Milk, Human
Milk Proteins
Milk Hypersensitivity
Lactation
Milk Ejection
Cultured Milk Products
Milk Thistle
Cattle
Dairying
Infant Food
Animals, Suckling
Lactose
Pasteurization
Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Goats
Dairy Products
Caseins
Fats
Lactose Intolerance
Cheese
Pregnancy
Yogurt
Food, Fortified
Food Microbiology
Weaning
Food Contamination
Lactoferrin
Food Handling
Cattle Diseases
Sucking Behavior
Sterilization
Buffaloes
Lactation Disorders
Camels
Body Weight
Bifidobacterium
Food Hypersensitivity
Aflatoxin M1
Nutritive Value
Lactase
Fatty Acids
Calcium, Dietary
Oligosaccharides
Drug Residues
Swine
Breeding
Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
Dietary Fats
Fermentation
Food, Formulated
Nutritional Requirements
Chymosin
Parturient Paresis
Dietary Proteins
Dietary Supplements
Parity
Beverages
Animal Population Groups
Feces
Immunoglobulin A, Secretory
Random Allocation
Biological Availability
Streptococcus thermophilus
Sheep
Animal Husbandry
Food Safety
Lipids
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Nitrogen
Immunoglobulin A
Polybrominated Biphenyls
Lactobacillus
Probiotics
Colony Count, Microbial
Lactobacillus helveticus
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
Zinc
Prince Edward Island
Linoleic Acids, Conjugated
Intestines
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Abomasum
Soybeans
Cacao
Maternal vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation in lactating bangladeshi women benefits mothers and infants but does not prevent subclinical deficiency. (1/2102)
The effects of maternal postpartum vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation on maternal and infant serum retinol concentrations, modified relative dose-response (MRDR) ratios and breast milk vitamin A concentrations were assessed during a community-based trial in Matlab, Bangladesh. At 1-3 wk postpartum, women were randomly assigned to receive either (1) a single dose of 200,000 international units [60,000 retinol equivalents (RE)] vitamin A followed by daily placebos (n = 74), (2) daily doses of beta-carotene [7.8 mg (1300 RE)] (n = 73) or (3) daily placebos (n = 73) until 9 mo postpartum. Compared to placebos, vitamin A supplementation resulted in lower maternal MRDR ratios (i.e., increased liver stores) and higher milk vitamin A concentrations at 3 mo, but these improvements were not sustained. The beta-carotene supplementation acted more slowly, resulting in milk vitamin A concentrations higher than the placebo group only at 9 mo. Irrespective of treatment group, over 50% of women produced milk with low vitamin A concentrations (/=0. 06. We conclude that while both interventions were beneficial, neither was sufficient to correct the underlying subclinical vitamin A deficiency in these women nor to bring their infants into adequate vitamin A status. (+info)Structural characterization of the N-linked oligosaccharides in bile salt-stimulated lipase originated from human breast milk. (2/2102)
The detailed structures of N- glycans derived from bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) found in human milk were determined by combining exoglycosidase digestion with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The N- glycan structures were conclusively determined in terms of complexity and degree of fucosylation. Ion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, together with mass-spectral analysis of the esterified N- glycans, indicated the presence of monosialylated structures. The molecular mass profile of esterified N- glycans present in BSSL further permitted the more detailed studies through collision-induced dissociation (CID) and sequential exoglycosidase cleavages. The N- glycan structures were elucidated to be complex/dibranched, fucosylated/complex/dibranched, monosialylated/complex/dibranched, and monosialylated/fucosylated/dibranched entities. (+info)Molecular characterization of alpha-lactalbumin folding variants that induce apoptosis in tumor cells. (3/2102)
This study characterized a protein complex in human milk that induces apoptosis in tumor cells but spares healthy cells. The active fraction was purified from casein by anion exchange chromatography. Unlike other casein components the active fraction was retained by the ion exchanger and eluted after a high salt gradient. The active fraction showed N-terminal amino acid sequence identity with human milk alpha-lactalbumin and mass spectrometry ruled out post-translational modifications. Size exclusion chromatography resolved monomers and oligomers of alpha-lactalbumin that were characterized using UV absorbance, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The high molecular weight oligomers were kinetically stable against dissociation into monomers and were found to have an essentially retained secondary structure but a less well organized tertiary structure. Comparison with native monomeric and molten globule alpha-lactalbumin showed that the active fraction contains oligomers of alpha-lactalbumin that have undergone a conformational switch toward a molten globule-like state. Oligomerization appears to conserve alpha-lactalbumin in a state with molten globule-like properties at physiological conditions. The results suggest differences in biological properties between folding variants of alpha-lactalbumin. (+info)Enzymatic synthesis of natural and 13C enriched linear poly-N-acetyllactosamines as ligands for galectin-1. (4/2102)
As part of a study of protein-carbohydrate interactions, linear N-acetyl-polyllactosamines [Galbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta1,3]nwere synthesized at the 10-100 micromol scale using enzymatic methods. The methods described also provided specifically [1-13C]-galactose-labeled tetra- and hexasaccharides ([1-13C]-Galbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta1,3Galbeta1,4Glc and Galbeta1, 4GlcNAcbeta1,3[1-13C]Galbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta1,3Galbeta 1,4Glc) suitable for NMR studies. Two series of oligosaccharides were produced, with either glucose or N-acetlyglucosamine at the reducing end. In both cases, large amounts of starting primer were available from human milk oligosaccharides (trisaccharide primer GlcNAcbeta1,3Galbeta1, 4Glc) or via transglycosylation from N-acetyllactosamine. Partially purified and immobilized glycosyltransferases, such as bovine milk beta1,4 galactosyltransferase and human serum beta1,3 N- acetylglucosaminyltransferase, were used for the synthesis. All the oligo-saccharide products were characterized by1H and13C NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The target molecules were then used to study their interactions with recombinant galectin-1, and initial1H NMR spectroscopic results are presented to illustrate this approach. These results indicate that, for oligomers containing up to eight sugars, the principal interaction of the binding site of galectin-1 is with the terminal N-acetyllactosamine residues. (+info)Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through breast-feeding: how can it be prevented? (5/2102)
One-third to two-thirds of maternal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection to breast-fed infants can be attributed to ingestion of breast milk. The presence of HIV-1 as cell-free and as cell-associated virus in milk has been documented. Several substances in breast milk may be protective against transmission, including maternal anti-HIV antibodies, vitamin A, lactoferrin, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. The portal of virus entry in the infant's gastrointestinal tract is unknown but may involve breaches in mucosal surfaces, transport across M cells, or direct infection of other epithelial cells, such as enterocytes. Timing of transmission of HIV-1 during lactation should be further clarified. An early rebound of plasma viremia after withdrawal of antiretrovirals was recently detected. This rebound may reduce the benefit of antiretroviral prophylaxis when women breast-feed their infants. Interventions should be viewed from the public health perspective of risks of infant morbidity and mortality associated with breast-feeding versus risks from formula-feeding. (+info)Quantitative determination of N-acetylglucosamine residues at the non-reducing ends of peptidoglycan chains by enzymic attachment of [14C]-D-galactose. (6/2102)
The ability of human milk galactosyltransferase to attach D-galactose residues quantitatively to the C-4 of N-acetylglucosamine moieties at the ends of oligosaccharides has been utilized for the specific labeling and quantitative determination of the chain length of the glycan moiety of the bacterial cell wall. The average polysaccharide chain length of the soluble, uncrosslinked peptidoglycan secreted by Micrococcus luteus cells on incubation with penicillin G was studied with this technique and found to be approximately 70 hexosamines long. Furthermore, the peptidoglycan chain length of Escherichia coli sacculi of different cell shapes and dimensions was determined both in rod-shaped cells and in filaments induced by temperature shift of a division mutant or by addition of cephalexin or nalidixic acid. The average chain length found in most of these sacculi was between 70 and 100 hexosamines long. Small spherical 'mini' cells had chain lengths similar to those of the isogenic rod-like cells. (+info)Dynamic epigenetic regulation of initial O-glycosylation by UDP-N-Acetylgalactosamine:Peptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases. site-specific glycosylation of MUC1 repeat peptide influences the substrate qualities at adjacent or distant Ser/Thr positions. (7/2102)
In search of possible epigenetic regulatory mechanisms ruling the initiation of O-glycosylation by polypeptide:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, we studied the influences of mono- and disaccharide substituents of glycopeptide substrates on the site-specific in vitro addition of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues by recombinant GalNAc-Ts (rGalNAc-T1, -T2, and -T3). The substrates were 20-mers (HGV20) or 21-mers (AHG21) of the MUC1 tandem repeat peptide carrying GalNAcalpha or Galbeta1-3GalNAcalpha at different positions. The enzymatic products were analyzed by MALDI mass spectrometry and Edman degradation for the number and sites of incorporated GalNAc. Disaccharide placed on the first position of the diad Ser-16-Thr-17 prevents glycosylation of the second, whereas disaccharide on the second position of Ser-16-Thr-17 and Thr-5-Ser-6 does not prevent GalNAc addition to the first. Multiple disaccharide substituents suppress any further glycosylation at the remaining sites. Glycosylation of Ser-16 is negatively affected by glycosylation at position -6 (Thr-10) or -10 (Ser-6) and is inhibited by disaccharide at position -11 (Thr-5), suggesting the occurrence of glycosylation-induced effects on distant acceptor sites. Kinetic studies revealed the accelerated addition of GalNAc to Ser-16 adjacent to GalNAc-substituted Thr-17, demonstrating positive regulatory effects induced by glycosylation on the monosaccharide level. These antagonistic effects of mono- and disaccharides could underlie a postulated regulatory mechanism. (+info)A negative iodine balance is found in healthy neonates compared with neonates with thyroid agenesis. (8/2102)
We studied the effects of the presence or absence of the thyroid gland on the iodine metabolism and excretion in term Dutch newborns by performing a retrospective study of the urinary iodine excretion in 193 term newborns with abnormal congenital hypothyroidism screening results. Thirty-six euthyroid newborns with decreased thyroxine-binding globulin levels were compared with 157 hypothyroid patients, 54 due to thyroid agenesis and 103 due to thyroid dysgenesis. A significant difference in the urinary iodine excretion was observed between the agenesis group (mean: 28 micrograms/24 h) and the euthyroid newborns (mean: 46 micrograms/24 h, P=0.001). In conclusion, healthy, euthyroid, term newborns excreted more iodine in their urine than newborns with thyroid agenesis. These results strongly indicated the existence of a temporarily negative iodine balance: the excretion of iodine prevailed over the intake and the newborn's thyroidal iodine, stored during pregnancy, could be used for thyroxine synthesis in the postnatal period. Since healthy term neonates were able to maintain adequate plasma free thyroxine concentrations under normal TSH stimulation, the prenatally acquired iodine stores could be considered sufficiently high to compensate for the transient postnatal losses. (+info)Human milk, also known as breast milk, is the nutrient-rich fluid produced by the human female mammary glands to feed and nourish their infants. It is the natural and species-specific first food for human babies, providing all the necessary nutrients in a form that is easily digestible and absorbed. Human milk contains a balance of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immunity of newborns and young infants. Its composition changes over time, adapting to meet the changing needs of the growing infant.
Milk proteins are a complex mixture of proteins that are naturally present in milk, consisting of casein and whey proteins. Casein makes up about 80% of the total milk protein and is divided into several types including alpha-, beta-, gamma- and kappa-casein. Whey proteins account for the remaining 20% and include beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin, and immunoglobulins. These proteins are important sources of essential amino acids and play a crucial role in the nutrition of infants and young children. Additionally, milk proteins have various functional properties that are widely used in the food industry for their gelling, emulsifying, and foaming abilities.
Medical definitions for "milk hypersensitivity" include:
1. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) defines milk hypersensitivity as an abnormal immune response to one or more proteins found in cow's milk. This reaction can be either an immediate immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy or a non-IgE-mediated cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI).
2. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), milk hypersensitivity is an adverse reaction to milk proteins, which can be either an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy or a non-IgE-mediated immune response, causing gastrointestinal symptoms.
3. The Merck Manual defines milk hypersensitivity as an abnormal reaction to one or more proteins in cow's milk, which can manifest as immediate IgE-mediated allergic reactions or delayed non-IgE-mediated reactions, causing various gastrointestinal and skin symptoms.
In summary, milk hypersensitivity is a broad term that encompasses both immune-mediated allergic reactions (IgE and non-IgE) to cow's milk proteins, leading to various clinical manifestations affecting the gastrointestinal system, skin, or respiratory tract.
Lactation is the process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals, including humans, for the nourishment of their young. This physiological function is initiated during pregnancy and continues until it is deliberately stopped or weaned off. The primary purpose of lactation is to provide essential nutrients, antibodies, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immune system of newborns and infants.
The process of lactation involves several hormonal and physiological changes in a woman's body. During pregnancy, the hormones estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth and development of the mammary glands. After childbirth, the levels of these hormones drop significantly, allowing another hormone called prolactin to take over. Prolactin is responsible for triggering the production of milk in the alveoli, which are tiny sacs within the breast tissue.
Another hormone, oxytocin, plays a crucial role in the release or "let-down" of milk from the alveoli to the nipple during lactation. This reflex is initiated by suckling or thinking about the baby, which sends signals to the brain to release oxytocin. The released oxytocin then binds to receptors in the mammary glands, causing the smooth muscles around the alveoli to contract and push out the milk through the ducts and into the nipple.
Lactation is a complex and highly regulated process that ensures the optimal growth and development of newborns and infants. It provides not only essential nutrients but also various bioactive components, such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and growth factors, which protect the infant from infections and support their immune system.
In summary, lactation is the physiological process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young. It involves hormonal changes, including the actions of prolactin, oxytocin, estrogen, and progesterone, to regulate the production, storage, and release of milk.
Soy milk is not a medical term, but it is a common term used to describe a plant-based milk alternative made from soybeans. Here's a brief description:
Soy milk is a beverage produced by soaking and grinding soybeans, then filtering the resulting mixture to remove solid particles. It is often consumed as a dairy substitute by individuals who are lactose intolerant or have milk allergies. Soy milk contains protein, carbohydrates, and fat, similar to cow's milk, but its nutritional profile may vary depending on the manufacturing process. Some brands of soy milk are fortified with calcium, vitamins B12, D, and riboflavin (B2) to resemble the nutritional content of cow's milk.
Please note that while soy milk can be a healthy alternative for many people, it may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with soy allergies or sensitivities. If you have any concerns about incorporating soy milk into your diet, consult a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian.
Medical definition: "Milk ejection," also known as the "let-down reflex," is the release of milk from the alveoli (milk-producing sacs) of the breast during breastfeeding or pumping. It occurs when the hormone oxytocin is released into the bloodstream, causing the smooth muscles surrounding the alveoli to contract and push out the milk. This reflex is an essential part of lactation and helps ensure that the baby receives enough milk during feeding. The milk ejection can be triggered by various stimuli such as suckling, thinking about or hearing the baby, or physical touch.
A milk bank, also known as a human milk bank or breastmilk bank, is a service that collects, screens, pasteurizes, and stores donated human breast milk. The milk is then distributed to hospitals, outpatient facilities, or directly to individuals in need, such as premature infants or those with medical conditions that prevent them from receiving their own mother's milk. Milk banks follow strict protocols to ensure the safety and quality of the donated milk, including blood tests for disease screening and pasteurization to kill any potential viruses or bacteria. The goal of a milk bank is to provide a safe and reliable source of human breast milk to promote the health and well-being of vulnerable infants.
Cultured milk products are fermented dairy foods that contain live or active cultures of beneficial bacteria. The fermentation process involves the addition of specific strains of bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria, to milk. This causes the milk to thicken and develop a tangy flavor.
Common cultured milk products include:
1. Yogurt: A fermented dairy product made from milk and bacterial cultures, including Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Yogurt is often consumed for its taste, nutritional value, and potential health benefits associated with probiotics.
2. Buttermilk: Traditionally, buttermilk was the thin, liquid byproduct of churning butter from cultured cream. Nowadays, most commercial buttermilk is made by adding bacterial cultures to low-fat or skim milk and allowing it to ferment. The result is a tangy, slightly thickened beverage.
3. Kefir: A fermented milk drink that originated in the Caucasus Mountains. It's made using kefir grains, which are symbiotic colonies of bacteria and yeast, to ferment milk. The final product is a carbonated, tangy beverage with a consistency similar to thin yogurt.
4. Cheese: While not all cheeses are cultured milk products, many types undergo a fermentation process using specific bacterial cultures. This helps develop the cheese's flavor, texture, and aroma during the aging process. Examples of cultured cheeses include cheddar, gouda, brie, and feta.
