Mice, Inbred ICR
Genomic Imprinting
RNA, Long Noncoding
Silver-Russell Syndrome
RNA, Untranslated
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Insulin-Like Growth Factor II
Animals, Outbred Strains
Aminacrine
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced
Octamer Transcription Factors
Nitrogen Mustard Compounds
Disulfiram
Transcription Factor TFIIIA
Chromosomes, Artificial
Rodent Diseases
DNA Methylation
Insulator Elements
Carcinogenicity of triethanolamine in mice and its mutagenicity after reaction with sodium nitrite in bacteria. (1/6342)
Mice fed a diet containing 0.3 or 0.03% triethanolamine developed malignant tumors. Females showed a high incidence of tumors in lymphoid tissues, while this type was absent in males. Tumors in other tissues were produced at a considerable rate in both sexes, but no hepatoma was found. Triethanolamine was not mutagenic to Bacillus subtilis by itself, but it became mutagenic after reacting with sodium nitrite under acidic conditions or when the mixture was heated. Although N-nitrosodiethanolamine, a known carcinogen and mutagen, was detected in the reaction mixture by thin-layer chromatography, it may not be the main mutagenic product, because the product was a stable and direct mutagen and its mutagenic activity was destroyed by liver enzymes, unlike N-nitrosodiethanolamine. The lethal and mutagenic DNA damages produced by this unidentified product were susceptible to some extent to the repair functions of the bacteria. (+info)Involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1beta in enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures caused by Shigella dysenteriae. (2/6342)
Neurologic manifestations, mainly convulsions, are the most frequent extraintestinal complications of shigellosis. We used an animal model to study the roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) in Shigella-related seizures. Administration of Shigella dysenteriae 60R sonicate enhanced the sensitivity of mice to the proconvulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) within 7 h. This was indicated by a significantly higher mean convulsion score and an increased number of mice responding with clonic-tonic seizures in the Shigella-pretreated group. Preinjection of mice with anti-murine TNF-alpha (anti-mTNF-alpha) or anti-murine IL-1beta (anti-mIL-1beta) 30 min prior to administration of Shigella sonicate abolished their enhanced response to PTZ at 7 h. Mean convulsion scores were reduced by anti-mTNF-alpha from 1.2 to 0.8 (P = 0.017) and by anti-mIL-1beta from 1.3 to 0.7 (P = 0.008). Preinjection of anti-mTNF-alpha also reduced the percentage of mice responding with clonic-tonic seizures, from 48 to 29% (P = 0.002), and preinjection of anti-mIL-1beta reduced it from 53 to 21% (P = 0. 012). Neutralization of TNF-alpha or IL-1beta did not protect the mice from death due to S. dysenteriae 60R. These findings indicate that TNF-alpha and IL-1beta play a role in the very early sensitization of the central nervous system to convulsive activity after S. dysenteriae administration. Similar mechanisms may trigger neurologic disturbances in other infectious diseases. (+info)A novel trans-complementation assay suggests full mammalian oocyte activation is coordinately initiated by multiple, submembrane sperm components. (3/6342)
To initiate normal embryonic development, an egg must receive a signal to become activated at fertilization. We here report that the ability of demembranated sperm heads to activate is abolished after incubation over the range 20-44 degreesC and is sensitive to reducing agents. On the basis of this observation, we have developed a microinjection-based, trans-complementation assay in order to dissect the heat-inactivated sperm-borne oocyte-activating factor(s) (SOAF). We demonstrate that the failure of heat-inactivated sperm heads to activate an egg is rescued by coinjection with dithiothreitol-solubilized SOAF from demembranated sperm heads. The solubilized SOAF (SOAFs) is trypsin sensitive and is liberated from demembranated heads in a temperature-dependent manner that inversely correlates with the ability of sperm heads to activate. This argues that SOAFs is a proteinaceous molecular species required to initiate activation. Injection of oocytes with mouse or hamster sperm cytosolic factors, but not SOAFs alone, induced resumption of meiosis, further suggesting that these cytosolic factors and SOAF are distinct. Collectively, these data strongly suggest that full mammalian oocyte activation is initiated by the coordinated action of one or more heat-sensitive protein constituents of the perinuclear matrix and at least one heat-stable submembrane component. (+info)Obstructive uropathy and hydronephrosis in male KK-Ay mice: a report of cases. (4/6342)
Uropathy associated with hydronephrosis was observed frequently in our male KK-Ay mouse colony during a long-term study of diabetes. The lesion occurred in 24 of the 31 KK-Ay male mice and accounted for the greatest number of spontaneous deaths among them. It was observed after 4 months of age and involved about hard plugs of altered seminal material resembling the seminal vesicle secretion. The plugs became impacted in the urethral bulb and the bladder. The penile anatomy, with its flexure, pressure on the urethra from the bulbocavernosus muscle, and the characteristic ability of the seminal fluid to easily coagulate to form the vaginal plug may have contributed to the lesion. Correlation between development of the uropathy and diabetes has not been established. (+info)Spinal antinociceptive synergism between morphine and clonidine persists in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to morphine. (5/6342)
Morphine (Mor) tolerance has been attributed to a reduction of opioid-adrenergic antinociceptive synergy at the spinal level. The present experiments tested the interaction of intrathecally (i.t.) administered Mor-clonidine (Clon) combinations in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to Mor. ICR mice were pretreated with Mor either acutely (40 nmol i.t., 8 h; 100 mg/kg s.c., 4 h) or chronically (3 mg/kg s.c. every 6 h days 1 and 2; 5 mg/kg s.c. every 6 h days 3 and 4). Antinociception was detected via the hot water (52.5 degrees C) tail-flick test. After the tail-flick latencies returned to baseline levels, dose-response curves were generated to Mor, Clon, and Mor-Clon combinations in tolerant and control mice. Development of tolerance was confirmed by significant rightward shifts of the Mor dose-response curves in tolerant mice compared with controls. Isobolographic analysis was conducted; the experimental combined ED50 values were compared statistically against their respective theoretical additive ED50 values. In all Mor-pretreated groups, the combination of Mor and Clon resulted in significant leftward shifts in the dose-response curves compared with those of each agonist administered separately. In all tolerant and control groups, the combination of Mor and Clon produced an ED50 value significantly less than the corresponding theoretical additive ED50 value. Mor and Clon synergized in Mor-tolerant as well as in control mice. Spinally administered adrenergic/opioid synergistic combinations may be effective therapeutic strategies to manage pain in patients apparently tolerant to the analgesic effects of Mor. (+info)Comparison of local anesthetic activities between optical isomers of cis-1-benzoyloxy-2-dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. (6/6342)
