Methods utilizing the principles of MICROFLUIDICS for sample handling, reagent mixing, and separation and detection of specific components in fluids.
The study of fluid channels and chambers of tiny dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers and volumes of nanoliters or picoliters. This is of interest in biological MICROCIRCULATION and used in MICROCHEMISTRY and INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES.
Silicone polymers which consist of silicon atoms substituted with methyl groups and linked by oxygen atoms. They comprise a series of biocompatible materials used as liquids, gels or solids; as film for artificial membranes, gels for implants, and liquids for drug vehicles; and as antifoaming agents.
The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.
Methodologies used for the isolation, identification, detection, and quantitation of chemical substances.
Microdevices that combine microfluidics technology with electrical and/or mechanical functions for analyzing very small fluid volumes. They consist of microchannels etched into substrates made of silicon, glass, or polymer using processes similar to photolithography. The test fluids in the channels can then interact with different elements such as electrodes, photodetectors, chemical sensors, pumps, and valves.
An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.
A highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and CARBOHYDRATES. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal.
Methods of creating machines and devices.
The preparation and analysis of samples on miniaturized devices.
A highly miniaturized version of ELECTROPHORESIS performed in a microfluidic device.
The systematic identification and quantitation of all the metabolic products of a cell, tissue, organ, or organism under varying conditions. The METABOLOME of a cell or organism is a dynamic collection of metabolites which represent its net response to current conditions.
The spectrometric analysis of fluorescent X-RAYS, i.e. X-rays emitted after bombarding matter with high energy particles such as PROTONS; ELECTRONS; or higher energy X-rays. Identification of ELEMENTS by this technique is based on the specific type of X-rays that are emitted which are characteristic of the specific elements in the material being analyzed. The characteristic X-rays are distinguished and/or quantified by either wavelength dispersive or energy dispersive methods.
Antibodies that are chemically bound to a substrate material which renders their location fixed.
Manufacturing technology for making microscopic devices in the micrometer range (typically 1-100 micrometers), such as integrated circuits or MEMS. The process usually involves replication and parallel fabrication of hundreds or millions of identical structures using various thin film deposition techniques and carried out in environmentally-controlled clean rooms.
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
The design or construction of objects greatly reduced in scale.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
Measurement and evaluation of the components of substances to be taken as FOOD.
'Printing' in a medical context refers to the temporary or permanent transfer of ink from a substrate to the skin, often used for identification purposes, monitoring medical conditions, or as a form of temporary decoration.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.
Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.
Assaying the products of or monitoring various biochemical processes and reactions in an individual cell.
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
The evaluation of incidents involving the loss of function of a device. These evaluations are used for a variety of purposes such as to determine the failure rates, the causes of failures, costs of failures, and the reliability and maintainability of devices.
The motion of fluids, especially noncompressible liquids, under the influence of internal and external forces.
The analysis of a chemical substance by inserting a sample into a carrier stream of reagent using a sample injection valve that propels the sample downstream where mixing occurs in a coiled tube, then passes into a flow-through detector and a recorder or other data handling device.
A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A broad family of synthetic organosiloxane polymers containing a repeating silicon-oxygen backbone with organic side groups attached via carbon-silicon bonds. Depending on their structure, they are classified as liquids, gels, and elastomers. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)
Spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed.
The utilization of an electrical current to measure, analyze, or alter chemicals or chemical reactions in solution, cells, or tissues.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form.
Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses.
Methods for maintaining or growing CELLS in vitro.
Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.
The development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller.
A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.
Alicyclic hydrocarbons in which three or more of the carbon atoms in each molecule are united in a ring structure and each of the ring carbon atoms is joined to two hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups. The simplest members are cyclopropane (C3H6), cyclobutane (C4H8), cyclohexane (C6H12), and derivatives of these such as methylcyclohexane (C6H11CH3). (From Sax, et al., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
The motion of a liquid through a membrane (or plug or capillary) consequent upon the application of an electric field across the membrane. (Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The development and use of techniques and equipment to study or perform chemical reactions, with small quantities of materials, frequently less than a milligram or a milliliter.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Water-soluble low-molecular-weight polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid that form solid, insoluble products when mixed with specially prepared ZnO powder. The resulting cement adheres to dental enamel and is also used as a luting agent.
Hard, amorphous, brittle, inorganic, usually transparent, polymerous silicate of basic oxides, usually potassium or sodium. It is used in the form of hard sheets, vessels, tubing, fibers, ceramics, beads, etc.
A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.
A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.
"In the context of medical records, 'paper' typically refers to physical documents or reports created on paper-based media, which contain patient information and are used for healthcare purposes."
A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.
Reducing the SURFACE TENSION at a liquid/solid interface by the application of an electric current across the interface thereby enhancing the WETTABILITY of the surface.
Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.
A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].
A phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid where it contacts a solid is elevated or depressed, because of the relative attraction of the molecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Laboratory and other services provided to patients at the bedside. These include diagnostic and laboratory testing using automated information entry.
The integration of epidemiologic, sociological, economic, and other analytic sciences in the study of health services. Health services research is usually concerned with relationships between need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services. The aim of the research is evaluation, particularly in terms of structure, process, output, and outcome. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
Use of various chemical separation and extraction methods, such as SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; and SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION; to prepare samples for analytical measurement of components.
The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.
A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Polymerized forms of styrene used as a biocompatible material, especially in dentistry. They are thermoplastic and are used as insulators, for injection molding and casting, as sheets, plates, rods, rigid forms and beads.
Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.
Concentration or quantity that is derived from the smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Metabolite fingerprinting: detecting biological features by independent component analysis. (1/1368)

MOTIVATION: Metabolite fingerprinting is a technology for providing information from spectra of total compositions of metabolites. Here, spectra acquisitions by microchip-based nanoflow-direct-infusion QTOF mass spectrometry, a simple and high throughput technique, is tested for its informative power. As a simple test case we are using Arabidopsis thaliana crosses. The question is how metabolite fingerprinting reflects the biological background. In many applications the classical principal component analysis (PCA) is used for detecting relevant information. Here a modern alternative is introduced-the independent component analysis (ICA). Due to its independence condition, ICA is more suitable for our questions than PCA. However, ICA has not been developed for a small number of high-dimensional samples, therefore a strategy is needed to overcome this limitation. RESULTS: To apply ICA successfully it is essential first to reduce the high dimension of the dataset, by using PCA. The number of principal components determines the quality of ICA significantly, therefore we propose a criterion for estimating the optimal dimension automatically. The kurtosis measure is used to order the extracted components to our interest. Applied to our A. thaliana data, ICA detects three relevant factors, two biological and one technical, and clearly outperforms the PCA.  (+info)

Microviscoelasticity of the apical cell surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) within confluent monolayers. (2/1368)

We studied the local viscoelasticity of the apical membrane of human umbilical vein endothelial cells within confluent layers by magnetic tweezers microrheometry. Magnetic beads are coupled to various integrins by coating with fibronectin or invasin. By analyzing the deflection of beads evoked by various force scenarios we demonstrate that the cell envelope behaves as a linear viscoelastic body if forces up to 2 nN are applied for short times (<20 s) but can respond in an adaptive way if stress pulses are applied longer (>30 s). The time-dependent shear relaxation modulus G(t) exhibits three time regimes: a fast response (t < 0.05 s) where the relaxation modulus G(t) obeys a power law G(t) approximately t(-0.82+/-0.02); a plateau-like behavior (at 0.05 s < t < 0.15 s); and a slow flow-like response which is, however, partially reversible. Strain field mapping experiments with colloidal probes show that local forces induce a strain field exhibiting a range of zeta = 10 +/- 1 microm, but which could only be observed if nonmagnetic beads were coupled to the cell surface by invasin. By application of the theory of elasticity of planar bodies we estimated a surface shear modulus of 2.5 x10(-4) N/m. By assuming a thickness of the actin cortex of approximately 0.5 microm we estimate a Young modulus micro approximately 400 Pa for the apical membrane. The value agrees with a plateau modulus of an entangled or weakly cross-linked actin network of an actin concentration of 100 microM (mesh size 0.2 microm). This result together with our observation of a strong reduction of the shear modulus by the actin destabilizing agent latrunculin A suggests that the shear modulus measured by our technique is determined by the actin cortex. The effect of two ligands inducing actin stress fiber formation and centripetal contraction of cells (associated with the formation of gaps in the confluent cell monolayer) on the viscoelastic responses were studied: histamine and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Histamine evoked a dramatic increase of the cell stiffness by >1 order of magnitude within <30 s, which is attributed to a transient rise of the intracellular Ca(2+) level, since DMSO exerted a similar effect. The stiffening is accompanied by a concomitant rounding of the cells as observed by microinterferometry and relaxes partially in the timescale of 5 min, whereas gaps between cells close after approximately 30 min. LPA did not exert a remarkable and reproducible effect other than an occasional very weak transient increase of the shear stiffness, which shows that the gap formation activated by LPA is mediated by a different mechanism than that induced by histamine.  (+info)

Formation of droplets of alternating composition in microfluidic channels and applications to indexing of concentrations in droplet-based assays. (3/1368)

For screening the conditions for a reaction by using droplets (or plugs) as microreactors, the composition of the droplets must be indexed. Indexing here refers to measuring the concentration of a solute by addition of a marker, either internal or external. Indexing may be performed by forming droplet pairs, where in each pair the first droplet is used to conduct the reaction, and the second droplet is used to index the composition of the first droplet. This paper characterizes a method for creating droplet pairs by generating alternating droplets, of two sets of aqueous solutions in a flow of immiscible carrier fluid within PDMS and glass microfluidic channels. The paper also demonstrates that the technique can be used to index the composition of the droplets, and this application is illustrated by screening conditions of protein crystallization. The fluid properties required to form the steady flow of the alternating droplets in a microchannel were characterized as a function of the capillary number Ca and water fraction. Four regimes were observed. At the lowest values of Ca, the droplets of the two streams coalesced; at intermediate values of Ca the alternating droplets formed reliably. At even higher values of Ca, shear forces dominated and caused formation of droplets that were smaller than the cross-sectional dimension of the channel; at the highest values of Ca, coflowing laminar streams of the two immiscible fluids formed. In addition to screening of protein crystallization conditions, understanding of the fluid flow in this system may extend this indexing approach to other chemical and biological assays performed on a microfluidic chip.  (+info)

Computerized microfluidic cell culture using elastomeric channels and Braille displays. (4/1368)

Computer-controlled microfluidics would advance many types of cellular assays and microscale tissue engineering studies wherever spatiotemporal changes in fluidics need to be defined. However, this goal has been elusive because of the limited availability of integrated, programmable pumps and valves. This paper demonstrates how a refreshable Braille display, with its grid of 320 vertically moving pins, can power integrated pumps and valves through localized deformations of channel networks within elastic silicone rubber. The resulting computerized fluidic control is able to switch among: (i) rapid and efficient mixing between streams, (ii) multiple laminar flows with minimal mixing between streams, and (iii) segmented plug-flow of immiscible fluids within the same channel architecture. The same control method is used to precisely seed cells, compartmentalize them into distinct subpopulations through channel reconfiguration, and culture each cell subpopulation for up to 3 weeks under perfusion. These reliable microscale cell cultures showed gradients of cellular behavior from C2C12 myoblasts along channel lengths, as well as differences in cell density of undifferentiated myoblasts and differentiation patterns, both programmable through different flow rates of serum-containing media. This technology will allow future microscale tissue or cell studies to be more accessible, especially for high-throughput, complex, and long-term experiments. The microfluidic actuation method described is versatile and computer programmable, yet simple, well packaged, and portable enough for personal use.  (+info)

Syntheses of 11C- and 18F-labeled carboxylic esters within a hydrodynamically-driven micro-reactor. (5/1368)

Carboxylic esters were successfully labeled with one of two short-lived positron-emitters, carbon-11 or fluorine-18, within a hydrodynamically-driven micro-reactor. The non-radioactive methyl ester was obtained at room temperature; its yield increased with higher substrate concentration and with reduced infusion rate. Radioactive methyl ester was obtained from the reaction of (10 mM) with in 56% decay-corrected radiochemical yield (RCY) at an infusion rate of 10 microL min(-1), and when the infusion rate was reduced to 1 microL min(-1), the RCY increased to 88%. The synthesis of the non-radioactive fluoroethyl ester from and required heating of the micro-reactor on a heating block at 80 degrees C (14-17% RCY), whilst the corresponding radioactive from and was obtained in 10% RCY. The radioactive 'peripheral' benzodiazepine receptor ligand was obtained from the reaction of acid with labeling agent in 45% RCY at an infusion rate of 10 microL min(-1). When the infusion rate was reduced to 1 microL min(-1), the RCY increased to 65%. The results exemplify a new methodology for producing radiotracers for imaging with positron emission tomography that has many potential advantages, including a requirement for small quantities of substrates, enhanced reaction, rapid reaction optimisation and easy product purification.  (+info)

