Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.
Inbred DBA mice are a strain of laboratory mice that are genetically identical and share specific characteristics, including a high incidence of deafness, coat color (black and white), and susceptibility to certain diseases, which make them useful for research purposes in biomedical studies.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Inbred C3H mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to maintain a high degree of genetic uniformity and share specific genetic characteristics, including susceptibility to certain diseases, which makes them valuable for biomedical research purposes.
Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.
Inbred AKR mice are a strain of laboratory mice that are homozygous at all gene loci and have a high incidence of developing certain diseases, such as leukemia and autoimmune disorders, making them useful for research purposes in biomedicine.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Inbred strain A mice are genetically identical descendants of a single founder mouse, produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, primarily used in biomedical research for their genetic uniformity and experimental reproducibility.
The mating of plants or non-human animals which are closely related genetically.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
A family of the order Rodentia containing 250 genera including the two genera Mus (MICE) and Rattus (RATS), from which the laboratory inbred strains are developed. The fifteen subfamilies are SIGMODONTINAE (New World mice and rats), CRICETINAE, Spalacinae, Myospalacinae, Lophiomyinae, ARVICOLINAE, Platacanthomyinae, Nesomyinae, Otomyinae, Rhizomyinae, GERBILLINAE, Dendromurinae, Cricetomyinae, MURINAE (Old World mice and rats), and Hydromyinae.
The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.
The experimental study of the relationship between the genotype of an organism and its behavior. The scope includes the effects of genes on simple sensory processes to complex organization of the nervous system.
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Animals that are generated from breeding two genetically dissimilar strains of the same species.
Mouse strains constructed to possess identical genotypes except for a difference at a single gene locus.
Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.
A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.
Inbred CBA mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical and uniform, which makes them useful for scientific research, particularly in the areas of immunology and cancer.
Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.
A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
A characteristic showing quantitative inheritance such as SKIN PIGMENTATION in humans. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Inbreed BN (Brown Norway) rats are a strain of laboratory rats that are specifically bred for research purposes, characterized by their uniform genetic makeup and susceptibility to various diseases, which makes them ideal models for studying human physiology and pathophysiology.
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.
In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
Species of GAMMARETROVIRUS, containing many well-defined strains, producing leukemia in mice. Disease is commonly induced by injecting filtrates of propagable tumors into newborn mice.

Standardized nomenclature for inbred strains of mice: sixth listing. (1/15570)

Rules for designating inbred strains of mice are presented, along with a list of strains with their origins and characteristics, a table of biochemical polymorphisms, and standard subline designations.  (+info)

Features of the immune response to DNA in mice. I. Genetic control. (2/15570)

The genetic control of the immune response to DNA was studied in various strains of mice F1 hybrids and corresponding back-crosses immunized with single stranded DNA complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin. Anti-DNA antibody response was measured by radioimmuno-logical technique. High responder, low responder, and intermediate responder strains were found and the ability to respond to DNA was characterized as a dominant genetic trait which is not linked to the major locus of histocompatibility. Studies in back-crosses suggested that this immune response is under multigenic control. High responder mice produce both anti-double stranded DNA and anti-single stranded DNA 7S and 19S antibodies, while low responder mice produce mainly anti-single stranded DNA 19S antibodies.  (+info)

Antitumor effect of allogenic fibroblasts engineered to express Fas ligand (FasL). (3/15570)

Fas ligand is a type II transmembrane protein which can induce apoptosis in Fas-expressing cells. Recent reports indicate that expression of FasL in transplanted cells may cause graft rejection and, on the other hand, tumor cells may lose their tumorigenicity when they are engineered to express FasL. These effects could be related to recruitment of neutrophils by FasL with activation of their cytotoxic machinery. In this study we investigated the antitumor effect of allogenic fibroblasts engineered to express FasL. Fibroblasts engineered to express FasL (PA317/FasL) did not exert toxic effects on transformed liver cell line (BNL) or colon cancer cell line (CT26) in vitro, but they could abrogate their tumorigenicity in vivo. Histological examination of the site of implantation of BNL cells mixed with PA317/FasL revealed massive infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and mononuclear cells. A specific immune protective effect was observed in animals primed with a mixture of BNL or CT26 and PA317/FasL cells. Rechallenge with tumor cells 14 or 100 days after priming resulted in protection of 100 or 50% of animals, respectively. This protective effect was due to CD8+ cells since depletion of CD8+ led to tumor formation. In addition, treatment of pre-established BNL tumors with a subcutaneous injection of BNL and PA317/FasL cell mixture at a distant site caused significant inhibition of tumor growth. These data demonstrate that allogenic cells engineered with FasL are able to abolish tumor growth and induce specific protective immunity when they are mixed with neoplastic cells.  (+info)

Phenotype of mice and macrophages deficient in both phagocyte oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase. (4/15570)

The two genetically established antimicrobial mechanisms of macrophages are production of reactive oxygen intermediates by phagocyte oxidase (phox) and reactive nitrogen intermediates by inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). Mice doubly deficient in both enzymes (gp91(phox-/-)/NOS2(-/-)) formed massive abscesses containing commensal organisms, mostly enteric bacteria, even when reared under specific pathogen-free conditions with antibiotics. Neither parental strain showed such infections. Thus, phox and NOS2 appear to compensate for each other's deficiency in providing resistance to indigenous bacteria, and no other pathway does so fully. Macrophages from gp91(phox-/-)/NOS2(-/-) mice could not kill virulent Listeria. Their killing of S. typhimurium, E. coli, and attenuated Listeria was markedly diminished but demonstrable, establishing the existence of a mechanism of macrophage antibacterial activity independent of phox and NOS2.  (+info)

Enhanced Th1 activity and development of chronic enterocolitis in mice devoid of Stat3 in macrophages and neutrophils. (5/15570)

We have generated mice with a cell type-specific disruption of the Stat3 gene in macrophages and neutrophils. The mutant mice are highly susceptible to endotoxin shock with increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF alpha, IL-1, IFN gamma, and IL-6. Endotoxin-induced production of inflammatory cytokines is augmented because the suppressive effects of IL-10 on inflammatory cytokine production from macrophages and neutrophils are completely abolished. The mice show a polarized immune response toward the Th1 type and develop chronic enterocolitis with age. Taken together, Stat3 plays a critical role in deactivation of macrophages and neutrophils mainly exerted by IL-10.  (+info)

Thymic selection by a single MHC/peptide ligand: autoreactive T cells are low-affinity cells. (6/15570)

In H2-M- mice, the presence of a single peptide, CLIP, bound to MHC class II molecules generates a diverse repertoire of CD4+ cells. In these mice, typical self-peptides are not bound to class II molecules, with the result that a very high proportion of H2-M- CD4+ cells are responsive to the various peptides displayed on normal MHC-compatible APC. We show here, however, that such "self" reactivity is controlled by low-affinity CD4+ cells. These cells give spectacularly high proliferative responses but are virtually unreactive in certain other assays, e.g., skin graft rejection; responses to MHC alloantigens, by contrast, are intense in all assays. Possible explanations for why thymic selection directed to a single peptide curtails self specificity without affecting alloreactivity are discussed.  (+info)

High-linoleate and high-alpha-linolenate diets affect learning ability and natural behavior in SAMR1 mice. (7/15570)

Semipurified diets incorporating either perilla oil [high in alpha-linolenate, 18:3(n-3)] or safflower oil [high in linoleate, 18:2(n-6)] were fed to senescence-resistant SAMR1 mouse dams and their pups. Male offspring at 15 mo were examined using behavioral tests. In the open field test, locomotor activity during a 5-min period was significantly higher in the safflower oil group than in the perilla oil group. Observations of the circadian rhythm (48 h) of spontaneous motor activity indicated that the safflower oil group was more active than the perilla oil group during the first and second dark periods. The total number of responses to positive and negative stimuli was higher in the safflower oil group than in the perilla oil group in the light and dark discrimination learning test, but the correct response ratio was lower in the safflower oil group. The difference in the (n-6)/(n-3) ratios of the diets reflected the proportions of (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids, rather than those of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain total fatty acids, and in the proportions of (n-6) and (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total polyunsaturated fatty acids of the brain phospholipids. These results suggest that in SAMR1 mice, the dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance affects the (n-6)/(n-3) ratio of brain phospholipids, and this may modify emotional reactivity and learning ability.  (+info)

Cardiomegaly in the juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mouse is reduced with acute elevation of heart short-chain acyl-carnitine level after L-carnitine injection. (8/15570)

The long-term administration of L-carnitine was very effective in preventing cardiomegaly in juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice, which was confirmed by heart weight as well as the lipid contents in heart tissue. After i.p. injection of L-carnitine, the concentration of free carnitine in heart remained constant, although serum free carnitine level increased up to 80-fold. On the other hand, a significant increase in short-chain acyl-carnitine level in heart was observed. These results suggest that increased levels of short-chain acyl-carnitine, not free carnitine, might be a key compound in the protective effect of L-carnitine administration in JVS mice.  (+info)

Inbred strains of mice are defined as lines of mice that have been brother-sister mated for at least 20 consecutive generations. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the mice of an inbred strain are genetically identical to one another, with the exception of spontaneous mutations.

Inbred strains of mice are widely used in biomedical research due to their genetic uniformity and stability, which makes them useful for studying the genetic basis of various traits, diseases, and biological processes. They also provide a consistent and reproducible experimental system, as compared to outbred or genetically heterogeneous populations.

Some commonly used inbred strains of mice include C57BL/6J, BALB/cByJ, DBA/2J, and 129SvEv. Each strain has its own unique genetic background and phenotypic characteristics, which can influence the results of experiments. Therefore, it is important to choose the appropriate inbred strain for a given research question.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

"Genetic crosses" refer to the breeding of individuals with different genetic characteristics to produce offspring with specific combinations of traits. This process is commonly used in genetics research to study the inheritance patterns and function of specific genes.