The optical isomers of cis-1-benzoyloxy-2-dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (YAU-17) were compared for their local anesthetic activity, acute toxicity, spasmolytic activity, and partition coefficient between chloroform and phosphate buffer. 1-YAU-17 was more active than d-YAU-17 in blocking the conduction of action potentials in isolated frog sciatic nerves. The difference in local anesthetic activities between the optical isomers was further substantiated by in vivo tests for corneal anesthesia, intracutaneous anesthesia and sciatic nerve block in quinea-pigs. Similarly, the i.v. injection to mice revealed a higher toxicity for 1-YAU-17 as compared to its d-isomer. In these tests, the potency ratios of the enantiomers ranged from 2 to 4, and the racemate had an intermediate potency. On the contrary, no difference among the compounds was found in their liposolubility, partition coefficient, and spasmolytic activity examined with isolated guinea-pig ileum. These results indicate that the steric factors play an important role in the production of different local anesthetic activities between the optical isomers of YAU-17, and their local anesthetic potency tends to be correlated to their intravenous acute toxicity but not to their spasmolytic activity. (+info)Diperamycin, a new antimicrobial antibiotic produced by Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus MK393-AF2. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activities. (7/6342)
Antibacterial antibiotics, diperamycin (1) was produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus MK393-AF2. Various spectroscopic analyses of 1 suggested that 1 belonged to a member of cyclic hexadepsipeptide antibiotic. Antibiotic 1 had potent inhibitory activity against various Gram-positive bacteria including Enterococcus seriolicida and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (+info)Uncoupling of in vivo torque production from EMG in mouse muscles injured by eccentric contractions. (8/6342)
1. The main objective of this study was to determine whether eccentric contraction-induced muscle injury causes impaired plasmalemmal action potential conduction, which could explain the injury-induced excitation-contraction coupling failure. Mice were chronically implanted with stimulating electrodes on the left common peroneal nerve and with electromyographic (EMG) electrodes on the left tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. The left anterior crural muscles of anaesthetized mice were stimulated to perform 150 eccentric (ECC) (n = 12 mice) or 150 concentric (CON) (n = 11 mice) contractions. Isometric torque, EMG root mean square (RMS) and M-wave mean and median frequencies were measured before, immediately after, and at 1, 3, 5 and 14 days after the protocols. In parallel experiments, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) concentration was measured in TA muscles to determine whether the excitation failure elicited a denervation-like response. 2. Immediately after the ECC protocol, torque was reduced by 47-89 %, while RMS was reduced by 9-21 %; the RMS decrement was not different from that observed for the CON protocol, which did not elicit large torque deficits. One day later, both ECC and CON RMS had returned to baseline values and did not change over the next 2 weeks. However, torque production by the ECC group showed a slow recovery over that time and was still depressed by 12-30 % after 2 weeks. M-wave mean and median frequencies were not affected by performance of either protocol. 3. AChR concentration was elevated by 79 and 368 % at 3 and 5 days, respectively, after the ECC protocol; AChR concentration had returned to control levels 2 weeks after the protocol. At the time of peak AChR concentration in the ECC protocol muscles (i.e. 5 days), AChR concentration in CON protocol muscles was not different from the control level. 4. In conclusion, these data demonstrate no major role for impaired plasmalemmal action potential conduction in the excitation-contraction coupling failure induced by eccentric contractions. Additionally, a muscle injured by eccentric contractions shows a response in AChR concentration similar to a transiently denervated muscle. (+info)ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) is a strain of albino Swiss mice that are widely used in scientific research. They are an outbred strain, which means that they have been bred to maintain maximum genetic heterogeneity. However, it is also possible to find inbred strains of ICR mice, which are genetically identical individuals produced by many generations of brother-sister mating.
Inbred ICR mice are a specific type of ICR mouse that has been inbred for at least 20 generations. This means that they have a high degree of genetic uniformity and are essentially genetically identical to one another. Inbred strains of mice are often used in research because their genetic consistency makes them more reliable models for studying biological phenomena and testing new therapies or treatments.
It is important to note that while inbred ICR mice may be useful for certain types of research, they do not necessarily represent the genetic diversity found in human populations. Therefore, it is important to consider the limitations of using any animal model when interpreting research findings and applying them to human health.
Genomic imprinting is a epigenetic process that leads to the differential expression of genes depending on their parental origin. It involves the methylation of certain CpG sites in the DNA, which results in the silencing of one of the two copies of a gene, either the maternal or paternal allele. This means that only one copy of the gene is active and expressed, while the other is silent.
