An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.
17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.
A group of hydroxycorticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 17-position. Urinary excretion of these compounds is used as an index of adrenal function. They are used systemically in the free alcohol form, but with esterification of the hydroxy groups, topical effectiveness is increased.
An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.
A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 11-beta-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B1 gene, is important in the synthesis of CORTICOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Defects in CYP11B1 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).
A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).
The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.
Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)
A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation. (From A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, 1976)
An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to maintaining standards of quality of foods, drugs, therapeutic devices, etc.
The study of the origin, nature, properties, and actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms.
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.
The branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in humans.
Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
Systems developed for collecting reports from government agencies, manufacturers, hospitals, physicians, and other sources on adverse drug reactions.

Monocyte activation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): increased integrin, Fc gamma and complement receptor expression and the effect of glucocorticoids. (1/262)

The aim of this work was to study the expression of beta 1- and beta 2-integrins, CR1, CD44 and Fc gamma receptors on peripheral blood monocytes in RA. The expression of these receptors was measured by flow cytometry, before and after treatment with low-dose prednisolone. Expression of the same receptors was also measured before and after treatment with metyrapone, a substance that inhibits the synthesis of cortisol in the adrenals. The expression of the beta 2-integrins CD11a, CD11b and CD18, of CD35 (CR1), and of Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RI (CD32 and CD64) on monocytes was elevated in the RA patients compared with healthy controls, while the expression of the beta 1-integrins (CD29, CD49d, CD49f) was unaffected. A significant correlation between monocyte expression of CD64 and C-reactive protein (CRP), and blood platelet count, respectively, was found in the group of patients with RA. After 4-6 weeks of treatment with low-dose prednisolone, the expression on the monocytes of CD11a, CD11b, CD18, CD35, CD32 and CD64 was normalized. A significant correlation (r = 0.64, P = 0.02) was found between the decrease in expression of CD11b and clinical improvement after prednisolone treatment. Two days of metyrapone treatment, which significantly lowered the serum cortisol levels, elevated the expression of CD35 and CD49f. Priming of peripheral monocytes seems to be one of the mechanisms behind the recruitment of monocytes to the rheumatoid synovium. One reason for the good clinical effects of prednisolone in RA could be a down-regulation of adhesion and phagocytosis receptors on monocytes.  (+info)

Roles of aldosterone and angiotensin in maturation of sodium appetite in furosemide-treated rats. (2/262)

When rats are treated with furosemide, there is a rapid natriuresis. However, increased sodium appetite does not occur until some time later. One hypothesis to explain this delay is that increased circulating levels of the hormones of sodium depletion prime or sensitize the brain circuits involved in sodium appetite, perhaps by induction of target gene(s). In the present study, we describe the time course of the temporal maturation of sodium appetite after furosemide treatment and the associated changes in plasma levels of ANG II and aldosterone and in plasma volume. Sodium appetite is modest 3 h after furosemide treatment, is increased after 12 h, and is still larger after 24 h. This pattern is evident with repeated testing. Plasma levels of aldosterone and plasma renin activity are substantially increased 3 h after furosemide treatment, and so the NaCl appetite cannot result simply from progressively increasing levels of these hormones. Furthermore, activation of the subfornical organ and the ventral lamina terminalis, assessed with c-Fos immunocytochemistry, did not differ across these three times. Metyrapone, an inhibitor of adrenal steroid synthesis, was used to examine sodium appetite in the absence of elevations in aldosterone after furosemide treatment. Although metyrapone effectively blocked the increase in aldosterone, it was without effect on the appetite 3 or 24 h after furosemide treatment. Furthermore, elevations of plasma aldosterone by the use of minipumps for several days before furosemide treatment did not prime or potentiate but instead tended to inhibit the induced sodium appetite, despite achieving levels of aldosterone and plasma renin activity typically associated with a robust sodium appetite. Infusions of DOCA gave a similar result. Lastly, minipump infusions of ANG II also did not potentiate sodium appetite. Thus neither addition nor subtraction of these hormones alone influenced sodium appetite under these conditions.  (+info)

Radioimmunoassay for 11-deoxycortisol using iodine-labeled tracer. (3/262)

A simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay for 11-deoxycortisol was developed. The antiserum produced in rabbits by immunizing with a complex of 11-deoxycortisol-3-oxime and bovine serum albumin (BSA) has little cross-reactivity with other endogenous steroids. The immunoassay procedure requires only one-step ethanol denaturation of binding proteins in plasma and extraction by an organic solvent can be omitted. Furthermore, use of 125I-labeled tracer significantly simplify the counting procedure. The method is sensitive enough to detect 1 microng/100 ml of 11-deoxycortisol. Plasma 11-deoxycortisol levels measured by this method after the administration of a single dose of metyrapone ranged from 5.0 to 19.2 microng/100 ml, whereas they were 0 to 4.0 microng/100 ml in hypopituitary patients. It is concluded that this simple method is useful for the routine assay of plasma 11-deoxycortisol as a parameter of the metyrapone tests.  (+info)