There are several types of genetic crosses, including:

1. Monohybrid cross: A cross between two individuals that differ in the expression of a single gene or trait.
2. Dihybrid cross: A cross between two individuals that differ in the expression of two genes or traits.
3. Backcross: A cross between an individual from a hybrid population and one of its parental lines.
4. Testcross: A cross between an individual with unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.
5. Reciprocal cross: A cross in which the male and female parents are reversed to determine if there is any effect of sex on the expression of the trait.

These genetic crosses help researchers to understand the mode of inheritance, linkage, recombination, and other genetic phenomena.

'DBA' is an abbreviation for 'Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes,' but in the context of "Inbred DBA mice," it refers to a specific strain of laboratory mice that have been inbred for many generations. The DBA strain is one of the oldest inbred strains, and it was established in 1909 by C.C. Little at the Bussey Institute of Harvard University.

The "Inbred DBA" mice are genetically identical mice that have been produced by brother-sister matings for more than 20 generations. This extensive inbreeding results in a homozygous population, where all members of the strain have the same genetic makeup. The DBA strain is further divided into several sub-strains, including DBA/1, DBA/2, and DBA/J, among others.

DBA mice are known for their black coat color, which can fade to gray with age, and they exhibit a range of phenotypic traits that make them useful for research purposes. For example, DBA mice have a high incidence of retinal degeneration, making them a valuable model for studying eye diseases. They also show differences in behavior, immune response, and susceptibility to various diseases compared to other inbred strains.

In summary, "Inbred DBA" mice are a specific strain of laboratory mice that have been inbred for many generations, resulting in a genetically identical population with distinct phenotypic traits. They are widely used in biomedical research to study various diseases and biological processes.

Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

'C3H' is the name of an inbred strain of laboratory mice that was developed at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. The mice are characterized by their uniform genetic background and have been widely used in biomedical research for many decades.

The C3H strain is particularly notable for its susceptibility to certain types of cancer, including mammary tumors and lymphomas. It also has a high incidence of age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases. The strain is often used in studies of immunology, genetics, and carcinogenesis.

Like all inbred strains, the C3H mice are the result of many generations of brother-sister matings, which leads to a high degree of genetic uniformity within the strain. This makes them useful for studying the effects of specific genes or environmental factors on disease susceptibility and other traits. However, it also means that they may not always be representative of the genetic diversity found in outbred populations, including humans.

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) are regions of the genome that are associated with variation in quantitative traits, which are traits that vary continuously in a population and are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. QTLs can help to explain how genetic variations contribute to differences in complex traits such as height, blood pressure, or disease susceptibility.

Quantitative trait loci are identified through statistical analysis of genetic markers and trait values in experimental crosses between genetically distinct individuals, such as strains of mice or plants. The location of a QTL is inferred based on the pattern of linkage disequilibrium between genetic markers and the trait of interest. Once a QTL has been identified, further analysis can be conducted to identify the specific gene or genes responsible for the variation in the trait.

It's important to note that QTLs are not themselves genes, but rather genomic regions that contain one or more genes that contribute to the variation in a quantitative trait. Additionally, because QTLs are identified through statistical analysis, they represent probabilistic estimates of the location of genetic factors influencing a trait and may encompass large genomic regions containing multiple genes. Therefore, additional research is often required to fine-map and identify the specific genes responsible for the variation in the trait.

'Inbred AKR mice' is a strain of laboratory mice used in biomedical research. The 'AKR' designation stands for "Akita Radioactive," referring to the location where this strain was first developed in Akita, Japan. These mice are inbred, meaning that they have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a genetically homogeneous population with minimal genetic variation.

Inbred AKR mice are known for their susceptibility to certain types of leukemia and lymphoma, making them valuable models for studying these diseases and testing potential therapies. They also develop age-related cataracts and have a higher incidence of diabetes than some other strains.

It is important to note that while inbred AKR mice are widely used in research, their genetic uniformity may limit the applicability of findings to more genetically diverse human populations.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Inbred A mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings. This results in a high degree of genetic similarity among individuals within the strain, making them useful for research purposes where a consistent genetic background is desired. The Inbred A strain is maintained through continued brother-sister mating. It's important to note that while these mice are called "Inbred A," the designation does not refer to any specific medical condition or characteristic. Instead, it refers to the breeding practices used to create and maintain this particular strain of laboratory mice.

Inbreeding, in a medical context, refers to the practice of mating closely related individuals within a given family or breeding population. This leads to an increased proportion of homozygous genes, meaning that the same alleles (versions of a gene) are inherited from both parents. As a result, recessive traits and disorders become more likely to be expressed because the necessary dominant allele may be absent.

In human medicine, consanguinity is the term often used instead of inbreeding, and it refers to relationships between individuals who share a common ancestor. Consanguinity increases the risk of certain genetic disorders due to the increased likelihood of sharing harmful recessive genes. The closer the relationship, the higher the risk.

In animal breeding, inbreeding can lead to reduced fertility, lower birth weights, higher infant mortality, and a decreased lifespan. It is crucial to maintain genetic diversity within populations to ensure their overall health and vigor.

"Inbred strains of rats" are genetically identical rodents that have been produced through many generations of brother-sister mating. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the genes at any particular locus in the genome are identical in all members of the strain.

Inbred strains of rats are widely used in biomedical research because they provide a consistent and reproducible genetic background for studying various biological phenomena, including the effects of drugs, environmental factors, and genetic mutations on health and disease. Additionally, inbred strains can be used to create genetically modified models of human diseases by introducing specific mutations into their genomes.

Some commonly used inbred strains of rats include the Wistar Kyoto (WKY), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains. Each strain has its own unique genetic characteristics, making them suitable for different types of research.

Mammalian chromosomes are thread-like structures that exist in the nucleus of mammalian cells, consisting of DNA, hist proteins, and RNA. They carry genetic information that is essential for the development and function of all living organisms. In mammals, each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes, with one set inherited from the mother and the other from the father.

The chromosomes are typically visualized during cell division, where they condense and become visible under a microscope. Each chromosome is composed of two identical arms, separated by a constriction called the centromere. The short arm of the chromosome is labeled as "p," while the long arm is labeled as "q."

Mammalian chromosomes play a critical role in the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next and are essential for maintaining the stability and integrity of the genome. Abnormalities in the number or structure of mammalian chromosomes can lead to various genetic disorders, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Muridae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in biology, specifically it is a family of rodents that includes mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, and many other species. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those.

Genetic linkage is the phenomenon where two or more genetic loci (locations on a chromosome) tend to be inherited together because they are close to each other on the same chromosome. This occurs during the process of sexual reproduction, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over.

The closer two loci are to each other on a chromosome, the lower the probability that they will be separated by a crossover event. As a result, they are more likely to be inherited together and are said to be linked. The degree of linkage between two loci can be measured by their recombination frequency, which is the percentage of meiotic events in which a crossover occurs between them.

Linkage analysis is an important tool in genetic research, as it allows researchers to identify and map genes that are associated with specific traits or diseases. By analyzing patterns of linkage between markers (identifiable DNA sequences) and phenotypes (observable traits), researchers can infer the location of genes that contribute to those traits or diseases on chromosomes.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

Behavioral genetics is a subfield of genetics that focuses on the study of the genetic basis of behavior. It seeks to understand how genes and environment interact to influence individual differences in behaviors such as personality traits, cognitive abilities, psychiatric disorders, and addiction. This field integrates knowledge from genetics, psychology, neuroscience, and statistics to investigate the complex relationship between genetic factors and behavioral outcomes. Research in behavioral genetics includes studies of twins, families, and adopted individuals, as well as animal models, to identify specific genes or genetic variations that contribute to the heritability of various behaviors. Understanding these genetic influences can provide insights into the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of behavioral disorders.

Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences among individuals and populations. These variations can result from mutations, genetic recombination, or gene flow between populations. Genetic variation is essential for evolution by providing the raw material upon which natural selection acts. It can occur within a single gene, between different genes, or at larger scales, such as differences in the number of chromosomes or entire sets of chromosomes. The study of genetic variation is crucial in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and traits, as well as the evolutionary history and relationships among species.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

"Outbred strains" of animals in a medical context refers to populations of animals that are not genetically identical or inbred. These animals are derived from matings between individuals from different genetic backgrounds and are characterized by a high degree of genetic variability. This genetic diversity is maintained through random mating and selection, allowing for a wide range of phenotypic traits to be expressed within the population.

Outbred strains are often used in biomedical research as they provide a more genetically diverse background compared to inbred or genetically modified animal models. This genetic diversity can help to better represent human populations and improve the translatability of research findings to clinical applications. Additionally, outbred animals may be less susceptible to certain experimental artifacts that can arise from the use of highly inbred strains, such as reduced immune function or increased susceptibility to disease.

Examples of commonly used outbred animal models include the Sprague-Dawley rat and the Swiss Webster mouse. These animals are widely used in a variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, behavioral studies, and basic biomedical research.

Congenic mice are strains that have been developed through a specific breeding process to be genetically identical, except for a small region of interest (ROI) that has been introgressed from a donor strain. This is achieved by repeatedly backcrossing the donor ROI onto the genetic background of a recipient strain for many generations, followed by intercrossing within the resulting congenic line to ensure homozygosity of the ROI.

The goal of creating congenic mice is to study the effects of a specific gene or genomic region while minimizing the influence of other genetic differences between strains. This allows researchers to investigate the relationship between genotype and phenotype more accurately, which can be particularly useful in biomedical research for understanding complex traits, diseases, and potential therapeutic targets.

Genetic recombination is the process by which genetic material is exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA during meiosis, resulting in new combinations of genes on each chromosome. This exchange occurs during crossover, where segments of DNA are swapped between non-sister homologous chromatids, creating genetic diversity among the offspring. It is a crucial mechanism for generating genetic variability and facilitating evolutionary change within populations. Additionally, recombination also plays an essential role in DNA repair processes through mechanisms such as homologous recombinational repair (HRR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).