Wetting morphologies at microstructured surfaces. (6/1368)

The wetting of microstructured surfaces is studied both experimentally and theoretically. Even relatively simple surface topographies such as grooves with rectangular cross section exhibit a large variety of different wetting morphologies as observed by atomic force microscopy. This polymorphism arises from liquid wedge formation along the groove corners and from contact line pinning along the groove edges. A global morphology diagram is derived that depends only on two system parameters: (i) the aspect ratio of the groove geometry and (ii) The contact angle of the underlying substrate material. For microfluidics, the most interesting shape regimes involve extended liquid filaments, which can grow and shrink in length while their cross section stays essentially constant. Thus, any method by which one can vary the contact angle can be used to switch the length of the filament, as is demonstrated in the context of electrowetting.  (+info)

Controlling nonspecific protein adsorption in a plug-based microfluidic system by controlling interfacial chemistry using fluorous-phase surfactants. (7/1368)

Control of surface chemistry and protein adsorption is important for using microfluidic devices for biochemical analysis and high-throughput screening assays. This paper describes the control of protein adsorption at the liquid-liquid interface in a plug-based microfluidic system. The microfluidic system uses multiphase flows of immiscible fluorous and aqueous fluids to form plugs, which are aqueous droplets that are completely surrounded by fluorocarbon oil and do not come into direct contact with the hydrophobic surface of the microchannel. Protein adsorption at the aqueous-fluorous interface was controlled by using surfactants that were soluble in fluorocarbon oil but insoluble in aqueous solutions. Three perfluorinated alkane surfactants capped with different functional groups were used: a carboxylic acid, an alcohol, and a triethylene glycol group that was synthesized from commercially available materials. Using complementary methods of analysis, adsorption was characterized for several proteins (bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fibrinogen), including enzymes (ribonuclease A (RNase A) and alkaline phosphatase). These complementary methods involved characterizing adsorption in microliter-sized droplets by drop tensiometry and in nanoliter plugs by fluorescence microscopy and kinetic measurements of enzyme catalysis. The oligoethylene glycol-capped surfactant prevented protein adsorption in all cases. Adsorption of proteins to the carboxylic acid-capped surfactant in nanoliter plugs could be described by using the Langmuir model and tensiometry results for microliter drops. The microfluidic system was fabricated using rapid prototyping in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Black PDMS microfluidic devices, fabricated by curing a suspension of charcoal in PDMS, were used to measure the changes in fluorescence intensity more sensitively. This system will be useful for microfluidic bioassays, enzymatic kinetics, and protein crystallization, because it does not require surface modification during fabrication to control surface chemistry and protein adsorption.  (+info)

High-throughput mouse genotyping using robotics automation. (8/1368)

The use of mouse models is rapidly expanding in biomedical research. This has dictated the need for the rapid genotyping of mutant mouse colonies for more efficient utilization of animal holding space. We have established a high-throughput protocol for mouse genotyping using two robotics workstations: a liquid-handling robot to assemble PCR and a microfluidics electrophoresis robot for PCR product analysis. This dual-robotics setup incurs lower start-up costs than a fully automated system while still minimizing human intervention. Essential to this automation scheme is the construction of a database containing customized scripts for programming the robotics workstations. Using these scripts and the robotics systems, multiple combinations of genotyping reactions can be assembled simultaneously, allowing even complex genotyping data to be generated rapidly with consistency and accuracy. A detailed protocol, database, scripts, and additional background information are available at http://dir.nhlbi.nih.gov/labs/ldb-chd/autogene/.  (+info)

Microfluidic analytical techniques refer to the use of microfluidics, which is the manipulation of fluids in channels with dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers, for analytical measurements and applications. These techniques involve the integration of various functional components such as pumps, valves, mixers, and detectors onto a single chip or platform to perform chemical, biochemical, or biological analyses.

Microfluidic analytical techniques offer several advantages over traditional analytical methods, including reduced sample and reagent consumption, faster analysis times, increased sensitivity and throughput, and improved automation and portability. Examples of microfluidic analytical techniques include lab-on-a-chip devices, digital microfluidics, bead-based assays, and micro total analysis systems (μTAS). These techniques have found applications in various fields such as diagnostics, drug discovery, environmental monitoring, and food safety.

Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the study, manipulation, and control of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter scale. It combines elements from physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering to design and fabricate microscale devices that can handle and analyze small volumes of fluids, often in the range of picoliters to microliters.

In medical contexts, microfluidics has numerous applications, including diagnostic testing, drug discovery, and personalized medicine. For example, microfluidic devices can be used to perform rapid and sensitive molecular assays for detecting pathogens or biomarkers in patient samples, as well as to screen drugs and evaluate their efficacy and toxicity in vitro.

Microfluidics also enables the development of organ-on-a-chip platforms that mimic the structure and function of human tissues and organs, allowing researchers to study disease mechanisms and test new therapies in a more physiologically relevant context than traditional cell culture models. Overall, microfluidics offers significant potential for improving healthcare outcomes by enabling faster, more accurate, and more cost-effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Dimethylpolysiloxanes are a type of silicone-based compound that are often used as lubricants, coatings, and fluid ingredients in various industrial and consumer products. In medical terms, they can be found in some pharmaceutical and medical device formulations as inactive ingredients. They are typically included as anti-foaming agents or to improve the texture and consistency of a product.

Dimethylpolysiloxanes are made up of long chains of silicon and oxygen atoms, with methyl groups (CH3) attached to the silicon atoms. This gives them unique properties such as low toxicity, thermal stability, and resistance to oxidation and water absorption. However, some people may have allergic reactions or sensitivities to dimethylpolysiloxanes, so they should be used with caution in medical applications.

I apologize, but "Canada" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in North America, known for its vast wilderness, multicultural cities, and significant natural resources. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terms, I would be happy to help answer those!

Analytical chemistry techniques are a collection of methods and tools used to identify and quantify the chemical composition of matter. These techniques can be used to analyze the presence and amount of various chemicals in a sample, including ions, molecules, and atoms. Some common analytical chemistry techniques include:

1. Spectroscopy: This technique uses the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter to identify and quantify chemical species. There are many different types of spectroscopy, including UV-Vis, infrared (IR), fluorescence, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
2. Chromatography: This technique separates the components of a mixture based on their physical or chemical properties, such as size, charge, or polarity. Common types of chromatography include gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
3. Mass spectrometry: This technique uses the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify and quantify chemical species. It can be used in combination with other techniques, such as GC or LC, to provide structural information about unknown compounds.
4. Electrochemical methods: These techniques use the movement of electrons to measure the concentration of chemical species. Examples include potentiometry, voltammetry, and amperometry.
5. Thermal analysis: This technique uses changes in the physical or chemical properties of a sample as it is heated or cooled to identify and quantify chemical species. Examples include differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

These are just a few examples of the many analytical chemistry techniques that are available. Each technique has its own strengths and limitations, and the choice of which to use will depend on the specific needs of the analysis.

A Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) device is a microfluidic system that integrates one or several laboratory functions on a single chip of only millimeters to a few square centimeters in size. These devices are designed to handle extremely small volumes of fluids, typically in the picoliter to microliter range, and perform various analytical operations such as sample preparation, separation, detection, and analysis.

LoC devices often incorporate different components like microchannels, reservoirs, pumps, valves, sensors, and biosensors to create a miniaturized laboratory environment. They offer numerous advantages over traditional laboratory methods, including faster analysis times, lower reagent consumption, reduced cost, higher throughput, enhanced portability, and improved automation.

LoC devices have found applications in various fields, such as clinical diagnostics, point-of-care testing, drug discovery and development, environmental monitoring, and basic research in areas like cell biology, proteomics, and genomics.

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique used to identify and quantify the chemical components of a mixture or compound. It works by ionizing the sample, generating charged molecules or fragments, and then measuring their mass-to-charge ratio in a vacuum. The resulting mass spectrum provides information about the molecular weight and structure of the analytes, allowing for identification and characterization.

In simpler terms, mass spectrometry is a method used to determine what chemicals are present in a sample and in what quantities, by converting the chemicals into ions, measuring their masses, and generating a spectrum that shows the relative abundances of each ion type.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze charged particles such as proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules based on their size and charge. In CE, the sample is introduced into a narrow capillary tube filled with a buffer solution, and an electric field is applied. The charged particles in the sample migrate through the capillary towards the electrode with the opposite charge, and the different particles become separated as they migrate based on their size and charge.

The separation process in CE is monitored by detecting the changes in the optical properties of the particles as they pass through a detector, typically located at the end of the capillary. The resulting data can be used to identify and quantify the individual components in the sample. Capillary electrophoresis has many applications in research and clinical settings, including the analysis of DNA fragments, protein identification and characterization, and the detection of genetic variations.

Biosensing techniques refer to the methods and technologies used to detect and measure biological molecules or processes, typically through the use of a physical device or sensor. These techniques often involve the conversion of a biological response into an electrical signal that can be measured and analyzed. Examples of biosensing techniques include electrochemical biosensors, optical biosensors, and piezoelectric biosensors.

Electrochemical biosensors measure the electrical current or potential generated by a biochemical reaction at an electrode surface. This type of biosensor typically consists of a biological recognition element, such as an enzyme or antibody, that is immobilized on the electrode surface and interacts with the target analyte to produce an electrical signal.

Optical biosensors measure changes in light intensity or wavelength that occur when a biochemical reaction takes place. This type of biosensor can be based on various optical principles, such as absorbance, fluorescence, or surface plasmon resonance (SPR).

Piezoelectric biosensors measure changes in mass or frequency that occur when a biomolecule binds to the surface of a piezoelectric crystal. This type of biosensor is based on the principle that piezoelectric materials generate an electrical charge when subjected to mechanical stress, and this charge can be used to detect changes in mass or frequency that are proportional to the amount of biomolecule bound to the surface.

Biosensing techniques have a wide range of applications in fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, food safety, and biodefense. They can be used to detect and measure a variety of biological molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, hormones, and small molecules, as well as to monitor biological processes such as cell growth or metabolism.

Equipment design, in the medical context, refers to the process of creating and developing medical equipment and devices, such as surgical instruments, diagnostic machines, or assistive technologies. This process involves several stages, including:

1. Identifying user needs and requirements
2. Concept development and brainstorming
3. Prototyping and testing
4. Design for manufacturing and assembly
5. Safety and regulatory compliance
6. Verification and validation
7. Training and support

The goal of equipment design is to create safe, effective, and efficient medical devices that meet the needs of healthcare providers and patients while complying with relevant regulations and standards. The design process typically involves a multidisciplinary team of engineers, clinicians, designers, and researchers who work together to develop innovative solutions that improve patient care and outcomes.

I could not find a specific medical definition for "Microchip Analytical Procedures" as it is a broad term that can refer to various analytical techniques using microchips or microfluidic devices in different scientific fields, including medicine and biology. However, I can provide some general information about microchip-based analytical procedures in the medical field.

Microchip analytical procedures typically involve the use of microfluidic devices, also known as "lab-on-a-chip" technologies, to perform rapid, automated analysis of biological samples. These microchips contain miniaturized networks of channels and chambers through which fluids can be transported and manipulated for various analytical purposes.

Some examples of medical applications of microchip analytical procedures include:

1. Molecular diagnostics: Microchips can be used to perform nucleic acid amplification (e.g., PCR) or detection assays for the identification of specific genetic sequences, such as those associated with infectious diseases or genetic disorders.
2. Protein analysis: Microchip-based immunoassays can be used to detect and quantify proteins in biological samples, which is important for diagnosing various medical conditions and monitoring disease progression.
3. Cell analysis: Microfluidic devices can be used to manipulate and analyze individual cells or populations of cells, enabling researchers to study cell behavior, function, and interactions in a high-throughput manner.
4. Drug discovery and development: Microchip analytical procedures can be used to screen and optimize drug candidates, as well as to evaluate their safety and efficacy in preclinical studies.
5. Point-of-care testing: The miniaturized and portable nature of microchips makes them suitable for use in point-of-care settings, enabling rapid and accurate diagnosis of medical conditions in resource-limited settings or in remote locations.

Overall, microchip analytical procedures offer several advantages over traditional analytical techniques, including faster analysis times, lower sample volumes, higher sensitivity and specificity, and reduced costs. These features make them valuable tools for various applications in the medical field.