5. Sour cream: A dairy product made by fermenting cream with lactic acid bacteria, resulting in a thick, tangy condiment or topping.
6. Crème fraîche: Similar to sour cream but made from heavy cream instead of milk, crème fraîche has a richer texture and milder flavor. It's produced by allowing pasteurized cream to ferment naturally with bacterial cultures.
7. Cultured butter: This type of butter is made from cultured cream that has been allowed to ferment before churning. The fermentation process imparts a tangy, slightly cheesy flavor to the butter.
8. Viili and Fil Mjölk: These are traditional Nordic fermented milk products with a ropy texture due to specific bacterial cultures used in their production.
Medical definitions of "milk substitutes" refer to products that are designed to replace or serve as an alternative to traditional cow's milk for individuals who cannot consume it or choose not to. These can include a wide variety of products, such as:
1. Plant-based milks: These are made from plants such as soy, almonds, coconuts, oats, rice, hemp, flaxseed, and cashews. They are often fortified with calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients to make them more similar in nutrition to cow's milk.
2. Animal-based milks: These include goat's milk, sheep's milk, and buffalo milk, which can be suitable alternatives for those who are allergic or intolerant to cow's milk.
3. Formula milks: These are designed for infants and young children who cannot be breastfed or need additional nutrition. They can be based on cow's milk, soy, or other proteins and are fortified with vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients to support growth and development.
4. Specialized milks: These are formulated for individuals with specific dietary needs, such as lactose-free milk for those with lactose intolerance, or hypoallergenic formulas for people with milk protein allergies.
It is important to note that not all milk substitutes are created equal in terms of nutrition and should be chosen based on individual dietary needs and preferences. Always consult a healthcare professional or registered dietitian for personalized advice on selecting the most appropriate milk substitute.
Medical Definition of Milk Thistle:
Milk thistle, also known as Silybum marianum, is a plant that has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. It belongs to the Asteraceae family and is native to Mediterranean regions. The active compound in milk thistle is silymarin, which is found in the seeds of the plant. Silymarin is a flavonoid complex that contains several components, including silybin, silydianin, and silychristin.
Milk thistle has been traditionally used for its potential benefits in supporting liver health and function. It is believed to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties that may help protect the liver from damage caused by toxins, viruses, and free radicals. Some studies suggest that milk thistle may also help improve insulin resistance, reduce cholesterol levels, and support brain health.
However, it is important to note that while some research suggests potential benefits of milk thistle for liver health and other conditions, more high-quality studies are needed to confirm these effects and establish recommended dosages. As with any supplement or medication, milk thistle should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.
"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.
Breastfeeding is the process of providing nutrition to an infant or young child by feeding them breast milk directly from the mother's breast. It is also known as nursing. Breast milk is the natural food for newborns and infants, and it provides all the nutrients they need to grow and develop during the first six months of life.
Breastfeeding has many benefits for both the mother and the baby. For the baby, breast milk contains antibodies that help protect against infections and diseases, and it can also reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), allergies, and obesity. For the mother, breastfeeding can help her lose weight after pregnancy, reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, and promote bonding with her baby.
Breastfeeding is recommended exclusively for the first six months of an infant's life, and then continued along with appropriate complementary foods until the child is at least two years old or beyond. However, it is important to note that every mother and baby pair is unique, and what works best for one may not work as well for another. It is recommended that mothers consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best feeding plan for themselves and their baby.
"Dairying" is not a medical term. It refers to the industry or practice of producing and processing milk and milk products, such as butter, cheese, and yogurt, typically from cows but also from other animals like goats and sheep. Dairying involves various activities including breeding and raising dairy animals, milking, processing, and marketing milk and milk products. It is not a medical concept or procedure.
'Infant food' is not a term with a single, universally accepted medical definition. However, in general, it refers to food products that are specifically designed and marketed for feeding infants, typically during the first year of life. These foods are often formulated to meet the unique nutritional needs of infants, who have smaller stomachs, higher metabolic rates, and different dietary requirements compared to older children and adults.
Infant food can include a variety of products such as:
1. Infant formula: A breast milk substitute that is designed to provide all the nutrients an infant needs for growth and development during the first six months of life. It is typically made from cow's milk, soy, or other protein sources and is fortified with vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients.
2. Baby cereal: A single-grain cereal that is often one of the first solid foods introduced to infants around 4-6 months of age. It is usually made from rice, oats, or barley and can be mixed with breast milk, formula, or water to create a thin porridge.
3. Pureed fruits and vegetables: Soft, cooked, and pureed fruits and vegetables are often introduced to infants around 6-8 months of age as they begin to develop their chewing skills. These foods provide important nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
4. Meats, poultry, and fish: Soft, cooked, and finely chopped or pureed meats, poultry, and fish can be introduced to infants around 8-10 months of age. These foods provide essential protein, iron, and other nutrients.
5. Dairy products: Infant food may also include dairy products such as yogurt and cheese, which can be introduced to infants around 9-12 months of age. These foods provide calcium, protein, and other nutrients.
It is important to note that the introduction and composition of infant food may vary depending on cultural practices, individual dietary needs, and medical recommendations. Parents should consult their healthcare provider for guidance on introducing solid foods to their infants and selecting appropriate infant food products.
"Suckling animals" refers to young mammals that are in the process of nursing from their mother's teats or nipples, typically for the purpose of obtaining milk and nutrition. This behavior is instinctual in newborn mammals and helps to establish a strong bond between the mother and offspring, as well as providing essential nutrients for growth and development.
The duration of suckling can vary widely among different species, ranging from just a few days or weeks in some animals to several months or even years in others. In many cases, suckling also helps to stimulate milk production in the mother, ensuring an adequate supply of milk for her offspring.
Examples of suckling animals include newborn humans, as well as young mammals such as puppies, kittens, piglets, lambs, calves, and fawns, among others.
Lactose is a disaccharide, a type of sugar, that is naturally found in milk and dairy products. It is made up of two simple sugars, glucose and galactose, linked together. In order for the body to absorb and use lactose, it must be broken down into these simpler sugars by an enzyme called lactase, which is produced in the lining of the small intestine.
People who have a deficiency of lactase are unable to fully digest lactose, leading to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps, a condition known as lactose intolerance.
Mammary glands are specialized exocrine glands found in mammals, including humans and other animals. These glands are responsible for producing milk, which is used to nurse offspring after birth. The mammary glands are located in the breast region of female mammals and are usually rudimentary or absent in males.
In animals, mammary glands can vary in number and location depending on the species. For example, humans and other primates have two mammary glands, one in each breast. Cows, goats, and sheep, on the other hand, have multiple pairs of mammary glands located in their lower abdominal region.
Mammary glands are made up of several structures, including lobules, ducts, and connective tissue. The lobules contain clusters of milk-secreting cells called alveoli, which produce and store milk. The ducts transport the milk from the lobules to the nipple, where it is released during lactation.
Mammary glands are an essential feature of mammals, as they provide a source of nutrition for newborn offspring. They also play a role in the development and maintenance of the mother-infant bond, as nursing provides opportunities for physical contact and bonding between the mother and her young.
Breast milk expression is the act of manually or mechanically extracting breast milk from a lactating person's breasts. This can be done using hands (hand expression) or a breast pump. The expressed breast milk can then be stored and given to the baby at a later time, which is useful for individuals who are separated from their babies, unable to breastfeed directly, or want to build up a supply of milk for future use.
Pasteurization is a process that involves heating a liquid, such as milk or fruit juice, to a specific temperature for a certain amount of time in order to kill harmful bacteria and reduce the risk of foodborne illness. The process was named after Louis Pasteur, who developed it in the 19th century.
In pasteurization, the liquid is typically heated to a temperature between 63°C (145°F) and 75°C (167°F) for at least 15 seconds to 30 minutes, depending on the type of product being pasteurized. This heat treatment destroys pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, which can cause serious illness if consumed.
Pasteurization does not sterilize the product completely, but it significantly reduces the number of bacteria present, making it safer for consumption. It is important to note that pasteurized products still have a shelf life and should be stored properly to prevent contamination and spoilage.
Bovine mastitis is a common inflammatory condition that affects the mammary gland (udder) of dairy cows. It's primarily caused by bacterial infections, with Escherichia coli (E. coli), Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus being some of the most common pathogens involved. The infection can lead to varying degrees of inflammation, which might result in decreased milk production, changes in milk composition, and, if left untreated, potentially severe systemic illness in the cow.
The clinical signs of bovine mastitis may include:
- Redness and heat in the affected quarter (or quarters) of the udder
- Swelling and pain upon palpation
- Decreased milk production or changes in milk appearance (such as flakes, clots, or watery consistency)
- Systemic signs like fever, loss of appetite, and depression in severe cases
Mastitis can be classified into two main types: clinical mastitis, which is characterized by visible signs of inflammation, and subclinical mastitis, where the infection might not present with obvious external symptoms but could still lead to decreased milk quality and production.
Prevention and control measures for bovine mastitis include good milking practices, maintaining a clean and dry environment for the cows, practicing proper udder hygiene, administering antibiotics or other treatments as necessary, and regularly monitoring milk for signs of infection through somatic cell count testing.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard or widely recognized medical term. It seems to be a very specific phrase that may relate to various physiological processes and phenomena related to infant nutrition.
To try and provide some clarity, I can offer a brief explanation of the individual terms:
1. Infant: A young child, typically under one year of age.
2. Nutritional: Relating to food or nourishment, particularly in relation to energy and the balance of essential nutrients required for growth, repair, and maintenance of bodily functions.
3. Physiological: Describing processes and functions that occur within a living organism as part of normal bodily function, including biochemical reactions, organ function, and responses to environmental stimuli.
4. Phenomena: Observable events or occurrences.
So, "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" could refer to observable events or processes related to an infant's nutrition and physiology. However, without further context, it is difficult to provide a more precise definition. Examples of such phenomena might include the development of feeding skills, growth patterns, or changes in metabolism related to dietary intake.
Infant formula is a manufactured food designed and marketed for feeding to babies and infants under 12 months of age, but may also be used as a supplementary feedings for older children. It is usually derived from cow's milk, but can also be made from soy or other proteins. Infant formulas are designed to provide a well-balanced diet with appropriate amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals to support growth and development in infants who are not breastfed. They come in various forms such as powder, concentrate, or ready-to-feed liquid and must meet strict nutritional and safety standards set by regulatory agencies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission (EC).
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "goats" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a common noun referring to the domesticated animal species Capra aegagrus hircus. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or term, please provide that and I would be happy to help.
Dairy products are foods produced from the milk of animals, primarily cows but also goats, sheep, and buffalo. The term "dairy" refers to the place or process where these products are made. According to the medical definition, dairy products include a variety of foods such as:
1. Milk - This is the liquid produced by mammals to feed their young. It's rich in nutrients like calcium, protein, and vitamins A, D, and B12.
2. Cheese - Made from milk, it can vary greatly in texture, taste, and nutritional content depending on the type. Cheese is a good source of protein and calcium.
3. Yogurt - This is formed by bacterial fermentation of milk. It contains probiotics which are beneficial bacteria that can help maintain gut health.
4. Butter - Made from cream or churned milk, butter is high in fat and calories but also provides some essential nutrients like vitamin A.
5. Ice Cream - A frozen dessert made from cream, milk, sugar, and often egg yolks. While it can be a source of calcium and protein, it's also high in sugar and should be consumed in moderation.
6. Casein and Whey Proteins - These are proteins derived from milk that are often used as dietary supplements for muscle building and recovery after exercise.
Individuals who are lactose intolerant may have difficulty digesting dairy products due to the sugar lactose found in them. For such individuals, there are lactose-free versions of these products available or they can opt for plant-based alternatives like almond milk, soy milk, etc.
Caseins are a group of phosphoproteins found in the milk of mammals, including cows and humans. They are the major proteins in milk, making up about 80% of the total protein content. Caseins are characterized by their ability to form micelles, or tiny particles, in milk when it is mixed with calcium. This property allows caseins to help transport calcium and other minerals throughout the body.
Caseins are also known for their nutritional value, as they provide essential amino acids and are easily digestible. They are often used as ingredients in infant formula and other food products. Additionally, caseins have been studied for their potential health benefits, such as reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and improving bone health. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits.
Fats, also known as lipids, are a broad group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. In the body, fats serve as a major fuel source, providing twice the amount of energy per gram compared to carbohydrates and proteins. They also play crucial roles in maintaining cell membrane structure and function, serving as precursors for various signaling molecules, and assisting in the absorption and transport of fat-soluble vitamins.
There are several types of fats:
1. Saturated fats: These fats contain no double bonds between their carbon atoms and are typically solid at room temperature. They are mainly found in animal products, such as meat, dairy, and eggs, as well as in some plant-based sources like coconut oil and palm kernel oil. Consuming high amounts of saturated fats can raise levels of harmful low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood, increasing the risk of heart disease.
2. Unsaturated fats: These fats contain one or more double bonds between their carbon atoms and are usually liquid at room temperature. They can be further divided into monounsaturated fats (one double bond) and polyunsaturated fats (two or more double bonds). Unsaturated fats, especially those from plant sources, tend to have beneficial effects on heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels and increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels.
3. Trans fats: These are unsaturated fats that have undergone a process called hydrogenation, which adds hydrogen atoms to the double bonds, making them more saturated and solid at room temperature. Partially hydrogenated trans fats are commonly found in processed foods, such as baked goods, fried foods, and snack foods. Consumption of trans fats has been linked to increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.
4. Omega-3 fatty acids: These are a specific type of polyunsaturated fat that is essential for human health. They cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet. Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to have numerous health benefits, including reducing inflammation, improving heart health, and supporting brain function.
5. Omega-6 fatty acids: These are another type of polyunsaturated fat that is essential for human health. They can be synthesized by the body but must also be obtained through diet. While omega-6 fatty acids are necessary for various bodily functions, excessive consumption can contribute to inflammation and other health issues. It is recommended to maintain a balanced ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids in the diet.
Mastitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the breast tissue, usually caused by an infection. It typically occurs in breastfeeding women, when bacteria from the baby's mouth enter the milk ducts through a cracked or damaged nipple, leading to infection and inflammation. However, mastitis can also occur in non-breastfeeding women, often as a result of blocked milk ducts or milk remaining in the breast after weaning.
Symptoms of mastitis may include breast pain, tenderness, swelling, warmth, redness, and fever. In some cases, pus or blood may be present in the breast milk. If left untreated, mastitis can lead to more severe complications such as abscess formation. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, pain relief medication, and continued breastfeeding or pumping to prevent further blockage of the milk ducts.
Lactose intolerance is a digestive condition in which the body has difficulty digesting lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. This occurs due to a deficiency or insufficiency of lactase, an enzyme produced by the small intestine that breaks down lactose into simpler sugars (glucose and galactose) for absorption. When there is not enough lactase to digest the consumed lactose, it passes undigested into the large intestine, where it is fermented by bacteria, leading to various gastrointestinal symptoms.
The symptoms of lactose intolerance may include bloating, cramps, diarrhea, nausea, and gas, usually occurring within 30 minutes to two hours after consuming dairy products. The severity of these symptoms can vary depending on the amount of lactose consumed and an individual's level of lactase deficiency or insufficiency.
Lactose intolerance is not life-threatening but can cause discomfort and may affect a person's quality of life. It is essential to manage the condition through dietary modifications, such as consuming smaller amounts of dairy products, choosing lactose-free or reduced-lactose options, or using lactase enzyme supplements before eating dairy products. In some cases, a healthcare professional may recommend additional management strategies based on an individual's specific needs and medical history.
I am not a doctor, but I can provide some information about the term "cheese" in a general and food science context. Cheese is a dairy product made from the curdled milk of various animals, most commonly cows, goats, or sheep. The process involves enzymes (such as rennet) to coagulate milk proteins (casein), which then separate from the liquid whey. The curds are then aged, treated, and processed in various ways to create different types of cheese with unique flavors, textures, and appearances.
However, if you are looking for a medical definition related to health issues or conditions, I would recommend consulting a reliable medical resource or speaking with a healthcare professional.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), yogurt is defined as a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. The bacteria used must belong to the species Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Other bacteria may be added for flavor or other purposes, but these two are essential for the product to be called yogurt. Additionally, yogurt must contain a certain amount of live and active cultures at the time of manufacture, and it must not contain more than specific amounts of whey, non-milk fat, and stabilizers.
It's important to note that this definition is specific to the United States and may vary in other countries.