Disease susceptibility, also known as genetic predisposition or genetic susceptibility, refers to the increased likelihood or risk of developing a particular disease due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations. These genetic factors can make an individual more vulnerable to certain diseases compared to those who do not have these genetic changes.

It is important to note that having a genetic predisposition does not guarantee that a person will definitely develop the disease. Other factors, such as environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and additional genetic variations, can influence whether or not the disease will manifest. In some cases, early detection and intervention may help reduce the risk or delay the onset of the disease in individuals with a known genetic susceptibility.

"CBA" is an abbreviation for a specific strain of inbred mice that were developed at the Cancer Research Institute in London. The "Inbred CBA" mice are genetically identical individuals within the same strain, due to many generations of brother-sister matings. This results in a homozygous population, making them valuable tools for research because they reduce variability and increase reproducibility in experimental outcomes.

The CBA strain is known for its susceptibility to certain diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer, which makes it a popular choice for researchers studying those conditions. Additionally, the CBA strain has been widely used in studies related to transplantation immunology, infectious diseases, and genetic research.

It's important to note that while "Inbred CBA" mice are a well-established and useful tool in biomedical research, they represent only one of many inbred strains available for scientific investigation. Each strain has its own unique characteristics and advantages, depending on the specific research question being asked.

An allele is a variant form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes.

Each person typically inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent. If the two alleles are identical, a person is said to be homozygous for that trait. If the alleles are different, the person is heterozygous.

For example, the ABO blood group system has three alleles, A, B, and O, which determine a person's blood type. If a person inherits two A alleles, they will have type A blood; if they inherit one A and one B allele, they will have type AB blood; if they inherit two B alleles, they will have type B blood; and if they inherit two O alleles, they will have type O blood.

Alleles can also influence traits such as eye color, hair color, height, and other physical characteristics. Some alleles are dominant, meaning that only one copy of the allele is needed to express the trait, while others are recessive, meaning that two copies of the allele are needed to express the trait.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Genetic hybridization is a biological process that involves the crossing of two individuals from different populations or species, which can lead to the creation of offspring with new combinations of genetic material. This occurs when the gametes (sex cells) from each parent combine during fertilization, resulting in a zygote with a unique genetic makeup.

In genetics, hybridization can also refer to the process of introducing new genetic material into an organism through various means, such as genetic engineering or selective breeding. This type of hybridization is often used in agriculture and biotechnology to create crops or animals with desirable traits, such as increased disease resistance or higher yields.

It's important to note that the term "hybrid" can refer to both crosses between different populations within a single species (intraspecific hybrids) and crosses between different species (interspecific hybrids). The latter is often more challenging, as significant genetic differences between the two parental species can lead to various reproductive barriers, making it difficult for the hybrid offspring to produce viable offspring of their own.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.

In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.

Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.

The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.

A gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that carries genetic information. Genes are the fundamental units of heredity and are responsible for the development and function of all living organisms. They code for proteins or RNA molecules, which carry out various functions within cells and are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

Each gene has a specific location on a chromosome, and each person inherits two copies of every gene, one from each parent. Variations in the sequence of nucleotides in a gene can lead to differences in traits between individuals, including physical characteristics, susceptibility to disease, and responses to environmental factors.

Medical genetics is the study of genes and their role in health and disease. It involves understanding how genes contribute to the development and progression of various medical conditions, as well as identifying genetic risk factors and developing strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Bacterial typing techniques are methods used to identify and differentiate bacterial strains or isolates based on their unique characteristics. These techniques are essential in epidemiological studies, infection control, and research to understand the transmission dynamics, virulence, and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens.

There are various bacterial typing techniques available, including:

1. **Bacteriophage Typing:** This method involves using bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to identify specific bacterial strains based on their susceptibility or resistance to particular phages.
2. **Serotyping:** It is a technique that differentiates bacterial strains based on the antigenic properties of their cell surface components, such as capsules, flagella, and somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens.
3. **Biochemical Testing:** This method uses biochemical reactions to identify specific metabolic pathways or enzymes present in bacterial strains, which can be used for differentiation. Commonly used tests include the catalase test, oxidase test, and various sugar fermentation tests.
4. **Molecular Typing Techniques:** These methods use genetic markers to identify and differentiate bacterial strains at the DNA level. Examples of molecular typing techniques include:
* **Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE):** This method uses restriction enzymes to digest bacterial DNA, followed by electrophoresis in an agarose gel under pulsed electrical fields. The resulting banding patterns are analyzed and compared to identify related strains.
* **Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST):** It involves sequencing specific housekeeping genes to generate unique sequence types that can be used for strain identification and phylogenetic analysis.
* **Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS):** This method sequences the entire genome of a bacterial strain, providing the most detailed information on genetic variation and relatedness between strains. WGS data can be analyzed using various bioinformatics tools to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene deletions or insertions, and other genetic changes that can be used for strain differentiation.

These molecular typing techniques provide higher resolution than traditional methods, allowing for more accurate identification and comparison of bacterial strains. They are particularly useful in epidemiological investigations to track the spread of pathogens and identify outbreaks.

Flurothyl, also known as Nelson's fluid or induction agent, is a chemical compound with the formula C5H4F6O. It is a colorless liquid that is volatile and has a sweetish odor. In medicine, it was historically used as a rapid-acting inhalational general anesthetic, but its use has been largely discontinued due to safety concerns, including the risk of seizures and cardiac arrest. Flurothyl works by sensitizing the brain to carbon dioxide, leading to a loss of consciousness. It is still used in research settings to study seizure disorders and anesthetic mechanisms.

A bacterial gene is a segment of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that contains the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of a functional bacterial protein or RNA molecule. These genes are responsible for encoding various characteristics and functions of bacteria such as metabolism, reproduction, and resistance to antibiotics. They can be transmitted between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Bacterial genes are often organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.

It's important to note that the term "bacterial gene" is used to describe genetic elements found in bacteria, but not all genetic elements in bacteria are considered genes. For example, some DNA sequences may not encode functional products and are therefore not considered genes. Additionally, some bacterial genes may be plasmid-borne or phage-borne, rather than being located on the bacterial chromosome.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

A quantitative trait is a phenotypic characteristic that can be measured and displays continuous variation, meaning it can take on any value within a range. Examples include height, blood pressure, or biochemical measurements like cholesterol levels. These traits are usually influenced by the combined effects of multiple genes (polygenic inheritance) as well as environmental factors.

Heritability, in the context of genetics, refers to the proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic differences among individuals in a population. It is estimated using statistical methods and ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating a greater contribution of genetics to the observed phenotypic variance.

Therefore, a heritable quantitative trait would be a phenotype that shows continuous variation, influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors, and for which a significant portion of the observed variation can be attributed to genetic differences among individuals in a population.

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

"Rats, Inbred BN" are a strain of laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) that have been inbred for many generations to maintain a high level of genetic consistency and uniformity within the strain. The "BN" designation refers to the place where they were first developed, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia).

These rats are often used in biomedical research because their genetic homogeneity makes them useful for studying the effects of specific genes or environmental factors on health and disease. They have been widely used as a model organism to study various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including hypertension, kidney function, immunology, and neuroscience.

Inbred BN rats are known for their low renin-angiotensin system activity, which makes them a useful model for studying hypertension and related disorders. They also have a unique sensitivity to dietary protein, making them a valuable tool for studying the relationship between diet and kidney function.

Overall, Inbred BN rats are an important tool in biomedical research, providing researchers with a consistent and well-characterized model organism for studying various aspects of human health and disease.

Nucleic acid hybridization is a process in molecular biology where two single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) with complementary sequences pair together to form a double-stranded molecule through hydrogen bonding. The strands can be from the same type of nucleic acid or different types (i.e., DNA-RNA or DNA-cDNA). This process is commonly used in various laboratory techniques, such as Southern blotting, Northern blotting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microarray analysis, to detect, isolate, and analyze specific nucleic acid sequences. The hybridization temperature and conditions are critical to ensure the specificity of the interaction between the two strands.

A genome is the complete set of genetic material (DNA, or in some viruses, RNA) present in a single cell of an organism. It includes all of the genes, both coding and noncoding, as well as other regulatory elements that together determine the unique characteristics of that organism. The human genome, for example, contains approximately 3 billion base pairs and about 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes.

The term "genome" was first coined by Hans Winkler in 1920, derived from the word "gene" and the suffix "-ome," which refers to a complete set of something. The study of genomes is known as genomics.

Understanding the genome can provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of diseases, evolution, and other biological processes. With advancements in sequencing technologies, it has become possible to determine the entire genomic sequence of many organisms, including humans, and use this information for various applications such as personalized medicine, gene therapy, and biotechnology.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a term used in molecular biology and genetics. It refers to the presence of variations in DNA sequences among individuals, which can be detected by restriction enzymes. These enzymes cut DNA at specific sites, creating fragments of different lengths.

In RFLP analysis, DNA is isolated from an individual and treated with a specific restriction enzyme that cuts the DNA at particular recognition sites. The resulting fragments are then separated by size using gel electrophoresis, creating a pattern unique to that individual's DNA. If there are variations in the DNA sequence between individuals, the restriction enzyme may cut the DNA at different sites, leading to differences in the length of the fragments and thus, a different pattern on the gel.

These variations can be used for various purposes, such as identifying individuals, diagnosing genetic diseases, or studying evolutionary relationships between species. However, RFLP analysis has largely been replaced by more modern techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and DNA sequencing, which offer higher resolution and throughput.

Chromosomes are thread-like structures that exist in the nucleus of cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. They are composed of DNA and proteins, and are typically present in pairs in the nucleus, with one set inherited from each parent. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes come in different shapes and forms, including sex chromosomes (X and Y) that determine the biological sex of an individual. Changes or abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes can lead to genetic disorders and diseases.

