... Band take the shape of the annulus for mitral valve surgery. ... In-vivo motion of mitral valve annuloplasty devices. J of Heart Valve Dis 2007;17:110-8. ... Simulus semi-rigid annuloplasty ring and band are for use in patients undergoing surgery for diseased or damaged mitral valves ... The flexible anterior segment provides complete annular support while respecting the physiological motion of the aorto-mitral ...
A randomized trial is also planned to compare mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair against transfemoral mitral valve ... Transapical Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement Trial Raises Questions. - Pooled 2-year data show risks, raise concern about ... While Leon said this reduction was "as you would expect with mitral valve replacement started at a lower baseline, with about ... Source Reference: Leon M "Longer-term clinical and echocardiography follow-up of transcatheter mitral valve replacement with ...
Transcatheter aortic and pulmonic valve replacements are shaping up to become attractive alternatives to open heart surgery, as ... overcoming the main problem of performing mitral valve replacement. To help move the companys Transcatheter Mitral Valve ... But the same cannot be said of mitral replacements.. The mitral valve has a complicated anatomy, as well as a precarious ... Press release: CardiAQ Valve Technologies (CVT) Closes $6.5 Million Series A Funding for Its Novel Transcatheter Mitral Valve ...
... and Open Pivot heart valves used in heart valve replacement surgery. ... Surgical Heart Valve Repair and Replacement Aortic and Mitral Valve Replacement Important Safety Information ... or malfunctioning native or prosthetic aortic or mitral valves.. Contraindications: The Medtronic Open Pivot Heart Valve is ... Indications: For patients who require replacement of their native or prosthetic aortic and/or mitral valves. ...
We retrospectively identified patients with symptomatic mitral bioprosthetic valve dysfunction (n=58) and failed annuloplasty ... The overall mean mitral valve pressure gradient was lower in the TAMVI group than in the SRMVR group at 24 months (p , 0.01). ... The overall mean mitral valve pressure gradient was lower in the TAMVI group than in the SRMVR group at 24 months (p,0.01). ... was compared with surgical redo mitral valve replacement (SRMVR) in terms of clinical outcomes.Methods: We retrospectively ...
No Avoiding Mitral Valve Implant Obstruction With Preemptive Ablation. - LVOT obstruction remains thorn in the side of TMVI in ... The complication occurs when the valve implant intrudes on the LVOT or pushes the anterior mitral leaflet into the outflow. ... LVOT obstruction is especially common in valve-in-mitral annular calcification implants and is associated with high mortality. ... a percutaneous technique that goes beyond the mere clipping of transcatheter edge-to-edge repair to treat severe mitral valve ...
... recognize and promote the nations medical centers for mitral valve repair surgery ... The American Heart Association and the Mitral Foundation launched a joint recognition program to identify, ... The recommended treatment for degenerative mitral valve disease is mitral valve reconstruction, as opposed to valve replacement ... primarily covering patients who have myxomatosis mitral valve disease and mitral valve prolapse. This centers around valves ...
The mitral…. *. Mitral Valve ClipA mitral valve clip is a device that supports an improperly functioning mitral valve. Mitral ... The mitral valve is the heart valve located…. *. Mitral Valve StenosisMitral valve stenosis is a condition when the mitral ... Mitral Valve ClipA mitral valve clip is a device that supports an improperly functioning mitral valve. Mitral valve leaflets ... Heart ValvesThe heart has four valves. The mitral valve, the tricuspid valve, the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve. The ...
... we are able to safely repair the majority of mitral valves we see. We also offer minimally invasive MitraClip. ... Mitral regurgitation (leaky valve). Mitral regurgitation (leaky valve) means that your valve is not closing as it should. ... What you should know about mitral regurgitation (leaky valve):. *If you have a leaky valve, you may not have symptoms. But you ... We may be able to treat mitral regurgitation with medication. For more severe cases, you may need to have your mitral valve ...
Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening. Learn about its causes and treatments. ... Mitral Valve Stenosis. What is mitral valve stenosis?. Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening. Mitral ... Watch a mitral valve stenosis animation.. What problems can result from untreated or advanced mitral valve stenosis?. Mitral ... What causes mitral valve stenosis?. Mitral stenosis can be caused by congenital heart defects, mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic ...
... there is any significant difference between the two current surgical approaches to treat patients with severe ischemic mitral ... Mitral Valve Regurgitation and Mitral Valve Replacement. Mitral valve replacement is replacing the diseased mitral valve with ... Our study is the first definitive clinical trial to address the relative merits of mitral valve repair versus mitral valve ... It evaluated the safety and effectiveness of mitral valve repair and mitral valve replacement in patients with severe ischemic ...
Primary Mitral Valve disease: Transcatheter mitral valve repair may be considered for severely symptomatic individuals (New ... Primary Mitral Valve disease: Transcatheter mitral valve repair may be considered for severely symptomatic individuals (New ... Both a cardiothoracic surgeon experienced in mitral valve surgery and a cardiologist experienced in mitral valve disease; and * ... Both a cardiothoracic surgeon experienced in mitral valve surgery and a cardiologist experienced in mitral valve disease; and * ...
929 million on the table for Israeli replacement heart valve maker Valtech Cardio. ... The CardioValve transcatheter mitral valve implant, which is being tested in animal studies, is slated to begin clinical study ... Cardioband is expected to win the CE Mark for mitral valve repair this year, with a limited commercial launch following in late ... HeartWare inks $929m deal for Valtech Cardios mitral and tricuspid valves. September 2, 2015. By Brad Perriello ...
First, all stitches were put in the mitral valve prosthesis and then around the mitral valve annulus. There was a nice exposure ... and mitral valve replacement was performed with the preservation of both mitral valve leaflets. ... Echo showed severe mitral insufficiency with mitral valve leaflet restriction. Finally, MRI showed a large area of nonviable ... The surgeons decided the mitral valve wasnt suitable to repair. The anterior leaflet was divided in the A2 segment, ...
Mitral valve repair following heart attack may offer patients little to no benefit. What. Routinely adding mitral valve repair ... Of these, about half are left with functional damage to the mitral valve due to the injury and changes to the heart muscle. ... sometimes adding a procedure to repair the leaky mitral valve. The study is the first large-scale randomized clinical trial to ... to coronary artery bypass graft surgery for heart attack patients may not be warranted in patients with moderate mitral valve ...
Mitral valve lesson plans and worksheets from thousands of teacher-reviewed resources to help you inspire students learning. ... Heart Valve Replacement For Teachers 6th - 12th Put your heart into it. Scholars design and build replacements for mitral heart ... Mitral Valve Teacher Resources. Create engaging lessons with 2.5 million. vetted educational resources- videos, interactives, ... Mitral Valve (Change) If incorrect, please navigate to the appropriate directory location. ...
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is associated with aortic root (AoR) enlargement in patients with inherited connective tissue ... Floppy mitral valve/mitral valve prolapse/mitral valvular. regurgitation: effects on the circulation. J Cardiol 2001;37:15 - 20 ... Background: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a valvular heart disease in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve do not ... Mitral valve prolapse and the mitral valve prolapse syndrome: A diagnostic classification and pathogenesis of symptoms ...
Are you looking for: [[Mitral stenosis surgery]] or [[Mitral regurgitation surgery]] ? Return to Mitral valve surgery. ...
Learn the latest minimally-invasive innovations for the treatment of mitral valve disease using the da Vinci robot from Dr. T. ... Home , Videos , Mitral Valve Repair , New Innovations for Robotic Mitral Valve Surgery ... Home , Videos , Mitral Valve Repair , New Innovations for Robotic Mitral Valve Surgery ... New Innovations for Robotic Mitral Valve Surgery. What are the latest, minimally-invasive innovations for the treatment of ...