This phenomenon is critical for normal development and growth, and it plays a role in the regulation of genes involved in growth and behavior. Genomic imprinting is also associated with certain genetic disorders, such as Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, which occur when there are errors in the imprinting process that lead to the absence or abnormal expression of certain genes.
It's important to note that genomic imprinting is a complex and highly regulated process that is not yet fully understood. Research in this area continues to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying gene regulation and their impact on human health and disease.
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that is longer than 200 nucleotides and does not encode for proteins. They are involved in various cellular processes such as regulation of gene expression, chromosome remodeling, and modulation of protein function. LncRNAs can be located in the nucleus or cytoplasm and can interact with DNA, RNA, and proteins to bring about their functions. Dysregulation of lncRNAs has been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer.
Silver-Russell Syndrome (SRS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, relative macrocephaly at birth with subsequent normalization of head circumference, a prominent forehead (frontal bossing), a small jaw (micrognathia), body asymmetry, and feeding difficulties in early life. Some individuals may also have clinodactyly (curving of the fifth finger towards the fourth), wide-spaced fifth fingers, and downturned corners of the mouth.
The genetic basis for SRS is heterogeneous, but the most common genetic abnormality associated with this syndrome is hypomethylation of the H19/IGF2:IG-DMR (imprinting control region) on chromosome 11p15.5. This region regulates the expression of two neighboring genes, IGF2 and H19, which are imprinted and expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. In SRS, the hypomethylation leads to decreased IGF2 expression and increased H19 expression, which is thought to contribute to the growth retardation observed in this syndrome.
Individuals with SRS may have developmental delays, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems, although their cognitive abilities can range from normal to mildly impaired. They are also at an increased risk of developing certain medical conditions, such as low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), heart defects, kidney abnormalities, and a higher risk of childhood cancer, particularly Wilms' tumor.
Diagnosis of SRS is typically based on clinical criteria, including growth parameters, physical features, and developmental history. Genetic testing for hypomethylation at the H19/IGF2:IG-DMR region can confirm the diagnosis in many cases. Management of SRS involves a multidisciplinary approach, with interventions focused on addressing specific symptoms and promoting optimal growth and development.
Untranslated regions (UTRs) of RNA are the non-coding sequences that are present in mRNA (messenger RNA) molecules, which are located at both the 5' end (5' UTR) and the 3' end (3' UTR) of the mRNA, outside of the coding sequence (CDS). These regions do not get translated into proteins. They contain regulatory elements that play a role in the regulation of gene expression by affecting the stability, localization, and translation efficiency of the mRNA molecule. The 5' UTR typically contains the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes or the Kozak consensus sequence in eukaryotes, which are important for the initiation of translation. The 3' UTR often contains regulatory elements such as AU-rich elements (AREs) and microRNA (miRNA) binding sites that can affect mRNA stability and translation.
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a genetic overgrowth disorder that affects several parts of the body. It is characterized by an increased risk of developing certain tumors, especially during the first few years of life. The symptoms and features of BWS can vary widely among affected individuals.
The medical definition of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome includes the following major criteria:
1. Excessive growth before birth (macrosomia) or in infancy (infantile gigantism)
2. Enlargement of the tongue (macroglossia)
3. Abdominal wall defects, such as an omphalocele (protrusion of abdominal organs through the belly button) or a diastasis recti (separation of the abdominal muscles)
4. Enlargement of specific internal organs, like the kidneys, liver, or pancreas
5. A distinctive facial appearance, which may include ear creases or pits, wide-set eyes, and a prominent jaw
Additional findings in BWS can include:
1. Increased risk of developing embryonal tumors, such as Wilms tumor (a type of kidney cancer), hepatoblastoma (a liver cancer), and neuroblastoma (a nerve tissue cancer)
2. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in infancy due to hyperinsulinism (overproduction of insulin)
3. Asymmetric growth, where one side of the body or a specific region is significantly larger than the other
4. Ear abnormalities, such as cupped ears or low-set ears
5. Developmental delays and learning disabilities in some cases
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is caused by changes in the chromosome 11p15 region, which contains several genes that regulate growth and development. The most common cause of BWS is an epigenetic abnormality called paternal uniparental disomy (UPD), where both copies of this region come from the father instead of one copy from each parent. Other genetic mechanisms, such as mutations in specific genes or imprinting center defects, can also lead to BWS.
The diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is typically based on clinical findings and confirmed by molecular testing. Management includes regular monitoring for tumor development, controlling hypoglycemia, and addressing any other complications as needed. Surgical intervention may be required in cases of organ enlargement or structural abnormalities. Genetic counseling is recommended for affected individuals and their families to discuss the risks of recurrence and available reproductive options.
Insulin-like Growth Factor II (IGF-II) is a growth factor that is structurally and functionally similar to insulin. It is a single-chain polypeptide hormone, primarily produced by the liver under the regulation of growth hormone. IGF-II plays an essential role in fetal growth and development, and continues to have important functions in postnatal life, including promoting cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation in various tissues.
IGF-II binds to and activates the IGF-I receptor and the insulin receptor, leading to intracellular signaling cascades that regulate metabolic and mitogenic responses. Dysregulation of IGF-II expression and signaling has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as cancer, growth disorders, and diabetes.
It is important to note that IGF-II should not be confused with Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I), which is another hormone with structural and functional similarities to insulin but has distinct roles in growth and development.