Genetic markers are specific segments of DNA that are used in genetic mapping and genotyping to identify specific genetic locations, diseases, or traits. They can be composed of short tandem repeats (STRs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), or variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). These markers are useful in various fields such as genetic research, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and breeding programs. They can help to track inheritance patterns, identify genetic predispositions to diseases, and solve crimes by linking biological evidence to suspects or victims.

Genetic polymorphism refers to the occurrence of multiple forms (called alleles) of a particular gene within a population. These variations in the DNA sequence do not generally affect the function or survival of the organism, but they can contribute to differences in traits among individuals. Genetic polymorphisms can be caused by single nucleotide changes (SNPs), insertions or deletions of DNA segments, or other types of genetic rearrangements. They are important for understanding genetic diversity and evolution, as well as for identifying genetic factors that may contribute to disease susceptibility in humans.

Medical Definition:

Murine leukemia virus (MLV) is a type of retrovirus that primarily infects and causes various types of malignancies such as leukemias and lymphomas in mice. It is a complex genus of viruses, with many strains showing different pathogenic properties.

MLV contains two identical single-stranded RNA genomes and has the ability to reverse transcribe its RNA into DNA upon infection, integrating this proviral DNA into the host cell's genome. This is facilitated by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, which MLV carries within its viral particle.

The virus can be horizontally transmitted between mice through close contact with infected saliva, urine, or milk. Vertical transmission from mother to offspring can also occur either in-utero or through the ingestion of infected breast milk.

MLV has been extensively studied as a model system for retroviral pathogenesis and tumorigenesis, contributing significantly to our understanding of oncogenes and their role in cancer development. It's important to note that Murine Leukemia Virus does not infect humans.

