A strain of non-obese diabetic mice developed in Japan that has been widely studied as a model for T-cell-dependent autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which insulitis is a major histopathologic feature, and in which genetic susceptibility is strongly MHC-linked.
A NOD signaling adaptor protein that contains two C-terminal leucine-rich domains which recognize bacterial PEPTIDOGLYCAN. It signals via an N-terminal capase recruitment domain that interacts with other CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as RIP SERINE-THEONINE KINASES. The protein plays a role in the host defense response by signaling the activation of CASPASES and the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. Mutations of the gene encoding the nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 protein have been associated with increased susceptibility to CROHN DISEASE.
A NOD-signaling adaptor protein that contains a C-terminal leucine-rich domain which recognizes bacterial PEPTIDOGLYCAN. It signals via an N-terminal caspase recruitment domain that interacts with other CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as RIP SERINE-THEONINE KINASES. It plays a role in the host defense response by signaling the activation of CASPASES and the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM.
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
Peptidoglycan immunoadjuvant originally isolated from bacterial cell wall fragments; also acts as pyrogen and may cause arthritis; stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity.
A RIP serine-theonine kinase that contains a C-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domain. It can signal by associating with other CARD-signaling adaptor proteins and INITIATOR CASPASES that contain CARD domains within their N-terminal pro-domain region.
Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
Cytosolic signaling adaptor proteins that were initially discovered by their role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of organisms that lack an adaptive immune system. This class of proteins contains three domains, a C-terminal ligand recognition domain, an N-terminal effector-binding domain, and a centrally located nuclear-binding oligomerization domain. Many members of this class contain a C-terminal leucine rich domain which binds to PEPTIDOGLYCAN on the surface of BACTERIA and plays a role in pathogen resistance.
Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.
The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. It is distinct from Sweet Clover (MELILOTUS), from Bush Clover (LESPEDEZA), and from Red Clover (TRIFOLIUM).
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of sweet clover, MEDICAGO SATIVA, and fenugreek.
Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is a crucial intermediate in the biosynthesis of L-lysine, an essential amino acid, and is also a significant component of peptidoglycan, a cell wall polymer in bacteria.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Mouse strains constructed to possess identical genotypes except for a difference at a single gene locus.
Antibodies specific to INSULIN.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
The transference of pancreatic islets within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species.
The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).
The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
A plant species of the family FABACEAE widely cultivated for ANIMAL FEED.
A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.
A family of serine-threonine kinases that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by interacting with a variety of signaling adaptor proteins such as CRADD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEIN; TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 2; and TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN. Although they were initially described as death domain-binding adaptor proteins, members of this family may contain other protein-binding domains such as those involving caspase activation and recruitment.
The formation of a nitrogen-fixing cell mass on PLANT ROOTS following symbiotic infection by nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA.
Peptidoglycan is a complex, cross-linked polymer of carbohydrates and peptides that forms the rigid layer of the bacterial cell wall, providing structural support and protection while contributing to the bacterium's susceptibility or resistance to certain antibiotics.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
INFLAMMATION of salivary tissue (SALIVARY GLANDS), usually due to INFECTION or injuries.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is found in soil and which causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of field pea, lentil, kidney bean, and clover.
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.
Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.
Transplantation between animals of different species.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).
The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.
A family of gram-negative bacteria which are saprophytes, symbionts, or plant pathogens.
An interleukin receptor subunit that was originally discovered as a component of the INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR. It was subsequently found to be a component of several other receptors including the INTERLEUKIN 4 RECEPTOR, the INTERLEUKIN 7 RECEPTOR, the INTERLEUKIN-9 RECEPTOR, the INTERLEUKIN-15 RECEPTOR, and the INTERLEUKIN-21 RECEPTOR. Mutations in the gene for the interleukin receptor common gamma chain have been associated with X-LINKED COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES.
The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria usually containing granules of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. They characteristically invade the root hairs of leguminous plants and act as intracellular symbionts.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.
A plant species of the family FABACEAE used to study GENETICS because it is DIPLOID, self fertile, has a small genome, and short generation time.
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.
Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
The species Balaenoptera acutorostrata, in the family Balaenopteridae. It is the smallest of the WHALES in the family and though mainly oceanic, is often found in coastal waters including bays and estuaries.
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE service for health professionals and consumers. It links extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and other reviewed sources of information on specific diseases and conditions.
A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues.

Rescue of diabetes-related impairment of angiogenesis by intramuscular gene therapy with adeno-VEGF. (1/4103)

Diabetes is a major risk factor for coronary and peripheral artery diseases. Although diabetic patients often present with advanced forms of these diseases, it is not known whether the compensatory mechanisms to vascular ischemia are affected in this condition. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether diabetes could: 1) impair the development of new collateral vessel formation in response to tissue ischemia and 2) inhibit cytokine-induced therapeutic neovascularization. Hindlimb ischemia was created by femoral artery ligation in nonobese diabetic mice (NOD mice, n = 20) and in control C57 mice (n = 20). Hindlimb perfusion was evaluated by serial laser Doppler studies after the surgery. In NOD mice, measurement of the Doppler flow ratio between the ischemic and the normal limb indicated that restoration of perfusion in the ischemic hindlimb was significantly impaired. At day 14 after surgery, Doppler flow ratio in the NOD mice was 0.49+/-0.04 versus 0.73+/-0.06 for the C57 mice (P< or =0.005). This impairment in blood flow recovery persisted throughout the duration of the study with Doppler flow ratio values at day 35 of 0.50+/-0.05 versus 0.90+/-0.07 in the NOD and C57 mice, respectively (P< or =0.001). CD31 immunostaining confirmed the laser Doppler data by showing a significant reduction in capillary density in the NOD mice at 35 days after surgery (302+/-4 capillaries/mm2 versus 782+/-78 in C57 mice (P< or =0.005). The reduction in neovascularization in the NOD mice was the result of a lower level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the ischemic tissues, as assessed by Northern blot, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The central role of VEGF was confirmed by showing that normal levels of neovascularization (compared with C57) could be achieved in NOD mice that had been supplemented for this growth factor via intramuscular injection of an adenoviral vector encoding for VEGF. We conclude that 1) diabetes impairs endogenous neovascularization of ischemic tissues; 2) the impairment in new blood vessel formation results from reduced expression of VEGF; and 3) cytokine supplementation achieved by intramuscular adeno-VEGF gene transfer restores neovascularization in a mouse model of diabetes.  (+info)

Islet-specific Th1, but not Th2, cells secrete multiple chemokines and promote rapid induction of autoimmune diabetes. (2/4103)

Migration of CD4 cells into the pancreas represents a hallmark event in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Th1, but not Th2, cells are associated with pathogenesis leading to destruction of islet beta-cells and disease onset. Lymphocyte extravasation from blood into tissue is regulated by multiple adhesion receptor/counter-receptor pairs and chemokines. To identify events that regulate entry of CD4 cells into the pancreas, we transferred Th1 or Th2 cells induced in vitro from islet-specific TCR transgenic CD4 cells into immunodeficient (NOD.scid) recipients. Although both subsets infiltrated the pancreas and elicited multiple adhesion receptors (peripheral lymph node addressin, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1, LFA-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1) on vascular endothelium, entry/accumulation of Th1 cells was more rapid than that of Th2 cells, and only Th1 cells induced diabetes. In vitro, Th1 cells were also distinguished from Th2 cells by the capacity to synthesize several chemokines that included lymphotactin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, whereas both subsets produced macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta. Some of these chemokines as well as RANTES, MCP-3, MCP-5, and cytokine-response gene-2 (CRG-2)/IFN-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) were associated with Th1, but not Th2, pancreatic infiltrates. The data demonstrate polarization of chemokine expression by Th1 vs Th2 cells, which, within the microenvironment of the pancreas, accounts for distinctive inflammatory infiltrates that determine whether insulin-producing beta-cells are protected or destroyed.  (+info)

Nicotinamide decreases MHC class II but not MHC class I expression and increases intercellular adhesion molecule-1 structures in non-obese diabetic mouse pancreas. (3/4103)

Pancreases of untreated and nicotinamide (NIC)-treated pre-diabetic (10-week-old) and overtly diabetic (25-week-old) female NOD (non-obese diabetic) mice and of NON (non-obese non-diabetic) control mice were studied, with the following results. (1) Islets and ducts of overtly diabetic untreated NOD mice (25-week-old) were found to express low levels of MHC class I and II molecules, like NON controls, and high levels of adhesive molecules. (2) NIC was able to slightly affect glycaemia and insulitis, slowing down diabetes progression. Moreover it significantly decreased MHC class II expression (but not class I) in vivo by week 10, and significantly enhanced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, mainly by week 25, within the pancreas, where 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine positive nuclei and insulin positive cells were present, demonstrating that a stimulation of endocrine cell proliferation occurs. (3) In addition, NIC partly counteracted the fall of superoxide dismutase levels, observed in untreated diabetic NOD animals. (4) In vitro studies demonstrated that NIC: (i) was able to significantly reduce nitrite accumulation and to increase NAD+NADH content significantly, and (ii) was able to increase the levels of interleukin-4, a T helper 2 lymphocyte (Th2) protective cytokine, and of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), which is known to be able to induce MHC class I and ICAM-1 but not MHC class II expression, as well as IFN-gamma, which is also known to be able to induce MHC class I and ICAM-1 expression. The latter, although known to be a proinflammatory Th1 cytokine, has also recently been found to exert an anti-diabetogenic role. This study therefore clearly shows that adhesive mechanisms are ongoing during the later periods of diabetes in pancreatic ducts of NOD mice, and suggests they may be involved in a persistence of the immune mechanisms of recognition, adhesion and cytolysis and/or endocrine regeneration or differentiation processes, as both NIC-increased ICAM-1 expression and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine positivity imply. The effects of NIC on MHC class II (i.e. a reduction) but not class I, and, mainly, on ICAM-1 expression (i.e. an increase), together with the increase in Th2 protective cytokine levels are very interesting, and could help to explain its mechanism of action and the reasons for alternate success or failure in protecting against type 1 diabetes development.  (+info)