Lactoglobulins, specifically referring to β-lactoglobulin, are a type of protein found in the whey fraction of milk from ruminant animals such as cows and sheep. They are one of the major proteins in bovine milk, making up about 10% of the total protein content.
β-lactoglobulin is a small, stable protein that is resistant to heat and acid denaturation. It has an important role in the nutrition of young mammals as it can bind to fat molecules and help with their absorption. In addition, β-lactoglobulin has been studied for its potential health benefits, including its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
However, some people may have allergies to β-lactoglobulin, which can cause symptoms such as hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing. In these cases, it is important to avoid foods that contain this protein.
A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.
Lactalbumin is a protein found in milk, specifically in the whey fraction. It is a globular protein with a molecular weight of around 14,000 daltons and consists of 123 amino acids. Lactalbumin is denatured and coagulates under heat, which makes it useful in cooking and baking as a stabilizer and emulsifier.
In addition to its use as a food ingredient, lactalbumin has also been studied for its potential health benefits. It contains all essential amino acids and is easily digestible, making it a high-quality source of protein. Some research suggests that lactalbumin may have immune-enhancing properties and could potentially be used in the treatment of certain medical conditions. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits.
A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.
A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.
It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.
"Fortified food" is a term used in the context of nutrition and dietary guidelines. It refers to a food product that has had nutrients added to it during manufacturing to enhance its nutritional value. These added nutrients can include vitamins, minerals, proteins, or other beneficial components. The goal of fortifying foods is often to address specific nutrient deficiencies in populations or to improve the overall nutritional quality of a food product. Examples of fortified foods include certain breakfast cereals that have added vitamins and minerals, as well as plant-based milk alternatives that are fortified with calcium and vitamin D to mimic the nutritional profile of cow's milk. It is important to note that while fortified foods can be a valuable source of essential nutrients, they should not replace whole, unprocessed foods in a balanced diet.
The postpartum period refers to the time frame immediately following childbirth, typically defined as the first 6-12 weeks. During this time, significant physical and emotional changes occur as the body recovers from pregnancy and delivery. Hormone levels fluctuate dramatically, leading to various symptoms such as mood swings, fatigue, and breast engorgement. The reproductive system also undergoes significant changes, with the uterus returning to its pre-pregnancy size and shape, and the cervix closing.
It is essential to monitor physical and emotional health during this period, as complications such as postpartum depression, infection, or difficulty breastfeeding may arise. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are recommended to ensure a healthy recovery and address any concerns. Additionally, proper rest, nutrition, and support from family and friends can help facilitate a smooth transition into this new phase of life.
Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that are present in food, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field examines how these microbes interact with food, how they affect its safety and quality, and how they can be controlled during food production, processing, storage, and preparation. Food microbiology also involves the development of methods for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms in food, as well as studying the mechanisms of foodborne illnesses and developing strategies to prevent them. Additionally, it includes research on the beneficial microbes found in certain fermented foods and their potential applications in improving food quality and safety.
Weaning is the process of gradually introducing an infant or young child to a new source of nutrition, such as solid foods, while simultaneously decreasing their dependence on breast milk or formula. This process can begin when the child is developmentally ready, typically around 6 months of age, and involves offering them small amounts of pureed or mashed foods to start, then gradually introducing more textured and varied foods as they become comfortable with the new diet. The weaning process should be done slowly and under the guidance of a healthcare provider to ensure that the child's nutritional needs are being met and to avoid any potential digestive issues.
Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:
1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.
2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.
3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.
Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.
Bottle feeding is a method of providing nutrition to infants and young children using a bottle and an artificial nipple. The bottle is filled with milk or formula, and the child sucks on the nipple to draw the liquid out. This can be done with expressed breast milk or commercial infant formula. Bottle feeding can be a convenient alternative to breastfeeding, but it is important to follow proper techniques to ensure that the baby is receiving adequate nutrition and to prevent dental problems and ear infections. It's also important to clean the bottles and nipples properly to avoid contamination and growth of bacteria.
Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein that belongs to the transferrin family. It is an iron-binding protein found in various exocrine secretions such as milk, tears, and saliva, as well as in neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell involved in immune response. Lactoferrin plays a role in iron homeostasis, antimicrobial activity, and anti-inflammatory responses. It has the ability to bind free iron, which can help prevent bacterial growth by depriving them of an essential nutrient. Additionally, lactoferrin has been shown to have direct antimicrobial effects against various bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Its role in the immune system also includes modulating the activity of immune cells and regulating inflammation.
"Food handling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in the context of public health and food safety, it generally refers to the activities involved in the storage, preparation, and serving of food in a way that minimizes the risk of contamination and foodborne illnesses. This includes proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and wearing gloves, separating raw and cooked foods, cooking food to the correct temperature, and refrigerating or freezing food promptly. Proper food handling is essential for ensuring the safety and quality of food in various settings, including restaurants, hospitals, schools, and homes.
Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:
1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.
It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.
Animal feed refers to any substance or mixture of substances, whether processed, unprocessed, or partially processed, which is intended to be used as food for animals, including fish, without further processing. It includes ingredients such as grains, hay, straw, oilseed meals, and by-products from the milling, processing, and manufacturing industries. Animal feed can be in the form of pellets, crumbles, mash, or other forms, and is used to provide nutrients such as energy, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals to support the growth, reproduction, and maintenance of animals. It's important to note that animal feed must be safe, nutritious, and properly labeled to ensure the health and well-being of the animals that consume it.
"Sucking behavior" is not a term typically used in medical terminology. However, in the context of early childhood development and behavior, "non-nutritive sucking" is a term that may be used to describe an infant or young child's habitual sucking on their thumb, fingers, or pacifiers, beyond what is necessary for feeding. This type of sucking behavior can provide a sense of security, comfort, or help to self-soothe and manage stress or anxiety.
It's important to note that while non-nutritive sucking is generally considered a normal part of early childhood development, persistent sucking habits beyond the age of 2-4 years may lead to dental or orthodontic problems such as an overbite or open bite. Therefore, it's recommended to monitor and address these behaviors if they persist beyond this age range.
Sterilization, in a medical context, refers to the process of eliminating or removing all forms of microbial life, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, spores, and any other biological agents from a surface, object, or environment. This is typically achieved through various methods such as heat (using autoclaves), chemical processes, irradiation, or filtration.
In addition, sterilization can also refer to the surgical procedure that renders individuals unable to reproduce. This is often referred to as "permanent contraception" and can be performed through various methods such as vasectomy for men and tubal ligation for women. It's important to note that these procedures are typically permanent and not easily reversible.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Food Storage" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the practice of storing food supplies, often in large quantities and for extended periods of time. While it may have relevance to nutrition and food safety, it's not a term used within medical terminology. If you have any questions related to nutrition, food safety, or any other medical topic, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!
I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "buffaloes." The term generally refers to large, hoofed mammals that are native to Africa and Asia. In English language slang, the term "buffalo" is sometimes used to describe a lie or exaggeration, but this usage is not related to the medical field. If you have more context about where you encountered this term, I may be able to provide a more specific answer.
Lactation disorders are conditions or problems that affect a woman's ability to breastfeed her baby. These disorders can make it difficult for the mother to produce enough milk, or cause pain and discomfort during breastfeeding. Some common lactation disorders include:
1. Insufficient Glandular Tissue (IGT): This condition occurs when a woman has limited breast tissue, which can make it difficult for her to produce enough milk to fully breastfeed her baby.
2. Engorgement: This happens when the breasts become overly full of milk, causing them to feel hard, swollen, and painful. Engorgement can make it difficult for the baby to latch on properly, which can lead to nipple damage and mastitis.
3. Mastitis: An infection of the breast tissue that can cause pain, redness, warmth, and flu-like symptoms. Mastitis often occurs when a milk duct becomes blocked, allowing bacteria to enter and infect the tissue.
4. Plugged Ducts: This condition occurs when a milk duct becomes clogged or blocked, causing milk to back up and leading to pain, swelling, and redness in the affected area.
5. Nipple Vasospasm: This is a painful spasm of the blood vessels in the nipples, which can cause burning, stinging, or throbbing sensations during or after breastfeeding.
6. Low Milk Supply: This condition occurs when a woman is unable to produce enough milk to meet her baby's needs. Low milk supply can have various causes, including hormonal imbalances, poor latch, and infrequent feedings.
7. Oversupply: This condition occurs when a woman produces too much milk, which can lead to engorgement, plugged ducts, and mastitis.
Prompt identification and management of lactation disorders are essential for ensuring the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Women who experience difficulty breastfeeding should consult their healthcare provider or a lactation consultant for guidance and support.
A "camel" is a large, even-toed ungulate that belongs to the genus Camelus in the family Camelidae. There are two species of camels: the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), also known as the Arabian camel, which has one hump, and the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), which has two humps.
Camels are well adapted to life in arid environments and are native to the Middle East and Central Asia. They have long legs, large, flat feet that help them walk on sand, and a thick coat of hair that helps protect them from the sun and cold temperatures. Camels are also known for their ability to store fat in their humps, which they can convert into water and energy when food and water are scarce.
Camels have been domesticated for thousands of years and have played an important role in human history as transportation, pack animals, and sources of meat, milk, and wool. They are also used in traditional medicine and religious ceremonies in some cultures.
Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.
Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.
It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.
Bifidobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, non-motile, often branching anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other animals, as well as in fermented foods. These bacteria play an important role in maintaining the health and balance of the gut microbiota by aiding in digestion, producing vitamins, and preventing the growth of harmful bacteria.
Bifidobacteria are also known for their probiotic properties and are often used as dietary supplements to improve digestive health, boost the immune system, and alleviate symptoms of various gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
There are over 50 species of Bifidobacterium, with some of the most common ones found in the human gut being B. bifidum, B. longum, B. breve, and B. adolescentis. These bacteria are characterized by their ability to ferment a variety of carbohydrates, including dietary fibers, oligosaccharides, and sugars, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, lactate, and formate as end products.
Bifidobacteria have a complex cell wall structure that contains unique polysaccharides called exopolysaccharides (EPS), which have been shown to have prebiotic properties and can stimulate the growth of other beneficial bacteria in the gut. Additionally, some strains of Bifidobacterium produce antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, further contributing to their probiotic effects.
Overall, Bifidobacterium is an important genus of beneficial bacteria that play a crucial role in maintaining gut health and promoting overall well-being.
The lactose tolerance test is a medical procedure used to determine the body's ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products. In this test, a patient is given a liquid that contains a high amount of lactose to drink. Blood samples are then taken over a two-hour period following the consumption of the lactose solution. These blood samples are tested for glucose levels.
If the body is able to digest lactose properly, the lactose will be broken down into glucose and absorbed into the bloodstream, resulting in an increase in blood glucose levels. However, if the body has difficulty digesting lactose (lactose intolerance), little or no increase in blood glucose levels will be observed.
A positive lactose tolerance test indicates that the individual can tolerate lactose and has a functioning lactase enzyme in their small intestine. A negative result suggests lactose intolerance, which is often due to insufficient lactase production. This condition can lead to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps after consuming dairy products.
Food hypersensitivity is an umbrella term that encompasses both immunologic and non-immunologic adverse reactions to food. It is also known as "food allergy" or "food intolerance." Food hypersensitivity occurs when the body's immune system or digestive system reacts negatively to a particular food or food component.
Immunologic food hypersensitivity, commonly referred to as a food allergy, involves an immune response mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Upon ingestion of the offending food, IgE antibodies bind to the food antigens and trigger the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from mast cells and basophils, leading to symptoms such as hives, swelling, itching, difficulty breathing, or anaphylaxis.
Non-immunologic food hypersensitivity, on the other hand, does not involve the immune system. Instead, it is caused by various mechanisms, including enzyme deficiencies, pharmacological reactions, and metabolic disorders. Examples of non-immunologic food hypersensitivities include lactose intolerance, gluten sensitivity, and histamine intolerance.
It's important to note that the term "food hypersensitivity" is often used interchangeably with "food allergy," but it has a broader definition that includes both immunologic and non-immunologic reactions.
A premature infant is a baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. They may face various health challenges because their organs are not fully developed. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications. Prematurity can lead to short-term and long-term health issues, such as respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, infections, hearing problems, vision problems, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy. Intensive medical care and support are often necessary for premature infants to ensure their survival and optimal growth and development.
Aflatoxin M1 is a type of mycotoxin, which is a toxic compound that is produced by certain types of molds or fungi. Aflatoxin M1 is produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and it can contaminate a variety of agricultural products, including grains, nuts, and milk.
Aflatoxin M1 is a metabolite of aflatoxin B1, which is the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen known. Aflatoxin M1 is formed in the liver of dairy animals after they consume feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 and then passes into their milk. It can also be found in other tissues of dairy animals, such as meat and organs.
Exposure to aflatoxin M1 has been linked to various health effects, including liver damage, immune suppression, and increased risk of liver cancer. For this reason, regulatory agencies around the world have set limits on the amount of aflatoxin M1 that is allowed in milk and other dairy products.
Nutritive value is a term used to describe the amount and kind of nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water, that a food provides. It refers to the ability of a food to supply the necessary components for growth, repair, maintenance, and energy in the body. The nutritive value of a food is usually expressed in terms of its content of these various nutrients per 100 grams or per serving. Foods with high nutritive value are those that provide a significant amount of essential nutrients in relation to their calorie content.
Lactase is a specific enzyme that is produced by the cells lining the small intestine in humans and other mammals. Its primary function is to break down lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products, into simpler sugars called glucose and galactose, which can then be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Lactase is most active during infancy and early childhood, when breast milk or formula is the primary source of nutrition. However, in some individuals, lactase production decreases after weaning, leading to a condition called lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerant individuals have difficulty digesting lactose, which can result in various gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, cramps, diarrhea, and gas.
Supplemental lactase enzymes are available over the counter to help lactose-intolerant individuals digest dairy products more comfortably.
Food preservation, in the context of medical and nutritional sciences, refers to the process of treating, handling, and storing food items to reduce the risk of foodborne illness and to extend their shelf life. The goal is to prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and mold, as well as to slow down the oxidation process that can lead to spoilage.
Common methods of food preservation include:
1. Refrigeration and freezing: These techniques slow down the growth of microorganisms and enzyme activity that cause food to spoil.
2. Canning: This involves sealing food in airtight containers, then heating them to destroy microorganisms and inactivate enzymes.
3. Dehydration: Removing water from food inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds.
4. Acidification: Adding acidic ingredients like lemon juice or vinegar can lower the pH of food, making it less hospitable to microorganisms.
5. Fermentation: This process involves converting sugars into alcohol or acids using bacteria or yeasts, which can preserve food and also enhance its flavor.
6. Irradiation: Exposing food to small doses of radiation can kill bacteria, parasites, and insects, extending the shelf life of certain foods.
7. Pasteurization: Heating food to a specific temperature for a set period of time can destroy harmful bacteria while preserving the nutritional value and taste.
Proper food preservation is crucial in preventing foodborne illnesses and ensuring the safety and quality of the food supply.
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain, which are important components of lipids and are widely distributed in living organisms. They can be classified based on the length of their carbon chain, saturation level (presence or absence of double bonds), and other structural features.
The two main types of fatty acids are:
1. Saturated fatty acids: These have no double bonds in their carbon chain and are typically solid at room temperature. Examples include palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0).
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: These contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain and can be further classified into monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds) fatty acids. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (C18:1, monounsaturated), linoleic acid (C18:2, polyunsaturated), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, polyunsaturated).
Fatty acids play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as energy storage, membrane structure, and cell signaling. Some essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources.
Dietary calcium is a type of calcium that is obtained through food sources. Calcium is an essential mineral that is necessary for many bodily functions, including bone formation and maintenance, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.
The recommended daily intake of dietary calcium varies depending on age, sex, and other factors. For example, the recommended daily intake for adults aged 19-50 is 1000 mg, while women over 50 and men over 70 require 1200 mg per day.
Good dietary sources of calcium include dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt; leafy green vegetables like broccoli and kale; fortified cereals and juices; and certain types of fish, such as salmon and sardines. It is important to note that some foods can inhibit the absorption of calcium, including oxalates found in spinach and rhubarb, and phytates found in whole grains and legumes.
If a person is unable to get enough calcium through their diet, they may need to take calcium supplements. However, it is important to talk to a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, as excessive intake of calcium can lead to negative health effects.
Oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of relatively small numbers (3-10) of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic linkages. They occur naturally in foods such as milk, fruits, vegetables, and legumes. In the body, oligosaccharides play important roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, signaling, and protection against pathogens.