  • In abnormal conditions, blood may flow backward through the valve (mitral regurgitation) or the mitral valve may be narrowed (mitral stenosis). (wikipedia.org)
  • Expansion of the annulus can result in leaflets that do not join soundly together, leading to functional mitral regurgitation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitral regurgitation is where some blood flows the wrong way in the heart because the mitral valve does not close properly. (www.nhs.uk)
  • Mitral valve regurgitation does not always have symptoms. (www.nhs.uk)
  • Mitral regurgitation happens if the mitral valve cannot close properly. (www.nhs.uk)
  • Percutaneous mitral valve repair (MVR) is used to treat mitral regurgitation (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] However, clinically viable percutaneous treatments for mitral regurgitation have become available only relatively recently. (medscape.com)
  • A multinational study by Nickenig et al of transcatheter MVR in 628 patients in Europe found that such treatment had a high acute procedural success rate (95.4%) and that reduction in the severity of mitral regurgitation persisted at 1 year. (medscape.com)
  • However, the patients with functional mitral regurgitation had a significantly higher estimated 1-year rate of heart failure-related rehospitalization than did the other group (25.8% versus 12.0%, respectively). (medscape.com)
  • [ 7 ] Procedural success was achieved in 90.6% of patients, and the majority of patients were discharged home with a moderate or lesser degree of mitral regurgitation. (medscape.com)
  • In a prospective, observational study, Scandura et al compared 1-year outcomes of MitraClip therapy in high surgical risk patients with moderate-to-severe or severe mitral regurgitation between patients aged up to 75 versus those 75 years or older (total N: 180 patients) and found that the primary efficacy endpoint occurred in 41 patients, with similar rates between groups. (medscape.com)
  • Relative to baseline, both groups showed a significant reduction in severity of mitral regurgitation achieved after the procedure at 1-year follow-up and a significant improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. (medscape.com)
  • The COAPT (Cardiovascular Outcomes Assessment of the MitraClip Percutaneous Therapy for Heart Failure Patients with Functional Mitral Regurgitation) trial randomized 614 patients with heart failure with moderate-to-severe or severe secondary mitral regurgitation and symptoms despite maximally tolerated medical therapy to transcatheter MVR (with MitraClip) plus medical therapy versus medical therapy alone. (medscape.com)
  • It is important to identify double orifice mitral valve as the cause of mitral valve obstruction or regurgitation or as an associated defect in patients with atrioventricular-canal defect and other congenital heart diseases (CHDs). (medscape.com)
  • Acquired partially flail leaflet causing severe mitral regurgitation in a congenital double-orifice mitral valve. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital double-orifice mitral valve with mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet in an elderly patient. (medscape.com)
  • In patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and cardiogenic shock, successful transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) is associated with a substantial reduction in all-cause mortality and lower morbidity at 1 year, according to an analysis of registry data. (medscape.com)
  • The objective of the Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of Using the Tendyne Mitral Valve System for the Treatment of Symptomatic Mitral Regurgitation (SUMMIT) is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the Tendyne Mitral Valve System for the treatment of patients with symptomatic, moderate-to-severe or severe mitral regurgitation or for patients with symptomatic mitral valve disease due to severe mitral annular calcification. (sutterhealth.org)
  • This randomized controlled trial will provide the opportunity to evaluate the safety and clinical benefits of the Tendyne Mitral Valve System compared to the MitraClip System in patients with symptomatic, moderate-to-severe or severe mitral regurgitation, within approved MitraClip indications. (sutterhealth.org)
  • There has been rapid progress in transcatheter therapies for mitral regurgitation. (nih.gov)
  • Pre- and intraoperative echocardiography for surgical mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation has defined contemporary interventional imaging in many ways. (nih.gov)
  • The expanded use of pre-procedural cardiac magnetic resonance to quantify mitral regurgitation and characterize the left ventricle is another illustration of this newer approach. (nih.gov)
  • This review provides an update of the essentials in present interventional imaging for surgical and transcatheter interventions for mitral regurgitation. (nih.gov)
  • In the analysis pooling data from a pilot study and the APOLLO trial, the high-risk patient population studied with at least moderate-severe symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR) not considered candidates for surgical treatment had "reduced but continued primary endpoint events after 30 days, largely due to underlying myocardial dysfunction," reported Martin B. Leon, MD, of Columbia University/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and the Cardiovascular Research Foundation in New York City. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Even now that you've fixed the mitral regurgitation, it's still getting worse. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Excluded were patients with less than 24 months of life expectancy, severe/prohibitive mitral annular calcification, severe tricuspid regurgitation, or right ventricular dysfunction. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Then there is also the issue of a complex etiology of mitral regurgitation, such as ring dilation, chordae rupture, or cusp damage. (medgadget.com)
  • Now CardiAQ of Winchester, Massachusetts thinks that it has developed a novel percutaneous solution for mitral regurgitation patients that doesn't use a radial force to attach the artificial valve, overcoming the main problem of performing mitral valve replacement. (medgadget.com)
  • Both groups presented a decrease in the severity of mitral and tricuspid regurgitation at 3-24 months. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recurrent mitral regurgitation (MR) is frequently encountered after mitral valve repair, particularly in cases of ischemic MR ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • LVOT obstruction is a stubborn, life-threatening complication of TMVI, a percutaneous technique that goes beyond the mere clipping of transcatheter edge-to-edge repair to treat severe mitral valve regurgitation or stenosis in people ill-suited for surgery. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Topics discussed were the award and a focus on patients who have primary mitral regurgitation, primarily covering patients who have myxomatosis mitral valve disease and mitral valve prolapse. (heart.org)
  • Mitral regurgitation (leaky valve) means that your valve is not closing as it should. (geisinger.org)
  • Geisinger's heart team has expertise in treating mitral valve regurgitation. (geisinger.org)
  • Serious mitral regurgitation can lead to heart failure, which causes symptoms such as severe shortness of breath. (geisinger.org)
  • We may be able to treat mitral regurgitation with medication. (geisinger.org)
  • Why choose Geisinger for your mitral regurgitation (leaky valve) care? (geisinger.org)
  • It treats the most common form of mitral regurgitation. (geisinger.org)
  • Evidence on whether or not there is any significant difference between the two current surgical approaches to treat patients with severe ischemic mitral regurgitation -- mitral valve repair and mitral valve replacement was reported for the first time by the Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network (CTSN), whose Data and Clinical Coordinating Center is at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. (medindia.net)
  • Ischemic mitral regurgitation is an important public health problem affecting as many as two million Americans. (medindia.net)
  • Ischemic mitral regurgitation occurs when blood backflows into the left atrium from the left ventricle of the heart due to improper closure of the mitral valve. (medindia.net)
  • Currently, practice guidelines recommend valve repair or replacement for severe ischemic mitral regurgitation. (medindia.net)
  • Previous research has shown mitral valve repair has lower operative mortality and complications, while mitral valve replacement may provide better long-term correction of mitral regurgitation. (medindia.net)
  • These results may impact the surgical care of patients experiencing severe ischemic mitral regurgitation and offer the strongest evidence to date to inform future surgical practice guidelines," says Michael K. Parides, PhD, Professor of Biostatistics in the Department of Health Evidence and Policy at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, the principal statistician for the CTSN. (medindia.net)
  • It evaluated the safety and effectiveness of mitral valve repair and mitral valve replacement in patients with severe ischemic mitral regurgitation. (medindia.net)
  • Comparative effectiveness was based on the degree of left ventricular remodeling, mortality, adverse events, recurrent mitral regurgitation, hospitalizations, and quality of life one-year after surgery. (medindia.net)
  • While our study results clearly demonstrate that patient outcomes with replacement and repair are similar one-year after surgery, our ongoing patient follow-up is extremely important, as it will reveal any consequences for patients whose mitral regurgitation has recurred," says Alan J. Moskowitz, MD, Professor and Vice-Chair of the Department of Health Evidence and Policy at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and study co-author. (medindia.net)