Major DQ8-restricted T-cell epitopes for human GAD65 mapped using human CD4, DQA1*0301, DQB1*0302 transgenic IA(null) NOD mice. (4/4103)

The 65KD isoform of GAD is considered to be a major target autoantigen in many humans with autoimmune prediabetes or diabetes. The major histocompatibility complex class II allele DQA1*0301, DQB1*0302, which encodes HLA-DQ8, confers susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and occurs in up to 80% of affected individuals. To map T-cell epitopes for GAD65 restricted to the diabetes-associated DQ8 heterodimer, we generated transgenic NOD mice expressing HLA-DQ8 and human CD4 while having the mouse class II gene (IA(beta)) deleted. These mice were immunized with full-length purified recombinant GAD65, and the fine specificity of T-cell responses was mapped by examining recall responses of bulk splenocytes to an overlapping set of 20-mer peptides encompassing the entire GAD65 protein. Four different peptides (P121-140, P201-220, P231-250, and P471-490) gave significant T-cell recall responses. P201-220 and P231-250 have been shown previously to bind DQ8, whereas the other two peptides had been classified as nonbinders. Interestingly, the peptide giving the greatest response (P201-220) encompasses residues 206-220 of GAD65, a region that has been shown to be a dominant T-cell epitope in wild-type IA(g7) NOD mice. Overlap in this T-cell epitope likely reflects structural similarities between DQ8 and IA(g7). The fine specificity of antibody responses in the GAD65-immunized mice was also examined by testing the antisera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against the same overlapping set of peptides. The two dominant B-cell epitopes were P361-380 and P381-400; P121-140 and P471-490 appeared to correspond to both B- and T-cell epitopes. Although the NOD human CD4, DQ8, IA(null) transgenic mice generated in these studies do not develop autoimmune diabetes either spontaneously or after cyclophosphamide treatment, they can be used to map DQ8-restricted T-cell epitopes for a variety of human islet autoantigens. They can also be used to test T-cell-specific reagents, such as fluorescently labeled DQ8 tetramers containing GAD65 peptides or other beta-cell peptides, which we believe will be useful in analyzing human immune responses in diabetic and prediabetic patients.  (+info)

Cytokine treatment or accessory cells are required to initiate engraftment of purified primitive human hematopoietic cells transplanted at limiting doses into NOD/SCID mice. (5/4103)

Little is known about the cell types or mechanisms that underlie the engraftment process. Here, we have examined parameters affecting the engraftment of purified human Lin-CD34+CD38- normal and AML cells transplanted at limiting doses into NOD/SCID recipients. Mice transplanted with 500 to 1000 Lin-CD34+CD38- cord blood (CB) or AML cells required the co-transplantation of accessory cells (ACs) or short-term in vivo cytokine treatment for engraftment, whereas transplantation of higher doses (>5000 Lin-CD34+CD38- cells) did not show these requirements suggesting that ACs are effective for both normal and leukemic stem cell engraftment in this model. Mature Lin+CD34- and primitive Lin-CD34+CD38+ cells were capable of acting as ACs even though no repopulating cells are present. Cytokine treatment of NOD/SCID mice could partially replace the requirement for co-transplantation of AC. Furthermore, no difference was seen between the percentage of engrafted mice treated with cytokines for only the first 10 days after transplant compared to those receiving cytokines for the entire time of repopulation. Surprisingly, no engraftment was detected in mice when cytokine treatment was delayed until 10 days posttransplant. Together, these studies suggest that the engraftment process requires pluripotent stem cells plus accessory cells or cytokine treatment which act early after transplantation. The NOD/SCID xenotransplant system provides the means to further clarify the processes underlying human stem cell engraftment.  (+info)

One-day ex vivo culture allows effective gene transfer into human nonobese diabetic/severe combined immune-deficient repopulating cells using high-titer vesicular stomatitis virus G protein pseudotyped retrovirus. (6/4103)

Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into long-lived human pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is a widely sought but elusive goal. A major problem is the quiescent nature of most HSCs, with the perceived requirement for ex vivo prestimulation in cytokines to induce stem cell cycling and allow stable gene integration. However, ex vivo culture may impair stem cell function, and could explain the disappointing clinical results in many current gene transfer trials. To address this possibility, we examined the ex vivo survival of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immune-deficient (NOD/SCID) repopulating cells (SRCs) over 3 days. After 1 day of culture, the SRC number and proliferation declined twofold, and was further reduced by day 3; self-renewal was only detectable in noncultured cells. To determine if the period of ex vivo culture could be shortened, we used a vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) pseudotyped retrovirus vector that was concentrated to high titer. The results showed that gene transfer rates were similar without or with 48 hours prestimulation. Thus, the use of high-titer VSV-G pseudotyped retrovirus may minimize the loss of HSCs during culture, because efficient gene transfer can be obtained without the need for extended ex vivo culture.  (+info)

In autoimmune diabetes the transition from benign to pernicious insulitis requires an islet cell response to tumor necrosis factor alpha. (7/4103)

The islet-infiltrating and disease-causing leukocytes that are a hallmark of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus produce and respond to a set of cytokine molecules. Of these, interleukin 1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interferon (IFN)-gamma are perhaps the most important. However, as pleiotropic molecules, they can impact the path leading to beta cell apoptosis and diabetes at multiple points. To understand how these cytokines influence both the formative and effector phases of insulitis, it is critical to determine their effects on the assorted cell types comprising the lesion: the effector T cells, antigen-presenting cells, vascular endothelium, and target islet tissue. Here, we report using nonobese diabetic chimeric mice harboring islets deficient in specific cytokine receptors or cytokine-induced effector molecules to assess how these compartmentalized loss-of-function mutations alter the events leading to diabetes. We found that islets deficient in Fas, IFN-gamma receptor, or inducible nitric oxide synthase had normal diabetes development; however, the specific lack of TNF- alpha receptor 1 (p55) afforded islets a profound protection from disease by altering the ability of islet-reactive, CD4(+) T cells to establish insulitis and subsequently destroy islet beta cells. These results argue that islet cells play a TNF-alpha-dependent role in their own demise.  (+info)

Bone morphogenetic proteins regulate the developmental program of human hematopoietic stem cells. (8/4103)

The identification of molecules that regulate human hematopoietic stem cells has focused mainly on cytokines, of which very few are known to act directly on stem cells. Recent studies in lower organisms and the mouse have suggested that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) may play a critical role in the specification of hematopoietic tissue from the mesodermal germ layer. Here we report that BMPs regulate the proliferation and differentiation of highly purified primitive human hematopoietic cells from adult and neonatal sources. Populations of rare CD34(+)CD38(-)Lin- stem cells were isolated from human hematopoietic tissue and were found to express the BMP type I receptors activin-like kinase (ALK)-3 and ALK-6, and their downstream transducers SMAD-1, -4, and -5. Treatment of isolated stem cell populations with soluble BMP-2, -4, and -7 induced dose-dependent changes in proliferation, clonogenicity, cell surface phenotype, and multilineage repopulation capacity after transplantation in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. Similar to transforming growth factor beta, treatment of purified cells with BMP-2 or -7 at high concentrations inhibited proliferation yet maintained the primitive CD34(+)CD38(-) phenotype and repopulation capacity. In contrast, low concentrations of BMP-4 induced proliferation and differentiation of CD34(+) CD38(-)Lin- cells, whereas at higher concentrations BMP-4 extended the length of time that repopulation capacity could be maintained in ex vivo culture, indicating a direct effect on stem cell survival. The discovery that BMPs are capable of regulating repopulating cells provides a new pathway for controlling human stem cell development and a powerful model system for studying the biological mechanism of BMP action using primary human cells.  (+info)

Inbred NOD (Nonobese Diabetic) mice are a strain of laboratory mice that are genetically predisposed to develop autoimmune diabetes. This strain was originally developed in Japan and has been widely used as an animal model for studying type 1 diabetes and its complications.

NOD mice typically develop diabetes spontaneously at around 12-14 weeks of age, although the onset and severity of the disease can vary between individual mice. The disease is caused by a breakdown in immune tolerance, leading to an autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.

Inbred NOD mice are highly valuable for research purposes because they exhibit many of the same genetic and immunological features as human patients with type 1 diabetes. By studying these mice, researchers can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of the disease and develop new treatments and therapies.

NOD2 (Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-containing protein 2) signaling adaptor protein, also known as CARD15 (Caspase Recruitment Domain-containing protein 15), is a crucial intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that plays an essential role in the innate immune response. NOD2 is primarily expressed in monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and intestinal epithelial cells.

NOD2 signaling adaptor protein contains two caspase recruitment domains (CARD), a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD), and multiple leucine-rich repeats (LRR). The LRR region is responsible for recognizing and binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from bacterial cell walls, such as muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Upon recognition of MDP, NOD2 undergoes oligomerization through its NOD domain, which leads to the recruitment of receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) via CARD-CARD interactions. This interaction results in the activation of downstream signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which ultimately induce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides.

Dysregulation or mutations in NOD2 signaling adaptor protein have been implicated in several inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn's disease, Blau syndrome, and susceptibility to certain mycobacterial infections.

NOD1 (Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-containing protein 1) signaling adaptor protein, also known as CARD4 (Caspase Recruitment Domain-containing protein 4), is an intracellular protein that plays a crucial role in the innate immune response. It belongs to the family of NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and functions as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognizes specific molecular patterns, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), derived from various microbial pathogens.

NOD1 signaling adaptor protein contains two functional domains: a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, which is responsible for recognizing PAMPs, and an N-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD). Upon recognition of PAMPs, NOD1 undergoes conformational changes leading to self-oligomerization and the formation of a signaling platform. This platform recruits downstream effector proteins, such as RIPK2 (Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 2), via homotypic CARD-CARD interactions, ultimately activating NF-κB (Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and MAPKs (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) signaling pathways. These signaling cascades result in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides to combat invading microorganisms.

