Microcystins
Microcystis
Peptides, Cyclic
Eutrophication
Cyanobacteria
Nostoc
Dreissena
Marine Toxins
Anabaena
Lichens
Lakes
Bacterial Toxins
Cylindrospermopsis
Daphnia
Water Microbiology
Carps
Peptide Synthases
Phosphorylase a
Water Supply
Protein Phosphatase 1
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Ca2+ sensitization of smooth muscle contractility induced by ruthenium red. (1/396)
The effects of ruthenium red (RuR) on contractility were examined in skinned fibers of guinea pig smooth muscles, where sarcoplasmic reticulum function was destroyed by treatment with A-23187. Contractions of skinned fibers of the urinary bladder were enhanced by RuR in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50 = 60 microM at pCa 6.0). The magnitude of contraction at pCa 6.0 was increased to 320% of control by 100 microM RuR. Qualitatively, the same results were obtained in skinned fibers prepared from the ileal longitudinal smooth muscle layer and mesenteric artery. The maximal contraction induced by pCa 4.5 was not affected significantly by RuR. The enhanced contraction by RuR was not reversed by the addition of guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) or a peptide inhibitor of protein kinase C [PKC-(19-31)]. The application of microcystin, a potent protein phosphatase inhibitor, induced a tonic contraction of skinned smooth muscle at low Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]; pCa > 8.0). RuR had a dual effect on the microcystin-induced contraction-to- enhancement ratio at low concentrations and suppression at high concentrations. The relaxation following the decrease in [Ca2+] from pCa 5.0 to >8.0 was significantly slowed down by an addition of RuR. Phosphorylation of the myosin light chain at pCa 6.3 was significantly increased by RuR in skinned fibers of the guinea pig ileum. These results indicate that RuR markedly increases the Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile system, at least in part via inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase. (+info)Cyanobacterial PPP family protein phosphatases possess multifunctional capabilities and are resistant to microcystin-LR. (2/396)
The structural gene for a putative PPP family protein-serine/threonine phosphatase from the microcystin-producing cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7820, pp1-cyano1, was cloned. The sequence of the predicted gene product, PP1-cyano1, was 98% identical to that of the predicted product of an open reading frame, pp1-cyano2, from a cyanobacterium that does not produce microcystins, M. aeruginosa UTEX 2063. By contrast, PP1-cyano1 displayed less than 20% identity with other PPP family protein phosphatases from eukaryotic, archaeal, or other bacterial organisms. PP1-cyano1 and PP1-cyano2 were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Both enzymes exhibited divalent metal dependent phosphohydrolase activity in vitro toward phosphoserine- and phosphotyrosine-containing proteins and 3-phosphohistidine- and phospholysine-containing amino acid homopolymers. This multifunctional potential also was apparent in samples of PP1-cyano1 and PP1-cyano2 isolated from M. aeruginosa. Catalytic activity was insensitive to okadaic acid or the cyanobacterially produced cyclic heptapeptide, microcystin-LR, both potent inhibitors of mammalian PP1 and PP2A. PP1-cyano1 and PP1-cyano2 displayed diadenosine tetraphosphatase activity in vitro. Diadenosine tetraphosphatases share conserved sequence features with PPP family protein phosphatases. The diadenosine tetraphosphatase activity of PP1-cyano1 and PP1-cyano2 confirms that these enzymes share a common catalytic mechanism. (+info)Ca2+-independent phosphorylation of myosin in rat caudal artery and chicken gizzard myofilaments. (3/396)
1. Smooth muscle contraction is activated primarily by the Ca2+-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent phosphorylation of the 20 kDa light chains (LC20) of myosin. Activation can also occur in some instances without a change in intracellular free [Ca2+] or indeed in a Ca2+-independent manner. These signalling pathways often involve inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase and unmasking of basal kinase activity leading to LC20 phosphorylation and contraction. 2. We have used demembranated rat caudal arterial smooth muscle strips and isolated chicken gizzard myofilaments in conjunction with the phosphatase inhibitor microcystin-LR to investigate the mechanism of Ca2+-independent phosphorylation of LC20 and contraction. 3. Treatment of Triton X-100-demembranated rat caudal arterial smooth muscle strips with microcystin at pCa 9 triggered a concentration-dependent contraction that was slower than that induced by pCa 4.5 or 6 but reached comparable steady-state levels of tension. 4. This Ca2+-independent, microcystin-induced contraction correlated with phosphorylation of LC20 at serine-19 and threonine-18. 5. Whereas Ca2+-dependent LC20 phosphorylation and contraction were inhibited by a synthetic peptide (AV25) based on the autoinhibitory domain of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), Ca2+-independent, microcystin-induced LC20 phosphorylation and contraction were resistant to AV25. 6. Ca2+-independent LC20 kinase activity was also detected in chicken gizzard smooth muscle myofilaments and catalysed phosphorylation of endogenous myosin LC20 at serine-19 and/or threonine-18. This is in contrast to MLCK which phosphorylates threonine-18 only after prior phosphorylation of serine-19. 7. Gizzard Ca2+-independent LC20 kinase could be separated from MLCK by differential extraction from myofilaments and by CaM affinity chromatography. Its activity was resistant to AV25. 8. We conclude that inhibition of smooth muscle myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) unmasks the activity of a Ca2+-independent LC20 kinase associated with the myofilaments and distinct from MLCK. This kinase, therefore, probably plays a role in Ca2+ sensitization and Ca2+-independent contraction of smooth muscle in response to stimuli that act via Ca2+-independent pathways, leading to inhibition of MLCP. (+info)Effects of microcystins on phosphorylase-a binding to phosphatase-2A: kinetic analysis by surface plasmon resonance biosensor. (4/396)
Cyclic heptapeptide microcystins are a group of hepatoxicants which exert the cytotoxic effects by inhibiting the catalytic activities of phosphatase-2A (PP-2A) and phosphatase-1 (PP-1) and thus disrupt the normal signal transduction pathways. Microcystins interact with PP-2A and PP-1 by a two-step mechanism involving rapid binding and inactivation of protein phosphatase catalytic subunit, followed by a slower covalent interaction. It was proposed that inactivation of PP-2A/PP-1 catalytic activity by microcystins precedes covalent adduct formation. In this study, we used a biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to examine the effects of three microcystins, MCLR, MCRR and MCYR, on the binding between PP-2A and its substrate, phosphorylase-a (PL-a), during the first step of the interaction. The SPR biosensor provides real-time information on the association and dissociation kinetics of PL-a with immobilized PP-2A in the absence and presence of microcystins. It was found that the affinity of PL-a to microcystin-bound PP-2A was four times smaller compared to unbound PP-2A, due to 50% decreases in the association rates and two-fold increases in dissociation rates of PL-a binding to PP-2A. The results suggest that the rapid binding of microcystins to the PP-2A catalytic site leads to the formation of a noncovalent microcystin/PP-2A adduct. While the adduct formation fully inhibits the catalytic activity of PP-2A, it only results in partial inhibition of the substrate binding. The similar effects of the three microcystins on PP-2A suggest that the toxins bind to PP-2A at the same site and cause similar conformational changes. The present work also demonstrates the potential application of biosensor technology in environmental toxicological research. (+info)Association of the type 1 protein phosphatase PP1 with the A-kinase anchoring protein AKAP220. (5/396)
The cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and the type 1 protein phosphatase (PP1) are broad-specificity signaling enzymes with opposing actions that catalyze changes in the phosphorylation state of cellular proteins. Subcellular targeting to the vicinity of preferred substrates is a means of restricting the specificity of each enzyme [1] [2]. Compartmentalization of the PKA holoenzyme is mediated through association of the regulatory subunits with A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), whereas a diverse family of phosphatase-targeting subunits directs the location of the PP1 catalytic subunit (PP1c) [3] [4]. Here, we demonstrate that the PKA-anchoring protein, AKAP220, binds PP1c with a dissociation constant (KD) of 12.1 +/- 4 nM in vitro. Immunoprecipitation of PP1 from cell extracts resulted in a 10.4 +/- 3.8-fold enrichment of PKA activity. AKAP220 co-purified with PP1c by affinity chromatography on microcystin sepharos Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that the kinase, the phosphatase and the anchoring protein had distinct but overlapping staining patterns in rat hippocampal neurons. Collectively, these results provide the first evidence that AKAP220 is a multivalent anchoring protein that maintains a signaling scaffold of PP1 and the PKA holoenzyme. (+info)A constitutively "phosphorylated" guanylyl cyclase-linked atrial natriuretic peptide receptor mutant is resistant to desensitization. (6/396)
Dephosphorylation of the natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) is hypothesized to mediate its desensitization in response to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) binding. Recently, we identified six phosphorylation sites within the kinase homology domain of NPR-A and determined that the conversion of these residues to alanine abolished the ability of the receptor to be phosphorylated or to be activated by ANP and ATP. In an attempt to generate a form of NPR-A that mimics a fully phosphorylated receptor but that is resistant to dephosphorylation, we engineered a receptor variant (NPR-A-6E) containing glutamate substitutions at all six phosphorylation sites. Consistent with the known ability of negatively charged glutamate residues to substitute functionally, in some cases, for phosphorylated residues, we found that NPR-A-6E was activated 10-fold by ANP and ATP. As determined by guanylyl cyclase assays, the hormone-stimulated activity of the wild-type receptor declined over time in membrane preparations in vitro, and this loss was blocked by the serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor microcystin. In contrast, the activity of NPR-A-6E was more linear with time and was unaffected by microcystin. The nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)-triphosphate was half as effective as ATP in stimulating the wild-type receptor but was equally as potent in stimulating NPR-A-6E, suggesting that ATP is required to keep the wild-type but not 6E variant phosphorylated. Finally, the desensitization of NPR-A-6E in whole cells was markedly blunted compared with that of the wild-type receptor, consistent with its inability to shed the negative charge from its kinase homology domain via dephosphorylation. These data provide the first direct test of the requirement for dephosphorylation in guanylyl cyclase desensitization and they indicate that it is an essential component of this process. (+info)Mitotic aberrations induced by carbaryl reflect tyrosine kinase inhibition with coincident up-regulation of serine/threonine protein phosphatase activity: implications for coordination of karyokinesis and cytokinesis. (7/396)
The insecticide carbaryl and its metabolite 1-naphthol cause partial uncoupling of karyokinesis and cytokinesis in V79 Chinese hamster fibroblasts; karyokinesis is blocked in metaphase, the microtubules of the spindle depolymerize and the chromosomes and spindle remnants become displaced to the periphery of the cell. A high frequency of these disturbed cells elongate and a smaller fraction initiate a cleavage furrow. Here, we attempt to determine the potential targets for carbaryl and 1-naphthol in cytokinesis-specific signalling, led by the fact that the potential protein phosphatase inhibitor 1-naphthyl phosphate was previously identified in treated cells. We found that the typical cytological pattern induced by carbaryl and 1-naphthol could be obtained with tyrphostins, specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors, indicating that the carbaryl-induced effects could be due to tyrosine kinase inhibition. This was confirmed by tyrosine kinase assays showing that carbaryl, 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol were equally efficient at inhibiting tyrosine kinase activity as tyrphostin B44(-). As tyrosine kinases can act as regulatory factors in determining dephosphorylation rates, the activities of type-1 (PP1) and type-2A (PP2A) serine/threonine protein phosphatases were also determined. There was a clear up-regulation of the overall PP1/PP2A activities in cells treated with carbaryl, 1-naphthol or tyrphostin B44(-). This stimulation was shown to be indirect because these compounds had no effect on the activity of purified human PP1 in the test tube. 2-Naphthol, which has been found to be less efficient with regard to displacement of chromatin, did not cause up-regulation, but a significant decrease in PP1/PP2A activity. We suggest that a net decrease in tyrosine kinase activity in combination with a net increase in PP1/PP2A activity is a precondition for cell elongation and cytokinesis in mammalian cells and that the corresponding enzymes are targets in the network of activities serving to coordinate karyokinesis and cytokinesis. (+info)Nonribosomal peptide synthesis and toxigenicity of cyanobacteria. (8/396)
Nonribosomal peptide synthesis is achieved in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes by the thiotemplate function of large, modular enzyme complexes known collectively as peptide synthetases. These and other multifunctional enzyme complexes, such as polyketide synthases, are of interest due to their use in unnatural-product or combinatorial biosynthesis (R. McDaniel, S. Ebert-Khosla, D. A. Hopwood, and C. Khosla, Science 262:1546-1557, 1993; T. Stachelhaus, A. Schneider, and M. A. Marahiel, Science 269:69-72, 1995). Most nonribosomal peptides from microorganisms are classified as secondary metabolites; that is, they rarely have a role in primary metabolism, growth, or reproduction but have evolved to somehow benefit the producing organisms. Cyanobacteria produce a myriad array of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, polyketides, and nonribosomal peptides, some of which are potent toxins. This paper addresses the molecular genetic basis of nonribosomal peptide synthesis in diverse species of cyanobacteria. Amplification of peptide synthetase genes was achieved by use of degenerate primers directed to conserved functional motifs of these modular enzyme complexes. Specific detection of the gene cluster encoding the biosynthetic pathway of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin was shown for both cultured and uncultured samples. Blot hybridizations, DNA amplifications, sequencing, and evolutionary analysis revealed a broad distribution of peptide synthetase gene orthologues in cyanobacteria. The results demonstrate a molecular approach to assessing preexpression microbial functional diversity in uncultured cyanobacteria. The nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic pathways detected may lead to the discovery and engineering of novel antibiotics, immunosuppressants, or antiviral agents. (+info)Microcystins are a type of toxin produced by certain species of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) that can contaminate freshwater bodies. They are cyclic peptides consisting of seven amino acids, and their structure varies among different microcystin variants. These toxins can have negative effects on the liver and other organs in humans and animals upon exposure through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact with contaminated water. They are a concern for both public health and environmental safety, particularly in relation to drinking water supplies, recreational water use, and aquatic ecosystems.