  • Mitral valve regurgitation (MVR) is the most prevalent form of heart valve disease. (bcbsnd.com)
  • TMVR with a device approved by the U.S. FDA may be considered medically necessary for individuals with heart failure and moderate-to-severe or severe symptomatic secondary mitral regurgitation despite the use of maximally tolerated guideline-directed medical therapy. (bcbsnd.com)
  • The results of the Surgical Interventions for Moderate Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation (IMR) study, supported by NIH's National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), were presented today at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions in Chicago and published simultaneously in the New England Journal of Medicine. (nih.gov)
  • Doctors typically treat heart attack patients with this condition, called ischemic mitral regurgitation, by performing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, sometimes adding a procedure to repair the leaky mitral valve. (nih.gov)
  • The 65-year-old was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, where a team of doctors determined that Stephen had a heart valve abnormality known as acute, severe mitral regurgitation. (valleyhealth.com)
  • Mitral valve regurgitation means the heart's mitral valve is leaky, and blood flows backward in the heart, rather than forward to the rest of the body. (valleyhealth.com)
  • When the mitral valve does not close properly, it's called mitral valve regurgitation. (alberta.ca)
  • For acute mitral valve regurgitation, surgery is done immediately to replace or repair the valve. (alberta.ca)
  • The decision to have surgery also depends on what caused mitral regurgitation. (alberta.ca)
  • A problem with the anatomy of the valve (primary regurgitation). (alberta.ca)
  • The minimally invasive MitraClip device is an option for patients suffering from mitral regurgitation (MR). (delraymedicalctr.com)
  • Mitral regurgitation is common, affecting more than 4 million Americans - nearly one in 10 people aged 75 and above. (delraymedicalctr.com)
  • Patients with MVP and documented absence of mitral regurgitation or valvular thickening likely do not need antibiotic prophylaxis against subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE). (umsystem.edu)
  • Patients with MVP with documented mitral regurgitation, valvular thickening, or an unknown degree of valvular dysfunction may benefit from antibiotics during procedures that often lead to bacteremia (strength of recommendation: C). (umsystem.edu)
  • Patients in the study had severe degenerative mitral valve regurgitation. (acc.org)
  • Mitral valve regurgitation occurs when the valve doesn't close completely, permitting blood to flow back into the left atrium. (acc.org)
  • His past medical history was notable for Streptococcus viridans bacterial endocarditis that resulted in severe mitral and aortic regurgitation. (acc.org)
  • During the current admission, a transesophageal echocardiogram demonstrated severe bioprosthetic mitral regurgitation with an effective regurgitant orifice of 0.42 cm 2 , due to a flail leaflet. (acc.org)
  • The aortic valve peak and mean gradients were 12 and 6 mmHg, the AVA was 2.08 cm 2 , and there was no significant paravalvular aortic regurgitation. (acc.org)
  • The mitral valve area was 1.65 cm 2 , and there was only trace residual mitral regurgitation. (acc.org)
  • The complex and novel procedure involving unique double MitraClip procedure for this patient with severe mitral valve regurgitation or blood leaking backwards through the mitral valve, was done under the guidance of senior cardiologists Dr Manoj Agarwal, and Dr PC Rath, and senior cardiothoracic surgeon Dr Alla Gopala Krishna Gokhale. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Mitral valve regurgitation or leakage of valve, a prevalent heart disease, occurs when the valve between the left heart chambers fails to close properly, leading to the backward leakage of blood. (apollohospitals.com)
  • The non-surgical MitraClip procedure offers a good alternative, improving patient outcomes for those with severe Mitral valve regurgitation. (apollohospitals.com)
  • This procedure offers better recovery prospects and prolongs the life for patients dealing with mitral regurgitation. (apollohospitals.com)
  • The patient Ms Leela presented with recurrent heart failure hospitalizations and was a known case of severe mitral regurgitation. (apollohospitals.com)
  • The 2-D echo and TEE investigations done on her indicated severe degenerative prolapse of posterior mitral valve, the cause for severe eccentric mitral regurgitation. (apollohospitals.com)
  • The area of the prolapse in her was large and was causing severe mitral regurgitation, hence we used 2 clips and that significantly reduced mitral regurgitation. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Further, the most frequent mitral valve disease, i.e. mitral regurgitation, has different etiologies and is frequently a consequence rather than the cause of left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. (minervamedica.it)
  • No specific treatment is necessary unless significant mitral regurgitation is present. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rupture of a degenerate chorda can allow part of the valve leaflet to flail into the atrium, which typically causes severe regurgitation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Severe symptomatic mitral regurgitation is rare. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • If the patient also suffers from mitral regurgitation, a systolic heart murmur can also be identified. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • If mitral regurgitation is suspected, it can be diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • Which of the following equations calculates the total stroke volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle during systole when a dog has mitral regurgitation? (web.app)
  • Improvements of echocardiographic techniques and new insights in mitral valve anatomy and physiology have rendered the diagnosis of this cond … 2018-03-11 The mitral valve clip procedure significantly improves heart function in those with mitral regurgitation by improving the function of your mitral valve. (web.app)
  • approximately 30% of dogs over age 10 possess the characteristic left-sided systolic murmur of DMVD and resulting mitral regurgitation (MR). 1 DMVD is most common in small breeds, with some breeds being highly predisposed. (web.app)
  • One of four heart valves, the mitral valve is located on the left side of the 23 Oct 2020 The emergence of mitral valve repair as the preferred treatment for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) caused by degenerative disease has been The mitral valve is important in regulating your blood flow. (web.app)
  • Mitral regurgitation is leakage of blood backward through the mitral valve each time the left ventricle contracts. (web.app)
  • This catheter-based mitral valve repair system has the potential to enable safer, faster, and considerably less traumatic cardiac interventions for mitral regurgitation patients worldwide, without compromising clinical efficacy. (web.app)
  • Treatment is only necessary if significant mitral stenosis (MS) or mitral regurgitation (MR) is present. (medscape.com)
  • 52% had mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, left atrial enlargement can result in mitral regurgitation by affecting the posterior leaflet. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, annular dilatation of the mitral valve causes poor leaflet apposition, which results in mitral regurgitation. (medscape.com)
  • Development of a flail mitral valve (MV) leaflet secondary to ruptured chordae tendineae in the setting of myxomatous mitral valve disease is a known complication of the disease that often results in severe mitral regurgitation . (bvsalud.org)
  • Two cases are presented in which a flail anterior MV leaflet caused severe mitral regurgitation and led to the development of congestive heart failure in male castrated Chihuahuas. (bvsalud.org)
  • Over variable periods of time , repeat cardiac evaluation disclosed reverse left-sided cardiac remodeling and lessened mitral regurgitation that allowed for withdrawal of furosemide in both dogs . (bvsalud.org)
  • While rare, improvement in mitral regurgitation severity may occur without surgical intervention, allowing for reverse left-sided cardiac remodeling and discontinuation of furosemide . (bvsalud.org)
  • This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation. (bvsalud.org)
  • the valve may also prolapse with age and be affected by infective endocarditis. (wikipedia.org)
  • What is mitral valve prolapse (MVP)? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) happens when the flaps of the mitral valve become floppy and don't close tightly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Who is more likely to develop mitral valve prolapse (MVP)? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mitral valve prolapse with backflow is most common in men and people who have high blood pressure . (medlineplus.gov)
  • What are the symptoms of mitral valve prolapse (MVP)? (medlineplus.gov)
  • What other problems can mitral valve prolapse (MVP) cause? (medlineplus.gov)
  • How is mitral valve prolapse (MVP) diagnosed? (medlineplus.gov)
  • What are the treatments for mitral valve prolapse (MVP)? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Can mitral valve prolapse be prevented? (medlineplus.gov)
  • You can't prevent mitral valve prolapse. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mitral valve prolapse is where the mitral valve is too floppy and does not close tightly. (www.nhs.uk)
  • Many people with a mitral valve prolapse do not have symptoms and it may only be spotted during a heart scan (echocardiogram) carried out for another reason. (www.nhs.uk)
  • Mitral valve prolapse is usually caused by problems with the tissues that join the mitral valve to the heart muscles. (www.nhs.uk)