Electrophoresis, Microchip is a laboratory technique that separates and analyzes mixed populations of molecules such as DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size and electrical charge. This method uses a microchip, typically made of glass or silicon, with multiple tiny channels etched into its surface.

The sample containing the mixture of molecules is loaded into one end of the channel and an electric field is applied, causing the negatively charged molecules to migrate towards the positively charged end of the channel. The smaller or lighter molecules move faster than the larger or heavier ones, resulting in their separation as they travel through the channel.

The use of microchips allows for rapid and high-resolution separation of molecules, making it a valuable tool in various fields such as molecular biology, genetics, and diagnostics. It can be used to detect genetic variations, gene expression levels, and protein modifications, among other applications.

Metabolomics is a branch of "omics" sciences that deals with the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of all metabolites, which are the small molecule intermediates and products of metabolism, in a biological sample. It involves the identification and measurement of these metabolites using various analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The resulting data provides a functional readout of the physiological state of an organism, tissue or cell, and can be used to identify biomarkers of disease, understand drug action and toxicity, and reveal new insights into metabolic pathways and regulatory networks.

X-ray emission spectrometry is a technique used to analyze the elements present in a sample by measuring the characteristic X-rays that are emitted when the sample is bombarded with high-energy X-rays or charged particles. The sample is excited to emit X-rays, which have specific energies (wavelengths) that correspond to the energy levels of the electrons in the atoms of the elements present in the sample. These X-ray emissions are then detected and analyzed using a spectrometer, which separates and measures the intensity of the different X-ray energies. The resulting spectrum provides information about the identity and quantity of the elements present in the sample. This technique is widely used in materials analysis, particularly for the identification and quantification of heavy metals and other elements in a variety of samples, including geological, biological, and industrial materials.

"Immobilized antibodies" refer to antibodies that have been fixed or attached to a solid support or surface. This is often done for use in various diagnostic and research applications, such as immunoassays, biosensors, and affinity chromatography. The immobilization of antibodies allows them to capture and detect specific target molecules (antigens) from complex samples, while remaining stationary and easily recoverable for reuse.

There are several methods for immobilizing antibodies, including physical adsorption, covalent attachment, and non-covalent entrapment. The choice of method depends on the specific application and the desired properties of the immobilized antibodies, such as stability, orientation, and accessibility.

It is important to note that the immobilization process may affect the binding affinity and specificity of the antibodies, and therefore careful optimization and validation are necessary to ensure the performance of the assay or application.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Microtechnology" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Microtechnology generally refers to the development and application of technologies on a microscopic or tiny scale. It is used in various fields including engineering, physics, electronics, and materials science.

In the context of medicine, microtechnologies can be used in the development of medical devices, diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, and other healthcare applications. For example, microfabrication techniques are used to create microfluidic devices for lab-on-a-chip applications, which can perform complex biochemical analyses for disease diagnosis or drug screening.

However, it's important to note that the application of microtechnologies in medicine is constantly evolving, and new developments and techniques are being explored all the time.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.

In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.

HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

"Miniaturization" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a broader context, it refers to the process of creating smaller versions of something, usually with the aim of improving functionality, efficiency, or ease of use. In medicine, this concept can be applied to various fields such as medical devices, surgical techniques, and diagnostic tools.

For instance, in interventional radiology, miniaturization refers to the development of smaller and less invasive catheters, wires, and other devices used during minimally invasive procedures. This allows for improved patient outcomes, reduced recovery time, and lower risks of complications compared to traditional open surgical procedures.

Similarly, in pathology, miniaturization can refer to the use of smaller tissue samples or biopsies for diagnostic testing, which can reduce the need for more invasive procedures while still providing accurate results.

Overall, while "miniaturization" is not a medical term per se, it reflects an ongoing trend in medicine towards developing more efficient and less invasive technologies and techniques to improve patient care.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separating power of gas chromatography with the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. This method is used to separate, identify, and quantify different components in complex mixtures.

In GC-MS, the mixture is first vaporized and carried through a long, narrow column by an inert gas (carrier gas). The various components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase inside the column, leading to their separation based on their partition coefficients between the mobile and stationary phases. As each component elutes from the column, it is then introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis.

The mass spectrometer ionizes the sample, breaks it down into smaller fragments, and measures the mass-to-charge ratio of these fragments. This information is used to generate a mass spectrum, which serves as a unique "fingerprint" for each compound. By comparing the generated mass spectra with reference libraries or known standards, analysts can identify and quantify the components present in the original mixture.

GC-MS has wide applications in various fields such as forensics, environmental analysis, drug testing, and research laboratories due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

"Food analysis" is not a medical term per se, but it falls under the broader field of food science and nutrition. Food analysis refers to the laboratory methods and techniques used to determine the composition and quality of food products. This can include testing for nutrients (such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals), contaminants (like heavy metals, pesticides, or allergens), and other components that may affect the safety, quality, or authenticity of food.

The results of food analysis can be used to ensure compliance with regulatory standards, develop new food products, assess the nutritional value of diets, investigate food-borne illnesses, and monitor trends in food consumption. While not a medical definition, food analysis is an important tool for promoting public health and preventing diet-related diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "printing" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the process of producing text or images by impressing ink onto a surface, such as paper. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

In the context of medicine and medical devices, calibration refers to the process of checking, adjusting, or confirming the accuracy of a measurement instrument or system. This is typically done by comparing the measurements taken by the device being calibrated to those taken by a reference standard of known accuracy. The goal of calibration is to ensure that the medical device is providing accurate and reliable measurements, which is critical for making proper diagnoses and delivering effective treatment. Regular calibration is an important part of quality assurance and helps to maintain the overall performance and safety of medical devices.

Chromatography, gas (GC) is a type of chromatographic technique used to separate, identify, and analyze volatile compounds or vapors. In this method, the sample mixture is vaporized and carried through a column packed with a stationary phase by an inert gas (carrier gas). The components of the mixture get separated based on their partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases due to differences in their adsorption/desorption rates or solubility.

The separated components elute at different times, depending on their interaction with the stationary phase, which can be detected and quantified by various detection systems like flame ionization detector (FID), thermal conductivity detector (TCD), electron capture detector (ECD), or mass spectrometer (MS). Gas chromatography is widely used in fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, environmental science, forensics, and food analysis.

Single-cell analysis is a branch of molecular biology that involves the examination and study of individual cells to reveal their genetic, protein, and functional heterogeneity. This approach allows researchers to understand the unique behaviors and characteristics of single cells within a population, which can be crucial in understanding complex biological systems and diseases such as cancer, where cell-to-cell variability plays an important role.

Single-cell analysis techniques include next-generation sequencing, microfluidics, mass spectrometry, and imaging, among others. These methods enable the measurement of various molecular markers, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites, at the single-cell level. The resulting data can provide insights into cellular processes such as gene expression, signaling pathways, and cell cycle status, which can help to reveal new biological mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

Overall, single-cell analysis has emerged as a powerful tool for studying complex biological systems and diseases, providing a more detailed and nuanced view of cell behavior than traditional bulk analysis methods.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.

During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.

There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.

Equipment Failure Analysis is a process of identifying the cause of failure in medical equipment or devices. This involves a systematic examination and evaluation of the equipment, its components, and operational history to determine why it failed. The analysis may include physical inspection, chemical testing, and review of maintenance records, as well as assessment of design, manufacturing, and usage factors that may have contributed to the failure.

The goal of Equipment Failure Analysis is to identify the root cause of the failure, so that corrective actions can be taken to prevent similar failures in the future. This is important in medical settings to ensure patient safety and maintain the reliability and effectiveness of medical equipment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hydrodynamics" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Hydrodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the motion of fluids and the forces acting on them. It is commonly used in fields such as engineering, particularly in the design of fluid-handling systems, and in the study of phenomena like water waves and blood flow in certain scientific contexts.

If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) is not a medical term, but a technique used in analytical chemistry. However, I can provide you with the definition of this term:

Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) is a method for automated, continuous monitoring and quantitative analysis of chemical substances. It involves the injection of a sample into a flowing carrier stream, which transports it to a detector after mixing and reaction in a flow-through cell or system. The analyte interacts with reagents to produce a signal that can be measured and related to the concentration of the substance being analyzed. FIA is widely used for environmental monitoring, quality control, process control, and clinical analysis.

Mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-MS) is an analytical technique used to identify and quantify chemical species in a sample based on the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. In ESI-MS, analytes are ionized through the use of an electrospray, where a liquid sample is introduced through a metal capillary needle at high voltage, creating an aerosol of charged droplets. As the solvent evaporates, the analyte molecules become charged and can be directed into a mass spectrometer for analysis.

ESI-MS is particularly useful for the analysis of large biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, due to its ability to gently ionize these species without fragmentation. The technique provides information about the molecular weight and charge state of the analytes, which can be used to infer their identity and structure. Additionally, ESI-MS can be interfaced with separation techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC) for further purification and characterization of complex samples.

Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Silicones are not a medical term, but they are commonly used in the medical field, particularly in medical devices and healthcare products. Silicones are synthetic polymers made up of repeating units of siloxane, which is a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms. They can exist in various forms such as oils, gels, rubbers, and resins.

In the medical context, silicones are often used for their unique properties, including:

1. Biocompatibility - Silicones have a low risk of causing an adverse reaction when they come into contact with living tissue.
2. Inertness - They do not react chemically with other substances, making them suitable for use in medical devices that need to remain stable over time.
3. Temperature resistance - Silicones can maintain their flexibility and elasticity even under extreme temperature conditions.
4. Gas permeability - Some silicone materials allow gases like oxygen and water vapor to pass through, which is useful in applications where maintaining a moist environment is essential.
5. Durability - Silicones have excellent resistance to aging, weathering, and environmental factors, ensuring long-lasting performance.

Examples of medical applications for silicones include:

1. Breast implants
2. Contact lenses
3. Catheters
4. Artificial joints and tendons
5. Bandages and wound dressings
6. Drug delivery systems
7. Medical adhesives
8. Infant care products (nipples, pacifiers)

Atomic spectrophotometry is a type of analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific atoms or ions in a sample by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or emitted at wavelengths characteristic of those atoms or ions. This technique involves the use of an atomic spectrometer, which uses a source of energy (such as a flame, plasma, or electrode) to excite the atoms or ions in the sample, causing them to emit light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of the element of interest.

Atomic spectrophotometry can be further divided into two main categories: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES). In AAS, the sample is atomized in a flame or graphite furnace and the light from a lamp that emits light at the same wavelength as one of the elements in the sample is passed through the atoms. The amount of light absorbed by the atoms is then measured and used to determine the concentration of the element. In AES, the sample is atomized and excited to emit its own light, which is then measured and analyzed to determine the concentration of the element.

Atomic spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, forensic science, and industrial quality control for the determination of trace elements in a variety of sample types including liquids, solids, and gases.

Electrochemical techniques are a group of analytical methods used in chemistry and biochemistry that involve the study of chemical processes that cause electrons to move. These techniques use an electrochemical cell, which consists of two electrodes (a working electrode and a counter electrode) immersed in an electrolyte solution. An electrical potential is applied between the electrodes, which drives redox reactions to occur at the electrode surfaces. The resulting current that flows through the cell can be measured and related to the concentration of analytes in the solution.

There are several types of electrochemical techniques, including:

1. Voltammetry: This technique measures the current that flows through the cell as a function of the applied potential. There are several types of voltammetry, including cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and square wave voltammetry.
2. Amperometry: This technique measures the current that flows through the cell at a constant potential.
3. Potentiometry: This technique measures the potential difference between the working electrode and a reference electrode at zero current flow.
4. Impedance spectroscopy: This technique measures the impedance of the electrical circuit formed by the electrochemical cell as a function of frequency.

Electrochemical techniques are widely used in various fields, such as environmental monitoring, pharmaceuticals, food analysis, and biomedical research. They offer several advantages, including high sensitivity, selectivity, and simplicity, making them a powerful tool for chemical analysis.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Pharmaceutical preparations refer to the various forms of medicines that are produced by pharmaceutical companies, which are intended for therapeutic or prophylactic use. These preparations consist of an active ingredient (the drug) combined with excipients (inactive ingredients) in a specific formulation and dosage form.

The active ingredient is the substance that has a therapeutic effect on the body, while the excipients are added to improve the stability, palatability, bioavailability, or administration of the drug. Examples of pharmaceutical preparations include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, creams, and injections.

The production of pharmaceutical preparations involves a series of steps that ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of the final product. These steps include the selection and testing of raw materials, formulation development, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and storage. Each step is governed by strict regulations and guidelines to ensure that the final product meets the required standards for use in medical practice.

