Minisatellite Repeats
Chromosome Fragility
DNA, Satellite
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Pinaceae
Alleles
Base Sequence
Molecular Sequence Data
Tandem Repeat Sequences
Microsatellite Repeats
Trinucleotide Repeats
Germ-Line Mutation
Ukraine
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Comparative sequence analysis of human minisatellites showing meiotic repeat instability. (1/1291)
The highly variable human minisatellites MS32 (D1S8), MS31A (D7S21), and CEB1 (D2S90) all show recombination-based repeat instability restricted to the germline. Mutation usually results in polar interallelic conversion or occasionally in crossovers, which, at MS32 at least, extend into DNA flanking the repeat array, defining a localized recombination hotspot and suggesting that cis-acting elements in flanking DNA can influence repeat instability. Therefore, comparative sequence analysis was performed to search for common flanking elements associated with these unstable loci. All three minisatellites are located in GC-rich DNA abundant in dispersed and tandem repetitive elements. There were no significant sequence similarities between different loci upstream of the unstable end of the repeat array. Only one of the three loci showed clear evidence for putative coding sequences near the minisatellite. No consistent patterns of thermal stability or DNA secondary structure were shared by DNA flanking these loci. This work extends previous data on the genomic environment of minisatellites. In addition, this work suggests that recombinational activity is not controlled by primary or secondary characteristics of the DNA sequence flanking the repeat array and is not obviously associated with gene promoters as seen in yeast. (+info)Inflammatory cell-mediated tumour progression and minisatellite mutation correlate with the decrease of antioxidative enzymes in murine fibrosarcoma cells. (2/1291)
We isolated six clones of weakly tumorigenic fibrosarcoma (QR) from the tumorigenic clone BMT-11 cl-9. The QR clones were unable to grow in normal C57BL/6 mice when injected s.c. (1x10(5) cells). However, they formed aggressive tumours upon co-implantation with a 'foreign body', i.e. a gelatin sponge, and the rate of tumour take ranged from 8% to 58% among QR clones. The enhanced tumorigenicity was due to host cell-mediated reaction to the gelatin sponge (inflammation). Immunoblot analysis and enzyme activity assay revealed a significant inverse correlation between the frequencies of tumour formation by QR clones and the levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD, P<0.005) and glutathione peroxidase (GPchi, P<0.01) in the respective tumour clones. Electron spin resonance (ESR) revealed that superoxide-scavenging ability of cell lysates of the QR clone with high level of Mn-SOD was significantly higher than that with low level of the antioxidative enzyme in the presence of potassium cyanide, an inhibitor for copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) (P<0.001). Minisatellite mutation (MSM) induced by the inflammatory cells in tumour cells were investigated by DNA fingerprint analysis after QR clones had been co-cultured with gelatin-sponge-reactive cells. The MSM rate was significantly higher in the subclones with low levels of Mn-SOD and GPchi (P<0.05) than in the subclones with high levels of both enzymes. The MSM of the subclones with low levels of both enzymes was inhibited in the presence of mannitol, a hydroxyl radical scavenger. The content of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by which the cellular DNA damage caused by active oxygen species can be assessed was significantly low in the tumours arising from the QR clone with high levels of Mn-SOD and GPchi even if the clone had been co-implanted with gelatin sponge, compared with the arising tumour from the QR clone with low levels of those antioxidative enzymes (P<0.001). In contrast, CuZn-SOD and catalase levels in the six QR clones did not have any correlation with tumour progression parameters. These results suggest that tumour progression is accelerated by inflammation-induced active oxygen species particularly accompanied with declined levels of intracellular antioxidative enzymes in tumour cells. (+info)Inbreeding of bottlenecked butterfly populations. Estimation using the likelihood of changes in marker allele frequencies. (3/1291)
Polymorphic enzyme and minisatellite loci were used to estimate the degree of inbreeding in experimentally bottlenecked populations of the butterfly, Bicyclus anynana (Satyridae), three generations after founding events of 2, 6, 20, or 300 individuals, each bottleneck size being replicated at least four times. Heterozygosity fell more than expected, though not significantly so, but this traditional measure of the degree of inbreeding did not make full use of the information from genetic markers. It proved more informative to estimate directly the probability distribution of a measure of inbreeding, sigma2, the variance in the number of descendants left per gene. In all bottlenecked lines, sigma2 was significantly larger than in control lines (300 founders). We demonstrate that this excess inbreeding was brought about both by an increase in