  • There are many abnormalities or defects that can affect their operation and in this paper, I will discuss the most common one which is a "mitral valve prolapse. (bartleby.com)
  • A valvular prolapse is an abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that causes the valve to not close completely. (bartleby.com)
  • Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) was first characterized by Barlow and Bosman in the 1960s. (bartleby.com)
  • Barlow and Bosman) It was first called Barlow's Syndrome before being called mitral valve prolapse by Criley (Barlow and Bosman),(Criley et al. (bartleby.com)
  • Mitral stenosis can be caused by congenital heart defects, mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic fever, lupus and other conditions. (stroke.org)
  • Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is associated with aortic root (AoR) enlargement in patients with inherited connective tissue disorders. (researchgate.net)
  • When should patients with mitral valve prolapse get endocarditis prophylaxis? (umsystem.edu)
  • Patients with suspected mitral valve prolapse (MVP)should undergo echocardiography before any procedure that may place them at risk for bacteremia. (umsystem.edu)
  • Mitral valve revision showed marked annulus dilation and A2 segment prolapse because of lateral papillary muscle fibrosis and an anomalous posterior leaflet. (ctsnet.org)
  • In a few scenarios' treatments of the Mitral valve prolapse is not required. (idofind.com)
  • Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a billowing of mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These changes result in floppy valve leaflets that can balloon back (prolapse) into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Myxomatous degeneration less commonly affects the aortic or tricuspid valve, resulting in aortic or tricuspid prolapse. (msdmanuals.com)
  • MAD is strongly associated with mitral valve prolapse and ventricular arrhythmias. (msdmanuals.com)
  • MR) due to mitral valve prolapse may occur in patients with apparently normal mitral valve leaflets (ie, nonmyxomatous) due to ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction or rheumatic chordal rupture. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A mitral valve prolapse syndrome is a congenital malformation of the heart in the mitral valve apparatus. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • In the case of a mitral valve prolapse syndrome or mitral valve prolapse, the posterior mitral valve flap expands or balloons into the left atrium of the heart. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • Mitral valve prolapse is one of the most common heart valve changes in adults. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • The first description of mitral valve prolapse syndrome was in 1963 by South African heart specialist John B. Barlow. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • Around five percent of all adults worldwide are affected by a mitral valve prolapse. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • In principle, however, a mitral valve prolapse syndrome can occur at any age. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • A mitral valve prolapse syndrome is caused by a connective tissue disorder. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • Occasionally, however, a mitral valve prolapse also occurs following a heart attack. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • The symptoms that occur with a mitral valve prolapse syndrome are often very unspecific. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • If there are no symptoms, a mitral valve prolapse syndrome can usually only be discovered by the doctor by chance. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • In most cases, the course of a mitral valve prolapse syndrome is classified as positive. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • The mitral valve prolapse syndrome primarily causes problems with the heart. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • In most cases, it is no longer possible for the patient to carry out strenuous activities or sports due to the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • 2021-03-04 Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a very common clinical condition that refers to a systolic billowing of one or both mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium. (web.app)
  • Mitral valve prolapse is when one of the heart valves buckles backward on closing. (web.app)
  • 1 Dec 2020 Mitral valve prolapse is the most common cardiac valvular defect, characterized by bulging of the mitral valve cusps into the left atrium during 5 Dec 2018 In patients with this condition, the mitral valve has been deformed by heart failure, which leads to leaks that make the heart work harder to move The heart has four valves. (web.app)
  • The most common cause in the US is mitral valve prolapse. (myheart.net)
  • The death certificate and autopsy (completed by the forensic pathologist) listed "mitral valve prolapse" as the cause of death. (cdc.gov)
  • The NIOSH investigator concluded that the FF's underlying mitral valve prolapse and/or left ventricular hypertrophy were responsible for his sudden cardiac death, possibly triggered by the physical stress of responding to the rescue call. (cdc.gov)
  • Mitral valve stenosis is where the mitral valve does not open as wide as it should, restricting the flow of blood through the heart. (www.nhs.uk)
  • Mitral valve stenosis may not have any symptoms. (www.nhs.uk)
  • One of the main causes of mitral valve stenosis is rheumatic heart disease . (www.nhs.uk)
  • Over the past 20 years, percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty used to treat mitral stenosis has yielded excellent success rates in patients with suitable valvular and subvalvular morphology. (medscape.com)
  • Over the past two decades, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been established as a viable alternative treatment to deal with severe aortic stenosis in patients at risk of open-heart surgery. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening. (stroke.org)
  • Mitral stenosis restricts blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. (stroke.org)
  • What problems can result from untreated or advanced mitral valve stenosis? (stroke.org)
  • Mitral stenosis causes reduced blood flow through the narrowed valve opening from the left atrium to the left ventricle. (stroke.org)
  • What causes mitral valve stenosis? (stroke.org)
  • Mitral stenosis resulting from RHD is called rheumatic mitral stenosis. (stroke.org)
  • Although most mitral stenosis is caused by RHD, it can also result from a calcium build up on the heart valves. (stroke.org)
  • This is more common in older patients and is called calcific mitral stenosis. (stroke.org)
  • The choice of procedure is based on many factors including the cause of the mitral stenosis (rheumatic or calcific), condition of the valve, risk of surgery, severity of symptoms, heart function, and availability of procedures. (stroke.org)
  • For rheumatic mitral stenosis, a commissurotomy may be performed. (stroke.org)
  • In more advanced rheumatic mitral valve stenosis, surgical repair or replacement of the mitral valve may be required. (stroke.org)
  • If the valve is very tight and narrow, it's called mitral valve stenosis. (alberta.ca)
  • Rapid increase in plasma endothelin concentrations during percutaneous balloon dilatation of the mitral valve in patients with mitral stenosis. (bmj.com)
  • The study also revealed severe bioprosthetic aortic stenosis with an aortic valve area (AVA) of 0.9 cm 2 . (acc.org)
  • These rates are significantly higher than expected after TAVR for native aortic valve stenosis, suggesting that there may be unique safety concerns for aortic valve-in-valve procedures. (acc.org)
  • While transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has achieved a central role in the treatment of severe aortic stenosis across any surgical risk category, transcatheter treatment of mitral valve disease is still the object of intense debate and investigation. (minervamedica.it)
  • Mitral stenosis correction is considered a healthy option for a person facing a leak of the Mitral valve. (idofind.com)
  • Repairing mitral valve stenosis is relatively more complicated than replacement of its. (idofind.com)
  • Description: Gross pathology of heart showing mitral stenosis. (web.app)
  • Mitral stenosis (MS) is a structural anomaly of the mitral valve resulting in a decreased cross-sectional area of the valve. (amboss.com)
  • All patients with suspected mitral stenosis should undergo transthoracic echocardiography ( TTE ). (amboss.com)
  • TTE is the best initial test to evaluate the mitral valve and quantify the anatomical extent of the stenosis. (amboss.com)
  • TTE is the most important test for diagnosing and guiding the treatment of mitral stenosis . (amboss.com)
  • This course focuses on the etiology of mitral stenosis, as well as techniques for quantifying and estimating the severity of mitral stenosis. (cardiovillage.com)
  • The opening of the mitral valve is surrounded by a fibrous ring known as the mitral annulus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mitral annulus is a fibrous ring that is attached to the mitral valve leaflets. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mitral annulus is saddle shaped and changes in shape throughout the cardiac cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The normal diameter of the mitral annulus is 2.7 to 3.5 centimetres (1.1 to 1.4 in), and the circumference is 8 to 9 centimetres (3.1 to 3.5 in). (wikipedia.org)
  • It is passed through the intra-atrial septum, into the left atrium, and down through the mitral annulus. (medgadget.com)
  • The valve is partially expanded to engage the ventricular side of the annulus and establish the proper position. (medgadget.com)
  • Foreshortening of the frame creates a clamping action that anchors the valve above and below the annulus. (medgadget.com)