FVB is an albino, inbred laboratory mouse strain that is named after its susceptibility to Friend leukemia virus B. This strain ... 1991). FVB/N: an inbred mouse strain preferable for transgenic analyses. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 88(6 ... A derivative strain called sighted FVB was developed from this strain via backcrossing. The full name of this strain is FVB. ... FVB mice show elevated aggressive behavior towards newly intruding FVB mice shortly after the new mouse's introduction, ...
... inbred mouse strain and initiated the systematic generation of inbred strains. The mouse has since been used extensively as a ... There are many strains of mice used in research, however, inbred strains are usually the animals of choice for most fields. ... "Dirty" mice are possibly better suitable for mimicking human pathologies. In addition, inbred mouse strains are used in the ... "BALB/c". Inbred Strains of Mice. Jackson Laboratory. Retrieved 2007-04-16. "BALB/cByJ". Jax Mice Data Sheet. Jackson Laboratory ...
"Rules for Nomenclature of Inbred Strains". In Green, Margaret C. (ed.). Genetic Variants and Strains of the Laboratory Mouse. ... Such strains are useful in the analysis of variance within an inbred strain or between inbred strains because any differences ... "History of inbred strains". isogenic.info. Retrieved 2017-11-30. Dixon LK (1993). "Use of recombinant inbred strains to map ... "History of inbred strains". Retrieved 2013-12-19. "History of inbred strains". isogenic.info. Retrieved 2017-11-30. Kirchmaier ...
"Inbred Strains" issue edited by Michael Festing. This replaced Inbred Strains of Mice. The journal was run by a company Mouse ... 1997). A Life Story of Mouse News Letter and Mouse Genome. Mouse Genome 95:818-820. Searle AG. (1974). "The origins of Mouse ... These included lists and maps of mouse genes and mutants, information on inbred strains, and brief reports of useful results ... Lists of inbred strains appeared from very early days but between 1958 and 1984 were issued as a separate entity "Inbred ...
Grüneberg, H. (1954). "Variation Within Inbred Strains of Mice". Nature. 173 (4406): 674-676. Bibcode:1954Natur.173..674G. doi: ... Grüneberg, H.; Burnett, J. B.; Snell, G. D. (1941). "The Origin of Jerker, a New Gene Mutation of the House Mouse, and Linkage ... Most of his work focused on mouse genetics, in which his speciality was the study of pleiotropic effects of mutations on the ... The genetics of the mouse. 2nd ed, revised and enlarged. Nijhoff, The Hague. 1963. The pathology of development: a study of ...
The sex-determining region of the human Y chromosome encodes a finger protein Genealogies of mouse inbred strains Mutations in ... Fisher, Elizabeth M. C. (2000). "Genealogies of mouse inbred strains". Nature. 24 (1): 23-25. doi:10.1038/71641. PMID 10615122 ... "Mouse Models of Neurodegeneration Research". har.mrc.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 November 2019. "Down's syndrome recreated in mice". 22 ... where she worked on mouse molecular genetics. At St Mary's Hospital, London Fisher completed microdissection on the mouse X ...
West, D. B.; Boozer, C. N.; Moody, D. L.; Atkinson, R. L. (1992-06-01). "Dietary obesity in nine inbred mouse strains". The ... In the strain of mice most commonly used for DIO models, C57BL/6J, mice who started the diet at 10 weeks old showed lower ... Furthermore, the strain and sex of the rodent impacts the response to the model. Some common mouse strains show large ... This has led to cases of studies that used the same strain of mice concluding that the strain is prone to becoming obese in one ...
MHC genes were first identified in inbred mice strains. Clarence Little transplanted tumors across different strains and found ... George Snell selectively bred two mouse strains, attained a new strain nearly identical to one of the progenitor strains, but ... MHC molecules were identified and named after their role in transplant rejection between mice of different strains, though it ... To offset inbreeding, efforts to sustain genetic diversity in populations of endangered species and of captive animals have ...
Hemann, M. T. (2000-11-15). "Wild-derived inbred mouse strains have short telomeres". Nucleic Acids Research. 28 (22): 4474- ... His work as a graduate student primarily focused on testicular atrophy and he spent a majority of his time observing mouse ... During his postdoctoral studies he was briefly a member of a scientist-formed group named "weapons of mouse-destruction" but ...
Rhodes, JS; Ford, MM; Yu, CH; Brown, LL; Finn, DA; Garland Jr, T; Crabbe, JC (2007). "Mouse inbred strain differences in ... Rhodes was one of the developers of the Drinking in the Dark model in mice. In this model, a specific mouse strain is found to ... Many drugs used to treat alcoholism in humans have been shown to lead to reduced ethanol consumption in mice used in this model ... Research from his lab has shown that adult and adolescent mice given equal amounts of cocaine display significant differences ...
Her first work in the lab helped to elucidate the sequence diversity of 20 inbred mouse strains based on substitutions, ... "Genetic and Haplotype Diversity Among Wild-Derived Mouse Inbred Strains". Genome Research. 14 (10a): 1880-1887. doi:10.1101/gr. ... Genetic and haplotype diversity among wild-derived mouse inbred strains. Genome Research, 2004 Oct;14:1880-1887. PMID 15466288 ... Her thesis worked explored the genetic architecture of DDK syndrome and the genetic basis for embryonic lethality in mice. She ...
Robinson SF, Marks MJ, Collins AC (April 1996). "Inbred mouse strains vary in oral self-selection of nicotine". ...
In mice, large differences in learning ability exist among different inbred strains. These differences appear to be correlated ... "Learning spatial orientation tasks in the radial-maze and structural variation in the hippocampus in inbred mice". Behavioral ... Behavioral Genetics of the Mouse. Cambridge Handbooks in Behavioral Genetics. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp ...
Laboratory mice, flies, fish, and worms are inbred through many generations to create strains with defined characteristics. ... Festing, M., "Inbred Strains of Mice and their Characteristics", The Jackson Laboratory . Retrieved 30 January 2008. Peichel CL ... the International Knockout Mouse Consortium, for example, aims to provide knockout mice for every gene in the mouse genome. In ... Mice are widely considered to be the best model of inherited human disease and share 95% of their genes with humans. With the ...
Stevens LC, Little CC (November 1954). "Spontaneous Testicular Teratomas in an Inbred Strain of Mice". Proceedings of the ... "Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice". Proceedings of the National ... In the mouse, primordial germ cells (PGCs) arise in the posterior primitive streak of the embryo and start to migrate around ... In mice, PGCs originate from the proximal epiblast, close to the extra-embryonic ectoderm (ExE), of the post-implantation ...
Digit ratio (2D:4D) and behavioral differences between inbred mouse strains. Genes, Brain & Behavior 4: 318-323. Hurd PL, ... Intrauterine position effects on anogenital distance and digit ratio in male and female mice. Archives of Sexual Behavior (in ... while there is no difference in digit ratio between the sexes in most laboratory mice, that pups which gested[spelling?] next ...
Morici LA, Heang J, Tate T, Didier PJ, Roy CJ (2010). "Differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to Burkholderia ... Type strain of Burkholderia thailandensis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short ... Burkholderia thailandensis is sometimes used to model B. pseudomallei infection in mice because of similarities in the immune ... Co-culture studies showed that B. thailandensis strain E264 produces an antimicrobial substance that prevents the growth of ...
Recombinant inbred strains or lines were first developed using inbred strains of mice but are now used to study a wide range of ... In the case of a typical mouse recombinant inbred strain made by crossing maternal strain BALB/cBy (C) with paternal strain ... pairs of the F2 progeny are then mated to establish inbred strains through long-term inbreeding. Families of recombinant inbred ... Between 2005 and 2007, virtually all extant mouse and rat recombinant inbred strains were regenotyped at many thousands of SNP ...
This is another inbred strain that is popularly used as a fancy mouse. Genome analysis shows that JF1 emerged as a reproductive ... Okumura, Kazuhiro; Saito, Megumi; Isogai, Eriko; Wakabayashi, Yuichi (2021). "The Japanese Wild-Derived Inbred Mouse Strain, ... It is among the smallest house mice. Different strains such as MSM/Ms, JF1, Japanese waltzing mouse, C57BL/6J and MSKR exist ... The Japanese house mouse or Japanese wild mouse (Mus musculus molossinus) is a type of house mouse that originated in Japan. ...
... learning in three inbred strains of mice". Brain Research. 785 (2): 236-244. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01417-0. PMID 9518631. ... "Inheritance of discrimination learning ability and retention in BA and DBA mice". Behavior Genetics. 11 (2): 173-177. doi: ...
Paylor R, Crawley JN (July 1997). "Inbred strain differences in prepulse inhibition of the mouse startle response". ... Possible hearing impairment must be taken into account, as, for example, several strains of mice develop high frequency hearing ... "Table 1: Mouse PPI pharmacology". from Geyer MA, McIlwain KL, Paylor R (2002). "Mouse genetic models for prepulse inhibition: ... While some of the hypotheses stand to the test, others are not, as some mice models show unchanged or increased PPI contrary to ...
MMHCdb contains genetic and genomic information about inbred mouse strains, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and ... Inbred mouse strains are the result of at least 20 generations of successive brother/sister matings which lead to a population ... Inbred strains of mice allow researchers to investigate the role that genetics plays in cancer susceptibility and treatment ... The first inbred strain, DBA (dilute brown agouti), was developed in 1909. Among the earliest references to the use of inbred ...
NOD/Shi inbred strain, 2) SCID, 3) IL-2Rγnull. These include: Reduced innate immunity derived from a NOD inbred strain, which ... The NOD/Shi inbred strain was first discovered by Makino et al. as autoimmune non-obese-type diabetes mice. Lack of functional ... Cancer Infectious Diseases Regenerative Medicine Hematology Humanized mouse Nude mouse SCID mouse M. Ito and, et al. (2002). " ... such as nude mouse and NOD/scid mouse. Thus, the mouse can be the best model as a highly efficient recipient of human cells to ...
"Variation and genetic control of gene expression in primary immunocytes across inbred mouse strains." J Immunol 193(9): 4485- ... Though most of the transcriptional profiling was done on B6 mice, the effect of genetic variation was also studied. The second ... As of August 2016, Immgen has profiled more than 250 naive cell populations in the mouse using microarrays, and several dozens ... for nearly all characterized cell populations of the adaptive and innate immune systems in the mouse, at major stages of ...
... unlike other model species like zebrafish and mice. By 1979, researchers had generated 10 inbred strains. These inbred lines ... Currently, 456 commercial strains are documented and available for fishkeeping. Medaka are not only kept as pets but also ... There are also many mutations that show up in medaka at random, for example, a mutant strain that lacks scales, and one with ... In 2014, work began on generating 111 different inbred lines derived from a single population collected in the wild. Medaka ...
Inbred and outbred mouse and rat strains have very different susceptibility to Sendai virus infection. Visualization of SeV ... Parker JC, Whiteman MD, Richter CB (January 1978). "Susceptibility of inbred and outbred mouse strains to Sendai virus and ... C57BL/6 mice are highly resistant to the virus, while DBA/2J mice are sensitive. C57BL/6 mice showed slight loss of body weight ... All Sendai virus strains belong to the same serotype. The origin of many strains of SeV was described in 1978. Some strains ...
Schwartz WJ, Zimmerman P. Circadian timekeeping in BALB/c and C57BL/6 inbred mouse strains. J Neurosci. 1990; 10: 3685-3694. ...
... biochemical properties and variation in activity among inbred strains". Pharmacogenetics. 6 (1): 43-53. doi:10.1097/00008571- ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Aksoy S, Brandriff ... Overexpression of SIRT1 in mice has been shown to reduce insulin and fasting glucose, as well as increased metabolism and ... 2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ...
In 1999, they showed that different inbred strains of mice displayed very different pain sensitivity. Chief among these ... Responses of 11 inbred mouse strains on 12 measures of nociception". Pain. 80 (1): 67-82. doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00197-3. ... "Genetic sensitivity to hot-plate nociception in DBA/2J and C57BL/6J inbred mouse strains: possible sex-specific mediation by δ2 ... female mice are more sensitive to itch than male mice; pain reduces sexual desire in male but not female mice; sex differences ...