There are several types of oligosaccharides, classified based on their structures and functions. Some common examples include:
1. Disaccharides: These consist of two monosaccharide units, such as sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), and maltose (glucose + glucose).
2. Trisaccharides: These contain three monosaccharide units, like maltotriose (glucose + glucose + glucose) and raffinose (galactose + glucose + fructose).
3. Oligosaccharides found in human milk: Human milk contains unique oligosaccharides that serve as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. These oligosaccharides also help protect infants from pathogens by acting as decoy receptors and inhibiting bacterial adhesion to intestinal cells.
4. N-linked and O-linked glycans: These are oligosaccharides attached to proteins in the body, playing crucial roles in protein folding, stability, and function.
5. Plant-derived oligosaccharides: Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are examples of plant-derived oligosaccharides that serve as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.
Overall, oligosaccharides have significant impacts on human health and disease, particularly in relation to gastrointestinal function, immunity, and inflammation.
Drug residues refer to the remaining amount of a medication or drug that remains in an animal or its products after the treatment period has ended. This can occur when drugs are not properly metabolized and eliminated by the animal's body, or when withdrawal times (the recommended length of time to wait before consuming or selling the animal or its products) are not followed.
Drug residues in animals can pose a risk to human health if consumed through the consumption of animal products such as meat, milk, or eggs. For this reason, regulatory bodies set maximum residue limits (MRLs) for drug residues in animal products to ensure that they do not exceed safe levels for human consumption.
It is important for farmers and veterinarians to follow label instructions and recommended withdrawal times to prevent the accumulation of drug residues in animals and their products, and to protect public health.
"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Weight gain is defined as an increase in body weight over time, which can be attributed to various factors such as an increase in muscle mass, fat mass, or total body water. It is typically measured in terms of pounds or kilograms and can be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional weight gain may be a cause for concern if it's significant or accompanied by other symptoms, as it could indicate an underlying medical condition such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, or heart disease.
It is important to note that while body mass index (BMI) can be used as a general guideline for weight status, it does not differentiate between muscle mass and fat mass. Therefore, an increase in muscle mass through activities like strength training could result in a higher BMI, but this may not necessarily be indicative of increased health risks associated with excess body fat.
In medical terms, "breeding" is not a term that is commonly used. It is more frequently used in the context of animal husbandry to refer to the process of mating animals in order to produce offspring with specific desired traits or characteristics. In human medicine, the term is not typically applied to people and instead, related concepts such as reproduction, conception, or pregnancy are used.
The medical definition of "eating" refers to the process of consuming and ingesting food or nutrients into the body. This process typically involves several steps, including:
1. Food preparation: This may involve cleaning, chopping, cooking, or combining ingredients to make them ready for consumption.
2. Ingestion: The act of taking food or nutrients into the mouth and swallowing it.
3. Digestion: Once food is ingested, it travels down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is broken down by enzymes and acids to facilitate absorption of nutrients.
4. Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells throughout the body for use as energy or building blocks for growth and repair.
5. Elimination: Undigested food and waste products are eliminated from the body through the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
Eating is an essential function that provides the body with the nutrients it needs to maintain health, grow, and repair itself. Disorders of eating, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, can have serious consequences for physical and mental health.
In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.
For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.
Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.
Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.
"Animal nutritional physiological phenomena" is not a standardized medical or scientific term. However, it seems to refer to the processes and functions related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Here's a breakdown of the possible components:
1. Animal: This term refers to non-human living organisms that are multicellular, heterotrophic, and have a distinct nervous system.
2. Nutritional: This term pertains to the nourishment and energy requirements of an animal, including the ingestion, digestion, absorption, transportation, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients.
3. Physiological: This term refers to the functions and processes that occur within a living organism, including the interactions between different organs and systems.
4. Phenomena: This term generally means an observable fact or event.
Therefore, "animal nutritional physiological phenomena" could refer to the observable events and processes related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Examples of such phenomena include digestion, absorption, metabolism, energy production, growth, reproduction, and waste elimination.
Vertical transmission of infectious diseases refers to the spread of an infection from an infected mother to her offspring during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. This mode of transmission can occur through several pathways:
1. Transplacental transmission: The infection crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus while it is still in the womb. Examples include HIV, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis.
2. Intrauterine infection: The mother's infection causes direct damage to the developing fetus or its surrounding tissues, leading to complications such as congenital defects. Examples include rubella and cytomegalovirus (CMV).
3. Perinatal transmission: This occurs during childbirth when the infant comes into contact with the mother's infected genital tract or bodily fluids. Examples include group B streptococcus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and hepatitis B.
4. Postnatal transmission: This occurs after birth, often through breastfeeding, when the infant ingests infected milk or comes into contact with the mother's contaminated bodily fluids. Examples include HIV and HTLV-I (human T-lymphotropic virus type I).
Vertical transmission is a significant concern in public health, as it can lead to severe complications, congenital disabilities, or even death in newborns. Preventive measures, such as prenatal screening, vaccination, and antimicrobial treatment, are crucial for reducing the risk of vertical transmission and ensuring better outcomes for both mothers and their offspring.
Dietary fats, also known as fatty acids, are a major nutrient that the body needs for energy and various functions. They are an essential component of cell membranes and hormones, and they help the body absorb certain vitamins. There are several types of dietary fats:
1. Saturated fats: These are typically solid at room temperature and are found in animal products such as meat, butter, and cheese, as well as tropical oils like coconut and palm oil. Consuming a high amount of saturated fats can raise levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol and increase the risk of heart disease.
2. Unsaturated fats: These are typically liquid at room temperature and can be further divided into monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Monounsaturated fats, found in foods such as olive oil, avocados, and nuts, can help lower levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol while maintaining levels of healthy HDL cholesterol. Polyunsaturated fats, found in foods such as fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, have similar effects on cholesterol levels and also provide essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids that the body cannot produce on its own.
3. Trans fats: These are unsaturated fats that have been chemically modified to be solid at room temperature. They are often found in processed foods such as baked goods, fried foods, and snack foods. Consuming trans fats can raise levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol and lower levels of healthy HDL cholesterol, increasing the risk of heart disease.
It is recommended to limit intake of saturated and trans fats and to consume more unsaturated fats as part of a healthy diet.
Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts carbohydrates into alcohol or organic acids using enzymes. In the absence of oxygen, certain bacteria, yeasts, and fungi convert sugars into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and various end products, such as alcohol, lactic acid, or acetic acid. This process is commonly used in food production, such as in making bread, wine, and beer, as well as in industrial applications for the production of biofuels and chemicals.
"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.
The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.
In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.
"Formulated food" is a term used in the field of clinical nutrition to refer to foods that are specially manufactured and designed to meet the nutritional needs of specific patient populations. These foods often come in the form of shakes, bars, or pouches and are intended to be used as a sole source or supplementary source of nutrition for individuals who have difficulty meeting their nutritional needs through traditional food sources alone.
Formulated foods may be indicated for patients who have medical conditions that affect their ability to eat or digest regular food, such as dysphagia (swallowing difficulties), malabsorption syndromes, or chronic inflammatory bowel disease. They may also be used in patients who require additional nutritional support during times of illness, injury, or recovery from surgery.
Formulated foods are typically designed to provide a balance of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) that meet the recommended dietary intakes for specific patient populations. They may also contain additional ingredients such as fiber, probiotics, or other nutraceuticals to provide additional health benefits.
It is important to note that formulated foods should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or physician, to ensure that they are appropriate for an individual's specific medical and nutritional needs.
Nutritional requirements refer to the necessary amount of nutrients, including macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), that an individual requires to maintain good health, support normal growth and development, and promote optimal bodily functions. These requirements vary based on factors such as age, sex, body size, pregnancy status, and physical activity level. Meeting one's nutritional requirements typically involves consuming a balanced and varied diet, with additional consideration given to any specific dietary restrictions or medical conditions that may influence nutrient needs.
In the context of medical definitions, "refrigeration" typically refers to the process of storing or preserving medical supplies, specimens, or pharmaceuticals at controlled low temperatures, usually between 2°C and 8°C (35°F and 46°F). This temperature range is known as the "cold chain" and is critical for maintaining the stability, efficacy, and safety of many medical products.
Refrigeration is used to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that can cause spoilage or degradation of medical supplies and medications. It also helps to slow down chemical reactions that can lead to the breakdown of active ingredients in pharmaceuticals.
Proper refrigeration practices are essential for healthcare facilities, laboratories, and research institutions to ensure the quality and safety of their medical products and specimens. Regular monitoring and maintenance of refrigeration equipment are necessary to maintain the appropriate temperature range and prevent any deviations that could compromise the integrity of the stored items.
Chymosin, also known as rennin or rennet, is a proteolytic enzyme that is naturally present in the stomachs of ruminant animals such as cows, goats, and sheep. It plays an essential role in the digestion of milk in these animals by curdling or coagulating the milk protein casein, which helps in the separation of solid curds from liquid whey during the process of stomach digestion.
In the context of food production, chymosin is often used as a coagulant in the manufacturing of cheese and other dairy products. Traditionally, rennet was obtained by extracting it from the fourth stomach chamber (abomasum) of young calves, but nowadays, most commercial chymosin is produced through microbial fermentation using genetically modified bacteria or yeast that have been engineered to produce this enzyme. This method of production allows for a more consistent and animal-friendly source of chymosin for industrial applications.
The primary function of chymosin in cheese making is to catalyze the coagulation of casein, leading to the formation of a curd that can be further processed into various types of cheese. The enzyme specifically cleaves a bond in the casein protein called Phe105-Met106, resulting in the formation of para-κ-casein and paracaseinompholine, which then interact to form the curd. This reaction is crucial for initiating the cheese making process, as it allows for the separation of solid curds from liquid whey, which can then be pressed, aged, and transformed into a wide variety of cheese styles.
"Energy intake" is a medical term that refers to the amount of energy or calories consumed through food and drink. It is an important concept in the study of nutrition, metabolism, and energy balance, and is often used in research and clinical settings to assess an individual's dietary habits and health status.
Energy intake is typically measured in kilocalories (kcal) or joules (J), with one kcal equivalent to approximately 4.184 J. The recommended daily energy intake varies depending on factors such as age, sex, weight, height, physical activity level, and overall health status.
It's important to note that excessive energy intake, particularly when combined with a sedentary lifestyle, can lead to weight gain and an increased risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, inadequate energy intake can lead to malnutrition, decreased immune function, and other health problems. Therefore, it's essential to maintain a balanced energy intake that meets individual nutritional needs while promoting overall health and well-being.
Parturient paresis, also known as Eclampsia or Puerperal eclampsia, is a serious condition that can occur during pregnancy or after childbirth. It is characterized by the onset of seizures (convulsions) and coma in a woman who has previously developed high blood pressure and proteinuria (protein in the urine) – a condition known as preeclampsia.
Eclampsia is considered a medical emergency, and it can lead to severe complications for both the mother and the baby if not promptly treated. The exact cause of eclampsia is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to problems with the blood vessels that supply the placenta.
Symptoms of eclampsia include high blood pressure, severe headaches, visual disturbances, nausea and vomiting, and sudden weight gain. If left untreated, eclampsia can lead to serious complications such as brain damage, stroke, kidney failure, and even death for the mother and the baby.
Treatment typically involves close monitoring of the mother and the baby, medication to control seizures and lower blood pressure, and delivery of the baby if necessary. In some cases, eclampsia may occur after the baby has been delivered, in which case it is known as postpartum eclampsia.
Dietary proteins are sources of protein that come from the foods we eat. Protein is an essential nutrient for the human body, required for various bodily functions such as growth, repair, and immune function. Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion, which are then absorbed and used to synthesize new proteins in the body.
Dietary proteins can be classified as complete or incomplete based on their essential amino acid content. Complete proteins contain all nine essential amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Examples of complete protein sources include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, soy, and quinoa.
Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids and are typically found in plant-based foods such as grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. However, by combining different incomplete protein sources, it is possible to obtain all the essential amino acids needed for a complete protein diet. This concept is known as complementary proteins.
It's important to note that while dietary proteins are essential for good health, excessive protein intake can have negative effects on the body, such as increased stress on the kidneys and bones. Therefore, it's recommended to consume protein in moderation as part of a balanced and varied diet.
A dietary supplement is a product that contains nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs or other botanicals, and is intended to be taken by mouth, to supplement the diet. Dietary supplements can include a wide range of products, such as vitamin and mineral supplements, herbal supplements, and sports nutrition products.
Dietary supplements are not intended to treat, diagnose, cure, or alleviate the effects of diseases. They are intended to be used as a way to add extra nutrients to the diet or to support specific health functions. It is important to note that dietary supplements are not subject to the same rigorous testing and regulations as drugs, so it is important to choose products carefully and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about using them.
In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.
Parity is typically categorized as follows:
* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.
In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.
A beverage is a drink intended for human consumption. The term is often used to refer to any drink that is not alcoholic or, in other words, non-alcoholic beverages. This includes drinks such as water, juice, tea, coffee, and soda. However, it can also include alcoholic drinks like beer, wine, and spirits.
In a medical context, beverages are often discussed in relation to their impact on health. For example, sugary drinks like soda and energy drinks have been linked to obesity, diabetes, and other health problems. On the other hand, drinks like water and unsweetened tea can help to keep people hydrated and may have other health benefits.
It's important for individuals to be mindful of their beverage choices and to choose options that are healthy and support their overall well-being. This may involve limiting sugary drinks, choosing water or unsweetened tea instead of soda, and avoiding excessive caffeine intake.
An animal population group refers to a collection of animals of the same species that live in a specific geographic area and interact with each other. These groups can vary in size and can be as small as a few individuals or as large as millions of individuals. The study of animal population groups is known as "population ecology" and it examines the dynamics of animal populations, including their distribution, abundance, demographics, and genetic structure.
Animal population groups can be structured into subgroups based on various factors such as age, sex, or social status. These subgroups may have different behaviors, habitats, or resource needs, which can affect their survival and reproduction. The study of animal population groups is important for understanding the dynamics of wildlife populations, managing wildlife resources, and conserving biodiversity.
Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.
Feeding methods refer to the various ways that infants and young children receive nutrition. The most common feeding methods are breastfeeding and bottle-feeding, although some infants may require more specialized feeding methods due to medical conditions or developmental delays.
Breastfeeding is the act of providing human milk to an infant directly from the breast. It is the natural and normal way for infants to receive nutrition and has numerous benefits for both the mother and the baby, including improved immunity, reduced risk of infections, and enhanced bonding between parent and child.
Bottle-feeding involves providing an infant with expressed human milk or formula in a bottle with a rubber nipple. This method can be useful for mothers who are unable to breastfeed due to medical reasons, work commitments, or personal preference. However, it is important to ensure that the bottle and nipple are properly sterilized and that the infant is held in an upright position during feeding to reduce the risk of ear infections and other complications.
For infants who have difficulty breastfeeding or bottle-feeding due to medical conditions such as cleft lip or palate, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or neurological impairments, specialized feeding methods may be necessary. These may include the use of specially designed bottles, nipples, or feeding tubes that deliver nutrition directly to the stomach or small intestine.
In all cases, it is important to ensure that infants and young children receive adequate nutrition for healthy growth and development. Parents should consult with their healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate feeding method for their child based on their individual needs and circumstances.
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Secretory is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes. These membranes line various body openings, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and serve to protect the body from potential pathogens by producing mucus.
Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the primary immunoglobulin found in secretions of the mucous membranes, and it is produced by a special type of immune cell called plasma cells located in the lamina propria, a layer of tissue beneath the epithelial cells that line the mucosal surfaces.
SIgA exists as a dimer, consisting of two IgA molecules linked together by a protein called the J chain. This complex is then transported across the epithelial cell layer to the luminal surface, where it becomes associated with another protein called the secretory component (SC). The SC protects the SIgA from degradation by enzymes and helps it maintain its function in the harsh environment of the mucosal surfaces.
SIgA functions by preventing the attachment and entry of pathogens into the body, thereby neutralizing their infectivity. It can also agglutinate (clump together) microorganisms, making them more susceptible to removal by mucociliary clearance or peristalsis. Furthermore, SIgA can modulate immune responses and contribute to the development of oral tolerance, which is important for maintaining immune homeostasis in the gut.
"Random allocation," also known as "random assignment" or "randomization," is a process used in clinical trials and other research studies to distribute participants into different intervention groups (such as experimental group vs. control group) in a way that minimizes selection bias and ensures the groups are comparable at the start of the study.
In random allocation, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, and the assignment is typically made using a computer-generated randomization schedule or other objective methods. This process helps to ensure that any differences between the groups are due to the intervention being tested rather than pre-existing differences in the participants' characteristics.