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a type of synthetic resin that is widely used in the medical field due to its biocompatibility and versatility. It is a transparent, rigid, and lightweight material that can be easily molded into different shapes and forms. Here are some of the medical definitions of PMMA:

1. A biocompatible acrylic resin used in various medical applications such as bone cement, intraocular lenses, dental restorations, and drug delivery systems.
2. A type of synthetic material that is used as a bone cement to fix prosthetic joint replacements and vertebroplasty for the treatment of spinal fractures.
3. A transparent and shatter-resistant material used in the manufacture of medical devices such as intravenous (IV) fluid bags, dialyzer housings, and oxygenators.
4. A drug delivery system that can be used to administer drugs locally or systemically, such as intraocular sustained-release drug implants for the treatment of chronic eye diseases.
5. A component of dental restorations such as fillings, crowns, and bridges due to its excellent mechanical properties and esthetic qualities.

Overall, PMMA is a versatile and valuable material in the medical field, with numerous applications that take advantage of its unique properties.

Cell culture is a technique used in scientific research to grow and maintain cells from plants, animals, or humans in a controlled environment outside of their original organism. This environment typically consists of a sterile container called a cell culture flask or plate, and a nutrient-rich liquid medium that provides the necessary components for the cells' growth and survival, such as amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and hormones.

There are several different types of cell culture techniques used in research, including:

1. Adherent cell culture: In this technique, cells are grown on a flat surface, such as the bottom of a tissue culture dish or flask. The cells attach to the surface and spread out, forming a monolayer that can be observed and manipulated under a microscope.
2. Suspension cell culture: In suspension culture, cells are grown in liquid medium without any attachment to a solid surface. These cells remain suspended in the medium and can be agitated or mixed to ensure even distribution of nutrients.
3. Organoid culture: Organoids are three-dimensional structures that resemble miniature organs and are grown from stem cells or other progenitor cells. They can be used to study organ development, disease processes, and drug responses.
4. Co-culture: In co-culture, two or more different types of cells are grown together in the same culture dish or flask. This technique is used to study cell-cell interactions and communication.
5. Conditioned medium culture: In this technique, cells are grown in a medium that has been conditioned by previous cultures of other cells. The conditioned medium contains factors secreted by the previous cells that can influence the growth and behavior of the new cells.

Cell culture techniques are widely used in biomedical research to study cellular processes, develop drugs, test toxicity, and investigate disease mechanisms. However, it is important to note that cell cultures may not always accurately represent the behavior of cells in a living organism, and results from cell culture experiments should be validated using other methods.

Liquid chromatography (LC) is a type of chromatography technique used to separate, identify, and quantify the components in a mixture. In this method, the sample mixture is dissolved in a liquid solvent (the mobile phase) and then passed through a stationary phase, which can be a solid or a liquid that is held in place by a solid support.

The components of the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase and the mobile phase, causing them to separate as they move through the system. The separated components are then detected and measured using various detection techniques, such as ultraviolet (UV) absorbance or mass spectrometry.

Liquid chromatography is widely used in many areas of science and medicine, including drug development, environmental analysis, food safety testing, and clinical diagnostics. It can be used to separate and analyze a wide range of compounds, from small molecules like drugs and metabolites to large biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids.

Nanotechnology is not a medical term per se, but it is a field of study with potential applications in medicine. According to the National Nanotechnology Initiative, nanotechnology is defined as "the understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale, at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications."

In the context of medicine, nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases. Nanomedicine involves the use of nanoscale materials, devices, or systems for medical applications. These can include drug delivery systems that target specific cells or tissues, diagnostic tools that detect biomarkers at the molecular level, and tissue engineering strategies that promote regeneration and repair.

While nanotechnology holds great promise for medicine, it is still a relatively new field with many challenges to overcome, including issues related to safety, regulation, and scalability.

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a type of infrared spectroscopy that uses the Fourier transform mathematical technique to convert the raw data obtained from an interferometer into a more interpretable spectrum. This technique allows for the simultaneous collection of a wide range of wavelengths, resulting in increased sensitivity and speed compared to traditional dispersive infrared spectroscopy.

FTIR spectroscopy measures the absorption or transmission of infrared radiation by a sample as a function of frequency, providing information about the vibrational modes of the molecules present in the sample. This can be used for identification and quantification of chemical compounds, analysis of molecular structure, and investigation of chemical interactions and reactions.

In summary, FTIR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique that uses infrared radiation to study the vibrational properties of molecules, with increased sensitivity and speed due to the use of Fourier transform mathematical techniques and an interferometer.

Cycloparaffins, also known as naphthenes or cycloalkanes, are a type of hydrocarbon molecule that contain one or more closed rings of carbon atoms. These rings can be saturated, meaning that they contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms, and may also contain one or more alkyl substituents.

The term "cycloparaffin" is used in the context of organic chemistry and petroleum refining to describe a specific class of hydrocarbons. In medical terminology, cycloparaffins are not typically referenced directly, but they may be relevant in certain contexts, such as in discussions of industrial chemicals or environmental exposures.

Cycloparaffins can be found in various sources, including crude oil and natural gas, and they are often used as feedstocks in the production of various chemicals and materials. They are also found in some foods, such as vegetable oils and animal fats, and may be present in trace amounts in some medications or medical devices.

While cycloparaffins themselves are not typically considered to have direct medical relevance, exposure to certain types of cycloparaffins or their derivatives may be associated with various health effects, depending on the level and duration of exposure. For example, some cycloparaffin-derived chemicals have been linked to respiratory irritation, skin and eye irritation, and potential developmental toxicity. However, it is important to note that these effects are typically associated with high levels of exposure in occupational or industrial settings, rather than with normal environmental or dietary exposures.

Statistical data interpretation involves analyzing and interpreting numerical data in order to identify trends, patterns, and relationships. This process often involves the use of statistical methods and tools to organize, summarize, and draw conclusions from the data. The goal is to extract meaningful insights that can inform decision-making, hypothesis testing, or further research.

In medical contexts, statistical data interpretation is used to analyze and make sense of large sets of clinical data, such as patient outcomes, treatment effectiveness, or disease prevalence. This information can help healthcare professionals and researchers better understand the relationships between various factors that impact health outcomes, develop more effective treatments, and identify areas for further study.

Some common statistical methods used in data interpretation include descriptive statistics (e.g., mean, median, mode), inferential statistics (e.g., hypothesis testing, confidence intervals), and regression analysis (e.g., linear, logistic). These methods can help medical professionals identify patterns and trends in the data, assess the significance of their findings, and make evidence-based recommendations for patient care or public health policy.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

Electroosmosis is a physical phenomenon that occurs when an electric field is applied across a porous material or a liquid-filled narrow channel, causing the fluid or solvent to flow along the direction of the electric field. This movement is due to the interaction between the electric field and the charged particles in the fluid or at the interface between the material and the fluid. In medical terms, electroosmosis may be used in various diagnostic or therapeutic applications, such as drug delivery, wound healing, or biosensing.

Statistical models are mathematical representations that describe the relationship between variables in a given dataset. They are used to analyze and interpret data in order to make predictions or test hypotheses about a population. In the context of medicine, statistical models can be used for various purposes such as:

1. Disease risk prediction: By analyzing demographic, clinical, and genetic data using statistical models, researchers can identify factors that contribute to an individual's risk of developing certain diseases. This information can then be used to develop personalized prevention strategies or early detection methods.

2. Clinical trial design and analysis: Statistical models are essential tools for designing and analyzing clinical trials. They help determine sample size, allocate participants to treatment groups, and assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions.

3. Epidemiological studies: Researchers use statistical models to investigate the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations. This includes studying patterns of disease transmission, evaluating public health interventions, and estimating the burden of diseases.

4. Health services research: Statistical models are employed to analyze healthcare utilization, costs, and outcomes. This helps inform decisions about resource allocation, policy development, and quality improvement initiatives.

5. Biostatistics and bioinformatics: In these fields, statistical models are used to analyze large-scale molecular data (e.g., genomics, proteomics) to understand biological processes and identify potential therapeutic targets.

In summary, statistical models in medicine provide a framework for understanding complex relationships between variables and making informed decisions based on data-driven insights.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Microchemistry" is not a commonly used term in medicine. It is, however, a branch of chemistry that deals with the separation, identification, and analysis of chemical substances in minute quantities. This field can be applied in various scientific disciplines, including forensic science, environmental science, and materials science.

In the medical field, you might encounter similar concepts under terms like "microanalysis" or "clinical chemistry," which refer to the identification and measurement of chemical components in body fluids (like blood or urine) for diagnostic purposes. But again, "Microchemistry" is not a standard term used in this context.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

Proteins are complex, large molecules that play critical roles in the body's functions. They are made up of amino acids, which are organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. They are essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues, and they play a crucial role in many biological processes, including metabolism, immune response, and cellular signaling. Proteins can be classified into different types based on their structure and function, such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural proteins. They are found in various foods, especially animal-derived products like meat, dairy, and eggs, as well as plant-based sources like beans, nuts, and grains.

Polycarboxylate cement is not a medical term, but rather refers to a type of hydraulic cement used in construction and engineering. It's a specialized kind of cement that contains polycarboxylate-based high-range water-reducing admixtures (HRWRAs). These admixtures improve the workability and durability of concrete by reducing the amount of water needed for mixing while maintaining or even enhancing the strength of the final product.

The use of polycarboxylate cement is not directly related to medical practice or patient care, but it may have indirect implications in medical fields such as construction safety, environmental health, and industrial medicine.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Glass" is not a medical term. Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has various uses in everyday life, including medical devices and equipment. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please provide them, and I'll be happy to help.

Reference standards in a medical context refer to the established and widely accepted norms or benchmarks used to compare, evaluate, or measure the performance, accuracy, or effectiveness of diagnostic tests, treatments, or procedures. These standards are often based on extensive research, clinical trials, and expert consensus, and they help ensure that healthcare practices meet certain quality and safety thresholds.

For example, in laboratory medicine, reference standards may consist of well-characterized samples with known concentrations of analytes (such as chemicals or biological markers) that are used to calibrate instruments and validate testing methods. In clinical practice, reference standards may take the form of evidence-based guidelines or best practices that define appropriate care for specific conditions or patient populations.

By adhering to these reference standards, healthcare professionals can help minimize variability in test results, reduce errors, improve diagnostic accuracy, and ensure that patients receive consistent, high-quality care.

Cluster analysis is a statistical method used to group similar objects or data points together based on their characteristics or features. In medical and healthcare research, cluster analysis can be used to identify patterns or relationships within complex datasets, such as patient records or genetic information. This technique can help researchers to classify patients into distinct subgroups based on their symptoms, diagnoses, or other variables, which can inform more personalized treatment plans or public health interventions.

Cluster analysis involves several steps, including:

1. Data preparation: The researcher must first collect and clean the data, ensuring that it is complete and free from errors. This may involve removing outlier values or missing data points.
2. Distance measurement: Next, the researcher must determine how to measure the distance between each pair of data points. Common methods include Euclidean distance (the straight-line distance between two points) or Manhattan distance (the distance between two points along a grid).
3. Clustering algorithm: The researcher then applies a clustering algorithm, which groups similar data points together based on their distances from one another. Common algorithms include hierarchical clustering (which creates a tree-like structure of clusters) or k-means clustering (which assigns each data point to the nearest centroid).
4. Validation: Finally, the researcher must validate the results of the cluster analysis by evaluating the stability and robustness of the clusters. This may involve re-running the analysis with different distance measures or clustering algorithms, or comparing the results to external criteria.

Cluster analysis is a powerful tool for identifying patterns and relationships within complex datasets, but it requires careful consideration of the data preparation, distance measurement, and validation steps to ensure accurate and meaningful results.

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry that is used to analyze large biomolecules such as proteins and peptides. In this technique, the sample is mixed with a matrix compound, which absorbs laser energy and helps to vaporize and ionize the analyte molecules.

The matrix-analyte mixture is then placed on a target plate and hit with a laser beam, causing the matrix and analyte molecules to desorb from the plate and become ionized. The ions are then accelerated through an electric field and into a mass analyzer, which separates them based on their mass-to-charge ratio.

The separated ions are then detected and recorded as a mass spectrum, which can be used to identify and quantify the analyte molecules present in the sample. MALDI-MS is particularly useful for the analysis of complex biological samples, such as tissue extracts or biological fluids, because it allows for the detection and identification of individual components within those mixtures.