  • First, all stitches were put in the mitral valve prosthesis and then around the mitral valve annulus. (ctsnet.org)
  • CT scans of the mitral valve annulus in a normal dog presented in a soft tissue window. (avma.org)
  • Sagittal plane reformed image (B) and transverse plane image (C) used to adjust the reformatting plane as depicted in (A). The oblique red lines represent the reformatting plane used in (A). D, E-Mitral valve annulus measurements acquired in all subjects. (avma.org)
  • RC = Remainder of the circumference of the mitral valve annulus. (avma.org)
  • Patients with aFMR showed similar reductions in mitral annulus diameter and concomitant reduction in regurgitant volume through 3 months compared to those with vFMR. (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) is partial detachment of the mitral annulus from the ventricular myocardium, allowing for hypermobility of the mitral valve. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this report, we would like to concentrate on the primary mitral insufficiency which is a disease of the mitral valve apparatus (mitral leaflet, chordae tendineae, papillary muscle, mitral annulus), and not the secondary cause which is a disease of the left ventricle and/or the left atrium. (myheart.net)
  • [ 2 ] This anomaly is characterized by a mitral valve with a single fibrous annulus with 2 orifices that open into the left ventricle (LV), as depicted in the image below. (medscape.com)
  • Each valve has a separate annulus, and a separate set of mitral valve leaflets and subvalvar apparatus. (medscape.com)
  • During ventricular systole, the mitral valve closes and prevents backflow to the LA. The normal function of the mitral valve depends on its 6 components, which are (1) the left atrial wall, (2) the annulus, (3) the leaflets, (4) the chordae tendineae, (5) the papillary muscles, and (6) the left ventricular wall (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The mitral apparatus is composed of the left atrial wall, the annulus, the leaflets, the chordae tendineae, the papillary muscles, and the left ventricular wall. (medscape.com)
  • The mitral annulus is a fibrous ring that connects with the leaflets. (medscape.com)
  • The straight border of the annulus is posterior to the aortic valve. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] The annulus functions as a sphincter that contracts and reduces the surface area of the valve during systole to ensure complete closure of the leaflets. (medscape.com)
  • Mitral leaflet thickness is usually about 1 mm but sometimes can range from 3-5 mm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Microscopically, there is no evidence of an annular structure anteriorly, where the mitral valve leaflet is contiguous with the posterior aortic root. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite the ablation and subsequent anterior mitral leaflet modification, TMVI still increased the LVOT gradient and the patient died days later from shock and multi-organ failure, they noted in a research letter in Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions . (medpagetoday.com)
  • Of the four remaining patients, three had successful TMVI with intentional laceration of the anterior mitral leaflet (another technique to prevent LVOT obstruction) at 51 to 334 days post-SCORPION -- one still showing an increase in LVOT gradient despite the operators' efforts. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The complication occurs when the valve implant intrudes on the LVOT or pushes the anterior mitral leaflet into the outflow. (medpagetoday.com)
  • SCORPION failed to change predicted neo-LVOT area enough to avoid adjunctive intentional laceration of the anterior mitral leaflet to prevent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction at the time of TMVI," they wrote. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Their study also has implications for adjunctive intentional laceration of the anterior mitral leaflet, which was performed in three out of four patients as a TMVI adjunct for reducing LVOT obstruction. (medpagetoday.com)
  • In the LAMPOON version of this technique, leaflet laceration is performed using radiofrequency energy splitting the anterior mitral valve leaflet down the midline. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Echo showed severe mitral insufficiency with mitral valve leaflet restriction. (ctsnet.org)
  • The anterior leaflet was divided in the A2 segment, and mitral valve replacement was performed with the preservation of both mitral valve leaflets. (ctsnet.org)
  • During auscultation, a systolic click can be heard, which is considered to be an expression of the systolic valve leaflet protrusion in the direction of the left atrium. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • The normal mitral valve consists of a large, central orifice located between a large sail-like anterior leaflet and a small, C-shaped posterior leaflet. (medscape.com)
  • In about 15% of patients with double orifice mitral valve, a central bridge of fibrous or abnormal leaflet tissue connects the 2 leaflets of the mitral valve, dividing the orifice into medial and lateral parts. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] During systole or mitral valve closure, the rough zone of the anterior leaflet will appose to the rough zone of the posterior leaflet. (medscape.com)
  • In normal conditions, blood flows through an open mitral valve during diastole with contraction of the left atrium, and the mitral valve closes during systole with contraction of the left ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The valve opens and closes because of pressure differences, opening when there is greater pressure in the left atrium than ventricle and closing when there is greater pressure in the left ventricle than atrium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mitral valve is typically 4 to 6 square centimetres (0.62 to 0.93 sq in) in area and sits in the left heart between the left atrium and the left ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The valve leaflets are prevented from prolapsing into the left atrium by the action of chordae tendineae. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the left ventricle contracts, the pressure in the ventricle forces the valve to close, while the tendons keep the leaflets coapting together and prevent the valve from opening in the wrong direction (thus preventing blood flowing back to the left atrium). (wikipedia.org)
  • During left ventricular diastole, after the pressure drops in the left ventricle due to relaxation of the ventricular myocardium, the mitral valve opens, and blood travels from the left atrium to the left ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
  • This early filling phase is due to active relaxation of the ventricular myocardium, causing a pressure gradient that allows a rapid flow of blood from the left atrium, across the mitral valve. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mitral valve is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle, which allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle preventing backflow of blood back into the left atrium. (bartleby.com)
  • Barlow's syndrome was diagnosed by electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and chest X-ray.3 The mitral valve apparatus includes tow leaflets, chordae tendineae, anulus, left atrium, papillary muscles and left ventricular wall (Devereux et al. (bartleby.com)
  • The mitral valve is the heart valve located between the left atrium, or upper chamber of the heart, and left ventricle, or lower chamber of the heart. (medmovie.com)
  • After the left atrium fills with blood the mitral valve opens to allow the blood to flow down into the left ventricle. (medmovie.com)
  • If the mitral valve does not close properly, blood flows backwards into the left atrium. (medmovie.com)
  • The mitral valve separates the two chambers on the left side of the heart, the left atrium and the left ventricle, and its job is to allow blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle and prevent it from flowing back the other way. (acc.org)
  • The mitral valve opens when blood flows in from the left atrium towards the left ventricle. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • Left atrium has been opened to show thickened mitral valve leaflets from above. (web.app)
  • The mitral valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle. (web.app)
  • Anyone with these symptoms should see a doctor, as the Mitral valve definition, the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart, consisting of two triangular flaps of tissue, that prevents the blood from flowing back into the atrium. (web.app)
  • [ 3 ] Although double orifice mitral valve may allow normal blood flow between the left atrium and LV, it can substantially obstruct mitral valve inflow or produce mitral valve incompetence. (medscape.com)
  • The mitral valve connects the left atrium (LA) and the left ventricle (LV). (medscape.com)
  • Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. (bvsalud.org)
  • citation needed] In Carpentier's classification of a mitral valve, both the posterior and anterior mitral valve leaflets are divided into eight segments: P3 (medial scallop), P2 (middle scallop), P1 (lateral scallop), A3 (anteromedial segment), A2 (anteromedial), A1 (anterolateral), PMC (posteromedial commissure), ALC (anterolateral commissure). (wikipedia.org)
  • During this procedure the valve leaflets that have become fused together are separated. (stroke.org)
  • In both cases, once the leaflets have been separated, the valve opening is increased and blood flow through the valve is improved. (stroke.org)
  • The reasons are that the mitral valve apparatus anatomy is more complex, involving valve leaflets, subvalvular apparatus and the left ventricle. (minervamedica.it)