Mouse strains can be inbred, mutated, or genetically modified, while rat strains are usually inbred. A given inbred rodent ... Coli Genetic Stock Center EcoliWiki E. coli strain index International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR) Rat strain index (Articles ... A laboratory mouse or rat strain is a group of animals that is genetically uniform. Strains are used in laboratory experiments ... In biology, a strain is a genetic variant, a subtype or a culture within a biological species. Strains are often seen as ...
Inbred mouse strains differ in their capacity to deiodinate iododioxin and iodothyronines, with strains segregating into high ... Physiological and genetic analyses of inbred mouse strains with a type I iodothyronine 5 deiodinase deficiency.. M J Berry, D ... Recombinant inbred strains derived from crosses between high and low activity strains exhibit segregation characteristic of a ... We propose the symbol Dio1 to denote the mouse 5DI gene. Conserved linkage between this segment of mouse chromosome 4 and ...
The Inheritance of Susceptibility to Tumors Induced in Mice I. Tumors Induced by Methylcholanthrene in Five Inbred Strains of ... Tumors Induced by Methylcholanthrene in Five Inbred Strains of Mice*. Cancer Res 1 January 1943; 3 (1): 13-20. ... Walter J. Burdette, Leonell C. Strong; The Inheritance of Susceptibility to Tumors Induced in Mice I. ...
Learn about different types of inbred mouse strains and the inbred breeding scheme. ... What are the unique advantages of using inbred mice in genetic and genomic research? ... Common Laboratory Mouse Strains: A Beginners Guide This MiniCourse introduces inbred, outbred, and hybrid mouse strains and ... The Basic Inbred Strain Experiment Inbred strains are powerful tools for genetic and genomic research. Discover how researchers ...
Use of recombinant inbred mouse strains to study genetic basis of motor impulsivity and compulsivity in 5-choice serial ... Use of recombinant inbred mouse strains to study genetic basis of motor impulsivity and compulsivity in 5-choice serial ...
T cells and neutrophils purified from 39 inbred strains of the Mouse Phenome Database. Considering both cell types, a large ... number of transcripts showed significant variation across the inbred strains, with 22% of the transcriptome varying by 2-fold ... where the corresponding transcript was not expressed in some of the strains, representing a useful resource of natural ... To determine the breadth and underpinning of changes in immunocyte gene expression due to genetic variation in mice, we ...
Responses to isogenic and allogenic implants in inbred strains of mice. Abstr. ...
FVB is an albino, inbred laboratory mouse strain that is named after its susceptibility to Friend leukemia virus B. This strain ... 1991). FVB/N: an inbred mouse strain preferable for transgenic analyses. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 88(6 ... A derivative strain called sighted FVB was developed from this strain via backcrossing. The full name of this strain is FVB. ... FVB mice show elevated aggressive behavior towards newly intruding FVB mice shortly after the new mouses introduction, ...
... including mice, dogs and humans. We tested the possibility of altering the course of retinal degeneration in the rd mouse ... Mice, Inbred Strains * Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / biosynthesis * Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / genetics* * Retina / ... including mice, dogs and humans. We tested the possibility of altering the course of retinal degeneration in the rd mouse ... Photoreceptor cell rescue in retinal degeneration (rd) mice by in vivo gene therapy Nat Med. 1996 Jun;2(6):649-54. doi: 10.1038 ...
Differential CO2-induced c-fos gene expression in the nucleus tractus solitarii of inbred mouse strains. Journal of applied ... Differential CO2-induced c-fos gene expression in the nucleus tractus solitarii of inbred mouse strains. / Tankersley, Clarke G ... Differential CO2-induced c-fos gene expression in the nucleus tractus solitarii of inbred mouse strains. ... Genetic determinants confer variation between inbred mouse strains with respect to the magnitude and pattern of ventilation ...
Genetic Contribution to Initial and Progressive Alcohol Intake Among Recombinant Inbred Strains of Mice. Frontiers in Genetics ... Genetic Contribution to Initial and Progressive Alcohol Intake Among Recombinant Inbred Strains of Mice. In: Frontiers in ... Genetic Contribution to Initial and Progressive Alcohol Intake Among Recombinant Inbred Strains of Mice. / Mulligan, Megan K.; ... title = "Genetic Contribution to Initial and Progressive Alcohol Intake Among Recombinant Inbred Strains of Mice", ...
Sensitive mouse strains developed severe microvesicular steatosis compared with corresponding vehicle control mice following 3 ... A genetically diverse mouse population model in combination with a systems biology approach was utilized to identify ... This work also highlights the value of using a mouse diversity panel to investigate drug-induced responses across a diverse ... A systems biology approach utilizing a mouse diversity panel identifies genetic differences influencing isoniazid-induced ...
Dams from two inbred strains of mice (C57BR and BALB/c) were treated with caffeine in solution in their drinking water during ... Sinton CM, Valatx JL, Jouvet M. Increased sleep time in the offspring of caffeine-treated dams from two inbred strains of mice ... Increased sleep time in the offspring of caffeine-treated dams from two inbred strains of mice. / Sinton, C. M.; Valatx, J. L ... N2 - Dams from two inbred strains of mice (C57BR and BALB/c) were treated with caffeine in solution in their drinking water ...
... segregation of marker chromosomes 14 and 18 in mouse recombinant inbred strains derived from the KE and CBA/Kw inbred strains. ... The segregation pattern of chromosomes 14 and 18 were analysed in recombinant inbred strains of mice developed from KE and CBA/ ... Kw strains. The analysis was possible owing to the fact that the C-band on chromosomes 14 of the CBA/Kw strain and that of ... while the CBA/Kw mice have a small sized C-band on chromosome 14, the KE mice show small C-bands on chromosome 18. Chromosomes ...
... to 8-wk old mice were between 1 in 3 and 1 in 10 splenic B cells from the following inbred strains of mice: C3H/Tif; BALB/c; ... I. Distribution in different lymphoid organs from different inbred strains of mice at different ages J Andersson, J Andersson ... I. Distribution in different lymphoid organs from different inbred strains of mice at different ages . J Exp Med 1 June 1977; ... and C3H/HeJ mice. No LPS-reactive cells but normal frequencies of lipoprotein-reactive cells were found in C3H/HeJ mice, ...
The highly inbred STU mouse strain (up to 100 inbred generations) was developed from a German white mouse colony. Its ... The enzyme from the mutant stock is much more heat labile than is the enzyme from the wild-type strain. Both the activity and ... The technique of osmium tetroxide fixation followed by a treatment with p-phenylenediamine was applied to mouse testes in order ... Aldehyde oxidase activity in Aldox-2 homozygotes is approximately 25 - 30% that of the Oregon-R wild-type control strain. ...
Mild inborn errors of metabolism in commonly used inbred mouse strains. Leandro J, et al. Mol Genet Metab, 2019 Apr. PMID ... Bckdhb branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase E1, beta polypeptide [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ] Gene ID: 12040, updated on 23- ... Molecular cloning and analysis of the expression of the E1 beta subunit of branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase in mice. ... Impaired growth and neurological abnormalities in branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase-deficient mice. Joshi MA ...
Common inbred strains include BALB/c, C3H, C57BL/6 and DBA. Two strains may be bred together to produce a mixture of the genes ... There are over 400 documented inbred strains of mice. Different varieties are identified by a series of letters and numbers. ... Inbred strains are the result of at least 20 generations of brother-sister mating. This causes the genes to become homozygous ( ... Female mice do not usually fight. Group-housed males often fight, with some strains fighting more than others. Housing young ...
Mice, Inbred Strains. Perera T, Young MR, Zhang Z, Murphy G, Colburn NH, Lanza E, Hartman TJ, Cross AJ, Bobe G. 2015. ... Mice. Perera T, Young MR, Zhang Z, Murphy G, Colburn NH, Lanza E, Hartman TJ, Cross AJ, Bobe G. 2015. Identification and ... Identification and monitoring of metabolite markers of dry bean consumption in parallel human and mouse studies.. Mol Nutr Food ... Identification and monitoring of metabolite markers of dry bean consumption in parallel human and mouse studies.. Mol Nutr Food ...
Higher incidence of sperm granuloma in the epididymis of C57BL/6N mice C57BL/6N mice are inbred strains widely used in ... A29T is the type strain of... Authors: In-Tae Cha, Mi-Hwa Lee, Byung-Yong Kim, Yong-Joon Cho, Dae-Won Kim, Kyung June Yim, Hye ... Genome sequence of the haloarchaeon Haloterrigena jeotgali type strain A29T isolated from salt-fermented food Haloterrigena ...
Differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to Burkholderia thailandensis aerosol infection. Microb Pathog. 2010;48:9- ... thailandensis strains in the continental United States (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and 2003 clinical and 2019 ... thailandensis after the geographic origin of the type strain (3). ...
2007) Differences in the onset of puberty in selected inbred mouse strains. Endocr Abstr 14:P617. ... A, Female mice were mated with wild-type male mice for 90 d. Each line represents an individual female mouse. The black dot ... mouse. A CNS STAT5 KO mouse has also been produced (Lee et al., 2008), and the mice are fertile although specific parameters of ... mice compared with control mice during the 90 d. D, Number of pups per litter was significantly reduced in Jak2 G−/− mice ...
Massett1: Exercise capacity in 34 inbred strains of mice (2012) Courtney SM, Massett MP. Identification of exercise capacity ... of Strains. Sex. Age. Sample Size (Avg) Massett1:1 Massett1 body weight (none) body weight [g] body_weight 46501 inbred w/CC8. ... Download Massett1 strain means, SD, N, etc. one row per strain/sex/measure. ... QTL using association mapping in inbred mice. Physiol Genomics. 2012 Oct 2;44(19):948-55. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics. ...
Inbred mouse strains vary in oral self-selection of nicotine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996;124:332-9. doi:10.1007/BF02247438 ... Gustatory, trigeminal, and olfactory aspects of nicotine intake in three mouse strains. Behav Genet 2012;42:820-9. doi:10.1007/ ... Wild-type mice also preferred nicotine solution (200 µg/mL) containing 100 µg/mL menthol (figure 3A). When mice deficient in ... Aversion to high concentrations of menthol in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Groups of male adult C57BL/6 mice were given the choice ...
Hematology and clotting time survey in 43 inbred strains of mice (2001). Peters LL, Barker JE With: Svenson K, Von Smith R ... Conditions: Mice were shipped from JAX production facility at 8 wks of age and fed LabDiet 5K52 (6% fat) during the acclimation ... Conditions: Mice were shipped from JAX production facility at 8 wks of age and fed LabDiet 5K52 (6% fat) during the acclimation ... Sample collection: Mice were bled from the retro-orbital sinus using an uncoated microhematocrit tube. 275 uL of blood was ...
Antidepressants and the resilience to early-life stress in inbred mouse strains. Binder, E., Malki, K., Paya-Cano, J. L., ...
Genome-edited mice were also obtained using frozen-warmed pronuclear embryos with clustered regularly interspaced short ... This study examined the application of this method for the induction of pseudopregnancy in mice. Offspring were obtained from ... This study demonstrated that induction of pseudopregnancy by sonic vibration was also possible in mice. ... is an essential reproductive technology for the production of new animal strains and maintenance of genetic resources. We ...
Spontaneous testicular teratomas in an inbred strain of mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1954;40(11):1080-7. ... Stadtfeld M, Maherali N, Borkent M, Hochedlinger K. A reprogrammable mouse strain from gene-targeted embryonic stem cells. Nat ... Vivien C, Scerbo P, Girardot F, Le Blay K, Demeneix BA, Coen L. Non-viral expression of mouse Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 ... Okita K, Nakagawa M, Hyenjong H, Ichisaka T, Yamanaka S. Generation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells without viral ...
Do all mice smell the same? Chemosensory cues from inbred and wild mouse strains elicit stereotypic sensory representations in ... Oral and vaginal microbiota in selected field mice of the genus Apodemus: a wild population study Autores: Matejkova, T; ...
In addition, CD1 mice are outbred and thus less expensive than many inbred strains. CD1 mice are also the strain of choice for ... Mouse strain: CD1 outbred mice are commonly used in PK/PD testing (Bulitta et al., 2019); therefore, this was proposed as the ... The panel recognized that the use of inbred mice may be advantageous under some circumstances, including for bacterial strains ... When working with inbred mice, eight weeks of age or older is preferred due to their slower growth and to ensure animals ...