An algorithm is not a medical term, but rather a concept from computer science and mathematics. In the context of medicine, algorithms are often used to describe step-by-step procedures for diagnosing or managing medical conditions. These procedures typically involve a series of rules or decision points that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care.

For example, an algorithm for diagnosing a particular type of heart disease might involve taking a patient's medical history, performing a physical exam, ordering certain diagnostic tests, and interpreting the results in a specific way. By following this algorithm, healthcare professionals can ensure that they are using a consistent and evidence-based approach to making a diagnosis.

Algorithms can also be used to guide treatment decisions. For instance, an algorithm for managing diabetes might involve setting target blood sugar levels, recommending certain medications or lifestyle changes based on the patient's individual needs, and monitoring the patient's response to treatment over time.

Overall, algorithms are valuable tools in medicine because they help standardize clinical decision-making and ensure that patients receive high-quality care based on the latest scientific evidence.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "paper" is not a medical term. In general, it refers to a thin material made from pulp derived from wood, rags, or other fibrous substances, which is used for writing, printing, drawing, or packaging. If you have a question about a specific medical concept or condition, I'd be happy to help if I can!

A research design in medical or healthcare research is a systematic plan that guides the execution and reporting of research to address a specific research question or objective. It outlines the overall strategy for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to draw valid conclusions. The design includes details about the type of study (e.g., experimental, observational), sampling methods, data collection techniques, data analysis approaches, and any potential sources of bias or confounding that need to be controlled for. A well-defined research design helps ensure that the results are reliable, generalizable, and relevant to the research question, ultimately contributing to evidence-based practice in medicine and healthcare.

Electrowetting is a phenomenon that describes the changes in the contact angle between a conductive liquid and a solid surface when an electric field is applied. This effect results in the spreading or contraction of the liquid droplet on the surface, which can be used to manipulate and control small volumes of liquids in various applications such as lab-on-a-chip devices, displays, and adjustable lenses.

The medical definition of electrowetting is not widely established since it is a physical phenomenon rather than a medical term. However, there may be some potential medical applications for this technology, such as in the development of microfluidic devices for diagnostic testing or drug delivery systems.

Surface properties in the context of medical science refer to the characteristics and features of the outermost layer or surface of a biological material or structure, such as cells, tissues, organs, or medical devices. These properties can include physical attributes like roughness, smoothness, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, and electrical conductivity, as well as chemical properties like charge, reactivity, and composition.

In the field of biomaterials science, understanding surface properties is crucial for designing medical implants, devices, and drug delivery systems that can interact safely and effectively with biological tissues and fluids. Surface modifications, such as coatings or chemical treatments, can be used to alter surface properties and enhance biocompatibility, improve lubricity, reduce fouling, or promote specific cellular responses like adhesion, proliferation, or differentiation.

Similarly, in the field of cell biology, understanding surface properties is essential for studying cell-cell interactions, cell signaling, and cell behavior. Cells can sense and respond to changes in their environment, including variations in surface properties, which can influence cell shape, motility, and function. Therefore, characterizing and manipulating surface properties can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cellular processes and offer new strategies for developing therapies and treatments for various diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Silicon" does not have a specific medical definition. Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a metalloid, which means it has properties of both metals and nonmetals. In the human body, silicon is not considered an essential nutrient, although it is found in trace amounts in various tissues. Some research suggests that silicon might play a role in collagen synthesis and bone health, but more studies are needed to confirm these findings and establish recommended intake levels.

Capillary action, also known as capillarity, is the ability of a liquid to rise or get drawn into narrow spaces, such as small tubes or gaps between particles, against gravity. This phenomenon occurs due to the attractive forces between the molecules of the liquid and the solid surface of the narrow space.

The height to which a liquid will rise in a capillary tube is determined by several factors, including the surface tension of the liquid, the radius of the capillary tube, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube's material. In general, liquids with higher surface tension and stronger adhesion to the tube's material will rise higher than those with lower surface tension and weaker adhesion.

Capillary action plays an essential role in many natural and industrial processes, such as water absorption by plants, fluid transport in biological systems, and ink movement in fountain pens.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

Point-of-care (POC) systems refer to medical diagnostic tests or tools that are performed at or near the site where a patient receives care, such as in a doctor's office, clinic, or hospital room. These systems provide rapid and convenient results, allowing healthcare professionals to make immediate decisions regarding diagnosis, treatment, and management of a patient's condition.

POC systems can include various types of diagnostic tests, such as:

1. Lateral flow assays (LFAs): These are paper-based devices that use capillary action to detect the presence or absence of a target analyte in a sample. Examples include pregnancy tests and rapid strep throat tests.
2. Portable analyzers: These are compact devices used for measuring various parameters, such as blood glucose levels, coagulation status, or electrolytes, using small volumes of samples.
3. Imaging systems: Handheld ultrasound machines and portable X-ray devices fall under this category, providing real-time imaging at the point of care.
4. Monitoring devices: These include continuous glucose monitors, pulse oximeters, and blood pressure cuffs that provide real-time data to help manage patient conditions.

POC systems offer several advantages, such as reduced turnaround time for test results, decreased need for sample transportation, and increased patient satisfaction due to faster decision-making and treatment initiation. However, it is essential to ensure the accuracy and reliability of these tests by following proper testing procedures and interpreting results correctly.

Health services research (HSR) is a multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, and personal behaviors affect access to healthcare, the quality and cost of care, and ultimately, our health and well-being. The goal of HSR is to inform policy and practice, improve system performance, and enhance the health and well-being of individuals and communities. It involves the use of various research methods, including epidemiology, biostatistics, economics, sociology, management science, political science, and psychology, to answer questions about the healthcare system and how it can be improved.

Examples of HSR topics include:

* Evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and technologies
* Studying patient-centered care and patient experiences with the healthcare system
* Examining healthcare workforce issues, such as shortages of primary care providers or the impact of nurse-to-patient ratios on patient outcomes
* Investigating the impact of health insurance design and financing systems on access to care and health disparities
* Analyzing the organization and delivery of healthcare services in different settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities
* Identifying best practices for improving healthcare quality and safety, reducing medical errors, and eliminating wasteful or unnecessary care.

"Age distribution" is a term used to describe the number of individuals within a population or sample that fall into different age categories. It is often presented in the form of a graph, table, or chart, and can provide important information about the demographic structure of a population.

The age distribution of a population can be influenced by a variety of factors, including birth rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and aging. Public health officials and researchers use age distribution data to inform policies and programs related to healthcare, social services, and other areas that affect the well-being of populations.

For example, an age distribution graph might show a larger number of individuals in the younger age categories, indicating a population with a high birth rate. Alternatively, it might show a larger number of individuals in the older age categories, indicating a population with a high life expectancy or an aging population. Understanding the age distribution of a population can help policymakers plan for future needs and allocate resources more effectively.

Analytical sample preparation methods refer to the procedures and techniques used to manipulate and treat samples in order to make them suitable for analysis by an analytical instrument. The main goal of these methods is to isolate, concentrate, and purify the analytes of interest from a complex matrix, while also minimizing interference and improving the accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of the analysis.

Some common analytical sample preparation methods include:

1. Extraction: This involves separating the analyte from the sample matrix using a solvent or other medium. Examples include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE).
2. Purification: This step is used to remove impurities and interfering substances from the sample. Common methods include column chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, and distillation.
3. Derivatization: This involves chemically modifying the analyte to improve its detectability or stability. Examples include silylation, acetylation, and esterification.
4. Digestion: This step is used to break down complex samples into smaller, more manageable components. Examples include acid digestion, dry ashing, and microwave digestion.
5. Concentration: This step is used to increase the amount of analyte in the sample, making it easier to detect. Examples include evaporation, lyophilization, and rotary evaporation.

These methods are widely used in various fields such as forensics, environmental science, food analysis, pharmaceuticals, and clinical diagnostics to ensure accurate and reliable results.

A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms, excluding certain viruses. Cells are typically membrane-bound entities that contain genetic material (DNA or RNA), ribosomes, and other organelles that carry out various metabolic functions necessary for the survival and reproduction of the organism.

Cells can vary in size, shape, and complexity depending on the type of organism they belong to. In multicellular organisms, different cells specialize in performing specific functions, leading to a high degree of organization and cooperation within tissues and organs.

There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic cells (such as bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (such as those found in plants, animals, and fungi). Prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a more complex organization and contain various specialized structures enclosed within membranes.

Understanding the properties and behaviors of cells is crucial for understanding life at its most fundamental level and has important implications for fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and agriculture.

An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a specific protein, antibody, or antigen in a sample using the principles of antibody-antigen reactions. It is commonly used in clinical laboratories to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions such as infections, hormonal disorders, allergies, and cancer.

Immunoassays typically involve the use of labeled reagents, such as enzymes, radioisotopes, or fluorescent dyes, that bind specifically to the target molecule. The amount of label detected is proportional to the concentration of the target molecule in the sample, allowing for quantitative analysis.

There are several types of immunoassays, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), and chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). Each type has its own advantages and limitations, depending on the sensitivity, specificity, and throughput required for a particular application.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polystyrenes" is not a medical term. Polystyrene is a type of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbon polymer that is used in a variety of commercial and industrial products, such as packaging materials, insulation, and disposable cutlery. It's important to note that some polystyrene products may contain potentially harmful chemicals, such as styrene, which can leach out into food or drink, posing potential health risks. However, the medical community primarily deals with the health effects of exposure to these chemicals rather than defining the material itself.

An electrode is a medical device that can conduct electrical currents and is used to transmit or receive electrical signals, often in the context of medical procedures or treatments. In a medical setting, electrodes may be used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Recording electrical activity in the body: Electrodes can be attached to the skin or inserted into body tissues to measure electrical signals produced by the heart, brain, muscles, or nerves. This information can be used to diagnose medical conditions, monitor the effectiveness of treatments, or guide medical procedures.
2. Stimulating nerve or muscle activity: Electrodes can be used to deliver electrical impulses to nerves or muscles, which can help to restore function or alleviate symptoms in people with certain medical conditions. For example, electrodes may be used to stimulate the nerves that control bladder function in people with spinal cord injuries, or to stimulate muscles in people with muscle weakness or paralysis.
3. Administering treatments: Electrodes can also be used to deliver therapeutic treatments, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for depression or deep brain stimulation (DBS) for movement disorders like Parkinson's disease. In these procedures, electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a device that generates electrical impulses, which can help to regulate abnormal brain activity and improve symptoms.

Overall, electrodes play an important role in many medical procedures and treatments, allowing healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions that affect the body's electrical systems.

The 'Limit of Detection' (LOD) is a term used in laboratory medicine and clinical chemistry to describe the lowest concentration or quantity of an analyte (the substance being measured) that can be reliably distinguished from zero or blank value, with a specified level of confidence. It is typically expressed as a concentration or amount and represents the minimum amount of analyte that must be present in a sample for the assay to produce a response that is statistically different from a blank or zero calibrator.

The LOD is an important parameter in analytical method validation, as it helps to define the range of concentrations over which the assay can accurately and precisely measure the analyte. It is determined based on statistical analysis of the data generated during method development and validation, taking into account factors such as the variability of the assay and the signal-to-noise ratio.