Biological availability is a term used in pharmacology and toxicology that refers to the degree and rate at which a drug or other substance is absorbed into the bloodstream and becomes available at the site of action in the body. It is a measure of the amount of the substance that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged, after administration by any route (such as oral, intravenous, etc.).
The biological availability (F) of a drug can be calculated using the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma concentration-time profile after extravascular and intravenous dosing, according to the following formula:
F = (AUCex/AUCiv) x (Doseiv/Doseex)
where AUCex is the AUC after extravascular dosing, AUCiv is the AUC after intravenous dosing, Doseiv is the intravenous dose, and Doseex is the extravascular dose.
Biological availability is an important consideration in drug development and therapy, as it can affect the drug's efficacy, safety, and dosage regimen. Drugs with low biological availability may require higher doses to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, while drugs with high biological availability may have a more rapid onset of action and require lower doses to avoid toxicity.
Streptococcus thermophilus is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming bacterium that belongs to the Streptococcaceae family. It is a species of streptococcus that is mesophilic, meaning it grows best at moderate temperatures, typically between 30-45°C. S. thermophilus is commonly found in milk and dairy products and is one of the starter cultures used in the production of yogurt and other fermented dairy products. It is also used as a probiotic due to its potential health benefits, such as improving lactose intolerance and enhancing the immune system. S. thermophilus is not considered pathogenic and does not normally cause infections in humans.
Litter size is a term used in veterinary medicine, particularly in relation to breeding of animals. It refers to the number of offspring that are born to an animal during one pregnancy. For example, in the case of dogs or cats, it would be the number of kittens or puppies born in a single litter. The size of the litter can vary widely depending on the species, breed, age, and health status of the parent animals.
I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and raising animals for agricultural purposes, such as for the production of meat, milk, eggs, or fiber. It involves providing proper care for the animals, including feeding, housing, health care, and breeding management. The goal of animal husbandry is to maintain healthy and productive animals while also being mindful of environmental sustainability and animal welfare.
Food safety is the scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards. Food safety often involves keeping food at low temperatures to prevent bacterial growth and toxin production. It can also include practices such as washing hands and surfaces well and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods. Additionally, proper cooking and pasteurization can kill bacteria that may be present in food.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines food safety as "the assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared or eaten according to its intended use." Food safety is important for everyone, but particularly for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.
In summary, food safety refers to the proper handling, preparation, and storage of food in order to prevent foodborne illness and ensure that it is safe for consumption.
In a medical context, "hot temperature" is not a standard medical term with a specific definition. However, it is often used in relation to fever, which is a common symptom of illness. A fever is typically defined as a body temperature that is higher than normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F) for adults and above 37.5-38°C (99.5-101.3°F) for children, depending on the source.
Therefore, when a medical professional talks about "hot temperature," they may be referring to a body temperature that is higher than normal due to fever or other causes. It's important to note that a high environmental temperature can also contribute to an elevated body temperature, so it's essential to consider both the body temperature and the environmental temperature when assessing a patient's condition.
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. They include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Lipids serve many important functions in the body, including energy storage, acting as structural components of cell membranes, and serving as signaling molecules. High levels of certain lipids, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.
In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.
HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.
"Food analysis" is not a medical term per se, but it falls under the broader field of food science and nutrition. Food analysis refers to the laboratory methods and techniques used to determine the composition and quality of food products. This can include testing for nutrients (such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals), contaminants (like heavy metals, pesticides, or allergens), and other components that may affect the safety, quality, or authenticity of food.
The results of food analysis can be used to ensure compliance with regulatory standards, develop new food products, assess the nutritional value of diets, investigate food-borne illnesses, and monitor trends in food consumption. While not a medical definition, food analysis is an important tool for promoting public health and preventing diet-related diseases.
Intestinal absorption refers to the process by which the small intestine absorbs water, nutrients, and electrolytes from food into the bloodstream. This is a critical part of the digestive process, allowing the body to utilize the nutrients it needs and eliminate waste products. The inner wall of the small intestine contains tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the capillaries in these villi, and then transported to other parts of the body for use or storage.
Nitrogen is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is an element that is crucial to medicine and human life.
In a medical context, nitrogen is often mentioned in relation to gas analysis, respiratory therapy, or medical gases. Nitrogen (N) is a colorless, odorless, and nonreactive gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is an essential element for various biological processes, such as the growth and maintenance of organisms, because it is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds.
In some medical applications, nitrogen is used to displace oxygen in a mixture to create a controlled environment with reduced oxygen levels (hypoxic conditions) for therapeutic purposes, such as in certain types of hyperbaric chambers. Additionally, nitrogen gas is sometimes used in cryotherapy, where extremely low temperatures are applied to tissues to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.
However, it's important to note that breathing pure nitrogen can be dangerous, as it can lead to unconsciousness and even death due to lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) within minutes.
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of the human body. It is primarily found in external secretions, such as saliva, tears, breast milk, and sweat, as well as in mucous membranes lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. IgA exists in two forms: a monomeric form found in serum and a polymeric form found in secretions.
The primary function of IgA is to provide immune protection at mucosal surfaces, which are exposed to various environmental antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and allergens. By doing so, it helps prevent the entry and colonization of pathogens into the body, reducing the risk of infections and inflammation.
IgA functions by binding to antigens present on the surface of pathogens or allergens, forming immune complexes that can neutralize their activity. These complexes are then transported across the epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces and released into the lumen, where they prevent the adherence and invasion of pathogens.
In summary, Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a vital antibody that provides immune defense at mucosal surfaces by neutralizing and preventing the entry of harmful antigens into the body.
Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) are a group of chemically related compounds that were widely used as flame retardants in various consumer products, such as electronics, appliances, and textiles. Structurally, they consist of two benzene rings with bromine atoms attached to them in different positions. PBBs have been banned or restricted in many countries due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential adverse health effects.
Here is a medical definition for Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs):
A class of brominated aromatic compounds that were historically used as flame retardants in various industrial and consumer applications. Due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity concerns, their production and use have been significantly restricted or banned in many countries. Exposure to PBBs can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact and may lead to a variety of health issues, including endocrine disruption, reproductive and developmental effects, neurodevelopmental toxicity, and immune system alterations. Long-term exposure to high levels of PBBs can result in skin irritation, liver damage, and thyroid hormone disruption.
Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic or microaerophilic, non-spore-forming bacteria. They are part of the normal flora found in the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts of humans and other animals. Lactobacilli are also commonly found in some fermented foods, such as yogurt, sauerkraut, and sourdough bread.
Lactobacilli are known for their ability to produce lactic acid through the fermentation of sugars, which contributes to their role in maintaining a healthy microbiota and lowering the pH in various environments. Some species of Lactobacillus have been shown to provide health benefits, such as improving digestion, enhancing immune function, and preventing infections, particularly in the urogenital and intestinal tracts. They are often used as probiotics, either in food or supplement form, to promote a balanced microbiome and support overall health.
Probiotics are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." They are often referred to as "good" or "friendly" bacteria because they help keep your gut healthy. Probiotics are naturally found in certain foods such as fermented foods like yogurt, sauerkraut, and some cheeses, or they can be taken as dietary supplements.
The most common groups of probiotics are lactic acid bacteria (like Lactobacillus) and bifidobacteria. They can help restore the balance of bacteria in your gut when it's been disrupted by things like illness, medication (such as antibiotics), or poor diet. Probiotics have been studied for their potential benefits in a variety of health conditions, including digestive issues, skin conditions, and even mental health disorders, although more research is needed to fully understand their effects and optimal uses.
A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.
The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.
Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.
Lactobacillus helveticus is a species of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that belongs to the lactic acid bacteria group. It is commonly found in various environments such as dairy products, plants, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, including humans.
L. helveticus has been widely used in the food industry for the production of fermented dairy products like cheese and yogurt due to its ability to produce lactic acid, break down proteins, and contribute to flavor development. It is also known for its potential health benefits when consumed as a probiotic, including improving gut health, boosting the immune system, and reducing symptoms of lactose intolerance.
In addition, L. helveticus has been studied for its potential role in mental health, with some research suggesting that it may help reduce anxiety and improve cognitive function. However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind these effects and their clinical relevance.
Oxytocin is a hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including social bonding, childbirth, and breastfeeding. During childbirth, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions to facilitate labor and delivery. After giving birth, oxytocin continues to be released in large amounts during breastfeeding, promoting milk letdown and contributing to the development of the maternal-infant bond.
In social contexts, oxytocin has been referred to as the "love hormone" or "cuddle hormone," as it is involved in social bonding, trust, and attachment. It can be released during physical touch, such as hugging or cuddling, and may contribute to feelings of warmth and closeness between individuals.
In addition to its roles in childbirth, breastfeeding, and social bonding, oxytocin has been implicated in other physiological functions, including regulating blood pressure, reducing anxiety, and modulating pain perception.
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. Its primary function is to stimulate milk production in women after childbirth, a process known as lactation. However, prolactin also plays other roles in the body, including regulating immune responses, metabolism, and behavior. In men, prolactin helps maintain the sexual glands and contributes to paternal behaviors.
Prolactin levels are usually low in both men and non-pregnant women but increase significantly during pregnancy and after childbirth. Various factors can affect prolactin levels, including stress, sleep, exercise, and certain medications. High prolactin levels can lead to medical conditions such as amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), galactorrhea (spontaneous milk production not related to childbirth), infertility, and reduced sexual desire in both men and women.
Maternally-acquired immunity (MAI) refers to the passive immunity that is transferred from a mother to her offspring, typically through the placenta during pregnancy or through breast milk after birth. This immunity is temporary and provides protection to the newborn or young infant against infectious agents, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the mother's own immune experiences and responses.
In humans, maternally-acquired immunity is primarily mediated by the transfer of antibodies called immunoglobulins (IgG) across the placenta to the fetus during pregnancy. This process begins around the 20th week of gestation and continues until birth, providing the newborn with a range of protective antibodies against various pathogens. After birth, additional protection is provided through breast milk, which contains secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) that helps to prevent infections in the infant's gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
Maternally-acquired immunity is an essential mechanism for protecting newborns and young infants, who have not yet developed their own active immune responses. However, it is important to note that maternally-acquired antibodies can also interfere with the infant's response to certain vaccines, as they may neutralize the vaccine antigens before the infant's immune system has a chance to mount its own response. This is one reason why some vaccines are not recommended for young infants and why the timing of vaccinations may be adjusted in cases where maternally-acquired immunity is present.
Zinc is an essential mineral that is vital for the functioning of over 300 enzymes and involved in various biological processes in the human body, including protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, immune function, wound healing, and cell division. It is a component of many proteins and participates in the maintenance of structural integrity and functionality of proteins. Zinc also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sense of taste and smell.
The recommended daily intake of zinc varies depending on age, sex, and life stage. Good dietary sources of zinc include red meat, poultry, seafood, beans, nuts, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Zinc deficiency can lead to various health problems, including impaired immune function, growth retardation, and developmental delays in children. On the other hand, excessive intake of zinc can also have adverse effects on health, such as nausea, vomiting, and impaired immune function.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Prince Edward Island" is not a medical term or concept. It is a province located in eastern Canada, known for its beautiful landscapes, red sand beaches, and the setting of the beloved novel "Anne of Green Gables." If you have any questions related to medical topics, I'd be happy to help!
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are a group of chemicals found in the fatty acid family known as omega-6 fatty acids. They are called "conjugated" because of the particular arrangement of double bonds in their chemical structure. CLAs are primarily found in meat and dairy products from ruminant animals, such as cows, goats, and sheep. They have been studied for their potential health benefits, including weight loss promotion, cancer prevention, and immune system enhancement. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects and establish safe and effective dosages.
The intestines, also known as the bowel, are a part of the digestive system that extends from the stomach to the anus. They are responsible for the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food, as well as the elimination of waste products. The intestines can be divided into two main sections: the small intestine and the large intestine.
The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that measures about 20 feet in length and is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase its surface area and enhance nutrient absorption. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place.
The large intestine, also known as the colon, is a wider tube that measures about 5 feet in length and is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from digested food, forming stool, and eliminating waste products from the body. The large intestine includes several regions, including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.
Together, the intestines play a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being by ensuring that the body receives the nutrients it needs to function properly.
Maternal nutritional physiological phenomena refer to the various changes and processes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy, lactation, and postpartum periods to meet the increased nutritional demands and support the growth and development of the fetus or infant. These phenomena involve complex interactions between maternal nutrition, hormonal regulation, metabolism, and physiological functions to ensure optimal pregnancy outcomes and offspring health.
Examples of maternal nutritional physiological phenomena include:
1. Adaptations in maternal nutrient metabolism: During pregnancy, the mother's body undergoes various adaptations to increase the availability of essential nutrients for fetal growth and development. For instance, there are increased absorption and utilization of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, as well as enhanced storage of glycogen and lipids in maternal tissues.
2. Placental transfer of nutrients: The placenta plays a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of nutrients between the mother and fetus. It selectively transports essential nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals from the maternal circulation to the fetal compartment while removing waste products.
3. Maternal weight gain: Pregnant women typically experience an increase in body weight due to the growth of the fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid, and maternal tissues such as the uterus and breasts. Adequate gestational weight gain is essential for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and reducing the risk of adverse perinatal complications.
4. Changes in maternal hormonal regulation: Pregnancy is associated with significant changes in hormonal profiles, including increased levels of estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and other hormones that regulate various physiological functions such as glucose metabolism, appetite regulation, and maternal-fetal immune tolerance.
5. Lactation: Following childbirth, the mother's body undergoes further adaptations to support lactation and breastfeeding. This involves the production and secretion of milk, which contains essential nutrients and bioactive components that promote infant growth, development, and immunity.
6. Nutrient requirements: Pregnancy and lactation increase women's nutritional demands for various micronutrients such as iron, calcium, folate, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids. Meeting these increased nutritional needs is crucial for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and supporting maternal health during the postpartum period.
Understanding these physiological adaptations and their implications for maternal and fetal health is essential for developing evidence-based interventions to promote positive pregnancy outcomes, reduce the risk of adverse perinatal complications, and support women's health throughout the reproductive lifespan.
Soybean proteins are the proteins derived from soybeans, a legume native to East Asia. Soybeans contain approximately 40% protein by weight, making them a significant source of plant-based protein. The two major types of soy protein are:
1. Soy protein isolate (SPI): This is a highly refined protein that contains at least 90% protein by weight. It is made by removing carbohydrates and fiber from defatted soy flour, leaving behind a protein-rich powder. SPI is often used as an ingredient in various food products, including meat alternatives, energy bars, and beverages.
2. Soy protein concentrate (SPC): This type of soy protein contains approximately 70% protein by weight. It is made by removing some of the carbohydrates from defatted soy flour, leaving behind a higher concentration of proteins. SPC has applications in food and industrial uses, such as in textured vegetable protein (TVP) for meat alternatives, baked goods, and functional foods.
Soy proteins are considered high-quality proteins due to their complete amino acid profile, containing all nine essential amino acids necessary for human nutrition. They also have various health benefits, such as lowering cholesterol levels, improving bone health, and promoting muscle growth and maintenance. However, it is important to note that soy protein consumption should be balanced with other protein sources to ensure a diverse intake of nutrients.
The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach chamber in ruminant animals, such as cows, sheep, and goats. It is often referred to as the "true" stomach because its structure and function are most similar to the stomachs of non-ruminant animals, including humans.
In the abomasum, gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes are secreted, which help to break down proteins and fats in the ingested feed. The abomasum also serves as a site for nutrient absorption and further mechanical breakdown of food particles before they enter the small intestine.
The term "abomasum" is derived from Latin, where "ab-" means "away from," and "omassum" refers to the "stomach." This name reflects its location away from the other three stomach chambers in ruminants.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soybeans" are not a medical term. They are a type of legume that is commonly used in agriculture and food production. The medical community might discuss soybeans in the context of nutrition or allergies, but there isn't a formal medical definition for this term.
Here's some general information: Soybeans, scientifically known as Glycine max, are native to East Asia and are now grown worldwide. They are a significant source of plant-based protein and oil. Soybeans contain various nutrients, including essential amino acids, fiber, B vitamins, and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc. They are used in various food products such as tofu, soy milk, tempeh, and miso. Additionally, soybeans are also used in the production of industrial products, including biodiesel, plastics, and inks. Some people may have allergic reactions to soybeans or soy products.