In summary, NOD1 signaling adaptor protein is an essential component of the innate immune system that detects specific PAMPs from microbial pathogens and triggers downstream signaling events leading to inflammatory responses and host defense mechanisms.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin. This results in an inability to regulate blood glucose levels, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or early adulthood, although it can develop at any age. It is usually managed with regular insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, along with monitoring of blood glucose levels and adjustments to diet and physical activity. Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, nerve damage, blindness, and cardiovascular disease.

Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine is a chemical compound that is a component of bacterial cell walls. It is also known as N-acetylmuramic acid-L-alanine-γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid, which is its more detailed and complete chemical name.

This compound is a key building block of peptidoglycan, a complex polymer that provides structural rigidity to bacterial cell walls. Specifically, Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine is a part of the peptide subunit that links individual peptidoglycan strands together, forming a cross-linked network that helps protect bacteria from external stresses and osmotic pressure.

In addition to its structural role, Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine has been shown to have immunostimulatory properties, and it is being investigated as a potential vaccine adjuvant to enhance the immune response to other antigens.

Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of inflammatory and cell death pathways. It is a serine-threonine kinase that interacts with receptors involved in innate immune signaling, such as TNFR1 and TLRs. RIPK2 is essential for the activation of NF-κB, a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in inflammation, immunity, and cell survival. Additionally, RIPK2 has been implicated in the regulation of programmed cell death pathways such as necroptosis. Mutations in RIPK2 have been associated with various immune-related disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease and Blau syndrome.

SCID mice is an acronym for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency mice. These are genetically modified mice that lack a functional immune system due to the mutation or knockout of several key genes required for immunity. This makes them ideal for studying the human immune system, infectious diseases, and cancer, as well as testing new therapies and treatments in a controlled environment without the risk of interference from the mouse's own immune system. SCID mice are often used in xenotransplantation studies, where human cells or tissues are transplanted into the mouse to study their behavior and interactions with the human immune system.

Nod signaling adaptor proteins are a group of intracellular molecules that play a crucial role in the activation of immune responses to bacterial infections. These proteins are involved in the Nod-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathway, which is a key component of the innate immune system.

Nod signaling adaptor proteins include proteins such as Nod1, Nod2, and RIP2 (receptor-interacting protein 2). These proteins contain domains that allow them to interact with other molecules involved in the NLR signaling pathway, including Nod-like receptors, which are sensors of bacterial components such as peptidoglycan.

When Nod-like receptors detect the presence of bacterial components, they recruit and activate Nod signaling adaptor proteins, leading to the activation of downstream signaling pathways that ultimately result in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of immune cells. This helps to initiate an effective immune response against the invading bacteria.

Defects in Nod signaling adaptor proteins have been linked to various immune-related disorders, including susceptibility to bacterial infections and inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease.

The Islets of Langerhans are clusters of specialized cells within the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. These islets are named after Paul Langerhans, who first identified them in 1869. They constitute around 1-2% of the total mass of the pancreas and are distributed throughout its substance.

The Islets of Langerhans contain several types of cells, including:

1. Alpha (α) cells: These produce and release glucagon, a hormone that helps to regulate blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver when blood sugar levels are low.
2. Beta (β) cells: These produce and release insulin, a hormone that promotes the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells throughout the body, thereby lowering blood sugar levels.
3. Delta (δ) cells: These produce and release somatostatin, a hormone that inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon and helps regulate their secretion in response to changing blood sugar levels.
4. PP cells (gamma or γ cells): These produce and release pancreatic polypeptide, which plays a role in regulating digestive enzyme secretion and gastrointestinal motility.

Dysfunction of the Islets of Langerhans can lead to various endocrine disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, where insulin-producing beta cells are damaged or destroyed, leading to impaired blood sugar regulation.

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, which can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and malnutrition.

The specific causes of Crohn's disease are not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. The disease can affect people of any age, but it is most commonly diagnosed in young adults between the ages of 15 and 35.

There is no cure for Crohn's disease, but treatments such as medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options depend on the severity and location of the disease, as well as the individual patient's needs and preferences.

In the context of medicine and biology, symbiosis is a type of close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. Generally, one organism, called the symbiont, lives inside or on another organism, called the host. This interaction can be mutually beneficial (mutualistic), harmful to the host organism (parasitic), or have no effect on either organism (commensal).

Examples of mutualistic symbiotic relationships in humans include the bacteria that live in our gut and help us digest food, as well as the algae that live inside corals and provide them with nutrients. Parasitic symbioses, on the other hand, involve organisms like viruses or parasitic worms that live inside a host and cause harm to it.

It's worth noting that while the term "symbiosis" is often used in popular culture to refer to any close relationship between two organisms, in scientific contexts it has a more specific meaning related to long-term biological interactions.

"Medicago" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, also known as the legume or pea family. It includes several species that are important forage crops and green manure, such as Medicago sativa (alfalfa or lucerne) and Medicago lupulina (black medic). These plants have the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere through their root nodules, which benefits the soil and other nearby plants. They are often used in rotational grazing systems and for erosion control.

"Sinorhizobium meliloti" is a species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that forms nodules on the roots of leguminous plants, such as alfalfa and clover. These bacteria have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which can then be used by the plant for growth and development. This symbiotic relationship benefits both the bacterium and the plant, as the plant provides carbon sources to the bacterium, while the bacterium provides the plant with a source of nitrogen.

"Sinorhizobium meliloti" is gram-negative, motile, and rod-shaped, and it can be found in soil and root nodules of leguminous plants. It has a complex genome consisting of a circular chromosome and several plasmids, which carry genes involved in nitrogen fixation and other important functions. The bacteria are able to sense and respond to various environmental signals, allowing them to adapt to changing conditions and establish successful symbioses with their host plants.

In addition to its agricultural importance, "Sinorhizobium meliloti" is also a model organism for studying the molecular mechanisms of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and bacterial genetics.

Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is a biochemical compound that is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of several amino acids and the cell wall of bacteria. It is a derivative of the amino acid lysine, and is a key component of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Diaminopimelic acid is not commonly found in proteins of higher organisms, making it a useful marker for the identification and study of bacterial cell wall components and biosynthetic pathways.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Autoimmunity is a medical condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy tissues within the body. In normal function, the immune system recognizes and fights off foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. However, when autoimmunity occurs, the immune system identifies self-molecules or tissues as foreign and produces an immune response against them.

This misguided response can lead to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and impaired organ function. Autoimmune diseases can affect various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, glands, muscles, and blood vessels. Some common examples of autoimmune diseases are rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Graves' disease.

The exact cause of autoimmunity is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that trigger an abnormal immune response in susceptible individuals. Treatment for autoimmune diseases typically involves managing symptoms, reducing inflammation, and suppressing the immune system's overactive response using medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics.

Congenic mice are strains that have been developed through a specific breeding process to be genetically identical, except for a small region of interest (ROI) that has been introgressed from a donor strain. This is achieved by repeatedly backcrossing the donor ROI onto the genetic background of a recipient strain for many generations, followed by intercrossing within the resulting congenic line to ensure homozygosity of the ROI.

The goal of creating congenic mice is to study the effects of a specific gene or genomic region while minimizing the influence of other genetic differences between strains. This allows researchers to investigate the relationship between genotype and phenotype more accurately, which can be particularly useful in biomedical research for understanding complex traits, diseases, and potential therapeutic targets.

Insulin antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that recognize and bind to insulin. They are typically formed in response to an exposure to exogenous insulin, such as in people with diabetes who use insulin therapy. In some cases, the presence of insulin antibodies can affect insulin absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, leading to variable insulin requirements, reduced glycemic control, and potentially an increased risk of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. However, not all individuals with insulin antibodies experience clinical consequences, and the significance of their presence can vary between individuals.

The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:

1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.

Islets of Langerhans transplantation is a surgical procedure that involves the transplantation of isolated islets from a deceased donor's pancreas into another person with type 1 diabetes. The islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells within the pancreas that produce hormones, including insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.

In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys these insulin-producing cells, leading to high blood sugar levels. Islet transplantation aims to replace the damaged islets with healthy ones from a donor, allowing the recipient's body to produce and regulate its own insulin again.

The procedure involves extracting the islets from the donor pancreas and infusing them into the recipient's liver through a small incision in the abdomen. Once inside the liver, the islets can sense glucose levels in the bloodstream and release insulin as needed to maintain normal blood sugar levels.

Islet transplantation has shown promising results in improving blood sugar control and reducing the risk of severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in people with type 1 diabetes. However, it requires long-term immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the transplanted islets, which can have side effects and increase the risk of infections.

Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen gas (N2) in the air is converted into ammonia (NH3) or other chemically reactive forms, making it available to plants and other organisms for use as a nutrient. This process is essential for the nitrogen cycle and for the growth of many types of plants, as most plants cannot utilize nitrogen gas directly from the air.

In the medical field, nitrogen fixation is not a commonly used term. However, in the context of microbiology and infectious diseases, some bacteria are capable of fixing nitrogen and this ability can contribute to their pathogenicity. For example, certain species of bacteria that colonize the human body, such as those found in the gut or on the skin, may be able to fix nitrogen and use it for their own growth and survival. In some cases, these bacteria may also release fixed nitrogen into the environment, which can have implications for the ecology and health of the host and surrounding ecosystems.

A prediabetic state, also known as impaired glucose tolerance or prediabetes, is a metabolic condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to meet the diagnostic criteria for diabetes. It is often characterized by insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, which can lead to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other complications if left untreated.

In the prediabetic state, fasting plasma glucose levels are between 100 and 125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L), or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are between 5.7% and 6.4%. Lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, healthy eating habits, and weight loss, can help prevent or delay the progression of prediabetes to diabetes.