It's important to note that LOD should not be confused with the 'Limit of Quantification' (LOQ), which is the lowest concentration or quantity of an analyte that can be measured with acceptable precision and accuracy. LOQ is typically higher than LOD, as it requires a greater level of confidence in the measurement.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Although MS is an attractive analytical technique for distinguishing the products of reactions accomplished through DMF, it ... Luk VN, Wheeler AR (June 2009). "A digital microfluidic approach to proteomic sample processing". Analytical Chemistry. 81 (11 ... The composition and purity of molecules synthesized by DMF are often determined utilizing classic analytical techniques. ... Ng AH, Uddayasankar U, Wheeler AR (June 2010). "Immunoassays in microfluidic systems. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry". ...
There is no common analytical approach for quantitation due to the constraints of traditional techniques (e.g. the limited ... Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy is an automated technique that overcomes these challenges of both FTIR and CD for use in ... Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy (MMS) is an infrared spectroscopy technique that is used to characterize the secondary ... Formulation scientists use a core set of analytical techniques to quantify the colloidal, chemical and conformational stability ...
... microfluidic analytical techniques MeSH E05.196.630.465.340 - electrophoresis, microchip MeSH E05.196.630.570 - microarray ... embryo culture techniques MeSH E05.200.249.484 - organ culture techniques MeSH E05.200.249.617 - tissue culture techniques MeSH ... cell culture techniques MeSH E05.200.249.374 - coculture techniques MeSH E05.200.249.437 - diffusion chambers, culture MeSH ... fluorescent antibody technique MeSH E05.200.750.551.512.240.300 - fluorescent antibody technique, direct MeSH E05.200.750.551. ...
Paper-based microfluidic devices are often referred to as microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) and can detect ... Microfluidic techniques such as droplet microfluidics, paper microfluidics, and lab-on-a-chip are used in the realm of food ... Research in nutrition, food processing, and food safety benefit from microfluidic technique because experiments can be done ... Brennen RA, Yin H, Killeen KP (December 2007). "Microfluidic gradient formation for nanoflow chip LC". Analytical Chemistry. 79 ...
Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices". Analytical Chemistry. 82 (1): 3-10. doi:10.1021/ac9013989. PMID 20000334. Osborn ... Therefore, microfluidic devices require alternative flow control techniques, a number of which are currently popular: One ... Foudeh, Amir M.; Didar, Fohid Fatanat; Veres, Teodor; Tabrizian, Maryam (2012). "Microfluidic designs and techniques using lab- ... Optical detection includes fluorescence-based techniques, chemiluminescence-based techniques, and surface plasmon resonance ( ...
... is a German analytical chemist who is a professor in both the School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Applied ... Her research considers microfluidic platforms and their use in analysis. She was awarded the 2020 Advancing Electrokinetic ... Ros, Alexandra (2000). New protein separation and analysis techniques. Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: Verlag nicht ... "New microfluidic device minimizes loss of high value samples". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 2021-08-22. "ASU School of Molecular ...
Kung, Chia-Te; Hou, Chih-Yao; Wang, Yao-Nan; Fu, Lung-Ming (2019-12-12). "Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for ... and has since been used for techniques such as paper chromatography and lateral flow assays. However, it was only identified as ... Akyazi, Tugce; Basabe-Desmonts, Lourdes; Benito-Lopez, Fernando (2018-02-25). "Review on microfluidic paper-based analytical ... "Advances in Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Food and Water Analysis". Micromachines. 7 (5): 86. doi:10.3390/ ...
Microfluidic devices can combine several analytical steps into one device. This technology has been coined by some as the "lab ... Microfluidic whole genome haplotyping is a technique for the physical separation of individual chromosomes from a metaphase ... Like with the microfluidic technique, specialized amplification platforms are necessary to address the problem of a small ... Most molecular biology techniques for haplotyping can accurately determine haplotypes of only a limited region of the genome. ...
... microfluidic chip with optical tweezing in order to isolate bacteria with altered phenotype directly from the analytical matrix ... Optical techniques such as phase contrast microscopy in combination with single-cell analysis are another powerful method to ... Clinical resistance is shown through the failure of many therapeutic techniques where the bacteria that are normally ...
This technique is relatively cheap and can be used to make nearly any architecture used in microfluidic experiments. Depending ... Analytical Chemistry. 73 (6): 1240-1246. doi:10.1021/ac001132d. Tice JD, Song H, Lyon AD, Ismagilov RF (2003). "Formation of ... Depending upon the geometry of the microfluidic device as well as the flow rates used, droplets can also be formed using a flow ... The versatility in microfluidic device design and experimental execution combined with the unique size advantages of ...
Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices". Analytical Chemistry. 82 (1): 3-10. doi:10.1021/ac9013989. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID ... This technique has high resolution and is quick, but has high equipment and material costs. This technique utilizes a DLP ... Recently, a paper was employed in the production of more complicated microfluidic analytical devices, called lab-on-a-chip (LOC ... Liu, Shuopeng; Su, Wenqiong; Ding, Xianting (2016-12-08). "A Review on Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Glucose ...
Functionalization of porous surfaces have seen great success with high temperature photografting techniques. In microfluidic ... In industrial corona and plasma processes, cost-efficient and rapid analytical methods are required for confirming adequate ... This grafting technique allows for excellent control over the peptide composition as the bonded chain can be washed without ... These techniques provide characterization at surface depths of 1-10 nanometers, approximately the range of oxidation in plasma ...
The centrifugal micro-fluidic biochip or centrifugal micro-fluidic biodisk is a type of lab-on-a-chip technology, also known as ... The micromachining techniques, including patterning, photolithography, and etching should all be used as long as the design is ... Morais, Sergi (2008). "Analytical prospect of compact disk technology in immunosensing". Anal Bioanal Chem. 391 (8): 2837-2844 ... Once the centrifugal micro-fluidic biochip is developed well enough to be manufactured on a large scale, it will cause a wide ...
GC-MS is a technique utilized in many analytical laboratories and is a very effective and adaptable analytical tool. Liquid ... Sharif KM, Chin ST, Kulsing C, Marriott PJ (September 2016). "The microfluidic Deans switch: 50 years of progress, innovation ... Different combinations of one-dimensional GC and LC produced the analytical chromatographic technique that is known as two- ... Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography is an analytical technique that separates and analyzes complex mixtures. It ...
2006). Microfluidic Techniques: Reviews and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press. ISBN 9781588295170. " ... 2018 American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry Award in Electrochemistry 2018 American Association for the ... Young Investigator Award 2006 United States Department of Defense Okaloosa Award 2006 Springer Nature Microfluidic Techniques ... "2018 Division Award Winners - ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry". acsanalytical.org. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-04-13 ...
OI Analytical, in its gas diffusion amperometric total cyanide method, uses a segmented flow injection analysis technique that ... Microminiaturized chromatography is carried out on microcolumns that are automatically renewed by microfluidic manipulations. ... Alpkem was purchased by Perstorp Group, and then later by OI Analytical in College Station Texas. OI Analytical manufactures ... The Bran+Luebbe CFA business was bought by SEAL Analytical in 2006 and they continue to manufacture, sell and support the ...
Analytical chemistry, Biochemistry, Cell biology, Laboratory techniques, Scientific techniques). ... The development of hydrodynamic-based microfluidic biochips has been increasing over the years. In this technique, the cells or ... Mass spectrometry techniques have become important analytical tools for proteomic and metabolomic analysis of single cells. ... The development of hydrodynamic-based microfluidic biochips has been increasing over the years. In this technique, the cells ...
Alves, M (2019). "Trends in analytical separations of magnetic (nano) particles". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 114: 89- ... Finally, this technique has shown its efficacy, even though it remains limited. With negative selection, the antibody used is ... Flow cytometry Dynabeads Sun, Y. "A magnetic nanoparticle assisted microfluidic system for low abundance cell sorting with high ... Yang, M (2021). "A novel rare cell sorting microfluidic chip based on magnetic nanoparticle labels". Journal of Micromechanics ...
... micrototal analytical systems or lab-on-a-chip structures. For instance, NCAMs, when incorporated into microfluidic devices, ... Standard photolithography, bulk or surface micromachining, replication techniques (embossing, printing, casting and injection ... One of the more promising areas of nanofluidics is its potential for integration into microfluidic systems, i.e. ... Analytical Chemistry. 71 (21): 4913-4918. doi:10.1021/ac990615i. PMID 21662836. Kuo, T. C.; Sloan, L. A.; Sweedler, J. V.; Bohn ...
The western blot (sometimes called the protein immunoblot), or western blotting, is a widely used analytical technique in ... In order to detect many proteins on a single microfluidic chip, microfluidic western blot is carried out using a number of ... and may still be the most used protein-analytical technique. The western blot is extensively used in biochemistry for the ... The western blot technique was used during the 2014 FIFA World Cup in the anti-doping campaign for that event. In total, over ...
Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) is a purification and analytical technique that separates analytes, such as ... February 2007). "Gravity-driven microfluidic particle sorting device with hydrodynamic separation amplification". Analytical ... simulated moving bed technique was proposed. In the simulated moving bed technique instead of moving the bed, the sample inlet ... He developed the technique and coined the term chromatography in the first decade of the 20th century, primarily for the ...
"Catherine Costello". The Analytical Scientist. Retrieved 2021-11-07. "John B. Fenn Distinguished Contribution". www.asms.org. ... Her research involves structural characterization of biopolymers using mass spectrometry-based techniques, such as liquid ... microfluidic capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, and ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. She was one of the ... 2023 Analytical Scientist the Power List - Leaders and Advocates 2020 Society for Glycobiology Molecular and Cellular ...
Due to the ATR geometry and the resulting evanescent wave, it is possible with this technique to study transport phenomena and ... Carter, Catherine F. (2010). "ReactIR Flow Cell: A New Analytical Tool for Continuous Flow Chemical Processing". Organic ... ATR-IR has been applied to microfluidic flows of aqueous solutions by engineering microreactors with built-in apertures for the ... Attenuated total reflection (ATR) is a sampling technique used in conjunction with infrared spectroscopy which enables samples ...
ISBN 1-57444-572-3. Minteer, Shelley D. (2006). Microfluidic Techniques: Reviews and Protocols. Humana Press. ISBN 1-59259-997- ... This device represents a key technology to fields such as chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, analytical chemistry, ... ISBN 978-0-387-28597-9. Li, Paul C. H. (2005). Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip for Chemical and Biological Analysis and Discovery. ... ISBN 978-1-58053-972-2. Hardt, Steffen & Schönfeld, Friedhelm (2007). Microfluidic Technologies for Miniaturized Analysis ...
Meyvantsson I, Beebe DJ (2008-06-13). "Cell culture models in microfluidic systems". Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry. 1 ( ... This technique has demonstrated a stark difference in the sensitivity of the peripheral terminals compared to the neuronal cell ... Meyvantsson, Ivar; Beebe, David J. (2008). "Cell culture models in microfluidic systems". Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry ... Since the advent of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic device fabrication through soft lithography microfluidic devices ...
Tang T, Badal MY, Ocvirk G, Lee WE, Bader DE, Bekkaoui F, Harrison DJ (February 2002). "Integrated microfluidic electrophoresis ... Cycling probe technology (CPT) is a molecular biological technique for detecting specific DNA sequences. CPT operates under ... Analytical Biochemistry. 432 (2): 106-14. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.015. PMC 3522425. PMID 23000602. (Molecular biology, ... system for analysis of genetic materials using signal amplification methods". Analytical Chemistry. 74 (4): 725-33. doi:10.1021 ...
A key theme of deMello's research has been the development of ultra-high sensitivity detection methods for use in microfluidic ... More recently, his group have introduced the technique of stroboscopic imaging flow cytometry, which allows for high resolution ... and in 1997 moved back to his alma mater to take up the AstraZeneca Lectureship in Analytical Sciences at Imperial College ... His group has pioneered the use of microfluidic systems for small molecule chemistry and nanomaterial synthesis, and in recent ...
Research on microfluidic found its advantages in DNA analysis, lab-on-a-chip, and micro-TAS. Devices in a microfluidic system ... Advances in nanofabrication techniques and concerns about energy shortage make people interested in this idea. The main ... The future of nanofluidic systems will be focused on several areas such as analytical chemistry and biochemistry, liquid ... Integration of these microfluidic devices enables sorting, transporting, and mixing of substances within fluids. However, the ...
Elbow strength pipetting Technique: Elbow flexion or abduction. Arm strength diminishes as elbow posture is deviated from a 90 ... Ainla, Alar; Jansson, Erik T.; Stepanyants, Natalia; Orwar, Owe; Jesorka, Aldo (June 2010). "A Microfluidic Pipette for Single- ... Cell Pharmacology". Analytical Chemistry. 82 (11): 4529-4536. doi:10.1021/ac100480f. PMID 20443547. Aimee Cunningham (2007-04- ... Winged elbow pipetting Technique: elevated, "winged elbow". The average human arm weighs approximately 6% of the total body ...
Common techniques include: Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) Microfluidic devices Combining FACS with scRNA-seq has ... they also presented new computational and analytical challenges. Bioinformaticians can use techniques from bulk RNA-seq for ... Common techniques for measuring expression are quantitative PCR or RNA-seq. There are several methods available to isolate and ... Moreover, combining microfluidic devices with scRNA-seq has been optimized in 10x Genomics protocols. To measure the level of ...
The Signorini and Saint-Venant Analytical Techniques Revisited. * Published: 29 September 2016. ... Kacimov, A.R., Maklakov, D.V., Kayumov, I.R. et al. Free Surface Flow in a Microfluidic Corner and in an Unconfined Aquifer ... The analytical solution of the first problem is obtained by reducing the Poisson equation for the longitudinal flow velocity to ... Baret, J.-C., Decre, M.M.J., Herminghaus, S., Seemann, R.: Transport dynamics in open microfluidic grooves. Langmuir 23, 5200- ...