The term "cacao" refers to the plant Theobroma cacao, which is native to tropical regions of Central and South America. It is a small evergreen tree that produces large, football-shaped fruits called pods. Each pod contains 20-60 seeds, also known as beans, which are used to make cocoa powder and chocolate.
Cacao beans contain several bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, theobromine, and caffeine, that have been shown to have potential health benefits. However, it is important to note that these benefits are typically associated with moderate consumption of cocoa products, rather than large amounts of chocolate or cacao beans themselves.
In summary, while "cacao" may be used interchangeably with "cocoa" in some contexts, the term technically refers to the plant and its seeds, rather than the processed powder or chocolate that is derived from them.
I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Goat diseases" refers to illnesses that affect goats specifically. It does not mean diseases that are caused by goats or related to them in some way. Here are some examples of goat diseases:
1. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects goats, causing arthritis, pneumonia, and sometimes encephalitis.
2. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A bacterial disease that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes of goats.
3. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma bacteria.
4. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
5. Pasteurellosis: A bacterial disease that can cause pneumonia, septicemia, and other infections in goats.
6. Salmonellosis: A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella bacteria, which can cause diarrhea, fever, and septicemia in goats.
7. Soremouth (Orf): A viral disease that causes sores and scabs around the mouth and nose of goats.
These are just a few examples of diseases that can affect goats. If you have any specific questions about goat health or diseases, I would recommend consulting with a veterinarian who specializes in small ruminants.
Nutritional status is a concept that refers to the condition of an individual in relation to their nutrient intake, absorption, metabolism, and excretion. It encompasses various aspects such as body weight, muscle mass, fat distribution, presence of any deficiencies or excesses of specific nutrients, and overall health status.
A comprehensive assessment of nutritional status typically includes a review of dietary intake, anthropometric measurements (such as height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure), laboratory tests (such as serum albumin, total protein, cholesterol levels, vitamin and mineral levels), and clinical evaluation for signs of malnutrition or overnutrition.
Malnutrition can result from inadequate intake or absorption of nutrients, increased nutrient requirements due to illness or injury, or excessive loss of nutrients due to medical conditions. On the other hand, overnutrition can lead to obesity and related health problems such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.
Therefore, maintaining a good nutritional status is essential for overall health and well-being, and it is an important consideration in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various medical conditions.
Equidae is the biological family that includes horses, donkeys, zebras, and their extinct relatives. These mammals are known for their hooves, long faces, and distinctive teeth adapted for grazing on grasses. They are also characterized by a unique form of locomotion in which they move both legs on one side of the body together, a gait known as "diagonal couple-hoofed" or "pacing."
The family Equidae belongs to the order Perissodactyla, which includes other odd-toed ungulates such as rhinos and tapirs. The fossil record of Equidae dates back to the early Eocene epoch, around 56 million years ago, with a diverse array of species that inhabited various habitats across the world.
Some notable members of the family Equidae include:
* Equus: This is the genus that includes modern horses, donkeys, and zebras. It has a wide geographic distribution and includes several extinct species such as the now-extinct American wild horse (Equus ferus) and the quagga (Equus quagga), a subspecies of the plains zebra that went extinct in the late 19th century.
* Hyracotherium: Also known as Eohippus, this is one of the earliest and smallest members of Equidae. It lived during the early Eocene epoch and had four toes on its front feet and three toes on its hind feet.
* Mesohippus: This was a slightly larger and more advanced member of Equidae that lived during the middle Eocene epoch. It had four toes on its front feet and three toes on its hind feet, but its middle toe was larger and stronger than in Hyracotherium.
* Merychippus: This was a diverse and successful member of Equidae that lived during the late Miocene epoch. It had a more modern-looking skeleton and teeth adapted for grazing on grasses.
* Pliohippus: This was a transitional form between early members of Equidae and modern horses. It lived during the Pliocene epoch and had a single toe on each foot, like modern horses. Its teeth were also more specialized for grinding grasses.
Human milk bank
Human milk immunity
Human milk microbiome
Human milk oligosaccharide
The Milk of Human Kindness
Human milk banking in North America
The Milk of Human Kindness (film)
Human Milk Banking Association of North America
Plant milk
Blocked milk duct
Milk substitute
Milk immunity
Stuart Milk
Milk
Oat milk
Donkey milk
Coconut milk
Milk crate challenge
Almond milk
Breast milk
Milk sickness
United States raw milk debate
Milk snake
Witch's milk
Sheep milk cheese
A2 milk
Pig milk
Breast milk-mediated drug delivery
Milk borne diseases
Carbonated milk
Human milk bank - Wikipedia
The Milk Of Human Kindness
Donor Human Milk Use in Advanced Neonatal Care Units - United States, 2020 | MMWR
Human Milk Oligosaccharides | DSM Human Nutrition
Mama Mugabe's milk of human kindness
Birth Parents Do Chestfeeding With Human Milk, page 4
Amazing discoveries in the science of human milk | Medela
'Like brewing beer': This start-up makes baby formula with human proteins to mimic breast...
Daily variations in oligosaccharides of human milk determined by microfluidic chips and mass spectrometry
Safety of Donor Human Milk in Canada - Canada.ca
Got milk? Humans did 5,000 years ago - Futurity
PDF) Use of Donor Human Milk and Maternal Breastfeeding Rates: A Systematic Review
Human Milk: Nutritional Content and Role in Health and Disease - Nova Science Publishers
Cow milk consumption, insulin-like growth factor-I, and human biology: a life history approach
Human Milk and Lactation: Background, Physiology, Human Milk and Preterm Infant
The Nutritional Science of Human Milk | Medela
Human Milk Banking Association of North America
Panama trains professionals in human milk processing and quality control - PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
Influence of maternal and perinatal factors on macronutrient content of very preterm human milk during the first weeks after...
New Yorkers sample cheese made from human breast milk | MiNDFOOD
Human Milk Oligosaccharides Market | IndustryARC
Nice article about human milk banks in USAToday. - KellyMom.com
Calories in The Human Bean Hot Flavored Steamer Chocolate Milk 12Oz - Nutritional Information and Diet Info
Specialisation Diploma in Lactation and Donation of Human Milk - UAB Barcelona - Spain
Lab-grown human breast milk may be on store shelves in a few years - National | Globalnews.ca
3.30.15: Breast Milk As Commodity, The Quest For A Perfect Night's Sleep, & Humans And Their Dogs | New Hampshire Public Radio
The value of human milk | Health economics | Medela
... by increasing human milk from a low dose to a high dose:. For every VLBW infant, the increase in human milk dose from below 25 ... The value of human milk Research journey Breast anatomy Infant sucking Double pumping Stem cells in breast milk Normal ... Health benefits: human milk offers the best start in a healthier life. It is well known and accepted by researchers and medical ...
Milk Osteopontin and Human Health - Research - Aarhus University
Lactation8
- At the 13th International Breastfeeding and Lactation Symposium in Paris, 22-23 March, the world's foremost researchers will share new scientific evidence for the unique nutritional, medicinal, and developmental impact of mother's milk on infants. (medela.com)
- Oligosaccharides in human milk samples obtained from five different individual donors over the course of a 3 month lactation period were isolated and analyzed using HPLC-Chip/TOF-MS technology. (nih.gov)
- The conclusion from this portion of the study was that protein content in the milk up and down regulates over the course of lactation which is already known but that these changes are different in different geographic regions (Comparative Analysis of the Human Milk Whey Proteome Across Populations and Lactation Stages: GEHM Study Insights. (medela.us)
- This article reviews the development of the mammary gland (mammogenesis), the process through which the mammary gland develops the capacity to secrete milk (lactogenesis), the process of milk production (lactation), and the specific properties of human milk that make it unique and appropriate for human infants. (medscape.com)
- Data is getting stronger and stronger about how much better these babies do,'' says Dr. Kathleen Marinelli, a neonatologist who is director of lactation support services at Connecticut Children's Medical Center and medical director of the Newtonville milk bank. (prolacta.com)
- The micronutrient, a sugar molecule known as myo-inositol, was shown to be most prevalent in human breast milk during the early months of lactation, when synapses, or connections between neurons, are rapidly forming in the developing brain. (organiser.org)
- Concerns that biopersistent and lipophilic chemicals accumulating in breast milk may present health problems offsetting benefits of breast feeding have led to studies examining possible relationships between adverse effects in breast-fed children and chemicals detected in breast milk, and to studies examining several health endpoints in animals following exposure to mixtures of biopersistent chemicals during gestation and/or lactation. (cdc.gov)
- Human lactation 3 : the effects of human milk on the recipient infant, proceedings of the International Conference on the Effects of Human Milk on the Recipient Infant, held September 10-14, 1986, in Konstanz, West Germany / edited by Armond S. Goldman, Stephanie A. Atkinson and Lars ÊA. (who.int)
Cow's milk4
- There is also a potential for adulteration (i.e., substitution with diluted cow's milk, etc.) when obtaining human milk from the Internet and from individuals. (canada.ca)
- It's a lot healthier than cow's milk, which can be very suspicious," she said, although she conceded: "It does have a stigma. (mindfood.com)
- Formula milk is often based on cow's milk and while it does provide a lot of nutrition for infants, it lacks "the complexity of human milk," Strickland says. (globalnews.ca)
- However, Biederer says it is too soon to recommend that adults consume more myo-inositol, which can be found in significant quantities in certain grains, beans, bran, citrus fruits, and cantaloupe (but which is not present in great quantities in cow's milk). (organiser.org)
Oligosaccharides20
- Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a collection of carbohydrate structures and the third most abundant solid component in human milk after lipids and lactose. (dsm.com)
- Bode L. Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama. (dsm.com)
- The presence of oligosaccharides in remarkable abundance in human milk has been associated to provide diverse biological functions including directing the development of an infant's intestinal microflora and immune system. (nih.gov)
- The levels and compositions of oligosaccharides in human milk were investigated from five individual donors. (nih.gov)
- Increase in application scope in infant formula and functional beverages, rapid technological advancement in the product line, rising awareness of health and increasing dairy industry is anticipated to drive the Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMO) Market during the forecast period 2020-2025. (industryarc.com)
- The Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMO) Market growth rate is attributed to the growing concerns among consumers regarding gut health and the growing consumption of dietary supplements is anticipated to bring new opportunities. (industryarc.com)
- Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) act as prebiotics in the human body and help maintain gut health. (industryarc.com)
- Human Milk Oligosaccharides are essential components of breast milk. (industryarc.com)
- Apart from this, the incorporation of human milk oligosaccharides in functional food and beverages promotes the growth of good bacteria and eliminates harmful bacteria, including salmonella, listeria, and campylobacter. (industryarc.com)
- Europe is the major region dominating the Human Milk Oligosaccharides Market with revenue of $27.06m in 2019 and is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 5.5% during the forecast period of 2020-2025 to generate revenue of $35.70m in 2025. (industryarc.com)
- U.S. in North America region is dominating the Human Milk Oligosaccharides Market generating revenue of $12.47m in 2019 owing to presence of numerous prominent infant formula and baby food manufacturers along with technological advancement. (industryarc.com)
- The role of Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) in increasing the growth of beneficial bifidobacteria and decreasing the growth of pathogenic bacteria is attracting the manufacturers of food and beverages and food supplements owing to the growing health consciousness among the customers, which is estimated to enhance the growth of the human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) market. (industryarc.com)
- Manufacturers of dietary supplements are shifting towards 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) owing to its capability of altering the composition and activity of gut microbiota from formula-fed infants receiving complementary feeding and its contribution in the development of healthy gut, which is estimated to propel the growth of the human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) market. (industryarc.com)
- Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMO) market is poised to receive an upswing owing to beneficial properties such as infection prevention, memory enhancement, brain growth, prebiotic effects, and improvement of intestinal health, the demand for HMOs in the design of infant formulas is growing. (industryarc.com)
- Moreover, the market for Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMO) is poised to rise at a rapid pace during the forecast period 2020-2025 owing towards the rising health awareness rapidly among people in developing countries. (industryarc.com)
- In functional food and beverage products and food supplements, human milk oligosaccharides may help to treat certain diseases and high-risk health conditions, which are expected to raise product demand in turn. (industryarc.com)
- These include immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, milk fat globule membrane, and the wide spectrum of prebiotics known as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are not easily manufactured and thus are greatly decreased or missing from cow milk-based nutritional products. (prolacta.com)
- abstract = "This paper describes the discovery and characterization of two novel β-N-acetylhexosaminidases HEX1 and HEX2, capable of catalyzing the synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) backbone structures with fair yields using chitin oligomers as β-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) donor. (dtu.dk)
- Associations of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Bioactive Proteins with Infant Morbidity and Inflammation in Malawian Mother-Infant Dyads. (bvsalud.org)
- Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and bioactive proteins likely benefit infant health , but information on these relations is sparse. (bvsalud.org)
Mothers25
- A human milk bank, breast milk bank or lactarium is a service that collects, screens, processes, pasteurizes, and dispenses by prescription human milk donated by nursing mothers who are not biologically related to the recipient infant. (wikipedia.org)
- Prof. Tricia Johnson will speak about mother's milk as the "primary public health intervention", as important to the health of infants, mothers, and the general public as vaccinations have proven to be. (medela.com)
- For selected infants whose mothers are not able to provide a full volume of breastmilk, donor human milk (DHM) may be an alternative nutrition source. (canada.ca)
- Mothers of preterm infants face challenges in providing sufficient milk for their infant during hospitalization. (canada.ca)
- Therefore, many mothers have turned to private individuals or to the Internet to obtain milk, sometimes as part of a sharing program. (canada.ca)
- Lactating mothers and their VPI (delivery at or before 32 0 weeks of gestation) admitted to the Neonatal Unit between January 2018 and January 2020 were consecutively approached for inclusion in the study when milk production exceeded enteral feeding requirements. (nature.com)
- At the PAS meeting, a part of this study was reported in which the breast milk was collected from a subset of the mothers in each cohort at 4 wks and 26 wks after delivery. (medela.us)
- Our members help mothers donate their extra breast milk for use by fragile infants as medicine. (hmbana.org)
- To effectively counsel and educate mothers, it is essential that clinicians be familiar with how the mammary gland produces human milk and how its properties nourish and protect the breastfeeding infant. (medscape.com)
- For mothers who can't produce enough breast milk, a growing network of breast milk banks are providing a monumental service. (kellymom.com)
- Andrew Pollack writes about the business of science and biotechnology for the New York Times where we found his article, " Breast Milk Becomes a Commodity, With Mothers Caught Up in Debate . (nhpr.org)
- Mothers' milk has adapted through evolution to meet the needs of the healthy newborn infant, by supporting its survival, growth and development. (medela.co.uk)
- Given that newborns are subject to a significant increase in total ROS burden in their transition to neonatal life and that their antioxidant defense system is not completely developed, the aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant defense (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), total polyphenol content (TPP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) in milk samples from mothers suffering from mastitis and controls. (cranberryinstitute.org)
- Finally, we tested whether dietary supplementation with cranberries (a product rich in antioxidants) in these breastfeeding mothers during 21 days could improve the oxidative status of milk. (cranberryinstitute.org)
- But that hasn't deterred Paige Eastman Dickinson, 40, a certified professional midwife in New Bedford, from collecting milk from generous mothers all over the state for her daughter Comfort, who is 7 months old. (prolacta.com)
- The researchers profiled and analyzed human milk samples gathered across sites in Mexico City, Shanghai, and Cincinnati by the Global Exploration of Human Milk study, which comprised healthy mothers of term singleton infants. (organiser.org)
- Among mothers who provided researchers with milk samples across the first month postpartum, immune components-including key antibodies and white blood cells-looked higher in day milk compared to night milk. (medicalxpress.com)
- According to a 2005-2007 survey, over 85% of breastfeeding mothers in the U.S. have pumped their milk. (medicalxpress.com)
- Objective (1) To quantify SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in human milk of lactating mothers who received the BNT162b2 vaccine, with reference to a cohort convalescent from antenatal COVID-19, and healthy lactating mothers. (medrxiv.org)