the variance of reproductive success of individuals, but also by another process. We argue that in bottlenecked lines linkage disequilibrium generated by the small number of haplotypes passing through the bottleneck resulted in hitchhiking of particular marker alleles with those haplotypes favored by selection. In control lines, linkage disequilibrium was minimal. Our result, indicating more inbreeding than expected from demographic parameters, contrasts with the findings of previous (Drosophila) experiments in which the decline in observed heterozygosity was slower than expected and attributed to associative overdominance. The different outcomes may both be explained as a consequence of linkage disequilibrium under different regimes of inbreeding. The likelihood-based method to estimate inbreeding should be of wide applicability. It was, for example, able to resolve small differences in sigma2 among replicate lines within bottleneck-size treatments, which could be related to the observed variation in reproductive viability. (+info)Extremely complex repeat shuffling during germline mutation at human minisatellite B6.7. (4/1291)
Human minisatellite B6.7 is a highly variable locus showing extensive heterozygosity with alleles ranging from six to >500 repeat units. Paternal and maternal mutation rates to new length alleles were estimated from pedigrees at 7.0 and 3.9% per gamete, respectively, indicating that B6.7 is one of the most unstable minisatellites isolated to date. Mutation at this locus was also analysed by small pool PCR of sperm and blood DNA. Male germline instability varied from <0.8 to 14% per allele and increased with tandem array size. In contrast, the frequency of mutants in somatic (blood) DNA was far lower (<0.5%), consistent with a meiotic origin of germline mutants. Sperm mutants were further characterized by minisatellite variant repeat mapping using four major polymorphic sites within the B6.7 repeats. This highly informative system revealed a wide variety of changes in allele structure, including simple intra-allelic duplications and deletions and more complicated inter- and intra-allelic transfers of repeat blocks, as seen at other human minisatellites. The main mode of sperm mutation, however, resulted in extremely complex allele reorganization with evidence of inter-allelic transfer plus the generation of novel repeats by rearrangement at the sub-repeat level, suggesting that recombinational instability at B6.7 is a complex multistep process. (+info)Hematopoietic progenitor cells from allogeneic bone marrow transplant donors circulate in the very early post-transplant period. (5/1291)
Despite the therapeutic efficacy of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT), circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells after bone marrow transplantation have not been well characterized. In the present study, we focused on these 'post-transplant circulating progenitor cells (PTCPC)' which may be on their way to bone marrow. We analyzed the number of myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-GM) per 10 ml of peripheral blood (PB) on days 0 (just before transplantation), 1 (8-15 h after the completion of transplantation), 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 28 and 35 after allo-BMT in five transplant patients using a standard methylcellulose assay. In addition, high proliferative potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC) of the harvested donor bone marrow (BM) and day 1 PB of recipients were assayed in five patients. The origin of HPP-CFC from day 1 PB was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction of a DNA region containing a variable number of tandem repeats. The replating potential of these HPP-CFC was evaluated by a secondary colony assay. The proportion of CD38negative cells among CD34+ cells in the harvested BM and day 1 PB was evaluated by two-color flow cytometric analysis. The number of CFU-GM on day 1 ranged from 6 to 73/10 ml PB, and became undetectable on day 5. The reappearance of PTCPC was observed on day 14, along with hematopoietic recovery. The proportion of HPP-CFC among myeloid colonies from day 1 PB was significantly higher than that from harvested BM (44.3+/-10.4% vs 11.3+/-2.1%, respectively, n=5, P=0.0030). These HPP-CFC from day 1 PB were confirmed to be of donor origin. More than 90% of these HPP-CFC had replating potential. Two-color flow cytometric analysis revealed that the proportion of CD34+CD38negative cells was significantly higher in day 1 PB than in the harvested BM (61.0+/-16.5% vs 9.3+/-3.5%, respectively, n=7, P=0.0002). These observations suggest that both primitive and committed transplanted myeloid progenitor cells may circulate in the very early period following allo-BMT. (+info)Maximal stimulation of meiotic recombination by a yeast transcription factor requires the transcription activation domain and a DNA-binding domain. (6/1291)