Microfluidic Analytical Techniques* * Milk, Human / chemistry* * N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / analysis * Oligosaccharides / ... Daily variations in oligosaccharides of human milk determined by microfluidic chips and mass spectrometry J Agric Food Chem. ... Recent advances in analytical tools offer invaluable insights in understanding the specific functions and health benefits these ...
Reliable long-term cell culture in microfluidic system is limited by air bubble formation and accumulation. In this study, we ... Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / instrumentation* * Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / methods* * Microfluidics / ... Reliable long-term cell culture in microfluidic system is limited by air bubble formation and accumulation. In this study, we ... This design could be easily adapted by other microfluidic systems due to its simple design, ease of fabrication, and ...
The silver enhancement reagents may be integrated into the microfluidic assay platform to be released upon sample addition. ... Herein, we demonstrate that adsorptive immobilization via a cationic polymeric interlayer is a competitive and fast technique ... nanocolor microfluidic devices are new promising bioassay platforms, which employ nanoparticle- (NP-) protein conjugates for ... K. N. Han, C. A. Li, and G. H. Seong, "Microfluidic chips for immunoassays," Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, vol. 6, pp ...
A rapid microfluidic technique for integrated viability determination of adherent single cells *Shijun Xu ... Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (2015). Comments. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community ... Microfluidic devices that operate in the "open space", i.e., outside the confinement imposed by channels and chambers, provide ... Here we introduce a microfluidic toolbox to write 2D nanofluidic networks composed of supported phospholipid membranes and ...
Although MS is an attractive analytical technique for distinguishing the products of reactions accomplished through DMF, it ... Luk VN, Wheeler AR (June 2009). "A digital microfluidic approach to proteomic sample processing". Analytical Chemistry. 81 (11 ... The composition and purity of molecules synthesized by DMF are often determined utilizing classic analytical techniques. ... Ng AH, Uddayasankar U, Wheeler AR (June 2010). "Immunoassays in microfluidic systems. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry". ...
Here we demonstrate this method to create self-enclosed microfluidic devices with a few simple steps, in a number of flexible ... Here, the authors use this method to create self-enclosed microfluidic devices in different flexible substrates and exploit the ... Structural colour, a property of organized microfibrillation, becomes an intrinsic feature of these microfluidic devices, ... Advances in microfluidic technology towards flexibility, transparency, functionality, wearability, scale reduction or ...
microfluidic analytical techniques122. *secondary article122. *system design120. *biocompatible materials119 ... analytical chemistry56. *annual international conference of the ieee engineering in medicine and biology society ieee ... Rapid Prototyping Techniques for the Development of a Take-Home Surgical Anastomosis Simulation Model. [2023] ... Combining rapid prototyping techniques in mechanical engineering and electronics for realization of a variable capacitor [2014] ...
Analytical costs for the uPAD technique were approximately 50 times lower than market-rate costs with ICPOES. Further, the uPAD ... The objective of this research was to evaluate a relatively new technology, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (uPADs ... Fumes from three common welding techniques (shielded metal arc, metal inert gas, and tungsten inert gas welding) were sampled ... Rapid detection of transition metals in welding fumes using paper-based analytical devices. ...
Microscopy technique visualises traffic jams inside cells A novel label-free microscopy technique enables real-time tracking ... Advancing food science with microfluidic modulation spectroscopy Dr Woojeong Kim, a passionate researcher in the field of food ...
The novel analytical technique can be incorporated into existing manufacturing processes without specialist equipment. ... Other analytical techniques, such as gel electrophoresis, are unsuitable for dsRNA because of the low concentrations, she says ... To overcome this problem, De Peña and colleagues decided to develop their own microfluidic assay to detect the amount, and ... The team of Anubhav Tripathi, PhD, from Brown University, claim the technique is cheap and uses equipment commonly available in ...
Complex techniques require multiple procedures, highly qualified personnel, sample collection, preparation, reagent storage, ... In addition, the miniaturization of chemical experiments advances analytical chemistry, biochemistry, medicine and ... the potential for parallelism and the conservation of reagents and samples all contribute to the motivations of microfluidic ... CM is unique in using centrifugal force to drive liquid flow on a preparative or analytical device. The benefits of CM over ...
The synchronization of the camera frame rate and a parallel microfluidic design enables an analytical throughput of 85000 cells ... Techniques used in CMOS camera-based Image Flow Cytometry (IFC). Features. Multi-view. Temporally coded excitation. High ... The overall technique allows for the multi-parametric examination of cells, integrating both bright-field and dark-field ... High throughput microfluidic flow cytometer: An ultra-high throughput imaging cytometer that uses stroboscopic lighting and ...
... allowing this extremely powerful analytical technique to be extended to small sample volumes (,5 μl). In general, microchannels ... allowing this extremely powerful analytical technique to be extended to small sample volumes (,5 μl). In general, microchannels ... Here, we introduce a two-plate digital microfluidic (DMF) strategy to interface small-volume samples with NMR microcoils. In ... a planar microcoil is surrounded by a copper plane that serves as the counter-electrode for the digital microfluidic device, ...
... our group has published papers in journals whose primary focus is analytical chemistry, diabetes, pharmacology, and ... chemiluminescence techniques, or how to prepare microfluidic devices from 3D-printing technology. During the past year or so, ... our group has published papers in journals whose primary focus is analytical chemistry, diabetes, pharmacology, and ... A new technique in our group involves 3D-printing. Nearing 30 years since its introduction, 3D printing technology is set to ...
Microfluidic Analytical Techniques 33% * Point-of-Care Testing 24% * Circulating Neoplastic Cells 22% ... NPS detection in Prison: a Systematic Literature Review of Use, Drug Form, and Analytical Approaches. Stair, J., Vaccaro, G., ... Electromagnetic Riveting Technique of Joining Metals to Polymer Composites in Hybrid Multi-material Aerospace Structures. ...
Microfluidic Analytical Techniques (MeSH) * Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (Science Metrix) published in * Wiley ... Thus, these magnetic particles are readily and precisely maneuvered in microfluidic and biological environments. The surfaces ... as they possess several unique features that provide solutions for major microfluidic challenges. These materials come with a ... We provide insight into the microfluidic transport of magnetic particles and discuss various MEMS and bioMEMS applications. ...
Miniaturizing these analytical techniques can.... journal article 2023 document Low-cost fluorescence microscope with ... On the Application of Microfluidic-Based Technologies in Forensics: A Review. Bazyar, H. (author). Microfluidic technology is a ... The design of microfluidic devices is generally tailored to perform a specific task, with each specific application requiring a ... Development of a microfluidic system for modelling the heart-kidney interaction in vitro: Design guidelines and proof-of- ...
Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/instrumentation (1) * Optical Imaging/instrumentation (1) Show more. Type. * journal article ...
Electromechanical properties of pressure-actuated poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic push-down valves ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY ... various efforts that take advantage of novel microscale flow phenomena and microfabrication techniques to build microfluidic ... This microfluidic system overcomes the small flow rates and the inefficiencies of previously described microfluidic and ... A Microfluidic System for Rapid Bacterial Pathogen Detection 7th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology Mai, J. D., Gaster, R. S., ...
MeSH headings : Elasticity; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microspheres; Models, Theoretical; ... MeSH headings : Chromatin / chemistry; Chromatin / genetics; DNA / chemistry; DNA / genetics; Microfluidic Analytical ...
Microfluidic Analytical Techniques * Microscopy, Confocal * Microscopy, Fluorescence * Molecular Biology * Optical Tweezers * ...
... the development of less timeconsuming analytical techniques requiring small volumes of real samples based on microfluidic ... For the design and fabrication of nano- and microdevices, a set of different techniques should be available for the control of ... Moreover, we show, for personalized drug assay tests, how design-led to bioassays within microfluidic four-organ-chip devices ... Advanced biochemical techniques ranging from fluorescence, plasmonics, enhanced plasmonics (EP) to metal enhanced fluorescence ...
Miniaturizing these analytical techniques can increase measurement speed and enable faster decision-making. A fluorescent dye ( ... antibody aggregation, continuous biomanufacturing, fluorescent dyes, microfluidic sensor, process analytical technology (PAT). ... Miniaturizing these analytical techniques can increase measurement speed and enable faster decision-making. A fluorescent dye ( ... Miniaturizing these analytical techniques can increase measurement speed and enable faster decision-making. A fluorescent dye ( ...
Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / instrumentation; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / methods; Microfluidics; Models, ... Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / instrumentation; Nylons; Skin / cytology; Time Factors ... A serial dilution microfluidic device for cytotoxicity assays In 28th annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering ... MeSH headings : Cell Culture Techniques / instrumentation; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival / drug effects; ...
Materials and fabrication techniques. *Integration of multiple liquid-handling functions into microsystems for (bio)analytical ... Handling cells and tissues in microfluidic systems. *Miniaturized instrumentation based on microfluidic and detection ... Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis. Pharmaceutical Analysis Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy ...
  • Digital microfluidics can be used together with analytical analysis procedures such as mass spectrometry, colorimetry, electrochemical, and electrochemiluminescense. (wikipedia.org)
  • This thesis presents the development of several new functions to overcome limitations native to small volumes in centrifugal microfluidics (CM). CM is unique in using centrifugal force to drive liquid flow on a preparative or analytical device. (dissertation.com)
  • Postdoctoral Position Systems and Process Design Engineering Droplet Microfluidics The position requires a strong technical background in the field of systems engineering, with experience in modeling, optimization and graph theory based techniques. (umd.edu)
  • We aim to create the next generation of microfluidic devices using rapid fabrication techniques (3D printing, micro-milling and laser cutting) that would drastically simplify the prototyping and assembly processes of microfluidics systems. (uc.edu)
  • Merwan is an expert in microfluidics systems and MEMS fabrication techniques. (ondavia.com)
  • In addition, the miniaturization of chemical experiments advances analytical chemistry, biochemistry, medicine and environmental science. (dissertation.com)
  • specifically, in the past 3 years, our group has published papers in journals whose primary focus is analytical chemistry, diabetes, pharmacology, and microfluidic devices, to name a few. (msu.edu)
  • The laboratory is also equipped with four fume hoods for medicinal chemistry and supporting analytical equipment, including several HPLCs, LC-MS, GC-MS, and 400 MHz NMR. (nih.gov)
  • His experience with microfluidic systems and analytical chemistry in extreme environments is an asset to the OndaVia team. (ondavia.com)
  • Dr. Abubakr M. Idris is associate professor of analytical chemistry. (rroij.com)
  • Idris is currently the Editor-In Chief of Development in Analytical Chemistry. (rroij.com)
  • He joins the Editorial Boards of some other journals in analytical, environmental and pharmaceutical chemistry. (rroij.com)
  • Electrowetting, dielectrophoresis, and immiscible-fluid flows are the three most commonly used principles, which have been used to generate and manipulate microdroplets in a digital microfluidic device. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this system, a planar microcoil is surrounded by a copper plane that serves as the counter-electrode for the digital microfluidic device, allowing for precise control of droplet position and shape. (rsc.org)
  • Rapid detection of transition metals in welding fumes using paper-based analytical devices. (cdc.gov)
  • A viral inactivation and two polishing steps were reproduced, sending a sample of the product pool after each phase directly to the microfluidic sensor for aggregate detection. (lu.se)
  • They can integrate the process of sample pretreatment, separation and various kinds of detection techniques into a chip of a few square centimeters, thus realizing the miniaturization, automation, integration and portability of sample pretreatment and follow-up analysis. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Next, we will briefly introduce the materials and methods of microfluidic chip processing, microfluidic chip based sample introduction and pretreatment, and microfluidic chip based detection systems. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • The microfluidic chip analysis system completes the functions of sampling, dilution, injection, reaction, separation, analysis and detection on the chip system mainly through driving and controlling the fluid in the microchannel. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Microfluidic detection technology is emerged as one of the most promising analytical tools due to its many unique advantages such as its small footprint and energy consumption, and minimal use of reagent, as well as real-time analysis for analytes. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Microfluidic chips coupled with various kinds of detection techniques such as MS are applied for the detection of multiple samples at the same time. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Moreover since multiple determinations of biomarkers have demonstrated to provide more accurate information than individual determinations to assist the clinician in prognosis and diagnosis, the detection of several clinical biomarkers by using the same analytical device hold enormous potential for early detection and personalized therapy and will simplify the diagnosis providing more information in less time. (mdpi.com)
  • Here we introduce a novel integrated analytical technology for photochemistry by microfluidic coupling of a HC-PCF nanoflow reactor to supplementary detection devices. (mpg.de)
  • In recent years, there has been an increasing need for rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes present within a single sample and to facilitate this, we report here a novel solution-detection using a multi-path LFD created via the precise partitioning of the single flow-path of a standard LFD using our previously reported laser direct-write (LDW) technique. (mdpi.com)
  • 1. Developing microfluidic analytical techniques for fully-automated on-line procedures involving sample treatment, developing reactions and detection. (rroij.com)