"Outbred strains" of animals in a medical context refers to populations of animals that are not genetically identical or inbred. These animals are derived from matings between individuals from different genetic backgrounds and are characterized by a high degree of genetic variability. This genetic diversity is maintained through random mating and selection, allowing for a wide range of phenotypic traits to be expressed within the population.
Outbred strains are often used in biomedical research as they provide a more genetically diverse background compared to inbred or genetically modified animal models. This genetic diversity can help to better represent human populations and improve the translatability of research findings to clinical applications. Additionally, outbred animals may be less susceptible to certain experimental artifacts that can arise from the use of highly inbred strains, such as reduced immune function or increased susceptibility to disease.
Examples of commonly used outbred animal models include the Sprague-Dawley rat and the Swiss Webster mouse. These animals are widely used in a variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, behavioral studies, and basic biomedical research.
Aminacrine is a type of medication known as an antineoplastic agent or chemotherapeutic drug. It is primarily used in the treatment of certain types of cancer. Aminacrine works by interfering with the DNA replication process within cancer cells, which helps to inhibit the growth and proliferation of these cells.
The chemical name for aminacrine is 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride monohydrate. It has a yellowish crystalline appearance and is typically administered intravenously in a hospital setting. Common side effects of aminacrine include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth sores, and hair loss. More serious side effects can include heart rhythm abnormalities, seizures, and lung or kidney damage.
It's important to note that the use of aminacrine is typically reserved for cases where other cancer treatments have not been effective, due to its potential for serious side effects. As with all medications, it should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.
Radiation-induced abnormalities refer to changes in tissues, organs, or bodily functions that are caused by exposure to radiation. These abnormalities can occur as a result of therapeutic radiation used in cancer treatment or from exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation in diagnostic procedures or environmental settings.
The severity and type of radiation-induced abnormalities depend on several factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the part of the body that was exposed, and the individual's sensitivity to radiation. Some common radiation-induced abnormalities include:
1. Radiation sickness: This is a set of symptoms that occur after exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and fever.
2. Skin damage: Radiation can cause skin redness, blistering, and peeling, especially in areas where the radiation was focused.
3. Cataracts: Exposure to high levels of radiation can cause cataracts, which are cloudy areas that develop in the lens of the eye.
4. Infertility: Radiation exposure can damage the reproductive organs and lead to infertility in both men and women.
5. Increased risk of cancer: Exposure to radiation can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and thyroid cancer.
6. Damage to the nervous system: High levels of radiation exposure can cause damage to the nervous system, leading to symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and confusion.
7. Genetic mutations: Radiation exposure can cause genetic mutations that can be passed down to future generations.
It is important to note that the risk of developing radiation-induced abnormalities depends on many factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the individual's sensitivity to radiation, and their overall health status. If you have concerns about radiation exposure or radiation-induced abnormalities, it is best to speak with a healthcare professional.
Octamer transcription factors (OTFs) are a family of proteins that bind to specific octamer motifs in the DNA, playing a crucial role in regulating gene transcription. The octamer motif is a degenerate 8-base pair consensus sequence, often found in the promoter or enhancer regions of many eukaryotic genes. OTFs recognize and bind to this motif through their highly conserved DNA-binding domain, known as the POU domain. This domain is characterized by two subdomains: a homeodomain that recognizes specific base pairs in the major groove of DNA, and a POU-specific domain that interacts with the DNA backbone. OTFs can function as homodimers or heterodimers and work in conjunction with other transcription factors to modulate the expression of target genes, thereby controlling various cellular processes such as development, differentiation, and proliferation.
Nitrogen mustard compounds are a group of chemical agents that have been used historically as chemotherapy drugs and also have potential as military chemical warfare agents. They are alkylating agents, which means they work by modifying DNA in such a way that it can no longer replicate properly, leading to cell death.
In the medical context, nitrogen mustard compounds are used to treat certain types of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. They may also be used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and other cancers.
The most common nitrogen mustard compounds used in medicine are mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and melphalan. These drugs are typically administered intravenously or orally, and their use is carefully monitored to minimize side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and suppression of the immune system.
It's worth noting that nitrogen mustard compounds can also be highly toxic and dangerous if used as chemical warfare agents. They can cause severe respiratory, skin, and eye damage, as well as potentially fatal systemic effects.
Disulfiram is a medication used to treat chronic alcoholism. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which is responsible for breaking down acetaldehyde, a toxic metabolite produced when alcohol is consumed. When a person taking disulfiram consumes alcohol, the buildup of acetaldehyde causes unpleasant symptoms such as flushing, nausea, palpitations, and shortness of breath, which can help discourage further alcohol use.
The medical definition of Disulfiram is:
A medication used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism, which works by inhibiting the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to an accumulation of acetaldehyde when alcohol is consumed, causing unpleasant symptoms that discourage further alcohol use. Disulfiram is available as a tablet for oral administration and is typically prescribed under medical supervision due to its potential for serious interactions with alcohol and other substances.
Transcription Factor IIIA (TFIIIA) is a specific type of transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the initiation of gene transcription, particularly for 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. It is a complex of proteins, including the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and several other factors. TFIIIA recognizes and binds to the internal control region (ICR) of the 5S rRNA gene, helping to assemble the transcription preinitiation complex and promoting the accurate initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase III.
Artificial chromosomes are human-made DNA structures that contain genetic material and can behave like natural chromosomes in cells. They are created in a laboratory and can be used for various research purposes, including studying gene function and developing new gene therapy techniques. Artificial chromosomes are typically constructed by combining specific DNA sequences that are necessary for replication, segregation, and stability within the cell. These synthetic chromosomes do not exist in nature and are not naturally occurring in humans or any other organisms.