  • The chordae become longer and thinner and the valve leaflets enlarge and become rubbery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When performing an echocardiography, the thickened valve leaflets are noticeable. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • Other anomalies of the valve apparatus, such as cleft leaflets, accessory papillary muscles, fused papillary muscles, and crossing chordae tendineae, are commonly present. (medscape.com)
  • This condition involves 2 mitral valve annuli and valves, each with its own set of leaflets, commissures, chordae, and papillary muscles. (medscape.com)
  • Abnormal structures, including large bridging tissue, bulky abnormal leaflets, fused chordae, or abnormal papillary muscles reduce the effective area of the valve. (medscape.com)
  • Resolution of congestive heart failure and reverse remodeling in two Chihuahuas with flail mitral valve leaflets. (bvsalud.org)
  • These developments have elevated the need for the imager to have a core understanding of the functional mitral valve anatomy. (nih.gov)
  • What do I need to know about transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR)? (drugs.com)
  • TMVR is a minimally invasive way to repair your mitral valve. (drugs.com)
  • TMVR is done if mitral valve replacement surgery is not safe for you. (drugs.com)
  • PHOENIX -- Global experience with the novel Intrepid transapical transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) device through 2 years showed high risks of mortality and complications, raising concerns that might not be alleviated by the planned shift to a transfemoral approach. (medpagetoday.com)
  • This new type of transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR) is a minimally invasive alternative to surgery. (geisinger.org)
  • Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair/Replacement (TMVR) is a minimally invasive procedure that uses catheter-based technology that emulates surgical annuloplasty and edge-to-edge repair of regurgitant mitral valves. (bcbsnd.com)
  • Global Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement (TMVR) Mark. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The latest research document namely Global Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement (TMVR) Market 2020 by Company, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2025 comprises in-depth data and a study of the market. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The report examines several manufacturers, associations, suppliers, organizations, and industries below the global Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement (TMVR) market. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Then it depicts the expected market patterns and revenue forecast for the global Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement (TMVR) market for the following five years. (pharmiweb.com)
  • After studying key vendors, the report focuses on the new entrant contributing to the enlargement of the global Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement (TMVR) market. (pharmiweb.com)
  • LivaNova today announced the conclusion of the PRELUDE feasibility study for its Caisson Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement (TMVR) Hitta perfekta Mitral Valve bilder och redaktionellt nyhetsbildmaterial hos Getty Images. (web.app)
  • This early filling across the mitral valve is seen on doppler echocardiography of the mitral valve as the E wave. (wikipedia.org)
  • Double orifice mitral valve by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. (medscape.com)
  • Recognize cardiology pathology and correlate the two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography findings associated with various types of mitral valve disease. (gcus.com)
  • These include Vertical Heart Score, Left Atrial Bulge, Vertebral Left Atrial Size, and Echocardiography (which is the only way to diagnose mitral valve disease - otherwise the cardiomegaly can hypothetically be caused by other factors). (thewebinarvet.com)
  • Asymptomatic patients are initially managed conservatively and the mitral valve is regularly monitored with transthoracic echocardiography . (amboss.com)
  • Your healthcare provider will use sound waves to look to see how severe your leaky mitral valve is. (drugs.com)
  • After a few days of stabilizing Stephen with the temporary heart pump, he underwent open heart surgery by Paul Burns, MD , Director of Heart Failure Surgery at The Valley Hospital, and had his leaky mitral valve replaced. (valleyhealth.com)
  • MR is a debilitating, progressive and life-threatening disease in which a leaky mitral valve causes a backward flow of blood into the heart. (delraymedicalctr.com)
  • Dr. Bouchard discusses the Leaky Mitral Valve with Dr. Mustafa Ahmed at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. (myheart.net)
  • Newer approaches have progressed far beyond balloon valvuloplasty to include catheter techniques for emulating surgical annuloplasty and edge-to-edge repair of regurgitant mitral valves. (medscape.com)
  • Bano-Rodrigo A, Van Praagh S, Trowitzsch E, Van Praagh R. Double-orifice mitral valve: a study of 27 postmortem cases with developmental, diagnostic and surgical considerations. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, transapical transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve implantation (TAMVI) was compared with surgical redo mitral valve replacement (SRMVR) in terms of clinical outcomes. (frontiersin.org)
  • There have been a relatively small number of reports pertaining to the clinical outcomes and echocardiographic findings following TAMVI or surgical redo mitral valve replacement (SRMVR) for degenerated bioprosthetic valve or failed annuloplasty rings. (frontiersin.org)
  • The findings presented on November 18 at the American Heart Association's Scientific Sessions 2013 and published simultaneously by the New England Journal of Medicine , report similar clinical outcomes one-year following mitral valve surgery for both surgical approaches. (medindia.net)
  • It is from this vantage point that we have concluded that Valtech's platforms represent the most innovative and comprehensive portfolio of interventional and surgical products for mitral and tricuspid repair and replacement in development today. (massdevice.com)
  • In the largest randomized trial conducted to compare minimally invasive and conventional cardiac surgical techniques for repairing a poorly functioning mitral valve, improvements in physical activity, as well as surgical outcomes and quality of life, were similar in both groups of patients at 12 weeks post-surgery. (acc.org)
  • In addition, we show that when both surgical procedures are performed by expert surgeons, minimally invasive mitral valve surgery is as safe and effective as conventional surgery. (acc.org)
  • By contrast, the minimally invasive surgical procedure, known as a mini-thoracotomy, involves making an incision about two inches long in the chest to gain access to the heart and then using a camera and special instruments to repair the valve. (acc.org)
  • Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement for Degenerative Bioprosthetic Surgical Valves: Results From the Global Valve-in-Valve Registry. (acc.org)
  • Apollo Cardiologists perform a complex & novel non-surgical mitral valve procedure on an 87-year-old woman with recurrent heart failures! (apollohospitals.com)
  • She was advised for surgical valve repair/replacement. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Identification of MAD can alter the surgical technique used for mitral valve repair. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Valve in Valve Mitral app provides information specific for a clinical aspects of surgical mitral valves, mitral rings and TAVI valve design, An integrated framework for finite-element modeling of mitral valve biomechanics from medical images: application to MitralClip intervention planning. (web.app)
  • Once symptoms develop or the valve area decreases to 1.5 cm 2 , percutaneous valvuloplasty or surgical intervention may be considered. (amboss.com)
  • The mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are known as the atrioventricular valves because they lie between the atria and the ventricles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sanchez Carlos A, Rabago P, Sokolowski M. Duplication of the tricuspid valve. (medscape.com)
  • Abdullah M, Pearce K, Palmer N, Chenzbraun A. Double orifice mitral valve with dysplastic tricuspid valve and intact interatrial septum: a three-dimensional echocardiographic study. (medscape.com)
  • The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonic valve, the mitral valve, and the aortic valve. (bartleby.com)
  • The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. (bartleby.com)
  • The mitral valve, the tricuspid valve, the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve. (web.app)
  • The Simulus semi-rigid annuloplasty ring and band are for use in patients undergoing surgery for diseased or damaged mitral valves. (medtronic.com)
  • In-vivo motion of mitral valve annuloplasty devices. (medtronic.com)
  • We retrospectively identified patients with degenerated mitral bioprosthesis or failed annuloplasty rings who underwent redo SRMVR or TAMVI at our medical center. (frontiersin.org)
  • We retrospectively identified patients with symptomatic mitral bioprosthetic valve dysfunction ( n = 58) and failed annuloplasty rings ( n = 14) who underwent redo SRMVR ( n = 36) or TAMVI ( n = 36). (frontiersin.org)
  • Transapical transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve implantation (TAMVI) is now regarded as a promising alternative treatment for patients with degenerated bioprosthesis or failed annuloplasty ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Valtech's Cardinal annuloplasty ring already has CE Mark approval for mitral valve repair and is slated to hit the market next year and in 2017 for tricuspid repair, the companies said. (massdevice.com)
  • The Cardioband transfemoral annuloplasty system represents a more reproducible and predictable platform for mitral valve repair than existing solutions. (massdevice.com)