The DNA sequences located upstream of the yeast HIS4 represent a very strong meiotic recombination hotspot. Although the activity of this hotspot requires the transcription activator Rap1p, the level of HIS4 transcription is not directly related to the level of recombination. We find that the recombination-stimulating activity of Rap1p requires the transcription activation domain of the protein. We show that a hybrid protein with the Gal4p DNA-binding domain and the Rap1p activation domain can stimulate recombination in a strain in which Gal4p-binding sites are inserted upstream of HIS4. In addition, we find recombination hotspot activity associated with the Gal4p DNA-binding sites that is independent of known transcription factors. We suggest that yeast cells have two types of recombination hotspots, alpha (transcription factor dependent) and beta (transcription factor independent). (+info)Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Mycobacterium africanum isolates from West Africa. (7/1291)
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex includes M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti. Most clinical isolates are M. tuberculosis or M. bovis. These species can be distinguished by phenotypes and genotypes. However, there is no simple definition of M. africanum, and some authors question the validity of this species. We analyzed 17 human isolates from Sierra Leone, identified as M. africanum by biochemical and growth characteristics. We sequenced polymorphic genes and intergenic regions. We amplified DNA from six loci with variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) and determined the exact number of repeats at each locus in each strain. All M. africanum isolates had the ancestral CTG Leu at katG codon 463. Drug-resistant M. africanum isolates had katG and rpoB mutations similar to those found in drug-resistant M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. Fourteen Sierra Leone M. africanum isolates (designated group A) had katG codon 203 ACC Thr, also found in M. africanumT (the T indicates type strain) from Senegal. Group A isolates clustered with M. africanumT by VNTR analysis. Three M. africanum isolates (group B) had katG codon 203 ACT Thr, found in M. tuberculosisT, and clustered with M. tuberculosisT by VNTR analysis. Phenotypic identification of M. africanum yielded a heterogeneous collection of strains. Genotypic analyses identified a cluster (M. africanum group A) which included M. africanumT and was distinct from the rest of the M. tuberculosis complex. Future studies of M. africanum should include both phenotypic and genotypic analyses. (+info)DNA flow cytometric quantification and DNA polymorphism analysis in the case of a complete mole with a coexisting fetus. (8/1291)
PURPOSE: Our purpose was to investigate whether DNA flow cytometric quantification and DNA polymorphism analysis are useful for cytogenetic diagnosis in the case of a complete hydatidiform mole that coexists with a living fetus. METHODS: Flow cytometric analysis of the nuclear DNA content and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the minisatellite locus with the MCT118 probe were performed on the tissues (fetus, placenta and mole) obtained at the initial evacuation. RESULTS: DNA histograms of placental, fetal, and molar tissues showed diploid peaks. PCR products demonstrated that the allele of the mole was homozygous and inherited solely from the husband and that the mole differed genetically from the fetus and the placenta. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that DNA flow cytometry and DNA polymorphism analysis may be useful for the cytogenetic diagnosis of a complete hydatidiform mole and a coexisting fetus. (+info)Minisatellites, also known as VNTRs (Variable Number Tandem Repeats), are repetitive DNA sequences that consist of a core repeat unit of 10-60 base pairs, arranged in a head-to-tail fashion. They are often found in non-coding regions of the genome and can vary in the number of times the repeat unit is present in an individual's DNA. This variation in repeat number can occur both within and between individuals, making minisatellites useful as genetic markers for identification and forensic applications. They are also associated with certain genetic disorders and play a role in genome instability.
Chromosome fragility refers to the susceptibility of specific regions on chromosomes to break or become unstable during cell division. These fragile sites are prone to forming gaps or breaks in the chromosome structure, which can lead to genetic rearrangements, including deletions, duplications, or translocations.
Chromosome fragility is often associated with certain genetic disorders and syndromes. For example, the most common fragile site in human chromosomes is FRAXA, located on the X chromosome, which is linked to Fragile X Syndrome, a leading cause of inherited intellectual disability and autism.
Environmental factors such as exposure to chemicals or radiation can also increase chromosome fragility, leading to an increased risk of genetic mutations and diseases.
Satellite DNA is a type of DNA sequence that is repeated in a tandem arrangement in the genome. These repeats are usually relatively short, ranging from 2 to 10 base pairs, and are often present in thousands to millions of copies arranged in head-to-tail fashion. Satellite DNA can be found in centromeric and pericentromeric regions of chromosomes, as well as at telomeres and other heterochromatic regions of the genome.