Innate immunity, also known as non-specific immunity or natural immunity, is the inherent defense mechanism that provides immediate protection against potentially harmful pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) without the need for prior exposure. This type of immunity is present from birth and does not adapt to specific threats over time.

Innate immune responses involve various mechanisms such as:

1. Physical barriers: Skin and mucous membranes prevent pathogens from entering the body.
2. Chemical barriers: Enzymes, stomach acid, and lysozyme in tears, saliva, and sweat help to destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
3. Cellular responses: Phagocytic cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages) recognize and engulf foreign particles and pathogens, while natural killer (NK) cells target and eliminate virus-infected or cancerous cells.
4. Inflammatory response: When an infection occurs, the innate immune system triggers inflammation to increase blood flow, recruit immune cells, and remove damaged tissue.
5. Complement system: A group of proteins that work together to recognize and destroy pathogens directly or enhance phagocytosis by coating them with complement components (opsonization).

Innate immunity plays a crucial role in initiating the adaptive immune response, which is specific to particular pathogens and provides long-term protection through memory cells. Both innate and adaptive immunity work together to maintain overall immune homeostasis and protect the body from infections and diseases.

'Medicago sativa' is the scientific name for a plant species more commonly known as alfalfa. In a medical context, alfalfa is often considered a herbal supplement and its medicinal properties include being a source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of conditions such as kidney problems, asthma, arthritis, and high cholesterol levels. However, it's important to note that the effectiveness of alfalfa for these uses is not conclusively established by scientific research and its use may have potential risks or interactions with certain medications. Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

The pancreas is a glandular organ located in the abdomen, posterior to the stomach. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of acinar cells that produce and secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. These enzymes help in the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in food.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which include alpha, beta, delta, and F cells. These cells produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin and glucagon are critical regulators of blood sugar levels, with insulin promoting glucose uptake and storage in tissues and glucagon stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose when it is low.

Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases (RIPKs) are a family of serine-threonine kinases that play crucial roles in the regulation of cell death, inflammation, and immune response. In humans, there are seven known members of this family, RIPK1 to RIPK7, which share a conserved N-terminal kinase domain and C-terminal domains involved in protein-protein interactions.

RIPKs can be activated by various stimuli, including cytokines, pathogens, and stress signals, leading to the phosphorylation of downstream substrates that modulate cellular processes such as apoptosis (programmed cell death), necroptosis (a programmed form of necrosis), and inflammation.

RIPK1 is one of the most well-studied members, acting as a key regulator of both cell survival and death pathways. In response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor engagement, RIPK1 can form complexes with other proteins that either promote cell survival through the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) or induce cell death via apoptosis or necroptosis.

Dysregulation of RIPKs has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. Therefore, targeting RIPKs with small molecule inhibitors is an area of active research for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases.

Plant root nodulation is a type of symbiotic relationship between certain plants (mostly legumes) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobia species. This process involves the formation of specialized structures called nodules on the roots of the host plant. The bacteria inhabit these nodules and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, a form of nitrogen that plants can use for growth. In return, the plant provides the bacteria with carbon sources and a protected environment for growth. This mutualistic relationship helps improve soil fertility and promotes sustainable agriculture.

Peptidoglycan is a complex biological polymer made up of sugars and amino acids that forms a crucial component of the cell walls of bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to bacterial cells, contributing to their shape and rigidity. Peptidoglycan is unique to bacterial cell walls and is not found in the cells of other organisms, such as plants, animals, or fungi.

The polymer is composed of linear chains of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), which are linked together by glycosidic bonds. The NAM residues contain short peptide side chains, typically consisting of four amino acids, that cross-link adjacent polysaccharide chains, forming a rigid layer around the bacterial cell.

The composition and structure of peptidoglycan can vary between different species of bacteria, which is one factor contributing to their diversity. The enzymes responsible for synthesizing and degrading peptidoglycan are important targets for antibiotics, as inhibiting these processes can weaken or kill the bacterial cells without affecting host organisms.

A "knockout" mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been deleted or "knocked out" using molecular biology techniques. This allows researchers to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes, as well as potential associations with human diseases. The mice are generated by introducing targeted DNA modifications into embryonic stem cells, which are then used to create a live animal. Knockout mice have been widely used in biomedical research to investigate gene function, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets.

Sialadenitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the salivary gland. It can occur in any of the major salivary glands, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The inflammation may result from bacterial or viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or obstruction of the salivary ducts.

Acute sialadenitis is often caused by bacterial infections and can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing. Chronic sialadenitis, on the other hand, may be caused by recurrent infections, autoimmune disorders like Sjogren's syndrome, or stones in the salivary ducts. Symptoms of chronic sialadenitis can include intermittent swelling, pain, and dry mouth.

Treatment for sialadenitis depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, hydration, and massage of the salivary glands. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove obstructions or damaged tissue in the salivary gland.

'Rhizobium leguminosarum' is a species of bacteria that can form nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of certain leguminous plants, such as clover, peas, and beans. These bacteria have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, a form of nitrogen that plants can use for growth. This process, known as biological nitrogen fixation, benefits both the bacteria and the host plant, as the plant provides carbon sources to the bacteria, while the bacteria provide fixed nitrogen to the plant. The formation of this symbiotic relationship is facilitated by a molecular signaling process between the bacterium and the plant.

It's important to note that 'Rhizobium leguminosarum' is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in microbiology, botany, and agriculture.

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps to balance the excitatory effects of glutamate, another neurotransmitter.

Glutamate decarboxylase catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to GABA by removing a carboxyl group from the glutamate molecule. This reaction occurs in two steps, with the enzyme first converting glutamate to glutamic acid semialdehyde and then converting that intermediate product to GABA.

There are two major isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase, GAD65 and GAD67, which differ in their molecular weight, subcellular localization, and function. GAD65 is primarily responsible for the synthesis of GABA in neuronal synapses, while GAD67 is responsible for the synthesis of GABA in the cell body and dendrites of neurons.

Glutamate decarboxylase is an important target for research in neurology and psychiatry because dysregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission has been implicated in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia.

Autoantigens are substances that are typically found in an individual's own body, but can stimulate an immune response because they are recognized as foreign by the body's own immune system. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy tissues and organs because it recognizes some of their components as autoantigens. These autoantigens can be proteins, DNA, or other molecules that are normally present in the body but have become altered or exposed due to various factors such as infection, genetics, or environmental triggers. The immune system then produces antibodies and activates immune cells to attack these autoantigens, leading to tissue damage and inflammation.

Heterologous transplantation is a type of transplantation where an organ or tissue is transferred from one species to another. This is in contrast to allogeneic transplantation, where the donor and recipient are of the same species, or autologous transplantation, where the donor and recipient are the same individual.

In heterologous transplantation, the immune systems of the donor and recipient are significantly different, which can lead to a strong immune response against the transplanted organ or tissue. This is known as a graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the immune cells in the transplanted tissue attack the recipient's body.

Heterologous transplantation is not commonly performed in clinical medicine due to the high risk of rejection and GVHD. However, it may be used in research settings to study the biology of transplantation and to develop new therapies for transplant rejection.

T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

Adoptive transfer is a medical procedure in which immune cells are transferred from a donor to a recipient with the aim of providing immunity or treating a disease, such as cancer. This technique is often used in the field of immunotherapy and involves isolating specific immune cells (like T-cells) from the donor, expanding their numbers in the laboratory, and then infusing them into the patient. The transferred cells are expected to recognize and attack the target cells, such as malignant or infected cells, leading to a therapeutic effect. This process requires careful matching of donor and recipient to minimize the risk of rejection and graft-versus-host disease.

Fabaceae is the scientific name for a family of flowering plants commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family. This family includes a wide variety of plants that are important economically, agriculturally, and ecologically. Many members of Fabaceae have compound leaves and produce fruits that are legumes, which are long, thin pods that contain seeds. Some well-known examples of plants in this family include beans, peas, lentils, peanuts, clover, and alfalfa.

In addition to their importance as food crops, many Fabaceae species have the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that live in nodules on their roots. This makes them valuable for improving soil fertility and is one reason why they are often used in crop rotation and as cover crops.

It's worth noting that Fabaceae is sometimes still referred to by its older scientific name, Leguminosae.

Rhizobiaceae is a family of bacteria that have the ability to fix nitrogen. These bacteria are gram-negative, motile, and rod-shaped. They are commonly found in the root nodules of leguminous plants, where they form a symbiotic relationship with the plant. The bacteria provide the plant with fixed nitrogen, while the plant provides the bacteria with carbon and a protected environment.

The most well-known genus of Rhizobiaceae is Rhizobium, which includes several species that are important for agriculture because of their ability to fix nitrogen in the root nodules of legumes. Other genera in this family include Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Sinorhizobium.

It's worth noting that while Rhizobiaceae bacteria are generally beneficial, they can sometimes cause disease in plants under certain conditions. For example, some strains of Rhizobium can cause leaf spots on certain crops.

The Interleukin Receptor Common Gamma Subunit (IL-2RG or γc) is a protein that forms part of several interleukin receptors, including those for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. It is a critical component of the immune system, as it helps to transmit signals from these cytokines into the cell, thereby playing a role in the activation, proliferation, and survival of various immune cells, such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.

Mutations in the gene that encodes IL-2RG can lead to a group of disorders known as severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs), which are characterized by profound defects in both cellular and humoral immune responses. One such disorder is X-linked SCID, which primarily affects boys and is caused by mutations in the IL-2RG gene located on the X chromosome. Patients with X-linked SCID lack functional T cells and NK cells, making them highly susceptible to infections and requiring early treatment, often involving bone marrow transplantation.

A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.

Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:

1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.

Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

'Bradyrhizobium' is a genus of bacteria that can form nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of certain leguminous plants, such as soybeans and alfalfa. These bacteria are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which the plant can then use for growth. This process, known as nitrogen fixation, is important for maintaining soil fertility and is beneficial for agricultural production.