  • Bothe W , Miller DC , Doenst T , Surgery C . Sizing for mitral annuloplasty: where does science stop and voodoo begin? (avma.org)
  • The recommended treatment for degenerative mitral valve disease is mitral valve reconstruction, as opposed to valve replacement with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve, because valve repair is associated with improved survival and fewer long-term complications. (heart.org)
  • Doppler Evaluation of Mitral Valve Heart Disease Training Video is designed to provide an introduction to the Doppler evaluation of commonly seen mitral valvular heart disease. (gcus.com)
  • A randomized trial is also planned to compare mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair against transfemoral mitral valve replacement, Leon noted. (medpagetoday.com)
  • When possible, valve repair is generally preferred over replacement. (medlineplus.gov)
  • transcatheter mitral valve replacement. (nih.gov)
  • Mitral valve replacement is surgery to replace the mitral valve with an artificial (prosthetic) valve. (bartleby.com)
  • Minimally invasive mitral valve replacement surgery. (bartleby.com)
  • Replacement with a mechanical valve requires lifelong treatment with medicine to prevent blood clots. (bartleby.com)
  • While Leon said this reduction was "as you would expect with mitral valve replacement started at a lower baseline, with about the same level of reduction over time for both primary and secondary MR," he also acknowledged that the platform is moving to a transfemoral approach to reduce risks. (medpagetoday.com)
  • What's interesting is there's ongoing worsening of ejection fraction in patients that have a transapical mitral replacement," Ailawadi told MedPage Today . (medpagetoday.com)
  • A catheter carrying the replacement valve is threaded through the femoral vein and up into the right atrium of the heart. (medgadget.com)
  • The Avalus bioprosthesis is indicated for the replacement of diseased, damaged, or malfunctioning native or prosthetic aortic valves. (medtronic.com)
  • Only physicians who have received proper training in valve replacement should use this device. (medtronic.com)
  • For the replacement of malfunctioning native or prosthetic aortic and/or mitral heart valves. (medtronic.com)
  • For patients who require replacement of their native or prosthetic aortic and/or mitral valves. (medtronic.com)
  • For the replacement of malfunctioning native or prosthetic aortic valves with the option of aortic root replacement. (medtronic.com)
  • While clinical guidelines recommend mitral valve repair over replacement, too many patients who would benefit from repair receive replacement valves, with higher rates of death or complications within five years after surgery. (heart.org)
  • Although patient clinical outcomes were similar, mitral valve replacement was shown to be more durable than repair. (medindia.net)
  • HTWR ) said yesterday that it agreed to put roughly $929 million on the table for Israeli replacement heart valve maker Valtech Cardio. (massdevice.com)
  • This investment gave us a unique opportunity to observe Valtech's significant progress across their portfolio of valve repair and replacement technologies. (massdevice.com)
  • Valtech's V-Chordal device, a mitral valve chord replacement system, has already undergone 1st-in-human trials. (massdevice.com)
  • Valtech's robust portfolio of repair and replacement technologies provides us with the most comprehensive product suite to treat the mitral and tricuspid populations. (massdevice.com)
  • Babliak O, Demianenko V, Babliak D, Marchenko A. Concomitant Minimally Invasive CABG with LV Restoration and Mitral Valve Replacement. (ctsnet.org)
  • Mitral valve replacement is most often done as an open-heart surgery. (alberta.ca)
  • After you have a replacement valve, your heart function and your life will largely return to normal. (alberta.ca)
  • There are two significant types of surgery for such kinds of issues: valve repair and valve replacement. (idofind.com)
  • Other causes include hard deposits that form around the valve with age, or a problem with the heart from birth (congenital heart disease) . (www.nhs.uk)
  • Associated congenital heart defects are common, although double orifice mitral valve can occur as an isolated anomaly. (medscape.com)
  • Any congenital or acquired disorder of individual components can disturb the finely coordinated mechanisms of the mitral valve and result in an incompetent valve. (medscape.com)
  • Double orifice mitral valve [updated 2020 Jun 9]. (medscape.com)
  • Heart surgery to repair or replace a very abnormal mitral valve with backflow. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In some cases, mitral valve surgery may be needed. (www.nhs.uk)
  • In addition, the safety and effectiveness of the Tendyne Mitral Valve System will be evaluated in patients with severe mitral annular calcification who are at prohibitive risk for mitral valve surgery. (sutterhealth.org)
  • Patients who are not suitable for mitral valve surgery for reasons other than severe mitral annular calcification and are also not suitable for transcatheter repair with MitraClip, will be enrolled in the Non-randomized cohort. (sutterhealth.org)
  • You and your surgeon will decide which type of valve is best for you and which type of surgery you will have. (bartleby.com)
  • The international APOLLO trial included 157 patients and the pilot trial included 95, both with symptomatic moderate-severe MR deemed unsuitable for mitral valve surgery. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Transcatheter aortic and pulmonic valve replacements are shaping up to become attractive alternatives to open heart surgery, as we have seen with products such as Melody Pulmonary Valve and Edwards Sapien Aortic Valve . (medgadget.com)
  • In an effort to combat this, the Mitral Foundation and the American Heart Association® administer a joint recognition program to identify, recognize and promote the nation's recognized medical centers for mitral valve repair surgery. (heart.org)
  • Promoting the nation's recognized medical centers for mitral valve repair surgery. (heart.org)
  • This centers around valves that, under most circumstances, when surgery is required, are repairable. (heart.org)
  • And also joining him is Dr. David Adams, the chairman of the cardiothoracic surgery program at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York and a preeminent mitral valve repair surgeon. (heart.org)
  • Medicines or heart valve surgery may be recommended as treatment. (medmovie.com)
  • We can treat leaky valves with medication, with a minimally invasive procedure or with traditional heart valve surgery . (geisinger.org)
  • The mitral valve can usually be repaired or replaced with surgery, or a minimally invasive procedure. (stroke.org)
  • This can be done using a balloon (percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy or PMBC) or surgery. (stroke.org)
  • Routinely adding mitral valve repair to coronary artery bypass graft surgery for heart attack patients may not be warranted in patients with moderate mitral valve damage, according to an NIH-funded study. (nih.gov)
  • Return to Mitral valve surgery . (wikidoc.org)
  • Dr. Guy is a robotic mitral valve expert who has pioneered this unique, minimally-invasive approach to cardiac surgery. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • Are You A Candidate For Robotic Mitral Valve Repair Surgery? (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • Can The MitraClip Be Used After A Failed Mitral Valve Repair Surgery? (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • During valve surgery, you are given general anesthesia. (alberta.ca)
  • Recovery from heart valve surgery usually involves a few days in an intensive care unit (ICU) of a hospital. (alberta.ca)
  • Even though the surgery replaced your mitral valve, it is still important to eat heart-healthy foods, get regular exercise, stay at a healthy weight, take your medicine, and not smoke. (alberta.ca)
  • Medications for the condition only assist with symptom management and do not stop the progression of the disease, so typically open heart mitral valve surgery is the standard of care treatment. (delraymedicalctr.com)
  • Conventional surgery to repair the mitral valve, via a sternotomy, involves opening the chest completely from the collarbone to the bottom of the breastbone. (acc.org)
  • There's a learning curve to performing mitral valve surgery, and expertise is important," Akowuah said. (acc.org)
  • Conventional treatment involves minimal-invasive mitral valve surgery, which may be effective but poses high procedural complications for older patients or high-risk patients. (apollohospitals.com)
  • The MitraClip Procedure is a revolutionary and minimally invasive procedure as it involves a catheter to insert a clip to hold the edges of the mitral valve together, providing a unique and safer treatment option compared to the mitral valve surgery, especially for patients aged 60 and above. (apollohospitals.com)
  • In view of her advance age and very high risk for open heart surgery, she was advised trans-catheter mitral valve repair with Mitraclip. (apollohospitals.com)
  • If blood flows backwards through the valve, your heart may also make a whooshing sound called a heart murmur. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When the heart pumps and the left ventricle contracts, the mitral valve closes and blood flows outward through the aortic valve (the exit valve of the heart) and into the circulation of the body. (medmovie.com)
  • Identify and recognize associated abnormalities of the mitral valve apparatus in patients with DOMV. (medscape.com)
  • Double orifice mitral valve was always associated with an anomaly of the subvalvular apparatus because, by definition, a separate tensor apparatus is attached to each orifice. (medscape.com)
  • Components of the mitral valve apparatus. (medscape.com)