Due to their repetitive nature, satellite DNAs are often excluded from the main part of the genome during DNA sequencing projects, and therefore have been referred to as "satellite" DNA. However, recent studies suggest that satellite DNA may play important roles in chromosome structure, function, and evolution.
It's worth noting that not all repetitive DNA sequences are considered satellite DNA. For example, microsatellites and minisatellites are also repetitive DNA sequences, but they have different repeat lengths and arrangements than satellite DNA.
Repetitive sequences in nucleic acid refer to repeated stretches of DNA or RNA nucleotide bases that are present in a genome. These sequences can vary in length and can be arranged in different patterns such as direct repeats, inverted repeats, or tandem repeats. In some cases, these repetitive sequences do not code for proteins and are often found in non-coding regions of the genome. They can play a role in genetic instability, regulation of gene expression, and evolutionary processes. However, certain types of repeat expansions have been associated with various neurodegenerative disorders and other human diseases.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Pinaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in botany, referring to the pine family of coniferous trees and shrubs. This family includes familiar plants such as pines, firs, spruces, and hemlocks.
If you have any medical terminology or concepts that you would like me to define or explain, please let me know!
An allele is a variant form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes.
Each person typically inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent. If the two alleles are identical, a person is said to be homozygous for that trait. If the alleles are different, the person is heterozygous.
For example, the ABO blood group system has three alleles, A, B, and O, which determine a person's blood type. If a person inherits two A alleles, they will have type A blood; if they inherit one A and one B allele, they will have type AB blood; if they inherit two B alleles, they will have type B blood; and if they inherit two O alleles, they will have type O blood.
Alleles can also influence traits such as eye color, hair color, height, and other physical characteristics. Some alleles are dominant, meaning that only one copy of the allele is needed to express the trait, while others are recessive, meaning that two copies of the allele are needed to express the trait.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Tandem Repeat Sequences (TRS) in genetics refer to repeating DNA sequences that are arranged directly after each other, hence the term "tandem." These sequences consist of a core repeat unit that is typically 2-6 base pairs long and is repeated multiple times in a head-to-tail fashion. The number of repetitions can vary between individuals and even between different cells within an individual, leading to genetic heterogeneity.
TRS can be classified into several types based on the number of repeat units and their stability. Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), also known as microsatellites, have fewer than 10 repeats, while Minisatellites have 10-60 repeats. Variations in the number of these repeats can lead to genetic instability and are associated with various genetic disorders and diseases, including neurological disorders, cancer, and forensic identification.
It's worth noting that TRS can also occur in protein-coding regions of genes, leading to the production of repetitive amino acid sequences. These can affect protein structure and function, contributing to disease phenotypes.
Microsatellite repeats, also known as short tandem repeats (STRs), are repetitive DNA sequences made up of units of 1-6 base pairs that are repeated in a head-to-tail manner. These repeats are spread throughout the human genome and are highly polymorphic, meaning they can have different numbers of repeat units in different individuals.
Microsatellites are useful as genetic markers because of their high degree of variability. They are commonly used in forensic science to identify individuals, in genealogy to trace ancestry, and in medical research to study genetic diseases and disorders. Mutations in microsatellite repeats have been associated with various neurological conditions, including Huntington's disease and fragile X syndrome.
Trinucleotide repeats refer to a specific type of DNA sequence expansion where a particular trinucleotide (a sequence made up of three nucleotides) is repeated multiple times. In normal genomic DNA, these repeats are usually present in a relatively stable and consistent range. However, when the number of repeats exceeds a certain threshold, it can result in an unstable genetic variant known as a trinucleotide repeat expansion.
These expansions can occur in various genes and are associated with several neurogenetic disorders, such as Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy, fragile X syndrome, and Friedreich's ataxia. The length of the trinucleotide repeat tends to expand further in subsequent generations, which can lead to anticipation – an earlier age of onset and increased severity of symptoms in successive generations.
The most common trinucleotide repeats involve CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) or CTG (cytosine-thymine-guanine) repeats, although other combinations like CGG, GAA, and GCT can also be involved. These repeat expansions can result in altered gene function, protein misfolding, aggregation, and toxicity, ultimately leading to the development of neurodegenerative diseases and other clinical manifestations.
A germ-line mutation is a genetic change that occurs in the egg or sperm cells (gametes), and thus can be passed down from parents to their offspring. These mutations are present throughout the entire body of the offspring, as they are incorporated into the DNA of every cell during embryonic development.