The name 'Bradyrhizobium' comes from the Greek words "brady," meaning slow, and "rhiza," meaning root, reflecting the slower growth rate of these bacteria compared to other rhizobia. The bacteria are typically rod-shaped and motile, with a single polar flagellum for movement. They are gram-negative and have a complex cell envelope that includes an outer membrane, peptidoglycan layer, and cytoplasmic membrane.

Bradyrhizobium species are able to form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants by colonizing the root nodules of the plant. The bacteria enter the plant through root hairs or wounds on the root surface, and then migrate to the inner cortex of the root where they induce the formation of nodules. Once inside the nodule, the bacteria differentiate into bacteroids that are able to fix nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into ammonia, which is then used by the plant for growth. In return, the plant provides carbon and other nutrients to the bacteria.

Bradyrhizobium species are important for sustainable agriculture because they can reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and improve soil health. They have also been studied for their potential use in bioremediation and as biofertilizers for non-leguminous crops.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Transgenic mice are genetically modified rodents that have incorporated foreign DNA (exogenous DNA) into their own genome. This is typically done through the use of recombinant DNA technology, where a specific gene or genetic sequence of interest is isolated and then introduced into the mouse embryo. The resulting transgenic mice can then express the protein encoded by the foreign gene, allowing researchers to study its function in a living organism.

The process of creating transgenic mice usually involves microinjecting the exogenous DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The offspring that result from this procedure are screened for the presence of the foreign DNA, and those that carry the desired genetic modification are used to establish a transgenic mouse line.

Transgenic mice have been widely used in biomedical research to model human diseases, study gene function, and test new therapies. They provide a valuable tool for understanding complex biological processes and developing new treatments for a variety of medical conditions.

NF-κB (Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that plays a crucial role in regulating the immune response to infection and inflammation, as well as in cell survival, differentiation, and proliferation. It is composed of several subunits, including p50, p52, p65 (RelA), c-Rel, and RelB, which can form homodimers or heterodimers that bind to specific DNA sequences called κB sites in the promoter regions of target genes.

Under normal conditions, NF-κB is sequestered in the cytoplasm by inhibitory proteins known as IκBs (inhibitors of κB). However, upon stimulation by various signals such as cytokines, bacterial or viral products, and stress, IκBs are phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and degraded, leading to the release and activation of NF-κB. Activated NF-κB then translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to κB sites and regulates the expression of target genes involved in inflammation, immunity, cell survival, and proliferation.

Dysregulation of NF-κB signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions such as cancer, chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, targeting NF-κB signaling has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these diseases.

'Medicago truncatula' is not a medical term, but a scientific name for a plant species. It is commonly known as barrel medic or yellow trefoil and is native to the Mediterranean region. It is a model organism in the field of plant genetics and molecular biology due to its small genome size and ease of transformation. While it does not have direct medical applications, studies on this plant can contribute to our understanding of fundamental biological processes and may have indirect implications for human health.

Cytokines are a broad and diverse category of small signaling proteins that are secreted by various cells, including immune cells, in response to different stimuli. They play crucial roles in regulating the immune response, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and cellular communication.

Cytokines mediate their effects by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, which triggers intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately result in changes in gene expression, cell behavior, and function. Some key functions of cytokines include:

1. Regulating the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages.
2. Coordinating the inflammatory response by recruiting immune cells to sites of infection or tissue damage and modulating their effector functions.
3. Regulating hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow, by controlling the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
4. Modulating the development and function of the nervous system, including neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration.

Cytokines can be classified into several categories based on their structure, function, or cellular origin. Some common types of cytokines include interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), chemokines, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), and transforming growth factors (TGFs). Dysregulation of cytokine production and signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins are molecules that play a crucial role in transmitting signals within cells, which ultimately lead to changes in cell behavior or function. These signals can originate from outside the cell (extracellular) or within the cell itself. Intracellular signaling molecules include various types of peptides and proteins, such as:

1. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): These are seven-transmembrane domain receptors that bind to extracellular signaling molecules like hormones, neurotransmitters, or chemokines. Upon activation, they initiate a cascade of intracellular signals through G proteins and secondary messengers.
2. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): These are transmembrane receptors that bind to growth factors, cytokines, or hormones. Activation of RTKs leads to autophosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues, creating binding sites for intracellular signaling proteins such as adapter proteins, phosphatases, and enzymes like Ras, PI3K, and Src family kinases.
3. Second messenger systems: Intracellular second messengers are small molecules that amplify and propagate signals within the cell. Examples include cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), calcium ions (Ca2+), and nitric oxide (NO). These second messengers activate or inhibit various downstream effectors, leading to changes in cellular responses.
4. Signal transduction cascades: Intracellular signaling proteins often form complex networks of interacting molecules that relay signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. These cascades involve kinases (protein kinases A, B, C, etc.), phosphatases, and adapter proteins, which ultimately regulate gene expression, cell cycle progression, metabolism, and other cellular processes.
5. Ubiquitination and proteasome degradation: Intracellular signaling pathways can also control protein stability by modulating ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. E3 ubiquitin ligases recognize specific substrates and conjugate them with ubiquitin molecules, targeting them for proteasomal degradation. This process regulates the abundance of key signaling proteins and contributes to signal termination or amplification.

In summary, intracellular signaling pathways involve a complex network of interacting proteins that relay signals from the plasma membrane to various cellular compartments, ultimately regulating gene expression, metabolism, and other cellular processes. Dysregulation of these pathways can contribute to disease development and progression, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are large molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They consist of a hydrophilic polysaccharide called the O-antigen, a core oligosaccharide, and a lipid portion known as Lipid A. The Lipid A component is responsible for the endotoxic activity of LPS, which can trigger a powerful immune response in animals, including humans. This response can lead to symptoms such as fever, inflammation, and septic shock, especially when large amounts of LPS are introduced into the bloodstream.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

A Minke Whale is not a medical term. It is a type of baleen whale, which is one of the two major groups of whales and dolphins, the other being the toothed whales. There are two species of minke whales: the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and the Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis). They are relatively small oceanic creatures, with a robust body and a pointed head. The common minke whale is found in both hemispheres, while the Antarctic minke whale is found only in the Southern Ocean.

Minke whales are not typically associated with medical definitions or terminology, unless in the context of a medical condition affecting the species or its population, such as a disease outbreak or injury.

MedlinePlus is not a medical term, but rather a consumer health website that provides high-quality, accurate, and reliable health information, written in easy-to-understand language. It is produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the world's largest medical library, and is widely recognized as a trusted source of health information.

MedlinePlus offers information on various health topics, including conditions, diseases, tests, treatments, and wellness. It also provides access to drug information, medical dictionary, and encyclopedia, as well as links to clinical trials, medical news, and patient organizations. The website is available in both English and Spanish and can be accessed for free.

Hematology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study of blood, its physiology, and pathophysiology. It involves the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to the blood and blood-forming organs such as the bone marrow, spleen, and lymphatic system. This includes disorders of red and white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, blood vessels, and coagulation (blood clotting). Some common hematological diseases include anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, sickle cell disease, and bleeding disorders like hemophilia.