"Microcystis" is not a medical term, but a genus of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) commonly found in freshwater environments. Some species of Microcystis can produce toxins called microcystins, which can cause liver damage and other health problems in humans and animals when they consume or come into contact with contaminated water. Therefore, Microcystis blooms in recreational waters or drinking water sources can pose a public health concern.
Cyclic peptides are a type of peptides in which the N-terminus and C-terminus of the peptide chain are linked to form a circular structure. This is in contrast to linear peptides, which have a straight peptide backbone with a free N-terminus and C-terminus. The cyclization of peptides can occur through various mechanisms, including the formation of an amide bond between the N-terminal amino group and the C-terminal carboxylic acid group (head-to-tail cyclization), or through the formation of a bond between side chain functional groups.
Cyclic peptides have unique structural and chemical properties that make them valuable in medical and therapeutic applications. For example, they are more resistant to degradation by enzymes compared to linear peptides, which can increase their stability and half-life in the body. Additionally, the cyclic structure allows for greater conformational rigidity, which can enhance their binding affinity and specificity to target molecules.
Cyclic peptides have been explored as potential therapeutics for a variety of diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. They have also been used as tools in basic research to study protein-protein interactions and cell signaling pathways.
Eutrophication is the process of excessive nutrient enrichment in bodies of water, which can lead to a rapid growth of aquatic plants and algae. This overgrowth can result in decreased levels of oxygen in the water, harming or even killing fish and other aquatic life. The primary cause of eutrophication is the addition of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, from human activities such as agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater discharge, and air pollution.
In advanced stages, eutrophication can lead to a shift in the dominant species in the aquatic ecosystem, favoring those that are better adapted to the high-nutrient conditions. This can result in a loss of biodiversity and changes in water quality, making it difficult for many organisms to survive.
Eutrophication is a significant global environmental problem, affecting both freshwater and marine ecosystems. It can lead to harmful algal blooms (HABs), which can produce toxins that are dangerous to humans and animals. In addition, eutrophication can impact water use for drinking, irrigation, recreation, and industry, making it a critical issue for public health and economic development.
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are a type of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, similar to plants. They can produce oxygen and contain chlorophyll a, which gives them a greenish color. Some species of cyanobacteria can produce toxins that can be harmful to humans and animals if ingested or inhaled. They are found in various aquatic environments such as freshwater lakes, ponds, and oceans, as well as in damp soil and on rocks. Cyanobacteria are important contributors to the Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere and play a significant role in the global carbon cycle.
Nostoc is not a medical term, but a genus of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can form colonies in various aquatic and terrestrial environments. Some species of nostoc are capable of forming gelatinous masses or "mats" that can be found in freshwater bodies, soils, and even on the surface of rocks and stones.
While nostoc itself is not a medical term, it has been studied in the context of medicine due to its potential health benefits. Some research suggests that nostoc may have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, among others. However, more studies are needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic uses of nostoc and its safety for human consumption or use in medical treatments.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.
"Dreissena" is a genus of freshwater mussels that are commonly known as zebra mussels or quagga mussels. These small, invasive species originated in Eastern Europe and have spread to many other parts of the world, including North America. They are called "zebra mussels" because of the distinctive striped pattern on their shells, while "quagga mussels" have a more uniform brown or yellow coloration. Both species can cause significant ecological and economic damage by filtering large amounts of water and removing plankton, which can disrupt food chains and alter water quality. They also attach to hard surfaces in large numbers, causing fouling and damage to infrastructure such as pipes and water treatment facilities.
Marine toxins are toxic compounds that are produced by certain marine organisms, including algae, bacteria, and various marine animals such as shellfish, jellyfish, and snails. These toxins can cause a range of illnesses and symptoms in humans who consume contaminated seafood or come into direct contact with the toxin-producing organisms. Some of the most well-known marine toxins include:
1. Saxitoxin: Produced by certain types of algae, saxitoxin can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans who consume contaminated shellfish. Symptoms of PSP include tingling and numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingers, followed by muscle weakness, paralysis, and in severe cases, respiratory failure.
2. Domoic acid: Produced by certain types of algae, domoic acid can cause amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans who consume contaminated shellfish. Symptoms of ASP include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, and memory loss.
3. Okadaic acid: Produced by certain types of algae, okadaic acid can cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans who consume contaminated shellfish. Symptoms of DSP include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.
4. Ciguatoxin: Produced by certain types of dinoflagellates, ciguatoxin can cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans who consume contaminated fish. Symptoms of CFP include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and neurological symptoms such as tingling and numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingers, as well as reversal of hot and cold sensations.
5. Tetrodotoxin: Found in certain types of pufferfish, tetrodotoxin can cause a severe form of food poisoning known as pufferfish poisoning or fugu poisoning. Symptoms of tetrodotoxin poisoning include numbness of the lips and tongue, difficulty speaking, muscle weakness, paralysis, and respiratory failure.