- Main Outcome and Measure (i) SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG in human milk of lactating mothers who received BNT162b2 vaccine, (ii) Detection and quantification of vaccine mRNA in human milk after BNT162b2 vaccination. (medrxiv.org)
- Human breast milk samples (40 samples) and adipose tissues (20 samples) were collected from mothers (17 to 56 years old, average age 30) living in two different locations in the north of Côte d Ivoire (Korhogo and Sinématiali) from 2004 to 2007. (scialert.net)
- A cross-sectional study with 25 mothers that received counseling about the benefits of maternal feeding in the human milk bank and 25 from a university hospital that were not counseled. (bvsalud.org)
- Among mothers in the human milk bank group that discontinued early exclusive breast-feeding, fewer children (p=0,034) and a higher frequency of maternal work (p = 0,022) were observed. (bvsalud.org)
- Three expressed breast milk samples were collect- ed from 61 healthy lactating mothers in Cairo, Egypt, for determination of total protein, fat, lactose and zinc content, as well as vitamins C, A and E concentrations. (who.int)
- Informed consent tablished that human milk is uniquely supe- was taken from all mothers participating in rior for infant feeding and is species the study. (who.int)
HMOs5
- [3] HMOs are an important component of human milk, which is the gold standard for infant nutrition. (dsm.com)
- [4] However, HMOs can also be synthetically incorporated into formula milk as a nutritional and functional ingredient. (dsm.com)
- Watch our Q&A panel discussion that we hosted at ESPGHAN 2023, with expert insights from Dr. Lars Bode , Director of the Human Milk Institute at the University of California, and Niels Banke , Chief Scientific Officer for HMOs at dsm-firmenich. (dsm.com)
- However, breast milk is not available for all infants, which leads to the synthetic production of HMOs through various production methods. (industryarc.com)
- Breast milk samples at 6 mo postpartum (n = 659) were analyzed to quantify absolute abundance of HMOs, relative abundance of fucosylated HMOs, sialylated HMOs, and 51 individual HMOs, and concentrations of 6 bioactive proteins ( lactalbumin , lactoferrin , lysozyme , antitrypsin, IgA , and osteopontin ). (bvsalud.org)
Kindness2
- So I think you should have 'milk of human kindness' because you had the same experiences as him. (powershow.com)
- The PowerPoint PPT presentation: "Milk of Human Kindness" is the property of its rightful owner. (powershow.com)
Lactose4
- These mutations cause the human body to produce the intestinal enzyme lactase, which digests lactose milk sugar during infancy, long after weaning. (futurity.org)
- Ancient adults were lactose intolerant, and it's still a mystery why so many humans aren't anymore. (byuradio.org)
- The major findings were, that HEX1 and HEX2 catalyze trans-glycosylation reactions with lactose as acceptor, giving rise to the human milk oligosaccharide precursor lacto-N-triose II (LNT2) with yields of 2 and 8 % based on the donor substrate. (dtu.dk)
- Milk lactose level was determined using neonatal intensive care unit follow-up clinic phenol reagent and sulfuric acid [ 4,5 ]. (who.int)
Preterm7
- To identify changes in macronutrient content of very preterm human milk associated with perinatal factors. (nature.com)
- In this context, we aimed to measure macronutrient content of very preterm milk and to identify changes associated with time and maternal, gestational and neonatal characteristics. (nature.com)
- As more and more becomes known about the nutrition provided through breast milk and the nutritional needs of the preterm infant, efforts are made to bridge this gap. (medela.us)
- A detailed analysis of the health and economic benefits of human milk for preterm infants can be found here (5). (medela.co.uk)
- The health benefits of human milk feeding are even greater for preterm and low birthweight infants, and the economic benefits are proportional to that. (medela.co.uk)
- They modelled the cost savings and the increase in productivity from feeding a preterm infant human milk instead of formula, and applied this model to the English and German healthcare systems and economies. (medela.co.uk)
- The results are clear: On average, in England and Germany every preterm infant who receives human milk instead of formula contributes direct healthcare cost savings of EUR 1 356.54 (USD 1 573) and increases national productivity by EUR 3 425 (USD 3 973) (5). (medela.co.uk)
Global Exploration of Human Milk1
- Another quite interesting study called the Global Exploration of Human Milk, funded by Mead Johnson, is a study in which 365 mother/infant breast feeding cohorts were studied in China, the U.S. and Mexico. (medela.us)
Content of Human Milk1
- One comment that was made in relation to protein content of human milk in general was that we are studying the protein content but perhaps it is important that we know which amino acids are or need to be present in the diet. (medela.us)
Banks19
- The demand and use of human milk banks is increasing. (wikipedia.org)
- The need for stringent screening increased the cost of operating milk banks, forcing them to close doors. (wikipedia.org)
- It should be noted that milk from these banks is only available in limited quantities. (canada.ca)
- The number of human milk banks is growing worldwide. (researchgate.net)
- Human Milk Banks represent an essential strategy in situations where breastfeeding is not possible. (paho.org)
- In this context, the Ministry of Health of Panama and the Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel, in collaboration with PAHO/WHO, the Global Network of Human Milk Banks and the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation of Brazil launched, on June 7, a course of Professional improvement in processing and quality control of human milk: theory and practice in dialogue. (paho.org)
- The regional advisor on Perinatal Health of the Latin American Centre for Perinatology - Women's and Reproductive Health (CLP/WR), Pablo Durán, participated virtually and referred to the relevance of human milk banks and the importance of training human resources to guarantee the quality of the milk. (paho.org)
- In addition, the CLP/WR advisor stated that the human milk banks in the region have proven to be a successful experience with very positive results and highlighted the networking that is carried out. (paho.org)
- In this regard, it should be noted that the Global Network of Human Milk Banks and the Fernando Filgueiras Institute are WHO/PAHO Collaborating Centres. (paho.org)
- The issue of human milk banks is linked to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 "Hunger 0" and SDG 3, which is related to health and which, among other things, covers the need to reduce newborn mortality. (paho.org)
- Nice article about human milk banks in USAToday. (kellymom.com)
- The HMBANA milk banks are non-profit, but in order to stay in business they charge a processing fee to cover the expense of collecting, pasteurizing and dispensing the milk. (kellymom.com)
- Milk banks are booming around the world, and healthcare professionals capable of responding to the uniqueness of each woman's experience are needed. (uab.cat)
- We are the only program that includes training in Human Milk Banks, a booming health service throughout the world. (uab.cat)
- Hospitals use breast milk from milk banks that carefully screen donors and then pasteurize and test their milk to reduce the risks to babies. (prolacta.com)
- Co-authors of this supplement, Dr. Guido E. Moro and Dr. Claudio Profeti, contributed a newly published article to Food Safety Magazine highlighting recommendations for addressing food safety concerns in human milk banks , specifically. (ilsi.org)
- HMBANA is a nonprofit organization that accredits more than 30 non profit milk banks in the United States and Canada. (hmbana.org)
- HMBANA's member milk banks help healthy lactating people donate their extra breast milk to support medically fragile infants. (hmbana.org)
- While milk banks are located in 25 different states, they distribute milk across all 50 states. (hmbana.org)
Mother's own milk3
- Human milk is the recommended nutrition source for infants with VLBW, who should receive supplemental donor milk when mother's own milk is insufficient or unavailable. (cdc.gov)
- When mother's own milk is unavailable or insufficient, pasteurized donor human milk (donor milk) plus a multinutrient fortifier is the first recommended alternative for infants with VLBW ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- Most likely, this is through providing adequate protein in the diet rather than just increasing calories as well as fortifying according to the individual needs of the infant based on nutrition of the mother's own milk or donor milk, whichever is being fed. (medela.us)
Concentrations5
- OPN is found in the highest concentrations in milk, where it is believed to initiate and regulate developmental, immunological and physiological processes in infants who consume milk. (au.dk)
- Adipose tissue samples revealed the presence of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), Hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) in addition to pesticides which are found in the milk Average concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in milk matrix were above the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) of WHO. (scialert.net)
- Results from studies examining concentrations of CDDs, p,p' -DDE, hexachlorobenzene, mercury, and PCBs in breast milk indicate that mean or median concentrations show a 10- to 100-fold range among studies for each of these chemicals (Table 2). (cdc.gov)
- Results are expressed as concentrations of POPs in µg/kg milk fat and µg/kg whole milk, but mostly as µg/kg of unspecified matrix (that is, no distinction as to whether it is whole milk or only milk fat). (who.int)
- Studies with concentrations of POPs in µg/kg (or an alternative mass/mass unit) in milk fat were used. (who.int)
Lipids6
- Previous research by archaeologists has used indirect lines of evidence, such a high frequency of adult females in animal herds or milk lipids present on pots, to identify evidence of dairying. (futurity.org)
- Statistical analyses included principal component analysis, mixed effects modelling, and correlation, with false discovery rate correction, to explore human milk lipidome longitudinal trends and inter and intra-individual variation, differences between sample types, lipid intakes, and correlations between infant plasma and human milk lipids. (fabresearch.org)
- Ether lipids were of particular interest, as they were significantly higher, in concentration and relative abundance, in human milk than in formula and animal milk, if present in the latter samples at all. (fabresearch.org)
- Significant correlations were identified between human milk and infant circulating lipids (40% of which were ether lipids), and specific ether lipid intake by exclusively breastfed infants was 200-fold higher than that of an exclusively formula-fed infant. (fabresearch.org)
- There are marked differences between the lipidomes of human milk, infant formula, and animal milk, with notable distinctions between ether lipids that are reflected in the infant plasma lipidome. (fabresearch.org)
- Sample collection took termination of lipids was performed by acid place from February to April 2003 at an av- hydrolysis, while proteins were determined erage maximum outside temperature range as nitrogen content of the milk sample, then of 25-30 °C. multiplied by a specific factor to obtain the protein content [ 4,5 ]. (who.int)
Infant nutrition4
- Analysis of CDC's 2020 Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care survey data found that donor milk was not available for infants with VLBW at 13.0% of U.S. hospitals with neonatal intensive care units (level III or IV). (cdc.gov)
- CDC's 2020 Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) survey was used to assess practices for donor milk use in U.S. advanced neonatal care units of hospitals that provide maternity care ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) weighing 1,500 g, analyses included hospitals with level II, survey was used to assess practices for donor milk use in U.S. advanced neonatal care units of hospitals that provide mater- nity care ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- But if the product does succeed in getting government approval, BIOMILQ could have a wide-ranging impact on the formula milk industry and infant nutrition. (globalnews.ca)
Provision of donor milk2
- Identifying and addressing barriers to provision of donor milk for infants with VLBW could help ensure that these infants receive donor milk when needed and help decrease associated morbidity and mortality. (cdc.gov)
- HMBANA's mission is to improve the health and survival of infants through the safe, equitable provision of donor milk. (hmbana.org)
Proteins in breast milk2
- There are really special properties of proteins in breast milk, with how they help to support the immune system as the baby grows," Laura Katz, the founder and CEO of Helaina, told Euronews Next. (yahoo.com)
- The bioactive functions of the proteins in breast milk are especially important during critical periods of brain, gut, and immune development. (medscape.com)
Reporting that donor milk1
- Availability was also examined by state or territory (state) by calculating the percentage of participating hospitals with a level III or IV neonatal intensive care unit in each state reporting that donor milk was available for infants with VLBW. (cdc.gov)
Premature4
- The primary and by far the largest group of consumers of human breast milk are premature babies. (wikipedia.org)
- The main reason why premature babies consume donor milk is that the mother cannot provide milk for the baby. (wikipedia.org)
- A California company, Prolacta, is selling hospitals a concentrated "protein shake'' made from donated breast milk as a prescription-only treatment for premature babies. (prolacta.com)
- Prolacta Bioscience ® Inc. is a privately held, global life sciences company dedicated to Advancing the Science of Human Milk ® to improve the health of critically ill, premature infants. (prolacta.com)
Bioactive Proteins2
- The paper , " Structural and Functional Changes of Bioactive Proteins in Donor Human Milk Treated by Vat-Pasteurization, Retort Sterilization, Ultra-High-Temperature Sterilization, Freeze-Thawing and Homogenization," includes findings that show vat pasteurization preserves more of human milk's bioactive proteins than ultra-high-temperature (UHT) or retort sterilization. (prolacta.com)
- Structural and functional changes of bioactive proteins in donor human milk treated by vat-pasteurization, retort sterilization, ultra-high-temperature sterilization, freeze-thawing and homogenization. (prolacta.com)
Breastmilk1
- It's perfectly possible to combine breastfeeding with bottle-feeding using formula milk or expressed breastmilk. (atheistsforhumanrights.org)
Health33
- The World Health Organization (WHO) states that the first alternative to a biological mother not being able to breast feed is the use of human milk from other sources. (wikipedia.org)
- Despite these new advancements, in 1980 the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund maintained their position that donor breast milk is the best alternative to the mother's breast milk. (wikipedia.org)
- Mother's milk is] the product of 200 million years of symbiotic co-evolution between a mammalian mother and her infant," says Prof. Bruce German, Director of the Foods for Health Institute at the University of California, Davis. (medela.com)
- His seminal research highlights the amazing quality of mother's milk as the quintessential model linking food and health. (medela.com)
- Those infants grow to produce milk with new traits which will further promote the health, strength and survival of the next generation. (medela.com)
- Prof. Laurent Storme, Head of Neonatology at Lille University Hospital and Vice President of the French Society for the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, will address the profound impact that mother's milk provides during the "First 1,000 Days of Life" (2). (medela.com)
- But many parents feed their babies formula - whether by choice or necessity - and as it is most commonly made from cow milk, it doesn't have the same health benefits as human breast milk. (yahoo.com)
- 1057 Summary of Guidance for Minimizing the Impact help ensure that infants with VLBW receive donor milk when of COVID-19 on Individual Persons, Communities, needed and help reduce morbidity and mortality in infants and Health Care Systems -- United States, with VLBW ( 1 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- Health Canada advises Canadians to be aware of the potential health risks associated with consuming human breast milk obtained through the Internet or directly from individuals. (canada.ca)
- Health Canada recommends that Canadians consult their health care professional should they have questions about breastfeeding or if they are considering purchasing donor human milk. (canada.ca)
- Improper hygiene when expressing the milk, as well as improper storage and handling, could also cause the milk to spoil or be contaminated with bacteria and/or viruses that are human health hazards. (canada.ca)
- CPS represents over 2500 specialists including paediatricians, and agrees with Health Canada's recommendations on the use of donor human milk. (canada.ca)
- Health Canada recommends that Canadians consult their health care professional, should they have questions about breastfeeding or if they are considering obtaining human milk from an alternative source to determine if it is the best and safest option for their infant. (canada.ca)
- Mother's milk provides a wide variety of health benefits for infants, which is why breast feeding is highly recommended all over the world. (novapublishers.com)
- Chapter One describes how lactic acid bacteria present in human milk plays a critical role in establishing an immunocompetent microbiome in newborns, inducing multifarious health-promoting activities required to successfully initiate the life process. (novapublishers.com)
- Chapter Three summarizes the current literature on the composition of human milk and its life-course functional effects on health outcomes. (novapublishers.com)
- Informing women of the evidence that breast milk contributes to both a baby's short- and long-term well-being as well as its potential health benefits for the mother, clinicians can help them understand its importance. (medscape.com)
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO), two out of every three infants don't receive the recommended amount of breast milk in their first six months. (globalnews.ca)
- Human milk also lowers the rate of some of the most serious complications in newborns, and significantly improves an infant's short-term and long-term health (1). (medela.co.uk)
- Considering the lifelong health benefits of human milk, it becomes clear that breastfeeding must also provide an enormous economic value. (medela.co.uk)
- The purpose of this article is to review and compare existing knowledge about the structure and function of milk OPN, with a particular focus on the effects of milk OPN on human health and disease. (au.dk)
- It is also synced into the farm's RFID system, so if the cow is not to be milked for health reasons, the cups will not emerge. (farmersweekly.co.nz)
- While it's clear that milk changes over the course of the day, scientists know little about what this means for infant health. (medicalxpress.com)
- Jan Shortt, General Secretary of the NPC, the UK's largest campaign group for older people, said: "Access to information is a human right and those without technology are being excluded by the drive to digitalise everything from essential health services to ticket purchases and everyday milk and goods deliveries. (npcuk.org)
- Following two complaints from members of the public and concerns from the Health Protection Agency and Food Standards Agency, our officers visited the premises and removed all ice cream being sold as containing breast milk," council officer Brian Connell told the London Evening Standard newspaper Tuesday. (cbc-network.org)
- The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
- Human milk has a complex lipidome which may have many critical roles in health and disease risk. (fabresearch.org)