  • This design could be easily adapted by other microfluidic systems due to its simple design, ease of fabrication, and portability. (nih.gov)
  • Microfluidic devices also called μ TAS (micro total analysis systems) or lab-on-a-chip systems belong to the most promising technologies studied in this context. (hindawi.com)
  • Compared to conventional immunoassays microfluidic systems offer efficient mass transport and a reduced surface to volume ratio. (hindawi.com)
  • He has pioneered the integration of ionic liquids as solvents in droplet microreactors and the application of microfluidic systems to synthesizing biomimetic cell membranes. (selectbiosciences.com)
  • Microfluidic systems are more cost effective than traditional methods, require minimal training, provide faster results and improved accuracy. (news-medical.net)
  • Magnetic materials, such as ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic nanoparticles and microparticles in the form of ferrofluids, can be advantageously used in micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) and bioMEMS applications, as they possess several unique features that provide solutions for major microfluidic challenges. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Microfluidic systems used in LOC devices allow the manufacture of millions of microchannels, each measuring mere micrometers. (adejournal.com)
  • This was achieved through a combination of partly microfluidic systems with analytical methods, which include X-ray scattering and optical spectroscopy. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • The hot-cells are equipped with a variety of commercial automated synthesis equipment including GE TRACERlab FX N and FX C systems, Bioscan AutoLoop, and Advion Nanotek microfluidic system, as well as several systems that have been developed in-house. (nih.gov)
  • We use computational tools (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and novel experimental setups (automated microfluidic systems) to study these flow states and evaluate the conditions under which they can be harnessed to actuate biomolecular transport and assembly, accelerate DNA replication and separate cells (based on their shape and size). (uc.edu)
  • Despite significant advances, few roadblocks has hindered microfluidic systems from replacing convectional bench-top analytical tools and widely penetrate the point of care in low resource settings where they are needed most. (uc.edu)
  • We will characterize these systems by physicochemical laboratory techniques to select suitable conditions for controlled structure formation. (lu.se)
  • We will use microfluidic mixing environments to systematically study structuring pathways in multicomponent systems in terms of precursor, intermediate and final hierarchical structures. (lu.se)
  • Microfluidic chip technologies, such as lab-on-a-chip technology, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, organs-on-chip and droplet techniques, precisely control and manipulate a small amount of fluid on the microscale to perform a chemical or biological process of some kind. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Raman spectroscopy is one of the many spectroscopic techniques that featured at Pittcon 2019. (news-medical.net)
  • Transmission Raman spectroscopy (TRS) is a further example of a developing biomedical Raman technique. (news-medical.net)
  • Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technology, combined with spectroscopy has the potential to become a new biomedical analytical phenomenon. (news-medical.net)
  • The Section on Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) develops and applies both high-resolution and in vivo MRS and imaging techniques. (nih.gov)
  • With this Dynamics workshop, our goal is to bring together leading experts in the field of membrane dynamics, with a particular focus on neutrons and X-rays, but also complementary techniques including NMR, single molecule spectroscopy and computer modeling. (lu.se)
  • For this purpose we employ the combination of experimental techniques in real and reciprocal spaces, including grazing incidence X-ray scattering and fluorescence, off-specular neutron scattering, flicker spectroscopy, etc. (lu.se)
  • Native membrane derived polymer-supported lipid bilayers (nSLBs) are poised to bridge the gap between live cell experiments and traditional model membrane architectures that by offering a combination of accessibility by surface sensitive analytical instrumentation and a composition which more closely resembles cellular membranes by displaying a diversity of endogenous membrane proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. (lu.se)
  • A digital microfluidic (DMF) device set-up depends on the substrates used, the electrodes, the configuration of those electrodes, the use of a dielectric material, the thickness of that dielectric material, the hydrophobic layers, and the applied voltage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immunomagnetic Isolation of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells Using a Microfluidic Device. (acs.org)
  • Recent advances in analytical tools offer invaluable insights in understanding the specific functions and health benefits these biomolecules impart to infants. (nih.gov)
  • Advances in microfluidic technology towards flexibility, transparency, functionality, wearability, scale reduction or complexity enhancement are currently limited by choices in materials and assembly methods. (nature.com)
  • Inevitably, the process of creating a complex channel, and then sealing its open surface against another material to create an enclosed channel, is a significant practical obstacle to advances in microfluidic devices. (nature.com)
  • The silver enhancement reagents may be integrated into the microfluidic assay platform to be released upon sample addition. (hindawi.com)
  • To overcome this problem, De Peña and colleagues decided to develop their own microfluidic assay to detect the amount, and length, of dsRNA present in an mRNA sample. (genengnews.com)
  • Microfluidic analytical techniques he has developed include methods for measuring the permeability of cell membranes to druglike molecules and techniques for measuring ionic currents through membrane proteins. (selectbiosciences.com)
  • Microfluidic-based sample introduction and pretreatment system provide an effective tool for the analytical process, which overcomes several drawbacks of traditional sample treatment methods. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Different analytical methods are applied to assess oil stability but none of them is good enough. (olsztyn.pl)
  • The paper describes various sample preparation techniques and instrumental methods developed to analyse different components in edible oils. (olsztyn.pl)
  • 3. Optimizing analytical methods by chemometrics and kinetics. (rroij.com)
  • My core expertise combines light, X-ray and neutron scattering methods with coarse-grained modeling using analytical and computational approaches from statistical mechanics and stochastic processes. (lu.se)
  • Resonance enhanced absorption (REA) nanocolor microfluidic devices are new promising bioassay platforms, which employ nanoparticle- (NP-) protein conjugates for the immunodetection of medically relevant markers in biologic samples such as blood, urine, and saliva. (hindawi.com)
  • Microfluidic devices that operate in the "open space", i.e., outside the confinement imposed by channels and chambers, provide unique opportunities for interacting with biological samples. (nature.com)
  • Here we demonstrate this method to create self-enclosed microfluidic devices with a few simple steps, in a number of flexible and transparent formats. (nature.com)
  • Structural colour, a property of organized microfibrillation, becomes an intrinsic feature of these microfluidic devices, enabling in-situ sensing capability. (nature.com)
  • a Conventional lithographic techniques for microfluidic devices require a sealing step, as shown by the schematic. (nature.com)
  • The objective of this research was to evaluate a relatively new technology, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (uPADs), for measuring the metals content in welding fumes. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, it is not uncommon for students in the Spence group to be experts in cell culture and cell preparation, but also understand the basics behind laser-induced flow cytometry, chemiluminescence techniques, or how to prepare microfluidic devices from 3D-printing technology. (msu.edu)
  • The selected candidate will: work in an industry and university collaborative project, perform research and development of lab-scale prototypes for applications, devise new algorithms to model microfluidic devices, perform simulation, modeling or analytical evaluation using tools such as COMSOL, ANSYS, Matlab or other equivalent software packages The candidate should have a Ph.D. degree in engineering, applied physics or some equivalent discipline. (umd.edu)
  • Lab on a Chip devices are becoming increasingly important for many bio-analytical applications. (confex.com)
  • The use of dielectrophoresis in microfluidic devices as a separation or concentration method for particles or cells is becoming an important option for many different applications where short analysis time and quick results are required, such as food safety, environmental monitoring, and clinical analysis. (confex.com)
  • Combined with PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) hydrophilic surface treatment and vacuum filling, a microfluidic perifusion system equipped with the bubble trap was successfully applied for long-term culture of mouse pancreatic islets with no bubble formation and no flow interruption. (nih.gov)
  • The manufacture of microfluidic chips mainly involves chip processing, sealing and other links. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • However, their expensive price and difficult processing hamper their latter applications in microfluidic chip processing. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Now, much attention has been attracted to the micro-chip capillary electrophoresis technique because of its many advantages such as high degree of integration, portability, minimal reagent consumption, and high performance. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Creative Biolabs has more than a decade of microfluidic chip development experience and offers a wide range of microfluidic chip development services from scheme design and optimization to high-quality data delivery. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • It was, therefore, no surprise that Pittcon 2019 featured biomedical researchers from around the world who were working diligently to address these important health issues through the development of new techniques and technologies. (news-medical.net)
  • Microfluidic evaluation of red cells collected and stored in modified processing solutions used in blood banking? (msu.edu)
  • Thus, these magnetic particles are readily and precisely maneuvered in microfluidic and biological environments. (mcmaster.ca)
  • The analytical solution of the first problem is obtained by reducing the Poisson equation for the longitudinal flow velocity to the Laplace equation, conformal mapping of the corresponding transformed physical domain onto an auxiliary half-plane and solving there the Signorini mixed boundary value problem (BVP). (springer.com)
  • As a result, the overlap of the dissolved specimen and the intense light field in the micronsized core is increased manyfold compared to conventional bioanalytical techniques, facilitating highly-efficient photoactivation processes. (mpg.de)
  • Concern for the economic and environmental impact of chemical analysis has been a driving force behind the miniaturization of analytical analysis. (dissertation.com)
  • Raman is a low-energy, non-destructive and non-invasive technique that can be used to image even delicate tissues in situ . (news-medical.net)
  • His research focuses on microfluidic strategies to facilitate material fabrication and biophysical analysis. (selectbiosciences.com)
  • This technique has become a non-invasive technique for the analysis of breast calcification detected from mammograms. (news-medical.net)
  • This review describes recent developments in edible oils analysis by using various instrumental techniques. (olsztyn.pl)
  • His research focuses on developing microfluidic analytical technologies and methodologies as well as environmental analysis issues. (rroij.com)
  • The research of microfluidic driving technology suitable for microchannels is the premise and foundation of microfluidic control. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Microfluidic-based technology has been reported in whole blood sample pretreatment including blood cell and plasma separation, white blood cell lysis, and DNA purification. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. (mdpi.com)
  • Microfluidic-Based Bacteria Isolation from Whole Blood for Diagnostics of Blood Stream Infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Shorter diffusion times, the potential for parallelism and the conservation of reagents and samples all contribute to the motivations of microfluidic development. (dissertation.com)
  • Silicon and glass are the earliest substrate materials used for microfluidic chips. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • For this, an approach based on infrared spectroscopic imaging - a technique that can trace chemical changes in the organic substrate - will be developed. (lu.se)
  • We provide insight into the microfluidic transport of magnetic particles and discuss various MEMS and bioMEMS applications. (mcmaster.ca)
  • A new technique in our group involves 3D-printing. (msu.edu)
  • There is growing interest in the development of analytical and separation techniques that can be applied at the microscale level. (confex.com)
  • 8 ]. Current research focuses on the optimization of this system as versatile, fast, and sensitive microfluidic POC one-step-immunoassay platform. (hindawi.com)
  • Reliable long-term cell culture in microfluidic system is limited by air bubble formation and accumulation. (nih.gov)
  • Drive and control of microfluid is one of the key techniques in the development of the microfluidic analytical system. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Therefore, it is very important to develop an efficient sample introduction and pretreatment system for an analytical system. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • This has been addressed through the development of combinatorial techniques such as Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), which has recently been used to image brain tissue in Alzheimer's disease. (news-medical.net)
  • However, the real-time measurement provided by the microfluidic sensor still needs to be implemented and assessed in an integrated continuous downstream process. (lu.se)
  • The implementation of continuous processing in the biopharmaceutical industry is hindered by the scarcity of process analytical technologies (PAT). (lu.se)
  • Because different imaging technologies have distinct capabilities, strengths, and limitations, studies are designed so that the same subjects are iteratively studied using multiple techniques to provide complementary information about pathophysiology. (nih.gov)
  • A Review of Analytical Techniques and Their Application in Disease Diagnosis in Breathomics and Salivaomics Research. (cdc.gov)
  • This technical brief describes a microfluidic architecture capable of developing a physiologically relevant oxygen gradient that emulates the oxygen profile proximal to the epithelial inner lining of the human colon. (bvsalud.org)
  • on the other hand, microfluidic chips were developed and manufactured in order to observe medical and biological processes in vitro under dynamic conditions. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • Miniaturizing these analytical techniques can increase measurement speed and enable faster decision-making. (lu.se)
  • In analogy to digital microelectronics, digital microfluidic operations can be combined and reused within hierarchical design structures so that complex procedures (e.g. chemical synthesis or biological assays) can be built up step-by-step. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we introduce a two-plate digital microfluidic (DMF) strategy to interface small-volume samples with NMR microcoils. (rsc.org)