Rodent-borne diseases are infectious diseases transmitted to humans (and other animals) by rodents, their parasites or by contact with rodent urine, feces, or saliva. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Some examples of rodent-borne diseases include Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Rat-bite fever, and Plague. It's important to note that rodents can also cause allergic reactions in some people through their dander, urine, or saliva. Proper sanitation, rodent control measures, and protective equipment when handling rodents can help prevent the spread of these diseases.
DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups (-CH3) are added to the cytosine ring of DNA molecules, often at the 5' position of cytospine phosphate-deoxyguanosine (CpG) dinucleotides. This modification is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase enzymes and results in the formation of 5-methylcytosine.
DNA methylation plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression, genomic imprinting, X chromosome inactivation, and suppression of transposable elements. Abnormal DNA methylation patterns have been associated with various diseases, including cancer, where tumor suppressor genes are often silenced by promoter methylation.
In summary, DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic modification that influences gene expression and genome stability, and its dysregulation has important implications for human health and disease.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Insulator Elements" is not a recognized medical term. The term "insulator" is used in the context of biology and physiology to refer to structures or substances that block or impede the passage of certain molecules or ions. For example, the myelin sheath around nerves is an insulator that helps speed up nerve impulses by preventing leakage of ions.
If you have any questions about a specific medical concept or term, please provide it and I'll do my best to help.
Pruritus is a medical term derived from Latin, in which "prurire" means "to itch." It refers to an unpleasant sensation on the skin that provokes the desire or reflex to scratch. This can be caused by various factors, such as skin conditions (e.g., dryness, eczema, psoriasis), systemic diseases (e.g., liver disease, kidney failure), nerve disorders, psychological conditions, or reactions to certain medications.
Pruritus can significantly affect a person's quality of life, leading to sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Proper identification and management of the underlying cause are essential for effective treatment.
List of MeSH codes (B01)
Folami Ideraabdullah
Laboratory mouse
Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
Role of exotoxin A in inducing severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in mice
Structural Characterization and Antifatigue Effect In Vivo of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) Polysaccharide
Pharmacological study of the new mucolytic drug N-guanyl-cysteine.
1,1-Dichloroethene (Vinylidene Chloride) (Cicads 51, 2003)
Regulation of erythropoietin production is related to proximal tubular function - University of Regensburg Publication Server
Isolation of Lagos Bat Virus from Water Mongoose - Volume 12, Number 12-December 2006 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal -...
Discovery of New Stilbene Antioxidants of the Bio-Elicited Peanut Sprout Powder (BPSP) and Longevity Extension of Mice Fed with...
List of MeSH codes (B01) - Wikipedia
Cadherin-11 expressed in association with mesenchymal morphogenesis in the head, somite, and limb bud of early mouse embryos.
Animal Specific Training: Mice - FAA USA Animal Care Program
Spontaneous Mutant ICR Kuru2 Might Be Another Shaker-2 Deaf Mouse | In Vivo
Hematopoietic effect of ginsenoside Rg3 in ICR mouse primary cultures and its application to a biological response modifier<...
Statistical mapping of sound-evoked activity in the mouse auditory midbrain using Mn-enhanced MRI<...
Olfactory nerve. Medical search
Fluidization of brain membranes by A2C does not produce anesthesia and does not augment muscimol-stimulated 36Cl- influx.
Candida albicans. Medical search
HKU Scholars Hub: Characterization of epithelial cell culture from human hydrosalpinges and effects of its conditioned medium...
MyMedR
William R Atchley - Citation Index - NCSU Libraries
Wen-Chi Hou - 研究成果 - 臺北醫學大學
A triterpenoid-enriched extract of bitter melon leaves alleviates hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting inflammatory responses in...
Probiotic potential of enterococcus faecium isolated from chicken cecum with immunomodulating activity and promoting longevity...
PRIME PubMed | Antimicrobial peptide Cathelicidin-BF prevents intestinal barrier dysfunction in a mouse model of endotoxemia
AC-Article
David Young Chung, M.D.,Ph.D. | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Search - NeL.edu
Somatic PIK3CA Mutations in Sporadic Cerebral Cavernous Malformations.
Expression trapping: identification of novel genes expressed in hematopoietic and endothelial lineages by gene trapping in ES...