Beginning with two inbred mouse strains with contrasting phenotype in the neuroma model of neuropathic pain (autotomy), we ... Variability in pain behavior is also observed across inbred strains of mice where it has been attributed to genetic ... Expression of DRG candidate pain molecules after nerve injury - A comparative study among five inbred mouse strains with ... We used microarray-based expression genomics in 25 inbred mouse strains to identify dorsal root ganglion (DRG)-expressed ...
  • Hepatic and renal 5'DI mRNA in a high (C57BL/6J) and low (C3H/HeJ) strain paralleled enzyme activity and concentration, in agreement with a recent report. (jci.org)
  • Specifically, inheritance patterns derived from low-responsive C3H/HeJ (C3) and high-responsive C57BL/6J (B6) mouse strains suggest that differential hypercapnic ventilatory sensitivity (HCVS) is controlled by two independent genes. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Common inbred strains include BALB/c, C3H, C57BL/6 and DBA. (uwm.edu)
  • Study design The two-bottle choice drinking assay was used to characterise aversion and preference in C57BL/6 mice to a range of menthol concentrations (10-200 µg/mL). (bmj.com)
  • Using a pair of black mice from the Granby farm, Little develops the C57BL and C57BR strains. (jax.org)
  • The inbred C57BL/6J-mice (B6) and hybrid B6D2F1-mice demonstrated extensive permanent threshold shift and subsequent onset of AHL. (cdc.gov)
  • and two hypertaurinuric (taut-) strains, C57BL/6J and PRO/Re. (jci.org)
  • Furthermore, 129-strain ES cells often contribute to the germline of the chimeras, and when breeding chimeras with C57BL/6 test mice, the dominant agouti color in offspring signifying germline transmission is also easily detected in the G1 generation litters. (umassmed.edu)
  • However, the resulting targeted G1 mice are of a mixed 129 x C57BL/6 genetic background. (umassmed.edu)
  • Depending upon the study, these mice often have to be backcrossed 9 more generations with C57BL/6 mice to place the mutant allele on an inbred C57BL/6 background. (umassmed.edu)
  • Recently, researchers from the Sanger Institute (UK) have isolated stable and germline competent embryonic stem (ES) cells from C57BL/6N mice (1). (umassmed.edu)
  • These ES cells allow for the generation of gene‐targeted mice on a C57BL/6 genetic background without the need for multiple backcrossing of mice. (umassmed.edu)
  • To generate suitable C57BL/6 embryonic stem cells for gene targeting experiments, the Sanger team established a male cell line (JM8) from the N-substrain of C57BL/6 mice. (umassmed.edu)
  • When these C57BL/6N-based JM8 cells were injected into blastocysts from albino mice, a high proportion of chimeras displayed ES cell contribution to both germline and somatic tissues. (umassmed.edu)
  • However, a disadvantage of this combination is that a slightly mixed C57BL/6 genetic background (C57BL/6N x C57BL/6J) is produced when breeding the resulting chimeras with C57BL/6J Tyrc-Brd albino mice to test for germline transmission in the G1 generation. (umassmed.edu)
  • Of course, one could breed the chimeras with inbred C57BL/6N mice to maintain a pure C57BL/6N substrain background- but then one could not use coat color in the G1 generation to identify germline-transmitting chimeras, as all the offspring would be of a black coat color regardless of germline transmission. (umassmed.edu)
  • The non-agouti mutation in C57BL/6 strains is due to an 11.8 Kbp retrotransposon located in the first intron of the agouti gene that abolishes the expression of the Agouti gene. (umassmed.edu)
  • The Sanger group performed gene targeting in the JM8 ES cells to delete the retrotransposon from the agouti locus and restore agouti gene function, permitting the visualization of ES cell-derived mice on an inbred C57BL/6 background by agouti coat color. (umassmed.edu)
  • Since these JM8A3 cells are heterozygous for the corrected agouti allele [A tm1brd ], crossing the resulting brown-on-white chimeras with C57BL/6N test mice yield embryonic stem cell-derived offspring with either agouti or black coats. (umassmed.edu)
  • This approach allows you to maintain the inbred C57BL/6N status of the offspring. (umassmed.edu)
  • The UMass Chan Transgenic Animal Modeling Core (TAMC) also has JM8-strain ES cells for targeting, and routinely injects either JM8.F6-strain ES cells or JM8.A3-strain ES cells into albino C57BL/6J Tyrc-Brd blastocysts. (umassmed.edu)
  • In the present study a nest-building protocol was established using four different inbred mouse strains (CD1, BALB/c, C57Bl/6J, C3H) before assessing AD and FTD tau transgenic mice of Line 1 (L1) and Line 66 (L66) in this paradigm. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recombinant inbred strains derived from crosses between high and low activity strains exhibit segregation characteristic of a single allele difference. (jci.org)
  • Southern analyses using a 5'DI probe identified a restriction fragment length variant that segregated with 5'DI activity in 33 of 35 recombinant inbred strains derived from four different pairs of high and low activity parental strains. (jci.org)
  • What are the unique advantages of using inbred mice in genetic and genomic research? (jax.org)
  • The findings demonstrated the advantages of using inbred and F1 hybrid strains of mice which are genetically well defined, numerous and readily available. (cdc.gov)
  • Dams from two inbred strains of mice (C57BR and BALB/c) were treated with caffeine in solution in their drinking water during gestation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The offspring (as adults) revealed a significantly increased sleep time following caffeine treatment, but primarily as slow wave sleep in the males of the BALB/c strain and paradoxical sleep in the females of the C57BR strain. (elsevierpure.com)
  • and CBA and A/J. Very similar frequencies are found for lipoprotein-reactive B cells in BALB/c, BALB/c ν/ν, C3H/Tif, and C3H/HeJ mice. (silverchair.com)
  • Halsey Bagg develops the BALB /c ( Bagg albino) mouse for behavioral experiments. (jax.org)
  • BALB/c mice were more proficient than CD1 and C3H mice, while all strains displayed similar nest-building behaviour by day 7. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Jackson Laboratory has made fundamental contributions to biomedical research, including cancer genetics and establishing the mouse as the premier research animal model. (jax.org)
  • Genetics of age-related hearing loss in mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Gene expression genetics of the striatum of Diversity Outbred mice. (ebsco.com)
  • A genetically diverse mouse population model in combination with a systems biology approach was utilized to identify transcriptional changes, INH-responsive metabolites, and gene variants that contribute to the liver response in genetically sensitive individuals. (nih.gov)
  • No LPS-reactive cells but normal frequencies of lipoprotein-reactive cells were found in C3H/HeJ mice, genetically nonreactive to LPS. (silverchair.com)
  • In the early 1980s, researchers began genetically manipulating mice by inserting genes from other species (including humans) during the earliest stages of embryonic cell division. (mentalfloss.com)
  • FVB is an albino, inbred laboratory mouse strain that is named after its susceptibility to Friend leukemia virus B. This strain was produced from mice established at the National Institutes of Health in 1935. (wikipedia.org)
  • These mice have greater susceptibility to an asthma-like phenotype than wild-type animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • These mice provided some of the first evidence that susceptibility to cancer can be inherited, just like hair color. (mentalfloss.com)
  • Susceptibility of inbred and F1 hybrid strains to noise-induced hearing loss. (cdc.gov)
  • The objective of this study was to determine if there is variation in susceptibility of different strains of mice to MLA and to identify factors responsible for the variation that could be used as a model for cattle. (usda.gov)
  • Both the protein expression differences and the potential identification of genetic markers discovered in mice will provide the basis for future experiments to identify genetic factors that correlate with susceptibility to larkspur toxicity in cattle. (usda.gov)
  • The toxicokinetic profiles of MLA in the susceptible A/J and resistant 129 strains were compared in order to determine if their differences in susceptibility are simply due to differences in their ability to eliminate MLA. (usda.gov)
  • 0.01) different between strains: C3 mice showed a slow, deep-breathing pattern relative to a rapid, shallow phenotype of B6 mice. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Right here, we report the phenotype of mice bred to hold two copies of the BAC, which extra utterly recapitulate the phenotypic options of HGPS in pores and skin, adipose, skeletal, and vascular tissues. (eumorphia.org)
  • Inbred mouse lines vary in their ability to mount protective antiretroviral immune responses, and even closely related strains can exhibit opposing phenotypes upon retroviral infection. (ebsco.com)
  • Sachser, N (2001): Rhythm of activity in closely related inbred strains of mice. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Sachser, N (2001): Circadian rhythm of three closely related inbred strains of mice differing in aggressive behaviour. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Our aim is to identify pathways associated with NIHL using specific inbred strains of the laboratory mouse. (uhhospitals.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that putative genotypes for age related hearing loss (AHL) may make mice more susceptible to noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). (cdc.gov)
  • This causes the genes to become homozygous (same strain) at nearly all the loci on the chromosomes. (uwm.edu)
  • Two strains may be bred together to produce a mixture of the genes of each strain. (uwm.edu)
  • Scientists also began turning off specific genes during early development, creating 'knockout mice. (mentalfloss.com)
  • 1939 International Committee on Standardized Nomenclature for Mice begins, bringing order to the naming of mice and their genes. (jax.org)
  • L. C. Strong breeds a Bagg albino with an albino from Little 's stock and starts the first of many tumor-prone strains, called the A strain, known for mammary and lung tumors. (jax.org)
  • The analysis was possible owing to the fact that the C-band on chromosomes 14 of the CBA/Kw strain and that of chromosome 18 of the KE strain show size polymorphism: while the CBA/Kw mice have a small sized C-band on chromosome 14, the KE mice show small C-bands on chromosome 18. (edu.pl)
  • Inbred wild type mouse strains have distinct spontaneous morphological phenotypes. (tum.de)
  • Anhedonia and low nesting scores in L66 mice are indicative of apathy-like phenotypes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mutations in the beta subunit of the cGMP phosphodiesterase gene (beta PDE) can cause a recessively inherited retinal degeneration in several species, including mice, dogs and humans. (nih.gov)
  • It is probably not possible for humans to acquire a Sterne strain infection by the respiratory or oral route. (cdc.gov)
  • The acute toxicity of methyllycaconitine (MLA) in ten different inbred strains of mice was compared. (usda.gov)
  • We now have been utilizing the Inbred Lengthy- and Quick-Sleep mouse strains (ILS, ISS) and a recombinant inbred panel derived from them, the LXS, to research the genetic underpinnings of acute ethanol tolerance which is taken into account to be a threat issue for alcohol use issues (AUDs). (eumorphia.org)
  • Intravenous cocaine self-administration in a panel of inbred mouse strains differing in acute locomotor sensitivity to cocaine. (unc.edu)
  • The strain is now valued as a source of embryonic stem cells for making knockout mice. (jax.org)
  • 2014) Salty taste deficits in CALHM1 knockout mice. (monell.org)
  • We profiled individual differences in alcohol consumption upon initial exposure and during 5 weeks of voluntary alcohol intake in female mice from 39 BXD recombinant inbred strains and parents using the drinking in the dark (DID) method. (northumbria.ac.uk)
  • These results demonstrate an essential role for Jak2 signaling in GnRH neurons for normal reproductive development and fertility in female mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • and report here a role for the Jak2 signaling molecule in the regulation of reproductive development and function in female mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • The production of female mice with pseudopregnancy induced using sonic vibration was as efficient as rats. (nature.com)
  • First successful transplantations of ovaries between female mice are performed by William Russell at JAX. (jax.org)
  • Female mice aged 5 - 6 months were assessed in the home cage over a period of 7 days with nest-building behaviour scored by three independent experimenters at intervals of 1-, 2- and 7-days post nestlet introduction. (bvsalud.org)
  • Physiological and genetic analyses of inbred mouse strains with a type I iodothyronine 5' deiodinase deficiency. (jci.org)
  • The investment in training should be outweighed by the benefits observed with more reliable behavioral and physiological responses in the mice. (uwm.edu)
  • A quick survey of the literature shows that there is lot of information on the physiological and anatomical changes in mice, rats and guinea pigs, following noise exposure. (uhhospitals.org)