NOD/Shi inbred strain, 2) SCID, 3) IL-2Rγnull. These include: Reduced innate immunity derived from a NOD inbred strain, which ... such as nude mouse and NOD/scid mouse. Thus, the mouse can be the best model as a highly efficient recipient of human cells to ... The NOD/Shi inbred strain was first discovered by Makino et al. as autoimmune non-obese-type diabetes mice. Lack of functional ... A NOG (NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull) mouse is a new generation of severely immunodeficient mouse, developed by Central Institute for ...
Like the NOD mice, BB rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. The strain re-capitulates many of the features of ... One in Worcester, Massachusetts, has been inbred and known as BBDP/Wor and another one in Ottawa, Canada, an outbred strain ... NOD mice Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity Mordes JP, Poussier P, Blankenhorn EP, Greiner DL: Rat models of type 1 diabetes: ... Biobreeding rat, also known as the BB or BBDP rat, is an inbred laboratory rat strain that spontaneously develops autoimmune ...
Inbred strains are also available, but are not as commonly used as inbred mice. Much of the genome of Rattus norvegicus has ... Like NOD mice, biobreeding rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. The strain re-capitulates many of the features ... "Rules and Guidelines for Nomenclature of Mouse and Rat Strains". Mouse Genome Informatics. Jackson Laboratory. Retrieved 5 ... Laboratory mouse Animal testing on rodents Morris water maze Rat Genome Database Vandenbergh, J. G. (1 January 2000). "Use of ...
Mice resulting from ordinary breeding and inbreeding: Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which develop diabetes mellitus type 1. ... inbred mouse strain and initiated the systematic generation of inbred strains. The mouse has since been used extensively as a ... "Dirty" mice are possibly better suitable for mimicking human pathologies. In addition, inbred mouse strains are used in the ... "BALB/c". Inbred Strains of Mice. Jackson Laboratory. Retrieved 2007-04-16. "BALB/cByJ". Jax Mice Data Sheet. Jackson Laboratory ...
The genetic background, derived from inbred NOD mouse strain NOD/ShiLtJ, contributes reductions in innate immunity that include ... The NSG mouse (NOD scid gamma mouse) is a brand of immunodeficient laboratory mice, developed and marketed by Jackson ... 2008). "A new Hu-PBL model for the study of human islet alloreactivity based on NOD-scid mice bearing a targeted mutation in ... NSG branded mice lack mature T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. NSG branded mice are also deficient in multiple ...
... mice, inbred icr MeSH B01.050.157.520.555 - mice, inbred mrl lpr MeSH B01.050.157.520.565 - mice, inbred nod MeSH B01.050. ... mice, inbred icr MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.555 - mice, inbred mrl lpr MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.565 - mice, inbred nod MeSH ... mice, inbred a MeSH B01.050.157.520.318 - mice, inbred akr MeSH B01.050.157.520.338 - mice, inbred balb c MeSH B01.050.157.520. ... mice, inbred a MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.318 - mice, inbred akr MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.338 - mice, inbred balb c MeSH B01.050. ...
Among the earliest references to the use of inbred mice in cancer was the observed susceptibility of the A family of inbred ... Zhou, G. (2014). "Humanized NOD-SCID IL2rg(-/-) mice as a preclinical model for cancer research and its potential use for ... MMHCdb contains genetic and genomic information about inbred mouse strains, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and ... Inbred mouse strains are the result of at least 20 generations of successive brother/sister matings which lead to a population ...
... such as in diabetic mice also known as NOD mice) Various animal models for screening of drugs for the treatment of glaucoma The ... inbred or induced disease or injury that is similar to a human condition. These test conditions are often termed as animal ... Humans share about 99% of our genome with chimpanzees (98.7% with bonobos) and over 90% with the mouse. With so much of the ... 2008). "A mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage using autologous blood infusion". Nature Protocols. 3 (1): 122-8. doi:10.1038 ...
... inbred mouse strain and the systematic generation of other inbred strains. The mouse has since been used extensively as a model ... such as in diabetic mice also known as NOD mice) Various animal models for screening of drugs for the treatment of glaucoma The ... "Dirty" mice are possibly better suitable for mimicking human pathologies. In addition, inbred mouse strains are used in the ... KOMP Mouse Biology Program Mutant Mouse Resource & Research Centers, National Institutes of Health, supported Mouse Repository ...
Brain The specific immunodeficient mice that were used were the NOD/SCID mouse (non-obese diabetic/severe conditional ... In 1909, Clarence C. Little developed the first inbred strain, the DBA (Dilute, brown non-Agouti) mouse. In 1915, N.M Haldane ... Mice have relatively short gestation periods. Mice take a brief time to reach sexual maturity. Mice have large litter sizes. ... The number of mouse genes without a corresponding human homologue is less than 1%. 90% of the human and mouse genomes are ...
Mouse strains can be inbred, mutated, or genetically modified, while rat strains are usually inbred. A given inbred rodent ... Anderson, Mark S.; Bluestone, Jeffrey A. (2004-11-29). "THE NOD MOUSE: A Model of Immune Dysregulation". Annual Review of ... A laboratory mouse or rat strain is a group of animals that is genetically uniform. Strains are used in laboratory experiments ... Cheon, Dong-Joo; Orsulic, Sandra (2011-01-24). "Mouse Models of Cancer". Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 6 ( ...
Since inbreeding is detrimental, it tends to be avoided. In the house mouse, the major urinary protein (MUP) gene cluster ... findmice.org Ensembl Mus musculus genome browser, from the Ensembl Project Vega Mus musculus genome browser, includes NOD mouse ... The house mouse has been domesticated as the pet or fancy mouse, and as the laboratory mouse, which is one of the most ... A region of mouse chromosome 16 is associated with thyroid function in mice. However, mice with a knockout of 16 genes - 550kb ...
Mouse NLRP1B is not activated by a receptor-ligand type mechanism. NLRP1B variants from certain inbred mouse strains, BALB/c ... NOD-like receptors). ... Mice have three paralogs of the Nlrp1 gene (Nlrp1a, b, c). ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Thorpe KL, Abdulla ... Polymorphisms of NLRP1 were found in lupus erythematosus and diabetes type 1. Variants of mouse NLRP1 were found to be ...
Haba S, Nisonoff A (July 1987). "Induction of high titers of anti-IgE by immunization of inbred mice with syngeneic IgE". ... the FDA finally gave a nod for CGP51901 to be tested in human subjects. This approval of IND for an anti-IgE antibody for the ... Scientists in Genentech had made a mouse anti-IgE monoclonal antibody with the binding specificity similar to that of CGP51901 ...
Dom and Jerry - a once-only parody of Tom and Jerry where a BDSM-obsessed cat is trying to catch the mouse to perform his ... seemingly in prayer to the right, which is probably a nod to her heritage. Tabman - a parody of Batman, in which a superhero ... Farmer Palmer - a paranoid, money-grabbing farmer with an inbred son and daughter (who go on to marry each other) whose catch ... Unfortunately, Corky is a normal cat and would rather scratch the furniture or hunt mice than do anything funny. The editor ...
Mice, Inbred NOD * Mice, SCID * Molecular Sequence Data * N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein ...
The absolute NK deficiency in NOD-scid IL2Rgamma(null) animals makes this strain an excellent recipient of melanoma and ... Mice, Inbred NOD * Mice, Knockout * Mice, SCID * Recombinant Fusion Proteins / genetics * Recombinant Fusion Proteins / ... mice. NK cells were detected in all strains except NOD-scid IL2Rgamma(null), and in vitro activated scid, NOD-scid, and NOD- ... Melanoma metastases growth is delayed and variable in scid and NOD-scid mice. In contrast, NOD-scid beta2m(null) and NOD-scid ...
NOD/Shi inbred strain, 2) SCID, 3) IL-2Rγnull. These include: Reduced innate immunity derived from a NOD inbred strain, which ... such as nude mouse and NOD/scid mouse. Thus, the mouse can be the best model as a highly efficient recipient of human cells to ... The NOD/Shi inbred strain was first discovered by Makino et al. as autoimmune non-obese-type diabetes mice. Lack of functional ... A NOG (NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull) mouse is a new generation of severely immunodeficient mouse, developed by Central Institute for ...
mice (3) * mice, inbred nod (3) * autoimmunity (2) * combined modality therapy (2) ... Open the PDF for Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibition Prevents Spontaneous and Recurrent Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice by ... Combination Therapy With Sirolimus and Interleukin-2 Prevents Spontaneous and Recurrent Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice ... View article titled, Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibition Prevents Spontaneous and Recurrent Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice ...
mice, inbred nod (6) * viruses (6) * autoimmunity (5) * macrophages (5) * t-lymphocytes (4) ... Open the PDF for Evidence for Initial Involvement of Macrophage in Development of Insulitis in NOD Mice in another window ... Association of β-Cell-Specific Expression of Endogenous Retrovirus With Development of Insulitis and Diabetes in NOD Mouse ... Macrophages Essential for Development of β-Cell-Specific Cytotoxic Effectors and Insulitis in NOD Mice in another window ...
Autoantigens, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, CD4-Positive T-lymphocytes, Inbred NOD mice, islets of Langerhans. The overall research ... Recently, she was involved in work demonstrating that some adipocytes in the major white fat depots of mice and humans are ... His main research focus is on mouse models of autoimmunity, and type 1 diabetes in particular. His work is aimed at ... His lab has developed multiple mouse models of lipid storage and secretion that have uncovered novel tissue and innate immune ...
Inbred NOD Mouse 93% * Apoptosis 46% * recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-binding protein-1 30% ... Reduced susceptibility of nonobese diabetic mice to TNF-α and D-galactosamine-mediated hepatocellular apoptosis and lethality. ...
Sequenced Mouse Inbred Strain Genome Meta-data. Organism. mouse. Strain/Species. NOD/ShiLtJ ... Mouse Genome Database (MGD), Gene Expression Database (GXD), Mouse Models of Human Cancer database (MMHCdb) (formerly Mouse ... Annotation of mouse strain NOD/ShiLtJ genome assembly provided by GENCODE consortium. Distributed via Ensembl Release 103. Gene ... J:259852 Mouse Genome Informatics and the WTSI Mouse Genomes Project, MGI Strain Genome Feature and Gene Model Load. Database ...
This is a "connection" page, showing publications Beichu Guo has written about Mice, Inbred NOD. ...
Inbred NOD Mouse 37% * SCID Mice 36% * Exploring new prognostic biomarkers in Mantle Cell Lymphoma: a comparison of the ...
Inbred NOD Mouse 80% * Chemokine Receptors 73% * Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 58% ... IL-18 is required for self-reactive T cell expansion in NOD mice. Marleau, A. M. & Sarvetnick, N. E., May 2011, In: Journal of ... The incidence of type-1 diabetes in NOD mice is modulated by restricted flora not germ-free conditions. King, C. & Sarvetnick, ... CCR2 and CCR5 chemokine receptors differentially influence the development of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse. Solomon, M. ...