October 2021 - DNA Topoisomerase - Synthesis and Structure-activity
Strains8
- Inbred strains are the result of at least 20 generations of brother-sister mating. (uwm.edu)
- There are over 400 documented inbred strains of mice. (uwm.edu)
- Common inbred strains include BALB/c, C3H, C57BL/6 and DBA. (uwm.edu)
- Reproductive performance consisting of mean litter size, number of pups that wean (wean: born ratio) and mean reproductive index of three inbred mice strains, which are BALB/cMlac, C57BL/6Mlac and DBA/2Mlac, were investigated to provide some basic information on the breeding and maintaining of a foundation colony. (mahidol.ac.th)
- One of the first INBRED MOUSE STRAINS to be sequenced. (uchicago.edu)
- Fine mapping of a major QTL influencing morphine preference in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice using congenic strains. (jefferson.edu)
- Genetically modified mouse strains derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells have become essential tools for functional genomics and biomedical research. (liveconscience.com)
- Adult rats (14 stocks and strains) and mice (more than 40 stocks and strains) were euthanized using a 50% volume per minute displacement rate of carbon dioxide for 2 min. (bvsalud.org)
C57BL7
- Mice, Inbred C57BL" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Mice, Inbred C57BL" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)
- In 1921, Littel obtained mice from Lathrop and named a strain of mice that was derived from the mating of female 57 and male 52 and that consistently exhibited black hair as C57BL. (nomura-siam.com)
- C57BL/6J mice were introduced from the Jackson Laboratory to NIH and were maintained as C57BL6N. (nomura-siam.com)
- C57BL/6N mice at F121 were introduced from NIH to the Central Institute for Experimental Animals in 1978, and then to CLEA Japan, Inc. at F121+25 in 1988. (nomura-siam.com)
- In addition, C57BL/6J mice at F166 were introduced from the Jackson Laboratory to CLEA Japan, Inc., in 1989, at which time their production and supply was started. (nomura-siam.com)
- C57BL/6NJcl mice grow slightly better than C57BL/6JJcl mice, but there are no marked differences between the two sublines. (nomura-siam.com)
BALB3
- In longevity experiments, 16 female 11-mon-old BALB/c mice and both genders of 12-mon-old ICR mice were daily fed with BPSP supplemented diets at doses of 0, 0.1 and 0.5 g BPSP/kg bw for 750 and 762 days, respectively. (scirp.org)
- This study was performed to produce reference data for eye toxicity tests and to investigate the ophthalmic diseases of 408 ICR mice and 119 BALB/c mice, which are commonly used as subjects in toxicity tests. (go.jp)
- BALB/c mice, 31.9%) and the incidence gradually decreased with age. (go.jp)
MeSH1
- Mice, Inbred DBA" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ouhsc.edu)
Mutagenesis1
- Collectively, these considerations led the large level mouse mutagenesis projects structured under the umbrella Aliskiren hemifumarate of the World Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) to select M6-produced Sera cells as the parental lines in which to mutate all Aliskiren hemifumarate protein coding genes of Aliskiren hemifumarate mouse [5], [6]. (liveconscience.com)
Male2
- Previously, a low incidence of mild hydronephrosis was observed mostly in male mice and found only on the right kidney. (mahidol.ac.th)
- The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Dunaliella salina ( D. salina ) on UVB radiation-induced corneal oxidative damage in male imprinting control region (ICR) mice. (molvis.org)
Strain of mouse2
Nude1
- One naturally occurring genetic defect in mice results in an animal with no hair that is called a nude. (uwm.edu)
Genes2
- The genes relevant to deafness have been identified from the analysis of models of spontaneous deaf mice and many genes from such mice have been reported. (iiarjournals.org)
- Kallikrein genes are associated with lupus and glomerular basement membrane-specific antibody-induced nephritis in mice and humans. (ouhsc.edu)
Corneal1
- The studies demonstrate that D. salina exhibits potent protective effects on UVB radiation-induced corneal oxidative damage in mice, likely due to both the increase of antioxidant enzyme activity and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. (molvis.org)
Methods4
- The most commonly used methods for catching and picking up mice are grasping the animal near the tip of the tail, between thumb and forefinger, or by grasping the tail near the base or the neck between the ends of a smooth tipped forceps. (uwm.edu)
- Materials and Methods: In order to identify the genetic abnormality, the mouse was back-crossed to Mus musculus castaneus (CAST), and myosine 15 or myoXV on chromosome 11 was assumed to be the responsive gene. (iiarjournals.org)
- METHODS: We developed two mouse models harboring mutations identified in human meningiomas with the use of the prostaglandin D2 synthase (PGDS) promoter. (icr.ac.uk)
- Improved methods for the generation of germline transmitting chimeric mice from M6 Sera cell lines will make the IKMC and additional M6 Sera cell resources more accessible to the broader biomedical Aliskiren hemifumarate study community. (liveconscience.com)
Rats6
- In mice and rats, females require mating stimulation for the maintenance of pregnancy. (nature.com)
- The production of female mice with pseudopregnancy induced using sonic vibration was as efficient as rats. (nature.com)
- However, relatively little information is available on humane aspects of anesthesia and euthanasia in neonatal mice and rats. (bvsalud.org)
- The study demonstrates that CO may be a potential alternative for preweanling mice and rats at PND6 or older but is not appropriate for neonates at PND5 or younger. (bvsalud.org)
- The current study was designed based on existing literature regarding minimal exposure times for preweanling rats and mice euthanized with carbon dioxide. (bvsalud.org)
- The study evaluated the minimal time that adult rats and mice must remain in 100% carbon dioxide for death to be irreversible on removal. (bvsalud.org)
Macrophages1
- C-BF also reduced LPS induced TNF-α expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. (unboundmedicine.com)
Genetic3
- RESULTS: We found that in mice expressing one of two common genetic drivers of meningioma - Pik3ca H1047R or AKT1 E17K - in PGDS-positive cells, a spectrum of typical CCMs develops (in 22% and 11% of the mice, respectively) instead of meningiomas, which prompted us to analyze tissue samples from sporadic CCMs from 88 patients. (icr.ac.uk)