  • What are the latest, minimally-invasive innovations for the treatment of mitral valve disease using the da Vinci robot? (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • This book describes the state of the art in the filed of percutaneous treatment of mitral valve disease. (minervamedica.it)
  • LVOT obstruction is especially common in valve-in-mitral annular calcification implants and is associated with high mortality. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in double orifice mitral valve. (medscape.com)
  • Double-orifice mitral valve with intact atrioventricular septum: an echocardiographic study with anatomic and functional considerations. (medscape.com)
  • Presentation, natural history, and outcome in children and adolescents with double orifice mitral valve. (medscape.com)
  • Sugiyama H, Hoshiai M, Toda T, Nakazawa S. Double-orifice mitral valve associated with noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. (medscape.com)
  • Association of a double orifice mitral valve with a bicuspid aortic valve in an explanted heart with dilated cardiomyopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Tricuspid atresia associated with double-orifice mitral valve and coronary sinus septal defect. (medscape.com)
  • Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is an uncommon anomaly that was first described by Greenfield in 1876. (medscape.com)
  • Recognition of double orifice mitral valve and awareness of the anatomic variations are important to achieve good therapeutic results. (medscape.com)
  • In double orifice mitral valve, abnormal tissue divides the orifice into 2 parts. (medscape.com)
  • In this type of double orifice mitral valve, dilatation of the posteromedial orifice is feasible by means of balloon valvuloplasty. (medscape.com)
  • In another published clinical series of 18 patients with double orifice mitral valve and intact AV septum, Das et al found that double orifice mitral valve was most commonly associated with left sided obstructed lesions in 39% of the cases and with ventricular septal defects (VSDs) in 17% of the cases. (medscape.com)
  • This video presents the case of a minimally invasive mitral valve (MV) and anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) repair in a twenty-one-month-old female patient. (ctsnet.org)
  • Rheumatic fever can damage the heart valves leading to rheumatic heart disease. (stroke.org)
  • Unlike prosthetic valves, it is not continuous. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 3 ] and appears to be more D-shaped, rather than circular as prosthetic valves are (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • J of Heart Valve Dis 2007;17:110-8. (medtronic.com)
  • In five TMVI candidates considered at risk of LVOT obstruction, a SCORPION ablation planned months in advance was technically successful, but associated with complete heart block and implantation of a permanent pacemaker in all five cases, reported Vasilis Babaliaros, MD, of Emory Structural Heart & Valve Center in Atlanta, and colleagues. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Our heart care team works closely with you to determine which type of heart valve disease treatment is right for you. (geisinger.org)
  • Find out more about your heart valves and how to manage heart valve disease. (stroke.org)
  • The damaged mitral valve is removed and replaced with a new heart valve. (alberta.ca)
  • If you have a mechanical heart valve, you are more likely to develop blood clots in your heart. (alberta.ca)
  • February 22 is Heart Valve Disease Awareness Day. (agingresearch.org)
  • First, a 26 mm Edwards SAPIEN transcatheter heart valve (THV) was deployed, under rapid pacing, inside the Carpentier Edwards valve in the aortic position. (acc.org)
  • Overview of Cardiac Valvular Disorders Any heart valve can become stenotic or insufficient (also termed regurgitant or incompetent), causing hemodynamic changes long before symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When the ventricle contracts, the heart valve closes. (top-medical-schools.org)
  • Recent data also suggests that transcatheter transapical mitral valve-in-valve implantation can be successfully performed for failing bioprosthetic mitral valves with minimal operative morbidity or mortality and favorable midterm clinical and hemodynamic outcomes. (acc.org)
  • Drawn from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry, 3,797 patients with cardiogenic shock underwent MR repair between November 2013 and December 2021. (medscape.com)
  • In MR patients, cardiogenic shock is associated with a high risk of death, but there has been little evidence that valve repair does not exacerbate let alone modify this risk. (medscape.com)
  • The predicted STS (Society of Thoracic Surgeons) mortality for mitral valve repair among these two groups was 14.8% vs. 15% ( P = 0.97), respectively. (medscape.com)
  • You may need this procedure if your mitral valve is too damaged to repair, such as from rheumatic disease. (bartleby.com)
  • This webinar from the American Heart Association, hosted by Dr. Bob Bonow, covers topics around the Mitral Valve Repair Reference Center Award. (heart.org)
  • Recognizes those Mitral Valve Repair Reference Centers who have a demonstrated record of superior clinical outcomes, as well as an ongoing commitment to reporting and measuring quality and outcome metrics specific to mitral valve repairs. (heart.org)
  • Valtech provides HeartWare with commercial-stage products for mitral repair, as well as a robust technology pipeline, an advanced R&D center and an impressive, experienced team with a proven track record. (massdevice.com)
  • Cardioband is expected to win the CE Mark for mitral valve repair this year, with a limited commercial launch following in late 2015, HeartWare said. (massdevice.com)
  • The mitral repair market is already a well-established and rapidly growing market with a significant, unmet, immediate clinical need. (massdevice.com)
  • The surgeons decided the mitral valve wasn't suitable to repair. (ctsnet.org)
  • Babliak O, Babliak D, Volodymyr D, Marchenko A. Minimally Invasive Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA) and Mitral Valve Repair. (ctsnet.org)
  • In the trial, 330 patients (average age 67, 30% women) treated at 10 centers in the U.K. were randomly assigned to undergo mitral valve repair by either sternotomy or mini-thoracotomy. (acc.org)
  • Echographic outcomes of patients with atrial derived FMR (aFMR) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) were compared to patients with ventricular derived FMR (vFMR) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) after percutaneous mitral valve repair with the Carillon Mitral Contour System. (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • Background Native aortic and mitral valve infective endocarditis (AVE and MVE, respectively) are usually grouped together as left-sided native valve infective endocarditis (LNVE), while the differences between AVE and MVE have not yet been properly investigated. (lu.se)
  • Concomitant Transcatheter Aortic and Mitral Valve-in-Valve Replacements Using Transfemoral Devices Via the Transapical Approach: First Case in the U.S. (acc.org)
  • Given his symptoms and the TEE findings, the patient was evaluated by the heart team for reoperative aortic and mitral valve replacements. (acc.org)
  • To help move the company's Transcatheter Mitral Valve Implantation (TMVI) forward, the firm just finished a $6.5 million 'Series A' fund raiser, giving us hope that we might be seeing this technology in cath labs within a short period of time. (medgadget.com)
  • Radiofrequency ablation came up short for preventing left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, a feared complication of transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI), researchers reported. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Thus, the heart team elected to proceed with transapical, transcatheter, double valve-in-valve implantation employing 2 RetroFlex 3 transfemoral devices (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, California), which were the only FDA approved devices at the time of the procedure. (acc.org)
  • described results from the Global Valve-in-Valve Registry of transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation in 202 patients with failing bioprosthetic valves. (acc.org)
  • Five-Year Experience with Transcatheter Transapical Mitral Valve-in-Valve Implantation for Bioprosthetic Valve Dysfunction. (acc.org)
  • The mitral valve is named after the mitre of a bishop, which resembles its flaps. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heart valves have flaps that open and close. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Over time, it can cause the flaps of the mitral valve to become hard and thick. (www.nhs.uk)
  • The clip will be placed so that it holds the middle of the mitral flaps. (drugs.com)
  • The chordae tendineae are inelastic tendons attached at one end to papillary muscles in the left ventricle, and at the other to the valve cusps. (wikipedia.org)
  • Harken et al have described the mitral valve as a continuous veil inserted around the circumference of the mitral orifice. (medscape.com)
  • If you have a leaky valve, you may not have symptoms. (geisinger.org)
  • Although medications can't fix a valve defect, they can help with symptoms. (stroke.org)
  • MVA , valve pressure gradient, and presence or absence of symptoms and pulmonary artery hypertension are used to grade the severity of disease. (amboss.com)
  • Two-dimensional echocardiogram (apical view) in a patient with duplicate mitral valve. (medscape.com)
  • the first pulmonic balloon valvuloplasty was reported in 1982, which was quickly followed by applications to the aortic and mitral valves. (medscape.com)
  • In a study of the initial US commercial experience with transcatheter MVR using the MitraClip, Sorajja et al analyzed data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry on patients commercially treated with the MitraClip (N = 564). (medscape.com)
  • Echocardiographic diagnosis of a stenotic double orifice parachute mitral valve with a single papillary muscle. (medscape.com)