Germ-line mutations differ from somatic mutations, which occur in other cells of the body that are not involved in reproduction. While somatic mutations can contribute to the development of cancer and other diseases within an individual, they are not passed down to future generations.
It's important to note that germ-line mutations can have significant implications for medical genetics and inherited diseases. For example, if a parent has a germ-line mutation in a gene associated with a particular disease, their offspring may have an increased risk of developing that disease as well.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ukraine" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Eastern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.
The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.
In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
Paternity is the legal or biological relationship between a father and his child. Medical definitions of paternity often refer to the biological relationship, which is established through genetic testing to identify if a man has transmitted his genetic material to a child. This is typically determined by comparing the DNA of the alleged father and the child. In contrast, legal paternity refers to the establishment of a father-child relationship through court order or other legal means, whether or not the individual is the biological father.
Satellite DNA
Chromosomal fragile site
Molecular-weight size marker
DNA
Minisatellite
Glossary of genetics (M-Z)
Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure
Inverted repeat
Constitutive heterochromatin
List of MeSH codes (G06)
Repeated sequence (DNA)
Variable number tandem repeat
IFI6
Microsatellite
List of MeSH codes (G14)
Human genetic variation
Genome
DNA profiling
Microsatellite instability
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Nicola Royle
Multiple loci VNTR analysis
Alec Jeffreys
DNA: The Story of Life
Genetic marker
Structural variation in the human genome
Gene polymorphism
Ariane 5
GASPACS
Index of biochemistry articles
Tandem repeat
Helitron (biology)
Macrosatellite
Colworth Medal
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VNTR6
- The IDDM2 locus encoding susceptibility to type 1 diabetes was mapped previously to a 4.1-kb region spanning the insulin gene and a minisatellite or variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) locus on human chromosome 11p15.5. (ox.ac.uk)
- Several molecular typing methods have been developed to differentiate between M. avium subspecies and strains, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing and mini-satellite sequence analysis-mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
- MIRU-VNTR analysis, on the other hand, uses mini-satellite sequences (tandem repeats of 10-100 nucleotides) dispersed at multiple loci in the bacterial genome. (frontiersin.org)
- The long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) ORF2 protein is the genomic source for RT activity required for mobilization of its own RNA in cis and other RNAs, such as SINE/variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR)/Alu (SVA) elements, in trans. (elsevierpure.com)
- Of the polymorphisms typed, only those at -23 Hph I and the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) sites confer significant relative risk. (ox.ac.uk)
- AIMS: The Type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus, IDDM2, has been mapped to a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) region 5' upstream of the insulin (INS) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF2) genes on chromosome 11p15. (ox.ac.uk)
Humans2
- The major satellite DNA families in humans are called: A repeated pattern can be between 1 base pair long (a mononucleotide repeat) to several thousand base pairs long, and the total size of a satellite DNA block can be several megabases without interruption. (wikipedia.org)
- In fact, the Jeffreys repeat first discovered in humans was found to occur in a wide variety of other species. (wikisummaries.org)
Polymorphism2
- Background: Several studies have hypothesized that genes involved in the dopamine system, including dopamine type-2 receptor (DRD2)-related TaqIA polymorphism and monoamine oxidase-A upstream variable number tandem repeat (uVNTR), may be associated with alcoholism. (ncku.edu.tw)
- Further, a variable tandem repeat sequence polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter protein (5-HTT) gene has recently been associated with risk of SIDS in a Japanese cohort. (johnshopkins.edu)
Loci7
- Loci number in the thousands but each locus shows a distinctive repeat unit. (usda.gov)
- To determine the genetic background of C. burnetii in domestic ruminants responsible for the human Q fever outbreak, we genotyped 126 C. burnetii -positive samples from ruminants by using a 10-loci multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analyses panel and compared them with internationally known genotypes. (cdc.gov)
- Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analyses (MLVA) is based on variation in repeat number in tandemly repeated DNA elements on multiple loci in the genome of C. burnetii and might be more discriminatory than multispacer sequence typing ( 13 , 15 ). (cdc.gov)
- Short tandem repeats (STRs) compose approximately 3% of the genome, and mutations at STR loci have been linked to dozens of human diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich ataxia, Huntington disease, and fragile X syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
- His method examined a twelve-base sequence that was repeated one right after another, at many different loci in the human genome. (wikisummaries.org)
- We have constructed a genetic linkage map of 17 markers on the long arm of human chromosome 21, including six genes and two anonymous loci with a variable number of tandem repeats. (johnshopkins.edu)
- isolates were further subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) at the four microsatellite/minisatellite loci (MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16). (biomedcentral.com)
Sequences12
- The most prevalent repeated sequences in the embedded microsatellite regions were CT:AG, CCT:AGG, CCCT:AGGG, and CGCAC:GTGCG These repeating sequences were shown to adopt altered structures including triple-stranded DNA, Z-DNA, stem-loop, and other conformations under superhelical stress. (wikipedia.org)
- The sequences are about 300 base pairs long and are repeated several thousand times throughout the genome. (ojp.gov)
- A significantly high number of these proteins have regions rich in threonine and/or serine that contain repeated sequences, variable in length within yeast species. (bath.ac.uk)
- These regions, termed hypervariable, are typically based on repeat sequences in the DNA. (wikisummaries.org)
- Once collected from an individual, the DNA was cut using restriction enzymes to create DNA fragments that contained the repeat sequences. (wikisummaries.org)
- The total length of the tandemly repeated sequences may be several hundred to several thousand bases. (wikisummaries.org)
- Shorter repeat sequences, typically one to six bases in length, were subsequently termed microsatellites. (wikisummaries.org)
- The sequences studied revealed polymorphisms highly informative about structure of populations at a regional scale, including short and medium-sized inversions, direct repeats, micro- and minisatellites. (fp7-palms.org)
- Near-complete mtDNA sequences (16989 bp), excluding the minisatellite present in the displacement loop region (D-loop), were successfully determined in six Iberian pigs, two Duroc and six European wild boars. (fao.org)
- Microsatellites and minisatellites belong to this class of genetic sequences. (hal.science)
- this accurately positioned oat centromeres with different ploidy levels and identified a series of centromere-specific sequences including minisatellites and retrotransposons. (bvsalud.org)
- To define genetic characteristics of oat centromeres, we surveyed the repeat sequences and found that dyad symmetries were abundant in oat centromeres and were predicted to form non-B-DNA structures in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
Genotype2
- Interactions between maltreatment and the monoamine oxidase A upstream variable number tandem repeat genotype (MAOA-uVNTR) are associated with alcohol-related problems. (nih.gov)
- If one could count the number of repeats on each chromosome, it would be possible to specify a diploid genotype for this chromosomal locus: An individual might have one chromosome with twelve repeats, and the other with fifteen. (wikisummaries.org)
Locus4
- Susceptibility to human type 1 diabetes at IDDM2 is determined by tandem repeat variation at the insulin gene minisatellite locus. (ox.ac.uk)
- Imagine a simple DNA base sequence, such as AAC (adenine-adenine-cytosine), which is repeated at a particular place (or locus) on a human chromosome. (wikisummaries.org)
- This type of DNA sequence is characterized, as the name implies, by a DNA sequence which is repeated, one copy right after another, at a particular locus on a chromosome. (wikisummaries.org)
- Within the SVA locus, there was no difference in genetic variability other than variations of the repeat motif between patients. (uni-luebeck.de)
Genome2
- Satellite DNA adopts higher-order three-dimensional structures in a naturally occurring complex satellite DNA from the land crab Gecarcinus lateralis, whose genome contains 3% of a GC-rich satellite band consisting of a ~2100 base pair (bp) "repeat unit" sequence motif called RU. (wikipedia.org)
- MSAT-1_CR, a family of minisatellites from the green algae genome. (girinst.org)
Microsatellite repeats2
- Four divergent domains consisted of microsatellite repeats, biased in base composition, with purines on one strand and pyrimidines on the other. (wikipedia.org)
- Between the strand-biased microsatellite repeats and C:G mononucleotide repeats, all sequence variations retained one or two base pairs with A (purine) interrupting the pyrimidine-rich strand and T (pyrimidine) interrupting the purine-rich strand. (wikipedia.org)