Prevention measures for these types of seafood poisoning include avoiding consumption of fish and shellfish that are known to be associated with these toxins, as well as cooking and preparing seafood properly before eating it. Additionally, monitoring programs have been established in many countries to monitor the levels of these toxins in seafood and issue warnings when necessary.
Anabaena is a genus of cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae. These bacteria are capable of photosynthesis and can form colonies that resemble fine filaments or hair-like structures. Some species of Anabaena are able to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, making them important contributors to the nitrogen cycle in aquatic ecosystems. In some cases, certain species of Anabaena can produce toxins that can be harmful to other organisms, including humans and animals.
It's worth noting that while Anabaena is a widely used and well-established genus name, recent research has suggested that the traditional classification system for cyanobacteria may not accurately reflect their evolutionary relationships. As a result, some scientists have proposed alternative classification schemes that may lead to changes in the way these organisms are named and classified in the future.
Lichens are not a medical term, but I can provide a biological definition for you. Lichens are unique symbiotic organisms that result from the mutualistic relationship between fungi (usually Ascomycetes) and photosynthetic partners, such as algae or cyanobacteria. The fungal partner provides protection and anchorage, while the photosynthetic partner supplies carbohydrates through photosynthesis. Lichens are widely distributed and can be found growing on various substrates, including rocks, trees, and soil. They play essential ecological roles, such as soil stabilization, atmospheric nitrogen fixation, and biomonitoring of air pollution.
I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Lakes" is not a medical term that has a specific definition in the context of medicine or healthcare. It is a geographical term used to describe large bodies of water surrounded by land. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
Bacterial toxins are poisonous substances produced and released by bacteria. They can cause damage to the host organism's cells and tissues, leading to illness or disease. Bacterial toxins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins and endotoxins.
Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells that can cause harm to the host. They often target specific cellular components or pathways, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Some examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism; diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria; and tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.
Endotoxins, on the other hand, are components of the bacterial cell wall that are released when the bacteria die or divide. They consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause a generalized inflammatory response in the host. Endotoxins can be found in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Bacterial toxins can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type of toxin, the dose, and the site of infection. They can lead to serious illnesses or even death if left untreated. Vaccines and antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of severe complications from bacterial toxins.
Cylindrospermopsis is a genus of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can produce toxins harmful to humans and animals. The most well-known species in this genus is Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, which can produce the potent hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin. This toxin can cause liver damage and other health effects in both humans and animals that consume contaminated water or food.
Cylindrospermopsis species are commonly found in freshwater environments, such as lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. They can form blooms under certain conditions, such as high nutrient levels, warm temperatures, and still or slow-moving waters. These blooms can create a variety of health and environmental hazards, including the production of toxins that can harm wildlife, livestock, and people.
If you suspect that a body of water may be contaminated with Cylindrospermopsis or other harmful algal blooms (HABs), it is important to avoid contact with the water and to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of exposure, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or skin irritation. It is also important to report any suspected HABs to your local health department or environmental agency for further investigation and monitoring.
'Daphnia' is not a medical term, but rather it refers to a group of small, planktonic crustaceans commonly known as water fleas. They are widely distributed in various freshwater environments and play an important role in the aquatic food chain as they serve as a food source for many larger animals such as fish.
While Daphnia may not have a direct medical definition, there has been some research into their potential use in biomedical applications due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. For instance, they have been used as indicators of water quality and toxicity levels in ecotoxicological studies. However, it is important to note that Daphnia itself is not a medical term or concept.
Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.
In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.
Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.
Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.
I cannot provide a medical definition for "carps" as it is not a term used in medicine. The term "carp" refers to a type of freshwater fish that belongs to the family Cyprinidae. If you meant to ask about something else, please provide more context or clarify your question.
Peptide synthases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between specific amino acids to produce peptides or proteins. They are responsible for the biosynthesis of many natural products, including antibiotics, bacterial toxins, and immunomodulatory peptides.
Peptide synthases are large, complex enzymes that consist of multiple domains and modules, each of which is responsible for activating and condensing specific amino acids. The activation of amino acids involves the formation of an aminoacyl-adenylate intermediate, followed by transfer of the activated amino acid to a thiol group on the enzyme. The condensation of two activated amino acids results in the formation of a peptide bond and release of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and pyrophosphate.
Peptide synthases are found in all three domains of life, but are most commonly associated with bacteria and fungi. They play important roles in the biosynthesis of many natural products that have therapeutic potential, making them targets for drug discovery and development.
Phosphorylase a is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the breakdown and metabolism of glycogen, a complex carbohydrate stored primarily in the liver and muscles. It is a phosphorylated form of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase, which is activated by the addition of a phosphate group.
Phosphorylase a catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogenolysis, the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate, which can then be converted into glucose and used for energy production. The activation of phosphorylase a is mediated by hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and glucagon, which stimulate the enzyme phosphorylase kinase to add a phosphate group to inactive phosphorylase b, converting it to active phosphorylase a.
Phosphorylase a is composed of two identical subunits, each containing a catalytic site and a regulatory site that binds to ATP, glucose, and other molecules. The enzyme's activity is regulated by several factors, including the concentration of glucose, the presence of calcium ions, and the phosphorylation state of the enzyme.
In summary, Phosphorylase a is a key enzyme in glycogen metabolism that catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate, providing energy for the body's cells. Its activity is regulated by hormones and other factors, making it an important component of the body's energy homeostasis.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "water supply" is not a medical term per se. It is a general term used to describe the system or arrangement providing water for consumption or use, such as a public water supply system or a private well. However, in a medical context, it could refer to the source of water used in a healthcare facility for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and patient care, which must meet certain quality standards to prevent infection and ensure safety.
Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a type of serine/threonine protein phosphatase that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various cellular processes, including metabolism, signal transduction, and cell cycle progression. PP1 functions by removing phosphate groups from specific serine and threonine residues on target proteins, thereby reversing the effects of protein kinases and controlling protein activity, localization, and stability.
PP1 is a highly conserved enzyme found in eukaryotic cells and is composed of a catalytic subunit associated with one or more regulatory subunits that determine its substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and regulation. The human genome encodes several isoforms of the PP1 catalytic subunit, including PP1α, PP1β/δ, and PP1γ, which share a high degree of sequence similarity and functional redundancy.
PP1 has been implicated in various physiological processes, such as muscle contraction, glycogen metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing. Dysregulation of PP1 activity has been associated with several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate PP1 function is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders.
Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.
Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.
Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.
Phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in the regulation of various cellular processes by removing phosphate groups from serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues on proteins. Phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that regulates protein function, localization, and stability, and dephosphorylation by PPPs is essential for maintaining the balance of this regulation.
The PPP family includes several subfamilies, such as PP1, PP2A, PP2B (also known as calcineurin), PP4, PP5, and PP6. Each subfamily has distinct substrate specificities and regulatory mechanisms. For example, PP1 and PP2A are involved in the regulation of metabolism, signal transduction, and cell cycle progression, while PP2B is involved in immune response and calcium signaling.
Dysregulation of PPPs has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of PPPs is important for developing therapeutic strategies to target these diseases.
Microcystin
Microcystin-LR
Nodularin
Cyanotoxin
Spirulina (dietary supplement)
ADDA (amino acid)
Cyanopeptolin
Dehydroalanine
Hartbeespoort Dam
Microcystis aeruginosa
North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study
Copper alloys in aquaculture
Cyclamide
Steroidobacter flavus
Planktothrix
Steroidobacter
Anabaenopsis
Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta
Lake Needwood
Harmful algal bloom
Oligopeptide
Anatoxin-a
Amina Pollard
Pistia
Aeroplankton
Enzyme inhibitor
Microcystis
Lake Okeechobee
Single-walled carbon nanohorn
Rivularia (cyanobacteria)
Microcystin - Wikipedia
Influences of Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins on the Seedling of Plants
Community Needs Assessment After Microcystin Toxin Contamination of a Municipal Water Supply - Lucas County, Ohio, September...
Pure Water Gazette » Microcystin in Toledo's Water Supply
MECHANISMS OF MICROCYSTIN-INDUCED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS
2010-2011 Microcystins in Bottled Water - Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Evaluating expected microcystin removal at three Ontario drinking water treatment plants
science24.com - Towards the protein phosphatase-based biosensors for microcystins detection
Microcystin in Ugandan lakes: Production dynamics, accumulation in fish, and risk evaluation
Lake Erie, phosphorus, and microcystin: Is it really the farmer's fault? | Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
Iron based sustainable greener technologies to treat cyanobacteria and microcystin-LR in water | Water Supply | IWA Publishing
Microcystin Toxicity Concurrent with Steatitis in Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) in Maryland in 2001 - IAAAM Archive - VIN
Browsing by Subject "Microcystins"
Study to evaluate performance of film-based passive samplers for measuring microcystins - Southern California Coastal Water...
idUS - Analysis of the Use of Cylindrospermopsin and/or Microcystin-Contaminated Water in the Growth, Mineral Content, and...
Across U.S., Eruptions of Toxic Algae Plague Lakes, Threatening Drinking Water and Recreation
Microcystins and nodularins<...
Microcystin Plate Kit
First report of microcystin-producing Fischerella sp. (Stigonematales, Cyanobacteria) in tropical Australia
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microcystins in dogs - Homeofarm - Bulk Biotech Lab Suppliers
Microcystin LR Standard, 0.5 mg
Updating the ELISA standard curve fitting process to reduce uncertainty in estimated microcystin concentrations
Abraxis Elisa Microcystin Kit - Gentaur Biotech
Robertson-Bryan, Inc. :: More on Dr. Ellen Preece's Work with Microcystins
Rice husks can remove microcystin toxins from water | SIDNA
2023-08-23 Microcystin Monitoring Report - Lake Zoar Authority
1.0PPB Microcystins HPLC Algae Plant Extract Powder GC MS Organic Spirulina Powder
Microcystin-LR, Microcystis aeruginosa - CAS 101043-37-2 - Calbiochem | 475815
Indicators: Algal Toxins (microcystin) | National Aquatic Resource Surveys | US EPA
Toxin13
- On August 1, 2014, routine testing at the Collins Park Water Treatment Plant in Lucas County, Ohio, revealed microcystin toxin levels in drinking water had reached 3.19 μ g/L, surpassing the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking water advisory threshold of 1.0 μ g/L. Microcystin is a hepatoxin released by cyanobacteria in certain harmful algal blooms. (cdc.gov)
- On August 4, 2014, the advisory was lifted after multiple water samples confirmed microcystin toxin levels had dropped below the advisory threshold. (cdc.gov)
- All thanks to a tiny but potent toxin called microcystin. (purewatergazette.net)
- Chlorination is a key mechanism for microcystin removal, but can cause cell lysis and toxin release. (uwaterloo.ca)
- Microcystin concentrations in fish from several study sites followed seasonal trends that were similar to those observed for microcystin concentrations in water at these sites, suggesting that fish can rapidly respond to changes in microcystin concentrations in water through accumulation and depuration of this toxin. (uwaterloo.ca)
- However, this is the first time they have been shown to remove microcystin, the toxin released by harmful algal blooms. (sidna.net)
- Microcystin is a potent liver toxin and possible human carcinogen. (epa.gov)
- This is the first time they have been shown to remove microcystin, the toxin released by harmful algal blooms that are increasingly occurring in the Great Lakes and other freshwater lakes around the world. (medbizpro.com)
- The combined effect of microcystin-LR toxin and rising temperatures on a dominant zooplankter in the system, Bosmina longirostris, was the focus of this study. (ecu.edu)
- While the majority of reports mention inorganic toxin accumulation in parasites, studies concerning effects of organic pollution are infrequent and little is known about the potential of parasites to bio-accumulate microcystins. (nel.edu)
- Five Arctic cyanobacterial communities were screened for saxitoxin, another common cyanobacterial toxin, and microcystins using immunological, spectroscopic and molecular methods. (waikato.ac.nz)
- In vivo genotoxic potential of microcystin-LR: a cyanobacterial toxin, investigated both by the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and the comet assays after intravenous administration. (hal.science)
- Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by freshwater cyanobacteria and is a potential threat to human health. (hal.science)
Cyanobacteria11
- Microcystins-or cyanoginosins-are a class of toxins produced by certain freshwater cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae. (wikipedia.org)
- Cyanobacteria can produce microcystins in large quantities during algal blooms which then pose a major threat to drinking and irrigation water supplies, and the environment at large. (wikipedia.org)
- The microcystin-producing Microcystis is a genus of freshwater cyanobacteria and thrives in warm water conditions, especially in stagnant waters. (wikipedia.org)