Thymus-derived glucocorticoids set the thresholds for thymocyte selection by inhibiting TCR-mediated thymocyte activation. (4/262)

Selection processes in the thymus eliminate nonfunctional or harmful T cells and allow the survival of those cells with the potential to recognize Ag in association with self-MHC-encoded molecules (Ag/MHC). We have previously demonstrated that thymus-derived glucocorticoids antagonize TCR-mediated deletion, suggesting a role for endogenous thymic glucocorticoids in promoting survival of thymocytes following TCR engagement. Consistent with this hypothesis, we now show that inhibition of thymus glucocorticoid biosynthesis causes an increase in thymocyte apoptosis and a decrease in recovery that are directly proportional to the number of MHC-encoded molecules present and, therefore, the number of ligands available for TCR recognition. Expression of CD5 on CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, an indicator of TCR-mediated activation, increased in a TCR- and MHC-dependent manner when corticosteroid production or responsiveness was decreased. These results indicate that thymus-derived glucocorticoids determine where the window of thymocyte selection occurs in the TCR avidity spectrum by dampening the biological consequences of TCR occupancy and reveal that glucocorticoids mask the high percentage of self-Ag/MHC-reactive thymocytes that exist in the preselection repertoire.  (+info)

Role of endogenous cortisol in basal liquid clearance from distal air spaces in adult guinea-pigs. (5/262)

1. We investigated the role of endogenous cortisol in the modulation of distal air space liquid clearance in adult guinea-pigs. Cortisol synthesis was inhibited with the 11-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor metyrapone (0-7 days pretreatment). After cortisol synthesis inhibition, distal air space liquid clearance was measured by the increase in concentration of an instilled 5 % albumin solution after 1 h. 2. Two days of metyrapone pretreatment resulted in a 46+/-19 % decrease in plasma cortisol levels compared with control, which was paralleled by a 60+/-13 % decrease in distal air space liquid clearance. The Na+ channel inhibitor amiloride inhibited 40+/-22 % of distal air space liquid clearance in control animals but did not inhibit distal air space liquid clearance in the metyrapone-pretreated group. Co-injection of dexamethasone prevented the inhibition by metyrapone and the amiloride sensitivity of distal air space liquid clearance was greater than in control animals. After 7 days of metyrapone pretreatment, plasma cortisol levels and distal air space liquid clearance were not significantly different from normal, but amiloride sensitivity was greater than in control animals (91+/-37%). 3. Pretreatment with emetine, a protein synthesis inhibitor, reduced distal air space liquid clearance in control animals and in dexamethasone-co-injected animals, but failed to inhibit distal air space liquid clearance after metyrapone pretreatment. Expression of the epithelial sodium channel alpha-subunit (alphaENaC) mRNA in lung tissue was decreased after 2 days of metyrapone pretreatment and after 7 days pretreatment or after co-injection with dexamethasone, alphaENaC mRNA expression was restored towards control levels. 4. Thus, endogenous cortisol is important for maintaining normal liquid balance in the adult guinea-pig lung and a critical regulatory pathway is by modulation of ENaC expression and/or function.  (+info)

Postischemic steroid modulation: effects on hippocampal neuronal integrity and synaptic plasticity. (6/262)

Elimination of corticosteroids after ischemia, by removal of the adrenals, has been reported to preserve neuronal integrity later. To establish the therapeutic potential of this observation, the authors address two questions: first, whether clinically more relevant steroid manipulations after ischemia exert similar protective effects, and second, whether changes in synaptic functioning occur along with structural alterations. To test this, the authors treated animals immediately after hypoxia-ischemia with (1) the steroid synthesis inhibitor metyrapone, (2) the synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone, (3) the selective glucocorticoid antagonist RU 38486, or (4) corticosterone. Metyrapone, but none of the other compounds, attenuated the occurrence of seizures immediately after ischemia. Twenty-four hours after hypoxia-ischemia, CAI hippocampal field potentials in response to stimulation of Schaffer/commissural fibers were found to be reduced. The attenuation of synaptic transmission was partly prevented by metyrapone. None of the other experimental treatments influenced the impaired synaptic function. Gross morphologic analysis revealed no differences in the loss of neuronal structure between the experimental groups at this time point. Taken together, these data suggest that metyrapone preserves neuronal functioning despite loss of neuronal structure. The authors tentatively conclude that preventing the ongoing production of steroids shortly after ischemia can delay and attenuate the appearance of ischemia-related pathology.  (+info)

Characterization of the binding of [3H]-clobenpropit to histamine H3-receptors in guinea-pig cerebral cortex membranes. (7/262)