- The ease of manipulating its genome has helped establish the mouse as the premier model organism for mammalian genetic studies. (biomedcentral.com)
- This strain is commonly used as genetic background for transgenic mouse models. (uchicago.edu)
Generations2
- After inbreeding for 20 generations, a surprisingly high incidence of hydronephrosis was encountered and we finally obtained a strain of mice with a very high incidence of severe hydronephrosis affected on both sides of kidney and in both sexes as the process of inbreeding has been increased. (mahidol.ac.th)
- This substrain is at least (a number>20 by definition) generations removed from the originating JAXR Mice strain and has NOT been re-infused with pedigreed stock from The Jackson Laboratory. (nomura-siam.com)
Comparisons1
- These IC activity patterns were analyzed quantitatively using voxel-based statistical comparisons between groups of mice with or without sound stimulation. (uea.ac.uk)
Genetically3
- Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) has been developed to image brain activity in small animals, including normal and genetically modified mice. (uea.ac.uk)
- Genetically manipulated mice, often incorporating gene-based reporters, are frequently being used to model and understand mammalian development and disease processes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Since the early 1990s we have specifically used the aggregation method to generate multiple genetically revised mouse stresses from 129S1129X1 (L1) [30] and 129S6B6F1 (G4) [31] Sera cells. (liveconscience.com)
Effects5
- The effects of exotoxin A (EXA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) were studied in a mouse model and in vitro. (nih.gov)
- We therefore investigated the effects of acetazolamide, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and amiloride, known to preferentially inhibit sodium reabsorption at different segments of the nephron, on hypoxia-induced EPO formation in mice. (uni-regensburg.de)
- We synthesized the hyperforin analog Hyp13, which shows similar binding to TRPC6 and recapitulates TRPC6-dependent anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in mice . (afpm.org.my)
- Effects of Depilatory Cream Formulation and Contact Time on Mouse Skin. (uchicago.edu)
- Acute nicotine and phencyclidine increase locomotor activity of the guinea pig with attenuated potencies relative to their effects on rat or mouse. (omeka.net)
Mutations2
- We analyzed lesions induced by the activating mutations Pik3ca H1074R and AKT1 E17K in mice and identified the PGDS-expressing pericyte as the probable cell of origin. (icr.ac.uk)
- however, in spite of the obvious advantages of Aliskiren hemifumarate the inbred background few targeted mutations have been published compared to the widely used 129 Sera cell lines [1]. (liveconscience.com)
Mutant4
- P. aeruginosa PA103, which produced EXA, was 20 times more virulent for normal mice than was its EXA-deficient mutant, PA103-29. (nih.gov)
- The mouse was bred with the mutant deaf mouse and offspring (the first generation, F1) mice were obtained. (iiarjournals.org)
- F1 mice were then back-crossed to the original mutant deaf mice and hybrid F2 generation mice were obtained. (iiarjournals.org)
- Selective inbreeding of this mutant led us to the establishment of a colony of inbred hydronephrosis mice. (mahidol.ac.th)
Incidence1
- These mice are known for their low incidence of mammary cancers and their resistance to exogenous tumor induction and are widely used for studies on cancer and immunology and for those in the field of toxicity and microbiology. (nomura-siam.com)
Laboratory1
- More laboratory mice are used in research every year than any other animal species. (uwm.edu)
Intraperitoneal1
- This study investigated whether C-BF pretreatment could protect the intestinal barrier against dysfunction in a mouse model of endotoxemia, induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10mg/kg). (unboundmedicine.com)
Anesthesia1
- Intravenous administration of 2-[2-methoxyethoxy]-ethyl 8-[cis-2-n-octylcyclopropyl]-octanoate (A2C) was found to disorder brain membranes but did not produce intoxication or anesthesia in mice. (unm.edu)
Transgenic2
- In recent years green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequoria Victoria has gained popularity in mouse transgenic and gene targeting regimes [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The ECFP and EYFP-expressing transgenic ES cells and mice that we have generated provide sources of cells and tissues for combinatorial, double-tagged recombination experiments, chimeras or transplantations. (biomedcentral.com)
Pups2
- Young mice ( pups) should be grasped by the cupping the hands around the whole body or by grasping the skin across the shoulder blades with a forceps. (uwm.edu)
- This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of carbon monoxide (CO) as an alternative euthanasia agent for mouse and rat pups on postnatal days (PND) 0 to 12. (bvsalud.org)
20181
- 2018) Individual odour signatures that mice learn are shaped by involatile major urinary proteins (MUPs). (phbuffers.org)
Ovarian1
- Single CAR-T cell treatment controls disseminated ovarian cancer in a syngeneic mouse model. (uchicago.edu)
Vivo3
- Collectively, these results not only confirm that EXA is toxic in vivo, but also suggest that this toxin accelerates the growth of virulent P. aeruginosa in mice. (nih.gov)
- Similarly, membrane order and muscimol-activated 36Cl- uptake were reduced in brain vesicles prepared from mice which had received A2C in vivo. (unm.edu)
- Moreover, in vivo investigations using mouse skin revealed that the upregulation of COX-2 expression, MAPKK4 activity and PI-3K activity induced by UVB was abolished with delphinidin treatment. (oregonstate.edu)
Variants1
- Identification of five mouse mu-opioid receptor (MOR) gene (Oprm1) splice variants containing a newly identified alternatively spliced exon. (jefferson.edu)
Embryo2
- Reduced acrosome reaction and poor mouse embryo development were also observed in hydrosalpinx CM but not in NFT CM and hTF. (hku.hk)
- Genome-edited mice were also obtained using frozen-warmed pronuclear embryos with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system (Cas) nucleases introduced using the technique for animal knockout system by electroporation (TAKE) method, which were transferred to females with pseudopregnancy induced on the day of embryo transfer. (nature.com)