Inbred NOD Mouse Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Transgenic Mice Medicine & Life Sciences 72% ... NOD.β2m-/--A2.1 mice were previously used to identify β-cell autoantigens presented by this human class I variant to pathogenic ... NOD.β2m-/--A2.1 mice were previously used to identify β-cell autoantigens presented by this human class I variant to pathogenic ... NOD.β2m-/--A2.1 mice were previously used to identify β-cell autoantigens presented by this human class I variant to pathogenic ...
... and NOD/Lt inbred strains of mice. Tumors presented primarily in the subcutaneous tissues of the ventral neck (74% of the ... Forty myoepitheliomas were tested by the avidin-biotin complex technique with a panel of antisera specific for mouse keratins, ... Antibodies directed against the specific mouse keratins K5, K6, and K14, and a broadly cross-reactive cytokeratin antibody ... did not show restriction fragment length polymorphisms when mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) cDNA or Int-1 genomic DNA probes ...
In nonobese diabetic mice with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes, leptin therapy alone or combined with low-dose insulin reverses ...
Mice, Inbred NOD. 1. 2010. 138. 0.020. Why? United States. 1. 2022 ...
Inbred NOD Mouse 15% * Histocompatibility Antigens Class I 14% * Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes 13% ...
Inbred NOD Mouse 93% * Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 68% * Immunoglobulins 67% * Proteins 28% ... Dive into the research topics of Reversal of spontaneous autoimmune insulitis in nonobese diabetic mice by soluble lymphotoxin ... Reversal of spontaneous autoimmune insulitis in nonobese diabetic mice by soluble lymphotoxin receptor. ...
Erratum to: AT-RvD1 Promotes Resolution of Inflammation in NOD/ShiLtJ mice (Scientific Reports, (2017), 7, 1, (45525), 10.1038/ ...
Mice, Inbred NOD (1) * Mice, Knockout (1) * Mice, SCID (1) * Neoplasm Transplantation (1) ...
Antibiotic treatment of pregnant non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice leads to altered gut microbiota and intestinal immunological ... MafA expression preserves immune homeostasis in human and mouse islets. Singh, T., Sarmiento, L., Luan, C., Prasad, R. B., ... Immunological alteration and changes of gut microbiota after dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration in mice. Håkansson, Å. ...
mice, inbred nod (6) * pancreas (6) * autoimmunity (5) * endocrine pancreas (5) * insulin (4) ... Open the PDF for Reversal of Diabetes in NOD Mice by Clinical-Grade Proinsulin and IL-10-Secreting ,em,Lactococcus lactis,/em, ... Reversal of Diabetes in NOD Mice by Clinical-Grade Proinsulin and IL-10-Secreting Lactococcus lactis in Combination With Low- ... Oral Delivery of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD)-65 and IL10 by Lactococcus lactis Reverses Diabetes in Recent-Onset NOD Mice ...
Inbred NOD Mouse 43% * A mobile platform for characterizing on-road tailpipe emissions and toxicity of ultrafine particles ... of aryl hydrocarbon receptor by azatyrosine-phenylbutyric hydroxamide inhibits progression of diabetic retinopathy mice. ...
Inbred NOD Mouse 100% * Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 72% * B-Lymphocytes 62% ... Vκ polymorphisms in NOD mice are spread throughout the entire immunoglobulin kappa locus and are shared by other autoimmune ... In vivo islet protection by a nuclear import inhibitor in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Moore, D. J., Zienkiewicz, J., ... Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Ridaura, V. K., Faith, J. J., Rey, F. E., Cheng, ...
Corrigendum to "Large Gliadin Peptides Detected in the Pancreas of NOD and Healthy Mice following Oral Administration". Bruun, ...
Inbred NOD Mouse 14% * SCID Mice 13% * Serum-Free Culture Media 13% ... Angiopoietin-like 5 and IGFBP2 stimulate ex vivo expansion of human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells as assayed by NOD/sCiD ... Angiopoietin-like 5 and IGFBP2 stimulate ex vivo expansion of human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells as assayed by NOD/sCiD ...
Inbred NOD Mouse Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Natural Killer T-Cells Medicine & Life Sciences 97% ... of NOD/SCID mice. The retention of NK and NK T cells within the spleen and BM was dependent on Gαi signaling and CXCR4 function ... of NOD/SCID mice. The retention of NK and NK T cells within the spleen and BM was dependent on Gαi signaling and CXCR4 function ... of NOD/SCID mice. The retention of NK and NK T cells within the spleen and BM was dependent on Gαi signaling and CXCR4 function ...
Inbred NOD Mouse Medicine & Life Sciences 44% * SCID Mice Medicine & Life Sciences 42% ... Antitumor activity of one of the selected siRNAs was confirmed by retarded tumor growth of HPV16+ cells in NOD/SCID mice when ... Antitumor activity of one of the selected siRNAs was confirmed by retarded tumor growth of HPV16+ cells in NOD/SCID mice when ... Antitumor activity of one of the selected siRNAs was confirmed by retarded tumor growth of HPV16+ cells in NOD/SCID mice when ...
Inbred NOD Mouse Medicine & Life Sciences 78% * Uveitis Medicine & Life Sciences 71% ... and can both prevent and reverse autoimmune responsiveness in uveitis and EAR Preliminary results in NOD mice as a model for ... insulin B chain-IgG or a GAD-IgG construct can be used to transfect B cell blasts and provide clinical protection in NOD mice ...
Inbred NOD Mouse Medicine & Life Sciences 91% * Susceptibility Arts & Humanities 86% * Platelet Activating Factor Medicine & ... Characterization of PAF-AH Ib1 in NOD mice: PAF-AH may not be a candidate gene of the diabetes susceptibility Idd4.1 locus. In ... No polymorphisms were detected in PAF-AHIb1 cDNA between NOD and B6 mice. The expression of PAF-AH Ib1 at the mRNA and protein ... Dive into the research topics of Characterization of PAF-AH Ib1 in NOD mice: PAF-AH may not be a candidate gene of the ...
  • Melanoma metastases growth is delayed and variable in scid and NOD-scid mice. (nih.gov)
  • Here we show that treatment of these cells with pertussis toxin and neutralizing antibodies to the chemokine receptor CXCR4 inhibited homing of the cells to the BM, but not the spleen, of NOD/SCID mice. (huji.ac.il)
  • Treatment of cells with IL-2 inhibited their migration in response to CXCL12 and their homing and retention in the BM and spleen of NOD/SCID mice. (huji.ac.il)
  • Antitumor activity of one of the selected siRNAs was confirmed by retarded tumor growth of HPV16+ cells in NOD/SCID mice when locally injected in a complex with atelocollagen. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The techniques of long-term culture are reproducible and can result in improved function of the islet after transplantation into NOD-SCID mice. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Susceptibility to diabetes in humans and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is believed to arise from the combined effect of multiple genetic loci, resulting in immune-mediated destruction of the insulin-secreting beta-cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) are often present in humans for years, and in NOD mice for weeks, before the onset of diabetes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Kallikrein genes are associated with lupus and glomerular basement membrane-specific antibody-induced nephritis in mice and humans. (ouhsc.edu)
  • No activity of T cell, B cell and NK cell Reduced complement system activity Dysfunction of macrophage Dysfunction of dendritic cell No leakiness: no incidence of T, B cells with aging No incidence of lymphoma NOG mouse has multiple immunodeficiencies that are principally derived from three strains of mice: 1) NOD/Shi inbred strain, 2) SCID, 3) IL-2Rγnull. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a retrospective study of 142 tumors observed over a period of 3 years, myoepitheliomas occurred spontaneously in A/HeJ, A/J, BALB/cJ, BALB/cByJ, LLC.A/Ckc, and NOD/Lt inbred strains of mice. (jax.org)
  • Natural killer (NK) cell function was examined in each mouse strain using standard (51)Chromium release assays. (nih.gov)
  • The absolute NK deficiency in NOD-scid IL2Rgamma(null) animals makes this strain an excellent recipient of melanoma and potentially other human malignancies. (nih.gov)
  • These include: Reduced innate immunity derived from a NOD inbred strain, which involves a macrophage dysfunction, and a defect of complement hemolytic activity and reduced NK activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The NOD/Shi inbred strain was first discovered by Makino et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • Annotation of mouse strain NOD/ShiLtJ genome assembly provided by GENCODE consortium. (jax.org)
  • J:259852 Mouse Genome Informatics and the WTSI Mouse Genomes Project, MGI Strain Genome Feature and Gene Model Load. (jax.org)
  • To fill this gap, we generated, to our knowledge, a novel IL-21 reporter NOD strain to further characterize IL-21+ CD4 T cells in T1D. (jax.org)
  • Here we show that the knockout of CD101 within the introgressed B6-derived Idd10 region increased T1D frequency to that of the NOD strain. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The original genetic background used for the K18-hACE2 mice (C57Bl/6J) proved to be among the most susceptible, while the F1 crosses from a strain known as PWK were highly resistant to disease. (omniaeducation.com)
  • An inbred strain of mouse. (ouhsc.edu)
  • This strain is commonly used as genetic background for transgenic mouse models. (uchicago.edu)
  • Immunodeficient mice serve as critical hosts for transplantation of xenogeneic cells for in vivo analysis of various biological processes. (nih.gov)
  • PAF-AH activity does not differ in the pancreatic islets or spleen between NOD and B6 mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Insulin autoantibodies are associated with islet inflammation but not always related to diabetes progression in NOD congenic mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These data indicate that IAA expression is a phenotype that is associated with insulitis and correlates with overall disease progression in some strains of congenic mice but not in others. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We have recently reported that the genotype-dependent expression of CD101 correlates with a decreased susceptibility to T1D in NOD.B6 Idd10 congenic mice compared to parental NOD controls. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It was previously shown that R76 congenic mice develop diabetes with delayed kinetics when compared with those of NOD animals [17]. (src-signal.com)
  • The NOG mouse was generated in CIEA in 2000 by back-cross mating of C57BL/6J-IL-2Rγnull mouse that was originally developed by Kazuo Sugamura, a professor of Tohoku University, to NOD/Shi-scid mouse that was developed in CIEA. (wikipedia.org)
  • HET3 mice used in this program are (F2) offspring of CByB6F1/J and C3D2F1/J (combining BALB/cBy, C57BL/6, C3H, and DBA/2) strains. (jax.org)
  • J:235854 lists J:27148 as the reference for these mice but then describes them as "B6C3F1" when the mice in the given reference were C57BL/6J mice fostered on C3Hf/Nctr mice. (jax.org)
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Mice, Inbred C57BL" by people in this website by year, and whether "Mice, Inbred C57BL" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Mice, Inbred C57BL" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)
  • T1D susceptibility is restored to normally resistant NOD.β2m -/- mice transgenically expressing human disease-associated HLA-A ∗ 02:01 or HLA-B ∗ 39:06 class I molecules in place of their murine counterparts. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Transgenic expression of HLA-A2 or-B39 restored pathogenic CD8 + T-cell development and T1D susceptibility to NOD-cMHCI -/- mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Genetic and functional data identifying Cd101 as a type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility gene in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Variations at a large number of genes influence susceptibility to spontaneous autoimmune T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, one of the most frequently studied animal models for human disease. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In nonobese diabetic mice with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes, leptin therapy alone or combined with low-dose insulin reverses the catabolic state through suppression of hyperglucagonemia. (duke.edu)