- This study aimed to address key human milk lipidome knowledge gaps and discuss possible implications for early life health. (fabresearch.org)
- This month, the US Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP) recognized HMBANA for their dedication to improving health outcomes across the US and awarded the organization a Healthy People 2030 Champion certificate. (hmbana.org)
- No studies were located that examined health effects in humans or animals exposed to mixtures exclusively containing CDDs, hexachlorobenzene, p,p' -DDE, methylmercury, and PCBs. (cdc.gov)
- There are, however, several studies designed to examine whether or not detrimental effects on the health and/or development of breast-fed children may be associated with persistent chemicals detected in breast milk. (cdc.gov)
- Very little is known about the possible harmful effects of 2,3-benzofuran to human health. (cdc.gov)
- The Department of Health and Human Services has not classified 2,3-benzofuran as to its human carcinogenicity. (cdc.gov)
Extra breast milk1
- That started her on a quest to tap supplies of extra breast milk from friends, friends of friends, and Facebook friends, among others. (prolacta.com)
Samples8
- 1,500 g were the donor milk question were excluded, resulting in analytic restricted to hospitals with level III or IV units, where infants samples of 616 hospitals with level III and IV units for infants with VLBW typically receive care ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- GPx activity, TPP, and TAC were increased in milk samples from mastitis-affected women, providing a protective mechanism to the newborn drinking mastitis milk. (cranberryinstitute.org)
- Human milk samples were collected at four time points: pre-vaccination, 1-3 days after dose one, 7-10 days after dose one, and 3-7 days after dose two of the BNT162b2 vaccine. (medrxiv.org)
- Human milk samples from two birth cohorts, the Barwon Infant Study ( n = 312) and University of Western Australia birth cohort ( n = 342), were analysed using four liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods (lipidome, triacylglycerol, total fatty acid, alkylglycerol). (fabresearch.org)
- The levels of organochlorine residues in 40 samples of milk and 20 human adipose tissues from two locations in the northern of Côte d Ivoire were determined. (scialert.net)
- This study revealed in general that the level of pesticides in samples of adipose tissue was higher than that in samples of milk from any source (city or rural). (scialert.net)
- Pohl and Tylenda 2000) in Swedish breast milk samples have been decreasing, while levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers have been increasing (Hooper and McDonald 2000). (cdc.gov)
- Data from references (5-7) were mostly from pooled representative human milk samples collected and analysed according to the WHO guidelines on the biomonitoring of human milk for POPs (19). (who.int)
Methods3
- Today, however, improved screening methods and standardization of procedure have made donated milk a viable alternative to mother's breast milk. (wikipedia.org)
- Optimizing fat delivery methods in continuous enteral feeding of expressed breast milk to neonates, Abdelrahman KM, Hair AB, Hawthorne KM, Abrams SA). (medela.us)
- The molecular typing methods showed that human and equine isolates were identical or closely related. (cdc.gov)
Lymphocytes3
- Following consumption of 1.2 litres of cows' milk by normal human adults there was a rapid fall in the proportion of peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing receptors for the reacted Fc of IgG (Fcγ-receptors). (karger.com)
- In man it was found that Fcγ-receptors could only be re-expressed following incubation of post-milk lymphocytes in normal human serum. (karger.com)
- These findings raise the possibility that milk contributes to mucosal immunity not only by furnishing antimicrobial molecules but also by policing the function of lymphocytes and epithelium. (lu.se)
Nutritional Content1
- This requires efficient analysis of the milk to determine the nutritional content, both calories and protein. (medela.us)
Breastfeeding6
- The introduction of donor human milk (DHM) to neonatal units has been advocated as a strategy to promote maternal breastfeeding. (researchgate.net)
- The Human Milk Banking Association of North America (HMBANA) believes in a world where all infants have access to human milk through support of breastfeeding and use of pasteurized donor human milk. (hmbana.org)
- [ 6 ] Guidelines for breastfeeding and the use of human milk have been established by the AAP. (medscape.com)
- Find answers to other common questions about breastfeeding and breast milk, such as when to breastfeed, how to breastfeed while traveling, and what are some common myths about breastfeeding. (nih.gov)
- Links to websites of groups that study and provide information about breastfeeding and breast milk. (nih.gov)
- ABSTRACT Expression and storage of breast milk is way to maintain breastfeeding when mother and infant are separated, if the nutritional value can be conserved. (who.int)
Secrete milk1
- The bioreactor is meant to mimic the environment of a breast and once a "milk-producing cell culture media" is pumped through the reactor, the cells begin to secrete milk. (globalnews.ca)
Donor breast milk3
- For women who are unable to breast feed or produce enough milk, pasteurized donor breast milk may be an effective approach to feeding. (wikipedia.org)
- If pasteurized donor breast milk is not available, commercial formula is suggested as a second alternative. (wikipedia.org)
- For James Hobbs, who got to bring Ryder to the family's home in Ashby after a month in the neonatal intensive care unit, the donor breast milk had value that went far beyond price. (prolacta.com)
Drink milk4
- Why do humans drink milk? (futurity.org)
- Archaeologists and geneticists have been puzzling over this question since they discovered that the mutations allowing adults to drink milk are under the strongest selection of any in the human genome. (futurity.org)
- But it definitely didn't used to be that way -humans couldn't always drink milk. (byuradio.org)
- What happens, though, when babies drink milk that does not come directly from the breast, but is pumped at different times of day and stored in advance of feeding? (medicalxpress.com)
Nutrition5
- The optimum nutrition for newborn infants is breast milk for at least the first 6 months of life. (wikipedia.org)
- The preferred nutrition for the infant is his/her own mother's milk. (canada.ca)
- In March, ILSI's independent, peer-reviewed journal, Nutrition Reviews , published a research supplement on human milk donation and banking . (ilsi.org)
- Researchers at Tufts University's Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Centre on Ageing (HNRCA) suggested that micronutrients in human breast milk have considerable positive effects on newborns' growing brains. (organiser.org)
- Breast milk is the best nutrition for your baby. (medlineplus.gov)
Mammary gland3
- A North Carolina startup called BIOMILQ may have whipped up a nutritionally comparable alternative to human breast milk - except this milk isn't produced in a mammary gland, but in a bioreactor. (globalnews.ca)
- Mastitis is the inflammation of one or several mammal lobes which can be accompanied by a mammary gland infection, and is the leading cause of undesired early weaning in humans. (cranberryinstitute.org)
- Some oxidative damage might occur in the mammary gland since the CGC was increased in mastitis milk. (cranberryinstitute.org)
Protein6
- Using the latest mass spectrometry-based techniques, the team detected a milk protein, beta-lactoglobulin (which they had previously reported from a modern dental plaque sample), in ancient remains. (futurity.org)
- beta-lactoglobulin is the dominant whey protein-the one used by bodybuilders to build muscle mass-and therefore the ideal marker for milk consumption," says Jessica Hendy from the University of York's BioArCh research facility and the study's co-lead author. (futurity.org)
- The new research provides direct protein evidence that cattle, sheep, and goat whey has been consumed by human populations for at least 5,000 years. (futurity.org)
- For example, we did not find any evidence of milk protein in 19th-century West African individuals from regions where dairying was uncommon. (futurity.org)
- The protein content in the milk was comparable across geographic regions at 4 weeks but was significantly different by 26 weeks after birth. (medela.us)
- Theoretically, though, the spider silk protein could take the place of keratin which is responsible for the toughness of human skin. (nextbigfuture.com)
Significantly3
- Waikato Milking Systems have created a new partially automated milking system that significantly changes how cups are managed and presented in the milking shed. (farmersweekly.co.nz)
- HMBs implement procedures that allow for the management and sanitization of donor milk without significantly altering the nutritional and biologically protective components of human milk, obtaining a product characterized by a balance between safety and biological quality. (ilsi.org)
- In vitro studies have suggested that some milk thistle components may significantly inhibit specific cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. (aspetjournals.org)
Effect of human milk1
- While investigating the effect of human milk on bacterial adherence to a human lung cancer cell line, we were surprised to discover that the milk killed the cells. (lu.se)
Unique to human milk2
- These components, their complex interactions, and their bioactive role in infants are unique to human milk, making it irreproducible. (medela.co.uk)
- The major difference between cow milk-based and human milk-based nutritional products is the composition - notably, the bioactive components that are unique to human milk. (prolacta.com)
Access to human milk1
- We must guarantee access to human milk as a fundamental right. (paho.org)
Potential of Human Milk1
- 7 Established in 1999, Prolacta is the world's leading provider of human milk-based nutritional products for hospital use and is also exploring the therapeutic potential of human milk across a wide spectrum of diseases. (prolacta.com)
Cows4
- We had this crazy idea that if we were going to be the most admired company globally for milking efficiency, if a single operator could milk a thousand cows in an hour, that would be a game-changer. (farmersweekly.co.nz)
- Similar observations were made in rats but only in those animals pre-exposed to cows' milk suggesting that an immunological mechanism is involved. (karger.com)
- It is proposed that rapid in vivo modulation of lymphocyte Fcγ-receptors occurs following oral antigen (cows' milk) challenge probably mediated by soluble food antigen-antibody complexes. (karger.com)
- Occasional human infection was reported as a result of the consumption of homemade cheese or unpasteurized milk from cows with mastitis. (cdc.gov)
Mastitis1
- Human Milk Antioxidative Modifications in Mastitis: Further Beneficial Effects of Cranberry Supplementation. (cranberryinstitute.org)
Micronutrients1
- Mother's milk is unique in providing all of the components an infant needs: macronutrients, micronutrients, developmental factors, bacteria that become part of the gut microflora and even stem cells. (medela.co.uk)
Immunological1
- When it is not possible to breastfeed an collecting the milk sample and to express infant in the postnatal period, expressed some of her breast milk manually or by bi- breast milk, fresh or frozen, may provide cycle horn pump into 3 labelled sterile hard both nutritional and immunological bene- plastic containers (10 mL in each). (who.int)
Neonatal inte1
- Among hospitals with level II, III, or IV units, for IV neonatal intensive care unit in each state reporting that infants weighing 1,500 g, 40.1% reported that donor milk donor milk was available for infants with VLBW. (cdc.gov)
Growth11
- Human breast milk can also be fed to toddlers and children with medical conditions that include but are not limited to chemotherapy for cancer and growth failure while on formula. (wikipedia.org)
- To assess the life history consequences of cow milk consumption at different stages in early life (prenatal to adolescence), especially with regard to linear growth and age at menarche and the role of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in mediating a relationship among milk, growth and development, and long-term biological outcomes. (nih.gov)
- Milk has been associated with early menarche and with acceleration of linear growth in adolescence. (nih.gov)
- NHANES data show a positive relationship between milk intake and linear growth in early childhood and adolescence, but not middle childhood, a period of relatively slow growth. (nih.gov)
- IGF-I is a candidate bioactive molecule linking milk consumption to more rapid growth and development, although the mechanism by which it may exert such effects is unknown. (nih.gov)
- Routine milk consumption is an evolutionarily novel dietary behavior that has the potential to alter human life history parameters, especially vis-Ã -vis linear growth, which in turn may have negative long-term biological consequences. (nih.gov)
- These findings may help neonatologists identify patients fed Mother´s Own Milk who are at increased risk of poor postnatal growth. (nature.com)
- Information on the impact of maternal, gestational or neonatal characteristics on milk macronutrient composition could help identify mother-infant pairs at higher risk of extrauterine growth restriction and move towards a more individualized nutritional support [ 24 ]. (nature.com)
- This was an exploratory study to examine the longitudinal effect of the environment, diet and culture on breast milk and infant growth. (medela.us)
- To help raise awareness about the prime time for bone growth and the heightened need for calcium during that time, the NICHD's Milk Matters calcium education campaign has partnered with the AAOS for the Academy's annual print public service announcement (PSA) campaign. (nih.gov)
- Our findings provide information to supply infants with donor milk that better matches mother's milk in supporting their growth and development," Dr. Dallas said. (prolacta.com)
PCBs2
- Biopersistent, potentially toxic chemicals that have been detected in breast milk include PCBs, CDDs, CDFs, pesticides or their persistent metabolites such as p,p' -DDE and hexachlorobenzene, and metals including cadmium, lead, and mercury (Abadin et al. (cdc.gov)
- They included levels of dioxins, PCDFs and PCBs in human milk gathered under the SCOOP/EU/RIVM project. (who.int)
Found in breast milk1
- Toxic levels of 'forever chemicals' are being found in breast milk. (yahoo.com)
Freezing of breast milk1
- 4 °C to -8 °C). Refrigeration and freezing of breast milk caused a statistically significant decline in levels of vitamins C, A and E. Nevertheless, the values of all nutrients were still within the international reference ranges for mature breast milk. (who.int)
Composition of breast milk2
- The composition of breast milk is complex and dynamic, adapting itself over time to the changing needs of the growing baby. (yahoo.com)
- The composition of breast milk changes across the day, giving energizing morning milk a different cocktail of ingredients than soothing evening milk. (medicalxpress.com)
Formula17
- Human breast milk acts as a substitute, instead of formula, when a mother cannot provide her own milk. (wikipedia.org)
- The 1960s saw a decline in milk banking because of recent advances in neonatal care and baby formula. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies have shown that baby formula is no match for human breast milk when it comes to nourishing babies and boosting their immune systems. (yahoo.com)
- But one company is trying to create the first type of formula to have human proteins in it, in a move that could spark a wave of innovation across the industry. (yahoo.com)
- While formula in both the US and Europe is required to meet certain nutritional standards, ensuring it can give the baby all the nutrients it needs to grow and stay healthy, breast milk is highly complicated and most likely impossible to be replicated with a formula. (yahoo.com)
- What Helaina is trying to do is to incorporate human proteins into its formula, to give as many of the benefits associated with breast milk as possible. (yahoo.com)
- The scientists at Helaina are able to programme the yeast to make the human proteins they want to add to the formula, she explained. (yahoo.com)
- The Human Milk Banking Association of North America (HMBANA) is providing resources for support during the formula shortage. (hmbana.org)
- For parents who can't breastfeed or who adopted or used surrogates, having another option for their children besides formula milk could be a game-changer. (globalnews.ca)
- These low rates are thanks in part to the milk substitute industry, which often uses misleading marketing tactics to persuade parents to use formula milk. (globalnews.ca)
- Compared to formula-fed infants, infants who receive human milk experience significant nutritional advantages, lower risk of infection and chronic disease, and improved gastrointestinal maturation and neurodevelopment. (medela.co.uk)
- For Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC), published hospital costs were USD 8 167 (EUR 7 041) higher for formula-fed infants than for infants receiving human milk (12). (medela.co.uk)
- Processes for the isolation of bovine OPN for use in infant formula have been developed, and in recent years, many studies have investigated the effects of the intake of milk OPN. (au.dk)
- Bovine, goat, and soy-based infant formula, and bovine and goat milk were analysed for comparison. (fabresearch.org)
- The human milk lipidome was distinct from that of infant formula and animal milk. (fabresearch.org)
- If you use formula, still breastfeed and give as much breast milk as you can. (medlineplus.gov)
- Supplementing with too much formula will decrease your milk supply. (medlineplus.gov)
1,5003
- 1,500 g and ≥1,500 g) receive donor milk at any time while in the unit: few (0%-19%), some (20%-49%), many (50%-79%), most (≥80%), or donor milk not available. (cdc.gov)
- HMBANA dispensed more than 9.2 million ounces of donor milk to over 1,500 hospitals in 2021, saving countless lives. (hmbana.org)
- These donations have saved countless lives through the distribution of 9.2 million ounces of donor milk to more than 1,500 hospitals in 2021. (hmbana.org)
Insufficient2
- 19%), some (20%-49%), many (50%-79%), most (80%), is unavailable or insufficient, pasteurized donor human milk or donor milk not available. (cdc.gov)
- mother's milk (OMM) is not available or insufficient. (researchgate.net)
Litres1
- Britain's Sunday Telegraph said up to a million litres of milk are being sold to Nestlé a year from the farm. (dailymaverick.co.za)
Residues1
- Pesticide residues in mother's milk and human fat from intensive use of soil insecticides. (cdc.gov)
Nutrients1
- Human milk provides essential nutrients, protects against infection and promotes optimal physical and cognitive development. (paho.org)
Store breast milk3
- The ability to pasteurize and store breast milk for up to 8 months means milk banking could become a global enterprise. (wikipedia.org)
- Learn to pump, collect, and store breast milk. (medlineplus.gov)
- Pump, collect, and store breast milk. (medlineplus.gov)
American Academy of1
- The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that you exclusively give breast milk to your baby for the first 6 months. (medlineplus.gov)
Cognitive development2
- Human milk is a complex biological fluid that provides not only primary nourishment for infants but also protection against pathogens and influences their metabolic, immunologic, and even cognitive development. (nih.gov)
- The improved cognitive development through feeding all infants breast milk for the first 6 months of life would lead to a worldwide increase of USD 302 billion (EUR 260 billion) in gross national products (2). (medela.co.uk)
Biochemical1
- However, little information exists regarding the changes that this disease may induce in the biochemical composition of human milk, especially in terms of oxidative status. (cranberryinstitute.org)