- better source needed] Microcystins may have evolved as a way to deal with low iron supply in cyanobacteria: the molecule binds iron, and non-producing strains are significantly worse at coping with low iron levels. (wikipedia.org)
- Microcystins are hepatotoxins (liver toxins) produced by cyanobacteria. (purewatergazette.net)
- Cyanobacteria can produce a group of hepatotoxins called microcystins, which are the most common cyanobacterial toxins found in water. (canada.ca)
- The presence of the toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and other cyanotoxins, in drinking water sources poses a serious risk to public health. (iwaponline.com)
- A polyphasic study of four Stigonematales cyanobacteria from tropical Australia (Queensland) revealed production of the hepatotoxins microcystins (MC-LR, MC-LA, MC-LF, MC-FR and demethyl-MC-LR) by Fischerella sp. (edu.au)
- The occurrence of diverse oligopeptides in cyanobacteria, including the cyanotoxins microcystins, has been recently used to classify individual clones into sub-specific oligopeptide chemotypes, whose composition and dynamics modulate microcystin concentrations in cyanobacterial blooms. (mdpi.com)
- Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed by diets supplemented with cyanobacteria containing in part the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) to determine the potential impacts on detoxification. (hal.science)
- Microcystins are toxic chemicals generated by certain freshwater cyanobacteria. (cdc.gov)
Cyanotoxins7
- Microcystins are a commonly occurring group of cyanotoxins in North America. (uwaterloo.ca)
- SCCWRP and its partners have launched a two-year study to evaluate the performance of novel, film-based passive sampling technology for measuring a class of cyanotoxins known as microcystins. (sccwrp.org)
- The objective of this work was to assess the susceptibility of two green vegetables, spinach and lettuce, to the cyanotoxins microcystin (MC) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), individually and in mixture. (us.es)
- Currently, microcystins and other cyanotoxins that develop from blue-green algae are not regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act, but they are on the EPA's Contaminant Candidate List, an early step toward potential future regulation. (ewg.org)
- 3 The EPA has also listed various cyanotoxins in the Fourth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 4 which requires all public water systems serving more than 10,000 people, plus a representative sample of smaller systems, to test for microcystin and other cyanotoxins for two consecutive months in one year between 2018 and 2020. (ewg.org)
- While many varieties of cyanotoxins exist, the one believed to be the most widespread of these toxins is microcystin. (epa.gov)
- Microcystins (MCs) are one of the most commonly reported cyanotoxins with over 247 analogues to date. (worktribe.com)
Hepatotoxins3
- Each sample was analyzed for the most commonly-occurring hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularin. (canada.ca)
- Microcystins are hepatotoxins produced by at least two Microcystis sp. (vin.com)
- Type species of this genus are found in lakes of the Northern Hemisphere and are known producers of hepatotoxins and MICROCYSTINS. (bvsalud.org)
Microcystis7
- At all study sites except Lake Nkuruba, microcystin concentrations in water regularly exceeded the WHO guideline for microcystin in drinking water of 1.0 µg/L. Microcystis spp. (uwaterloo.ca)
- emerged as the cyanobacterial taxa that is primarily responsible for microcystin production in these lakes, and as such, microcystin concentrations were closely linked to environmental factors that favour the development of high Microcystis biomass, including high nutrient concentrations, as well as shallow mixing depth which acts to increase mean mixed layer light intensity. (uwaterloo.ca)
- Microcystis is known to produce the potent cyclic peptide toxins called microcystins. (vin.com)
- Microcystin-LR, Microcystis aeruginosa - CAS 101043-37-2, is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (IC50 = 1.7 nM) and protein phosphatase 2A (IC50 = 40 pM). (emdmillipore.com)
- Comparison of UV-A photolytic and UV/TiO2 photocatalytic effects on Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7813 and four microcystin analogues: a pilot scale study. (worktribe.com)
- To overcome this problem, the use of UV-LEDs (365 nm) for photolysis and heterogeneous photocatalysis applying TiO2 coated glass beads under UV-LED illumination (365 nm) in a pilot scale reactor for the elimination of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7813 and four microcystin analogues (MC-LR, -LY, -LW, -LF) with a view to deployment in drinking water reservoirs was investigated. (worktribe.com)
- UV-A (365 nm) photolysis was shown to be more effective than the UV/TiO2 photocatalytic system for the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa cells and microcystins. (worktribe.com)
Concentrations4
- Microcystin concentrations in water were determined in addition to chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton community composition, mixing dynamics and light conditions. (uwaterloo.ca)
- and concentrations were relatively consistent throughout the fish food web, including in top predators, indicating that efficient trophic transfer of microcystin is occurring in these lakes. (uwaterloo.ca)
- At 25°C, the LC50 for B. longirostris was 26.3 μg L-1 suggesting that B. longirostris can survive typical current bloom microcystin-LR concentrations ranging 0.1μg L-1 to 2.0 μg L-1, but would be susceptible to higher concentrations they may be periodically exposed to. (ecu.edu)
- Microcystin concentrations in tapeworms and carp liver tissues were measured using the LC-MS/MS method. (nel.edu)
Cyanotoxin5
- Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is the most potent and abundant cyanotoxin produced by freshwater blue-green algae. (nih.gov)
- Microcystin-LR is currently the only regulated cyanotoxin in Canada, with a maximum acceptable concentration of 1.5 µg/L total microcystin-LR in treated drinking water. (uwaterloo.ca)
- The Hazen-Adams Cyanotoxin Tool for Oxidation Kinetics (CyanoTOX®) was used to predict extracellular microcystin removal with chlorination processes. (uwaterloo.ca)
- The results of this study may assist utilities in predicting the risk of microcystin breakthrough in treated water, making treatment decisions, and in developing a cyanotoxin management plan. (uwaterloo.ca)
- Very few studies have quantified microcystin (a broadly present cyanotoxin) in water from East African lakes, despite the large human and animal populations that rely on these lakes for both water and food, and to date there is very little information available on the accumulation of microcystin in fish from these lakes. (uwaterloo.ca)
Toxins called microcystins1
- Only use products that have been tested and are free of contaminants such as heavy metals, liver toxins called microcystins, and harmful bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
Detection6
- Electrochemistry has been widely used in biosensors because but it has not been exploited neither for the detection of protein phosphatase inhibition by microcystins. (science24.com)