Mutations1
- Recent reports using molecular approaches have demonstrated that DNA damage can be transmitted to babies from smoking fathers, and expanded simple tandem repeats minisatellite mutations were found in the germline of fathers who were exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster. (blogspot.com)
Alleles2
- specifically, the length differences observed between microsatellite alleles are generally multiples of the repeat unit length. (wikipedia.org)
- Alleles that encode proteins containing oligopeptide repeats or minisatellites are over-represented in cell wall and extracellular space locations. (bath.ac.uk)
Abstract1
- Industrial Waste Industry Minisatellite Repeats Sheep wool Abstract: Culturable microorganisms from various samples taken at an active factory performing wool and goat hair cleaning were isolated and analyzed. (sciensano.be)
Nucleotide1
- The nucleotide sequence of the repeats is fairly well conserved across species. (wikipedia.org)
VNTRs3
- Yeast genomes contain variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) within coding regions of DNA. (bath.ac.uk)
- The type of sequence Jeffreys exploited is now included in the category of variable number tandem repeats Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). (wikisummaries.org)
- VNTRs are often subcategorized based on the length of the repeated sequence. (wikisummaries.org)
Methylation2
- CONCLUSIONS: Nanopore sequencing can reliably detect SVA hexanucleotide repeat numbers, methylation and, lastly, variation in the repeat motif. (uni-luebeck.de)
- To detect methylation from blood- and brain-derived DNA, we used a Cas9-targeted approach.RESULTS: High concordance was observed for hexanucleotide repeat numbers detected with Nanopore sequencing and fragment analysis. (uni-luebeck.de)
Genomes1
- of tandem repeats within their genomes [6, 17]. (scirp.org)
Variation1
- However, variation in the length of the repeat is common. (wikipedia.org)
Tandem repeat1
- For example, one copy of a specific short tandem repeat (STR) region might have 10 repeats, while the other copy might have 11 repeats. (ojp.gov)
Nucleotides1
- For example, minisatellite DNA is a short region (1-5kb) of repeating elements with length >9 nucleotides. (wikipedia.org)
Sequence2
- The most complex compositionally-biased microsatellite domain of RU included the sequence TTAA:TTAA as well as a mirror repeat. (wikipedia.org)
- If the twelve-base sequence was represented by more repeats, the fragment containing it was that much longer. (wikisummaries.org)
Evolutionary1
- In this thesis, we deal with the problem of alignment of tandem repeats under a specific evolutionary model. (hal.science)
Arrays1
- Satellite DNA consists of very large arrays of tandemly repeating, non-coding DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Short2
- 3 repeats were categorized as short (S) and long (L), respectively. (nih.gov)
- Short tandem repeats (STRs), or microsatellites, are 1-6 base pair (bp) motifs of repeating units of DNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Consists1
- Tandem repeats consists of a heterogeneous tandem array of a repeat unit. (hal.science)
Region3
- The difference in how many of the repeats is present in the region (length of the region) is the basis for DNA profiling. (wikipedia.org)
- To complete the mtDNA analysis, the D-loop minisatellite region was also analyzed in the same set of samples by amplification and capillary electrophoresis detection. (fao.org)
- The D-loop minisatellite results showed overlapping ranges of fragment sizes and suggested heteroplasmy, a result that nullify the use of this region for the development of breed diagnostic markers. (fao.org)
Fragment1
- RESULTS: High concordance was observed for hexanucleotide repeat numbers detected with Nanopore sequencing and fragment analysis. (uni-luebeck.de)
Present1
- Chromosomes Chromosomes;variable number tandem repeats vary in the number of repeats present. (wikisummaries.org)
Length2
- Some contained mononucleotide repeats of C:G base pairs approximately 20 bp in length. (wikipedia.org)
- Minisatellites, like the Jeffreys repeat, include repeat units ranging from about twelve to several hundred bases in length. (wikisummaries.org)
Unit1
- MSAT-1D_CR is a minisatellite unit - a consensus. (girinst.org)
Shorter1
- Long repeat units have been described containing domains of shorter repeated segments and mononucleotides (1-5 bp), arranged in clusters of microsatellites, wherein differences among individual copies of the longer repeat units were clustered. (wikipedia.org)
Human1
- We have study biological data from human minisatellite MSY1. (hal.science)
Base1
- Jeffreys used agarose gel electrophoresis to separate his fragments by size, and he then used a specialized staining technique to view only the fragments containing the twelve-base repeat. (wikisummaries.org)
Significant1
- The MAOA-uVNTR 3-repeat had a significant protective effect on the ALC. (ncku.edu.tw)