  • Neutralization of Interleukin-16 Protects Nonobese Diabetic Mice From Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes by a CCL4-Dependent Mechanism. (silverchair.com)
  • Forty myoepitheliomas were tested by the avidin-biotin complex technique with a panel of antisera specific for mouse keratins, intermediate filaments, and other cytoskeletal proteins to determine the cell type from which this neoplasm originated. (jax.org)
  • Quantitative targeted absolute proteomic analysis of 31 membrane proteins showed that P-glycoprotein (P-gp/mdr1a) protein expression levels were significantly increased in brain capillaries of PTZ (129%), EL (143%), and PHT mice (192%) compared with controls. (aspetjournals.org)
  • We have evaluated the expression of IAAs in NOD mice and in diabetes-resistant NOD congenic strains to characterize the association of autoantibody expression with insulitis and diabetes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In NOD congenic strains with genes that contribute to protection from insulitis and diabetes (Idd3, Idd5, Idd10, and Idd18), the prevalence of IAAs is reduced relative to NOD mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In contrast, NOD.B10 Idd9 mice have a high prevalence of IAAs and a high degree of insulitis, despite a nearly complete resistance to diabetes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In contrast, NOD-scid beta2m(null) and NOD-scid IL2Rgamma(null) mice show rapid tumor engraftment, although tumor growth is variable in NOD-scid beta2m(null) mice. (nih.gov)
  • In xenograft models, enhanced AF1q expression activated STAT3 and promoted tumor growth and metastasis in immunodeficient NSG mice. (mainehealth.org)
  • Taking advantage of the increased metastatic potential of RhoC-expressing human (A375) melanoma cells, we evaluate four immunodeficient mouse strains: severe combined immunodeficiency (scid), nonobese diabetic (NOD)-scid, NOD-scid beta2m(null), and NOD-scid IL2Rgamma(null) as xenograft tumor recipients. (nih.gov)
  • The genetic analysis of these mice allowed the identification of many insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci and candidate genes, one of them being Cd101. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Systemic PD149163, a neurotensin receptor 1 agonist, decreases methamphetamine self-administration in DBA/2J mice without causing excessive sedation. (ouhsc.edu)
  • NOD.β2m -/- -A2.1 mice were previously used to identify β-cell autoantigens presented by this human class I variant to pathogenic CD8 + T cells and for testing therapies to attenuate such effectors. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Gut microbiota modulates bleomycin-induced acute lung injury response in mice. (uchicago.edu)
  • Mapping by genetic interaction: high-resolution congenic mapping of the type 1 diabetes loci Idd10 and Idd18 in the NOD mouse. (ox.ac.uk)
  • As compared to CD101+/+ NOD.B6 Idd10 donors, adoptive T cell transfers from CD101-/- NOD.B6 Idd10 mice increased T1D frequency in lymphopenic NOD scid and NOD.B6 Idd10 scid recipients. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Because investigators typically select one or two immunodeficient mouse strains as recipients, no comprehensive study has been published documenting differences in human tumor engraftment. (nih.gov)
  • A NOG (NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull) mouse is a new generation of severely immunodeficient mouse, developed by Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA) in 2000. (wikipedia.org)
  • No polymorphisms were detected in PAF-AHIb1 cDNA between NOD and B6 mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These two congenic lines, that carry the B10- or B6-derived H2 locus of H-2b haplotype on an NOD genetic background, respectively, showed a 'low' (B6-like) percentage of Treg cells (data not shown). (src-signal.com)
  • Pathobiology of aging mice and GEM: background strains and experimental design. (jax.org)
  • Increased recognition of expected phenotypes, experimental variables that influence phenotypes and research outcomes, and experimental design options and rationales can maximize the utility of genetically engineered mice (GEM) models to translational research on aging. (jax.org)
  • Through the analysis of five separate colonies of T1D susceptible NOD mice, we identified similarities in NOD microbiome that were independent of animal facility. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the inbred non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D, susceptible NOD mice were shown to harbor a distinct gut microbiota to a variety of T1D-protected inbred strains [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In "Genetically diverse mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection reproduce clinical variation in type I interferon and cytokine responses in COVID-19," a paper published in Nature Communications , the team shows that the resulting F1 (first generation crossed) mice indeed modeled human COVID-19 severity, ranging from asymptomatic to lethal. (omniaeducation.com)
  • The expression of PAF-AH Ib1 at the mRNA and protein levels was found to be similar in different tissues between NOD and B6 mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Myoepitheliomas in inbred laboratory mice. (jax.org)
  • Researchers at The Jackson Laboratory have created a panel of genetically diverse mice that accurately model the highly variable human response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. (omniaeducation.com)
  • To see whether the variable human response could be replicated in mice, a team of researchers led by The Jackson Laboratory (JAX) Scientific Director and Professor Nadia Rosenthal , Ph.D., F.Med.Sci. (omniaeducation.com)
  • NK cells were detected in all strains except NOD-scid IL2Rgamma(null), and in vitro activated scid, NOD-scid, and NOD-scid beta2m(null) NK cells kill human melanoma lines and primary melanoma cells. (nih.gov)
  • Ibrutinib price To analyze whether changes in Treg-cell development may somehow be linked to diabetes by influencing Treg-cell function in the periphery, we compared NOD and R76 Treg-cell suppressive activity in vitro. (src-signal.com)
  • Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled and spontaneous model of epilepsy (EL) mice were used as models of chemically induced and spontaneous epilepsy, respectively. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The use of induced and spontaneous mutant mice and genetically engineered mice (and combinations thereof) to study cancers and other aging phenotypes to advance improved functional human life spans will involve studies of aging mice. (jax.org)
  • Thus, the mouse can be the best model as a highly efficient recipient of human cells to engraft, proliferate and differentiate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we have performed an analysis of associations between the gut microbiota and T1D genetic risk using the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D and the TwinsUK cohort. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Heterogeneity of Islet-Infiltrating IL-21+ CD4 T Cells in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. (jax.org)
  • Ciecko A, Wang Y, Harleston S, Drewek A, Serreze DV, Geurts A, Lin C, Chen Y. Heterogeneity of Islet-Infiltrating IL-21+ CD4 T Cells in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. (jax.org)
  • IL-21 is essential for type 1 diabetes (T1D) development in the NOD mouse model. (jax.org)
  • A mouse model of antiepileptic drug treatment was prepared by consecutive 5-week administration of phenytoin (PHT). (aspetjournals.org)
  • Moving forward, the diverse mouse strains will allow scientists to model patient variation in COVID-19 outcome and provide a platform for discovering biomarkers of disease severity, characterizing antiviral immune responses and evaluating countermeasures. (omniaeducation.com)
  • In response to the pandemic, a mouse model was quickly re-derived that allowed SARS-CoV-2 infection through humanized angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptors. (omniaeducation.com)
  • Retinal ganglion cell protection by 17-beta-estradiol in a mouse model of inherited glaucoma. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Single CAR-T cell treatment controls disseminated ovarian cancer in a syngeneic mouse model. (uchicago.edu)
  • The NOG mouse accepts heterologous cells much more easily compared with any other type of immunodeficient rodent models, such as nude mouse and NOD/scid mouse. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibodies directed against the specific mouse keratins K5, K6, and K14, and a broadly cross-reactive cytokeratin antibody stained acinar and ductal myoepithelial cells in normal mammary, salivary, and Harderian glands, and neoplastic cells in all cases. (jax.org)
  • Heterogeneity of Islet-Infiltrating IL-21+ CD4 T Cells in a Mouse Mode" by Ashley E Ciecko, Yu Wang et al. (jax.org)
  • To address this question, we first analyzed the proportion of thymic CD25high CD4SP Treg cells in the congenic mouse strains NOD.B10-H2b and NOD.B6-H2b. (src-signal.com)
  • PD0325901 mouse B6-derived region centromeric to H2, had high (NOD-like) proportions and numbers of Foxp3+ CD4SP Treg cells (Fig. 3A and B). Peripheral percentages and numbers of Treg cells were comparable in all the strains analyzed (Supporting Information Fig. 1). (src-signal.com)
  • We purified NOD and R76 CD4+CD25high CD127− splenic Treg cells and analyzed their capacity to inhibit proliferation of CD4+CD25−CD127+ splenic Tconv cells induced with plate-bound anti-CD3ε antibody. (src-signal.com)
  • As shown in Supporting Information Fig. 2, NOD and R76 Treg cells inhibited proliferation of NOD and R76 Tconv cells with similar efficiency. (src-signal.com)
  • Together, these data show that the intrinsic suppressive function of Treg cells and the sensitivity of Tconv cells to Treg-cell-mediated suppression are similar in NOD and R76 mice. (src-signal.com)
  • Foxe1 Deletion in the Adult Mouse Is Associated With Increased Thyroidal Mast Cells and Hypothyroidism. (uchicago.edu)
  • Improved mouse models for type 1 diabetes (T1D) therapy development are needed. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These next-generation HLA-humanized NOD models may provide improved platforms for T1D therapy development. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Immunoglobulin G subclasses confer protection against Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream dissemination through distinct mechanisms in mouse models. (uchicago.edu)
  • The PAF-AHIb1 gene in NOD mice was cloned and sequenced, and its expression and function were studied. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In conclusion, a ≤20 Mbp long region centromeric to the H2 complex on mouse chromosome 17 harbors a gene (or multiple genes) that quantitatively controls Treg-cell development. (src-signal.com)
  • Cancer Infectious Diseases Regenerative Medicine Hematology Humanized mouse Nude mouse SCID mouse M. Ito and, et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased T1D disease risk from IL-2 pathway loci in the TwinsUK cohort of human subjects resulted in some similar microbiota changes to those observed in the NOD mouse. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These studies indicate that in the steady state, NOD mice harbor a "diabetes-permissive" microbiota, and major perturbations in the microbiota can both reduce and accelerate disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As many of the linked chromosome regions that predispose to type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse have been dissected, it has become apparent that the initially observed effect is in fact attributable to several loci. (ox.ac.uk)