- The Beacon Microcystin Plate Kit is an immunoassay for the detection of Microcystin in water samples. (beaconkits.com)
- Description: The Microcystin-LR ELISA kit is intended for the detection of Microcystin - LR (MC- LR) in environmental samples - potable water and surface water samples. (magainin.com)
- Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Microcystin-LR using THz-Aptamer Biosensor In: 2021 46th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 29 August 2021 - 03 September 2021, Chengdu, China. (inrs.ca)
- nanosheets for colorimetric detection of microcystin-LR. (bvsalud.org)
- The quantitation range for the detection of microcystin in human plasma using this method is 0.030-0.50 ng/mL microcystin-LR equivalents. (cdc.gov)
Nodularin2
- All 300 samples tested did not contain detectable levels of microcystins or nodularin. (canada.ca)
- In Antarctica, and more recently in the Arctic, the cyanobacterial toxins microcystin and nodularin (Antarctic only) have been detected in freshwater microbial mats. (waikato.ac.nz)
Aeruginosa1
- Laboratory studies were conducted to determine how microcystin-LR, produced from M. aeruginosa blooms, affected B. longirostris mortality under different temperature regimes. (ecu.edu)
Blooms3
- Microcystin-producing bacteria algal blooms can overwhelm the filter capacities of water treatment plants. (wikipedia.org)
- Harmful algal blooms can produce toxic chemicals, including microcystin, which can potentially affect the health of humans and animals when contact with contaminated water occurs. (cdc.gov)
- Microcystins are poisonous toxins that can form in blooms of blue-green algae . (ewg.org)
Cylindrospermopsin1
- In 2016 the EPA drafted a study on "Human Health Recreational Ambient Water Quality Criteria or Swimming Advisories for Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin" to establish advisory guidelines for recreating in water with the presence of microcystin. (ewg.org)
Accumulation2
- however information was provided on cell lysis and microcystin accumulation from the published literature. (uwaterloo.ca)
- Here we show accumulation of microcystin MC-RR in the tapeworm Khawia sinensis, a parasite of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). (nel.edu)
Reagents distributed2
- Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the abraxis elisa microcystin kit reagents distributed by Genprice. (gentaur-biotech.com)
- Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the elisa kit for microcystin lr reagents distributed by Genprice. (magainin.com)
Lake Erie3
- Lake Erie, phosphorus, and microcystin: Is it really the farmer's fault? (jswconline.org)
- In 2014, Toledo, Ohio , became the first large city in the U.S. where tap water was rendered unsafe by microcystins, when Lake Erie, Toledo's water source, was choked by a huge algal bloom triggered by runoff from industrial agriculture operations. (ewg.org)
- Water from Lake Erie contained 60-80% Microcystin-LR, 10-25% Microcystin-RR, and 5-15% Microcystin-YR. Microcystin-LR is the most toxic, RR is half as toxic as the LR variant, and YR is between the two. (bgsu.edu)
Blue-green1
- Don't use any blue-green algae product that hasn't been tested and found to be free of microcystins and other contaminants. (medlineplus.gov)
Cyanobacterial hepatotoxin2
- Microcystin is a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin that is found worldwide, and poses a serious threat to the ecological communities in which it is found as well as to those who use these waters for drinking, recreation, or as a food source. (uwaterloo.ca)
- Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin that inhibits intracellular serine/threonine protein phosphatases causing disruption of actin microfilaments (MFs) and intermediate filaments (IFs) in hepatocytes. (psu.edu)
Exposure4
- Exposure to microcystin has been associated with gastrointestinal and hepatic illness in both humans and animals ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to large amount of microcystin can cause liver damage. (purewatergazette.net)
- Although microcystin is known to accumulate in fish and other aquatic biota, the prevalence of microcystin in fish tissue and the human health risks posed by microcystin exposure through fish consumption remain poorly resolved. (uwaterloo.ca)
- Google Analytics Dashboard for Are little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) impacted by dietary exposure to microcystin? (usgs.gov)
20211
- Sixteen Microcystins proficiency testing (PT) samples from 2020 to 2021 were compared with our two kits with R-square comparison 0.9956 vs 0.9894. (bgsu.edu)
Congeners2
- Beacon has released an improved BX test kit which demonstrates the broader cross reactivity (CR) profile to the various Microcystin congeners. (bgsu.edu)
- To quantitate the extracted microcystins, we fortified plasma with microcystin-LR, one of the most well-studied, commonly detected, and toxic microcystin congeners. (cdc.gov)
Cyclic heptapeptides1
- Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptides, composed of five permanently occurring and two variable amino acids. (science24.com)
20161
- The EPA's 2016 draft assessment recommends a recreational or swimming advisory of 4 µg/L for microcystin. (ewg.org)
Water20
- Microcystins are chemically stable over a wide range of temperature and pH, possibly as a result of their cyclic structure.Microcystin-LR water contamination is resistant to boiling and microwave treatments. (wikipedia.org)
- When microcystin contaminated a municipal water supply and a do-not-drink advisory was issued in Lucas County, Ohio, residents self-reported physical and mental health symptoms, primarily gastrointestinal symptoms, anxiety, and stress. (cdc.gov)
- When a community is exposed to microcystin and a do-not-drink advisory is issued, public health partnerships need to mobilize to provide timely communication, alternative water sources, and physical and mental health resources. (cdc.gov)
- Swallowing water containing microcystin may cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe headaches and fever. (purewatergazette.net)
- Inhaling water droplets containing microcystin can cause irritated eyes and nose, cough, and sore throat, chest pain, asthma-like symptoms or allergic reactions. (purewatergazette.net)
- The presence of microcystins in water may result in an unpleasant taste and odour, and may cause illness in people consuming these toxins. (canada.ca)
- Microcystins may be present in bottled waters available at retail if they are present in the water source used to manufacture the final bottled product and if the water is inadequately treated. (canada.ca)
- Health Canada has proposed a maximum limit of 1.5 micrograms per litre (µg/L) for total microcystins in drinking water. (canada.ca)
- The 2010-2011 Microcystins in Bottled Water survey targeted both imported and domestic bottled water (unflavoured, carbonated and non-carbonated) packaged in plastic and glass bottles. (canada.ca)
- Thus, 100% of the samples tested were compliant with Health Canada's proposed maximum limit for total microcystins in drinking water. (canada.ca)