Midbrain2
- Here, we report the use of a MEMRI-based statistical parametric mapping method to analyze sound-evoked activity in the mouse auditory midbrain, the inferior colliculus (IC). (uea.ac.uk)
- Methamphetamine self-administration in mice decreases GIRK channel-mediated currents in midbrain dopamine neurons. (ouhsc.edu)
Responses1
- The investment in training should be outweighed by the benefits observed with more reliable behavioral and physiological responses in the mice. (uwm.edu)
Results1
- We demonstrate that TRPC6 deficiency in mice not only results in anxious and depressive behavior, but also reduces excitability of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and dentate gyrus granule cells. (afpm.org.my)
Uptake1
- Potassium channel activity and glutamate uptake are impaired in astrocytes of seizure-susceptible DBA/2 mice. (jefferson.edu)
Reporter1
- We therefore wished to investigate the feasibility of non-invasive multiple reporter imaging in mice, and as a first step we wanted to ascertain whether we could establish viable and fertile mice with widespread expression of GFP variant reporters. (biomedcentral.com)
Assay1
- Re-evaluation of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay: Observation of a positive response. (cdc.gov)
Previously2
- The mouse was designated as kuru 2 and has been previously reported in this Journal. (iiarjournals.org)
- We have previously demonstrated the utility and developmental neutrality of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in embryonic stem (ES) cells and mice [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins1
- Individual recognition in mice mediated by major urinary proteins. (phbuffers.org)
Spontaneous3
- Background: We have established a mouse model of spontaneous deafness by sib-inbreeding over 10 years. (iiarjournals.org)
- We established a spontaneous deaf mouse more than 10 years ago and the mouse has been reported in this journal ( 2 ). (iiarjournals.org)
- Bessa?h T, de Yebenes EG, Kirkland K, Higley MJ, Buono RJ, Ferraro TN, Contreras D. Quantitative trait locus on distal chromosome 1 regulates the occurrence of spontaneous spike-wave discharges in DBA/2 mice. (jefferson.edu)
Model3
- The antifatigue effect of MP was evaluated by using a mouse weight-loaded swimming model. (nih.gov)
- In this study, we used mice lacking the SR-A (SRKO) to investigate the role of SR-A in acquired immunity using a viable bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) infection model. (ox.ac.uk)
- Retinal ganglion cell protection by 17-beta-estradiol in a mouse model of inherited glaucoma. (ouhsc.edu)
Blood1
- EXA was detected in the plasma of mice infected with P. aeruginosa PA103, and its presence correlated with increasing numbers of bacteria in the blood and internal organs. (nih.gov)
Acute2
- Acute toxicity of magnetic nanopartic les in mice. (nel.edu)
- Gut microbiota modulates bleomycin-induced acute lung injury response in mice. (uchicago.edu)
Found1
- We found that delphinidin suppressed UVB-induced COX-2 expression in JB6 P+ mouse epidermal cells. (oregonstate.edu)
Deletion1
- Foxe1 Deletion in the Adult Mouse Is Associated With Increased Thyroidal Mast Cells and Hypothyroidism. (uchicago.edu)
Dose2
- Based on the resultant survival curves and average lifespans of both mouse models, basal diets supplemented with BPSP are effective to extend mouse longevity by a dose dependent manner. (scirp.org)
- Mice were treated with low or high dose C-BF before treatment with LPS, and samples were collected 5h after LPS treatment. (unboundmedicine.com)
Development2
- This represents a significant advance in the development of MEMRI for quantitative and unbiased analysis of brain function in the deep brain nuclei of mice. (uea.ac.uk)
- In relation to the idea to use magnetic nanopartic les in development of new delivery systems suitable for targeted drug administration, the toxicological profile of five types of magnetic fluids was assessed in mice. (nel.edu)
Characteristics1
- Breeder selection for breeding was carried out by using the progeny selection method, which selects offspring based on their characteristics, in combination with the breeding principle of maximum avoidance of inbreeding and the rotational mating system. (mahidol.ac.th)
Models1
- Immunoglobulin G subclasses confer protection against Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream dissemination through distinct mechanisms in mouse models. (uchicago.edu)
Cells2
- To this end, we have established lines of ES cells together with viable and fertile mice having widespread expression of either the ECFP or EYFP GFP-variant reporters. (biomedcentral.com)
- Aggregation of cleavage stage embryos with Sera cells [29] gives an accessible method for generating Sera cell chimeric mice. (liveconscience.com)
Normal1
- Following examinations of hearing acuity by ABR (Synax1200: NEC Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan), these F2 mice were classified into normal and deaf groups. (iiarjournals.org)
Study5
- To study the function and expression of this molecule, we cloned mouse, cad-11 cDNA. (duke.edu)
- These mice have deficiencies in their immune systems and thereby prove valuable in the study of immune diseases and cancer. (uwm.edu)
- This study examined the application of this method for the induction of pseudopregnancy in mice. (nature.com)
- This study demonstrated that induction of pseudopregnancy by sonic vibration was also possible in mice. (nature.com)
- This study examined the application of sonic vibration to induce pseudopregnancy in mice. (nature.com)
Specific1
- The specific mouse demonstrated hereditary congenital sensorineural deafness. (iiarjournals.org)
Effect1
- Anti-inflammatory effect of pigment epithelium-derived factor in DBA/2J mice. (ouhsc.edu)
Major1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Mice, Inbred DBA" by people in this website by year, and whether "Mice, Inbred DBA" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ouhsc.edu)
Analysis3
- To determine the developmental expression pattern of this molecule, we performed in situ hybridization analysis on early mouse embryos. (duke.edu)
- Systems genetics analysis of mouse chondrocyte differentiation. (jefferson.edu)
- Analysis of a quantitative trait locus for seizure susceptibility in mice using bacterial artificial chromosome-mediated gene transfer. (jefferson.edu)