  • In 1970, of the sensitive mice from that breeding, some were found to be susceptible to Friend leukaemia virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein expression of various nAChR subunits was also compared between the resistant 129 and susceptible A/J strains. (usda.gov)
  • Recombination frequencies using previously mapped loci allowed assignment of the 5'DI gene to mouse chromosome 4 and identified its approximate chromosomal position. (jci.org)
  • Conserved linkage between this segment of mouse chromosome 4 and human HSA1p predicts this location for human Dio1. (jci.org)
  • Considering both cell types, a large number of transcripts showed significant variation across the inbred strains, with 22% of the transcriptome varying by 2-fold or more. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Right here, we've got used RNA-seq to look at the transcriptome of complete mind in 40 of the LXS strains eight hours after a saline or ethanol "pretreatment" as in earlier behavioral research. (eumorphia.org)
  • The full name of this strain is FVB.129P2-Pde6b+ Tyrc-ch/AntJ, reflecting its genotype. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, one still has to genotype all of the G1 generation mice from germline transmitting chimeras or risk losing some black colored mice that are ES cells derived. (umassmed.edu)
  • In addition to albinism and Friend leukemia virus sensitivity, these mice become blind by weaning age due to being homozygous for a retinal deterioration allele on the PDE6B gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mice homozygous for disruptions in this gene are essentially normal although their kidneys are smaller and more succeptible to injury. (jax.org)
  • Variation and genetic control of gene expression in primary immunocytes across inbred mouse strains. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To determine the breadth and underpinning of changes in immunocyte gene expression due to genetic variation in mice, we performed, as part of the Immunological Genome Project, gene expression profiling for CD4(+) T cells and neutrophils purified from 39 inbred strains of the Mouse Phenome Database. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Genetic determinants confer variation between inbred mouse strains with respect to the magnitude and pattern of ventilation during hypercapnic challenge. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The present study also tests whether differential neuronal activity in respiratory control regions of the brain is positively associated with strain variation in HCVS. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The results of this study confirm previous reports that there is a fairly large animal to animal variability to larkspur toxicity, and that this variation is found across numerous strains of mice. (usda.gov)
  • In 1966, mice from this founding population were bred for sensitivity or resistance to challenge with histamine following pertussis vaccination. (wikipedia.org)
  • These mice were bred into the modern FVB strain at the Jackson Laboratory, with no subsequent selection for histamine sensitivity. (wikipedia.org)
  • By this point, approximately 60% of surviving mice show tumors/lesions. (wikipedia.org)
  • He discovered, for instance, that you can breed strains of mice with bodies that readily accept transplanted cancer tumors. (mentalfloss.com)
  • Lathrop sends mice that developed tumors to Leo Loeb at the University of Pennsylvania , who publishes pioneering papers on cancer. (jax.org)
  • FVB mice show elevated aggressive behavior towards newly intruding FVB mice shortly after the new mouse's introduction, potentially due to chronically disrupted circadian rhythms. (wikipedia.org)
  • These included 119 loci with apparent complete loss of function, where the corresponding transcript was not expressed in some of the strains, representing a useful resource of "natural knockouts. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 1991). FVB/N: an inbred mouse strain preferable for transgenic analyses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Embryo transfer (ET) is an essential reproductive technology for the production of new animal strains and maintenance of genetic resources. (nature.com)
  • Mild inborn errors of metabolism in commonly used inbred mouse strains. (nih.gov)
  • The most commonly used methods for catching and picking up mice are grasping the animal near the tip of the tail, between thumb and forefinger, or by grasping the tail near the base or the neck between the ends of a smooth tipped forceps. (uwm.edu)
  • The segregation pattern of chromosomes 14 and 18 were analysed in recombinant inbred strains of mice developed from KE and CBA/Kw strains. (edu.pl)
  • The virulent strains of etative cells and activate the spores. (who.int)
  • We tested whether modulation of inhibition or excitation in the auditory cortex of male mice could evoke such a variety of effects in tone-evoked responses and in behavioral frequency discrimination acuity. (jneurosci.org)
  • Lastly, inhibition of the strong autophagic program observed in adolescent mdx male mice via administration of the autophagy inhibitor leupeptin did not improve skeletal muscle pathology. (frontiersin.org)
  • Sachser, N (2002): Applying elo-rating to assess dominance hierarchiy in male mice. (fu-berlin.de)
  • These mice have deficiencies in their immune systems and thereby prove valuable in the study of immune diseases and cancer. (uwm.edu)
  • Compared with normal wild type strains which produce both the toxin and the capsule, the Sterne strain is relatively avirulent, however immunization using the Sterne strain is able to stimulate a protective immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • Strains of laboratory mice that are inbred for higher metabolic rates show stronger immune responses to immune challenge with stronger antigen-specific IgM production than strains bred for lower metabolic rates. (cdc.gov)
  • Localization of the membrane defect in transepithelial transport of taurine by parallel studies in vivo and in vitro in hypertaurinuric mice. (jci.org)
  • In mice and rats, females require mating stimulation for the maintenance of pregnancy. (nature.com)
  • Today, it's estimated that 95 percent of the world's lab mice are descended from mice born in the Jackson Laboratory. (mentalfloss.com)
  • Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. (silverchair.com)
  • SJL mice had significantly lower frequencies of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells (1 in approximately 30 B cells). (silverchair.com)
  • The B6-mice had normal auditory evoked brainstem response thresholds from 1 to 2 months of age, but they show gradual progressive elevation of thresholds for high frequencies. (cdc.gov)
  • This investigation was aimed at dissecting the mechanisms of C. pneumoniae pathogenesis by multivariate analysis of challenge experiments in a mouse model of C. pneumoniae lung infection. (auburn.edu)
  • The results confirmed that 25 samples con- tained B. anthracis, of which 9 were virulent for mice and guinea pigs. (who.int)
  • Tankersley, CG, Haxhiu, MA & Gauda, EB 2002, ' Differential CO 2 -induced c-fos gene expression in the nucleus tractus solitarii of inbred mouse strains ', Journal of applied physiology , vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 1277-1284. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • GnRH mRNA levels were reduced in Jak2 G −/− mice when compared with controls, while the number of GnRH neurons was equivalent, indicating a reduction in GnRH gene expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • In contrast to wild-type mice, Trpm8−/− showed a strong aversion to mentholated (100 µg/mL) nicotine (200 µg/mL) and preferred nicotine alone. (bmj.com)
  • Trpm8−/− mice show aversion to lower concentrations of menthol than wild-type mice. (bmj.com)
  • On the behavioral stage, solely restricted and gentle alterations have been reported, with a big a part of analyzed behaviors being unaffected in GAMT KO as in contrast with wild-type mice. (eumorphia.org)
  • This work also highlights the value of using a mouse diversity panel to investigate drug-induced responses across a diverse population. (nih.gov)
  • LPS-reactive B cells yielding IgM- and IgG-PFC responses could be found in mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, thoracic duct, and peripheral blood of 6- to 8-wk old mice. (silverchair.com)
  • Responses were compared with those in mice deficient in the cold/menthol receptor, TRPM8, expressed in trigeminal sensory neurons innervating the oral cavity. (bmj.com)
  • Two years is a common life expectancy in wild-type house mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • We tested the possibility of altering the course of retinal degeneration in the rd mouse through subretinal injection of a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus that contains the murine cDNA for wild-type (beta PDE, Ad.CMV beta PDE. (nih.gov)
  • Subsequent 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed a novel Burkholderia species named B. thailandensis after the geographic origin of the type strain ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Second, the Sterne strain might regain pXO2 and revert to capsule production, resulting in wild-type virulence. (cdc.gov)
  • In the tau mouse models, L66 presented with impaired nesting compared to wild-type on days 1 and 2 (not day 7), whereas L1 performed like wild-type on all days. (bvsalud.org)
  • Secretion of GnRH is also reduced as basal serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were significantly lower in female Jak2 G −/− mice while the pituitary responded normally to exogenous GnRH. (jneurosci.org)
  • Female Jak2 G −/− mice exhibited significantly delayed puberty and first estrus, abnormal estrous cyclicity, and impaired fertility. (jneurosci.org)
  • define the utility of the inbred mouse in genetic and genomic research studies. (jax.org)
  • This MicroLesson is designed to meet the needs of people who are new to utilizing laboratory mice for genetic and genomic research projects, including graduate and postdoctoral students, research assistants, early career scientists, lab technicians and advanced undergraduates with a background in biology. (jax.org)
  • In this genetic model of differential HCVS, the results suggest that a genomic basis for varied hypercapnic chemoreception or transduction confers greater afferent neuronal activity in the caudal NTS for high-responsive B6 mice compared with low-responsive C3 mice. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In addition to differences in the protein expression of nAChR subunits, other potential differences between these two strains will be evaluated in the future using genomic technologies. (usda.gov)
  • No reversion to virulence has been seen in the Sterne strain since its discovery in 1937. (cdc.gov)
  • Nor-Carotenoid, Rhizobium lupini The mutant strain 1-289 of Rhizobium lupini containes in addition to the normal carotenoid pattern a violet carotenoid whose structure was derived by MS and 270 1 H-NMR as 2′,3′-trans-dihydroxy-2-nor-β,β-carotene-3,4-dione. (degruyter.com)
  • A behavioural characterisation of the FVB/N mouse strain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Krüger, A (2007): Analysing Movement and Behavioural Patterns of Laboratory Mice in a Semi Natural Environment Based on Data collected via RFID-Technology. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Skryabin, BV (2002): Behavioural phenotyping of mice lacking BC1, a non-protein coding gene. (fu-berlin.de)
  • These days, when geneticists want to create a new strain of mice, they often take a more hands-on approach. (mentalfloss.com)
  • William Castle opens Harvard 's Bussey Institution , where many early mouse geneticists get their start. (jax.org)
  • So he began to dream of mice strains that were identical and docile, 'like newly minted coins. (mentalfloss.com)
  • Can the Sterne strain cause infections in people? (cdc.gov)
  • Sensitive mouse strains developed severe microvesicular steatosis compared with corresponding vehicle control mice following 3 days of oral treatment with INH. (nih.gov)
  • Molecular cloning and analysis of the expression of the E1 beta subunit of branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase in mice. (nih.gov)
  • The 129 strain of mice had twice the amount of alpha 7 nAChR subunit expression as the A/J strain, which was in direct proportion to the approximate two fold difference in LD50. (usda.gov)
  • Identification and monitoring of metabolite markers of dry bean consumption in parallel human and mouse studies. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The assay procedures for mouse samples were modified from the corresponding standard human assay procedures in order to lower the sample volume requirements. (jax.org)
  • The values obtained when run on "Mouse Assay" procedures vs. the standard "Human Assay" procedures were not statistically significant for any of the tests and are available upon request (Luanne Peters) . (jax.org)
  • Recently, I have been studying mice fed cafeteria diets to understand the contribution of food choice to the development of human obesity. (monell.org)
  • No human disease due to anthrax caused by the Sterne strain has been reported. (cdc.gov)
  • We further detected mild metabolic and mitochondrial impairments in female mdx carrier mice that were exacerbated with high-fat diet feeding. (frontiersin.org)
  • Concentration-dependent uptake studies reveal more than one taurine carrier in taut+ and taut- strains. (jci.org)