- In order to assure the water quality and the public health, the WHO (World Health Organization) has recommended a maximum level of 1 µg/L of most commonly fund microcystin-LR in drinking water. (science24.com)
- We propose new strategy for the electrochemical monitoring of microcystin in water. (science24.com)
- Conventional drinking water treatment processes have the ability to remove microcystins. (uwaterloo.ca)
- The aim of this research was to assess microcystin removal at three Ontario drinking water treatment plants under different treatment scenarios. (uwaterloo.ca)
- This study evaluated microcystin removal by drinking water treatment processes at three Ontario drinking water treatment plants: Woodward Avenue Water Treatment Plant (City of Hamilton), Elgin Area Water Treatment Plant (City of London), and DeCew Falls Water Treatment Plant (Niagara Region). (uwaterloo.ca)
- Extracellular microcystin removal increases with increasing CT (product of the oxidant concentration and the contact time with water), decreasing pH, and increasing temperature. (uwaterloo.ca)
- and Rushville, N.Y. , all warned residents not to use tap water after detections of microcystins in their supplies. (ewg.org)
- In 2015 the EPA established 10-day drinking-water health advisories for microcystin at 0.3 micrograms per liter, or µg/L, for children of preschool age or younger, and 1.6 µg/L for school-age children and adults. (ewg.org)
- 5 The World Health Organization has established an advisory guideline of 1 µg/L for microcystin in drinking water. (ewg.org)
- Scientists at The University of Toledo have discovered that rice husks can effectively remove microcystin from water, a finding that could have far-reaching implications for communities along the Great Lakes and across the developing world. (sidna.net)
Liver3
- While the liver is the favored target of microcystins, skin, eyes and throats can suffer as well. (purewatergazette.net)
- For decades, Washington state health officials have warned that swimming in or drinking from lakes containing high levels of microcystins is dangerous, but little is known about the effects of eating fish from waters contaminated with the liver-damaging toxins. (robertson-bryan.com)
- When exposed to microcystins, humans are at risk of hepatic injury, including liver failure. (cdc.gov)
Toxicity2
- The toxicity of microcystins is associated to the inhibition of the serie/threonine protein phosphatases type 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), enzymem that play an important role in the dephosphorylation of intracellular proteins. (science24.com)
- The strong toxicity of microcystins makes necessary the development of fast, sensitive and reliable methods to detect them. (science24.com)
Protein5
- Microcystins covalently bond to and inhibit protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A and can thus cause pansteatitis. (wikipedia.org)
- The enzymatic approach is based on the inhibition of protein phosphatase (type 2A) by microcystins. (science24.com)
- Microcystin is a hepatotoxic peptide which inhibits protein phosphatase types 1 and 2A. (ox.ac.uk)
- These data demonstrate renal vascular, glomerular and urinary effects of microcystin-LR, indicating that microcystin acts directly on the kidney by probable inhibition of protein phosphatases. (ox.ac.uk)
- Here, we describe a method to detect microcystins in human plasma by using immunocapture followed by a protein phosphatase inhibition assay. (cdc.gov)
Antibody1
- We targeted this Adda side chain using a commercial antibody and extracted microcystins from human samples for screening and analysis. (cdc.gov)
Biodilution1
- Biomagnification or biodilution of microcystins in aquatic foodwebs? (fiocruz.br)
Intracellular1
- Extracellular (dissolved) microcystin removal, as well as cyanobacterial cell removal (intracellular microcystin removal) were assessed. (uwaterloo.ca)
McyD2
- Low iron supply up-regulates McyD, one of the microcystin synthetic operons. (wikipedia.org)
- Phylogeny demonstrated high sequence similarities for 16S rRNA (99%), mcyE (97%) and mcyD (95%) genes with microcystin-producing Fischerella sp. (edu.au)
Concentration3
- Because of this, chlorination can reduce the total microcystin concentration but may increase the extracellular microcystin concentration. (uwaterloo.ca)
- Mortality was assessed at a constant microcystin-LR concentration of 26.3 μg L-1 over 15-35°C, and it was found that B. longirostris mortality increased at higher temperatures. (ecu.edu)
- B. longirostris mortality increased approximately 18% due to microcystin-LR alone over 2°C between 25°C and 27°C when exposed to the LC50 concentration. (ecu.edu)
20172
Lakes3
- The distribution and trophic transfer of mercury was also characterized in the Ugandan study lakes (including Lake Albert) in order to provide a contrast for the trophic transfer of microcystin in the same lakes. (uwaterloo.ca)
- In 2012, the EPA found microcystin in 39 percent of all sampled lakes, up 9.5 percent from 2007. (ewg.org)
- As the warming effects of climate change and runoff from farms and industrial projects contribute to rising levels of microcystins in lakes across the Northwest, scientists in the School of the Environment (SoE) launched the first-ever study to assess whether Washington freshwater fish are accumulating enough microcystins to be hazardous for human consumption. (robertson-bryan.com)
Contamination1
- A better understanding of microcystin elimination in soil will boost the development of effective strategies to mitigate associated contamination. (eduhk.hk)
Samples5
- Eight samples were analyzed by ELIZA and two by MS/LC, with evidence of toxic levels of microcystin found in the tissue samples. (vin.com)
- The EPA data show higher monthly averages for microcystin samples collected in the late summer and early fall. (ewg.org)
- The Abraxis Elisa Microcystin Kit reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (gentaur-biotech.com)
- Microcystin-LR (1 microg/ml) was perfused over a period of 120 min, during which samples of urine and perfusate were collected at 10-min intervals to determine the levels of inulin, sodium, potassium and osmolality. (ox.ac.uk)
- Gene expression analyses confirmed the analytical findings, whereby parts of the sxt and mcy operon involved in saxitoxin and microcystin synthesis, were detected and sequenced in one and five of the Arctic cyanobacterial samples, respectively. (waikato.ac.nz)
Temperature1
- Microcystin production is also positively correlated with temperature. (wikipedia.org)
Boost1
- Sufficient iron supply, however, can still boost microcystin production by making the bacterium better at photosynthesis, therefore producing sufficient ATP for MC biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Tissue1
- Microcystin was prevalent in fish muscle tissue from all study sites and at all trophic levels. (uwaterloo.ca)
Mass2
- The total dose of microcystins amounted to 27 mg/kg of feed, i.e., 0.4 mg/kg of fish mass a day. (nel.edu)
- In addition, an unusual microcystin variant was identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. (waikato.ac.nz)
Assess1
- This information was used to assess extracellular microcystin and cyanobacterial cell removal for each treatment process. (uwaterloo.ca)