1 We have investigated the binding of a novel histamine H3-receptor antagonist radioligand, [3H]- clobenpropit ([3H]-VUF9153), to guinea-pig cerebral cortex membranes. 2 Saturation isotherms for [3H]-clobenpropit appeared biphasic. Scatchard plots were curvilinear and Hill plot slopes were significantly less than unity (0.63+/-0.03; n = 12+/-s.e.mean). The radioligand appeared to label two sites in guinea-pig cerebral cortex membranes with apparent affinities (pKD') of 10.91+/-0.12 (Bmax = 5.34+/-0.85 fmol mg(-1) original wet weight) and 9.17+/-0.16 (Bmax = 23.20+/-6.70 fmol mg(-1)). 3 In the presence of metyrapone (3 mM) or sodium chloride (100 mM), [3H]-clobenpropit appeared to label a homogeneous receptor population (Bmax=3.41+/-0.46 fmol mg-1 and 3.49+/-0.44 fmol mg(-1), pKD' = 10.59+/-0.17 and 10.77+/-0.02, respectively). Scatchard plots were linear and Hill slopes were not significantly different from unity (0.91+/-0.04 and 0.99+/-0.02, respectively). Granisetron (1 microM), rilmenidine (3 microM), idazoxan (0.3 microM), pentazocine (3 microM) and 1,3-di-(2-tolyl)guanidine (0.3 microM) had no effect on the binding of [3H]-clobenpropit. 4 The specific binding of [3H]-clobenpropit appeared to reach equilibrium after 25 min at 21+/-3 degrees C and remained constant for >180 min. The estimated pKD' (10.27+/-0.27; n = 3+/-s.e.mean) was not significantly different from that estimated by saturation analysis in the presence of metyrapone. 5 A series of histamine H3-receptor ligands expressed affinity values for sites labelled with [3H]-clobenpropit which were not significantly different from those estimated when [3H]-R-alpha-MH was used to label histamine H3-receptors in guinea-pig cerebral cortex membranes.  (+info)

Degradation of an alkaloid pheromone from the pale-brown chafer, Phyllopertha diversa (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), by an insect olfactory cytochrome P450. (8/262)

The pale-brown chafer, Phyllopertha diversa, utilizes an unusual alkaloid, 1,3-dimethyl-2,4-(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione, as its sex pheromone. This compound is rapidly degraded in vitro by the antennal protein extracts from this scarab beetle. Demethylation at the N-1 position and hydroxylation of the aromatic ring have been identified as the major catabolic pathways. The enzyme responsible for the pheromone degradation is membrane-bound, requires NAD(P)H for activity and is sensitive to cytochrome P450 inhibitors, such as proadifen and metyrapone. The ability to metabolize this unusual pheromone was not detected in 12 species tested, indicating that the P450 system, specific to male P. diversa antennae, has evolved as a mechanism for olfactory signal inactivation.  (+info)

Metyrapone is a medication that is primarily used in the diagnosis and treatment of Cushing's syndrome, a condition characterized by excessive levels of cortisol hormone in the body. It works as an inhibitor of steroidogenesis, specifically blocking the enzyme 11-beta-hydroxylase, which is involved in the production of cortisol in the adrenal gland.

By inhibiting this enzyme, metyrapone prevents the formation of cortisol and leads to an accumulation of its precursor, 11-deoxycortisol. This can help restore the balance of hormones in the body and alleviate symptoms associated with Cushing's syndrome.

It is important to note that metyrapone should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have significant side effects and interactions with other medications.

I am not aware of a medical definition for "Cortodoxone." It is possible that this term is not recognized in the field of medicine as it does not appear to be a commonly used medication, treatment, or diagnostic tool. If you have any more information about where you encountered this term or its potential meaning, I would be happy to try and provide further clarification.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal gland. They are formed from the metabolism of cortisol, which is a hormone that helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response. 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids include compounds such as cortisone and corticosterone.

These hormones have various functions in the body, including:

* Regulation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
* Suppression of the immune system
* Modulation of the stress response
* Influence on blood pressure and electrolyte balance

Abnormal levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids can indicate problems with the adrenal gland or pituitary gland, which regulates adrenal function. They are often measured in urine or blood tests to help diagnose conditions such as Cushing's syndrome (overproduction of cortisol) and Addison's disease (underproduction of cortisol).

Proadifen is not typically referred to as a medical term or definition in modern medicine. However, it is an old antihistamine drug that was used in the past for its properties as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). MAOIs were used primarily in the treatment of depression but have largely been replaced by newer classes of drugs due to their potential for serious side effects.

Here is a brief medical definition of Proadifen as an MAOI:

Proadifen (SKF-525A): An older, nonselective and irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) that was used in the past for its antidepressant effects. Its use has been largely discontinued due to the risk of serious adverse reactions, such as hypertensive crises, when combined with certain foods or medications containing tyramine.

Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase is a crucial enzyme involved in the steroidogenesis pathway, specifically in the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone, which are vital hormones produced by the adrenal glands. This enzyme is encoded by the CYP11B1 gene in humans.

The enzyme's primary function is to catalyze the conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol and 11-deoxycorticosterone to aldosterone through the process of hydroxylation at the 11-beta position of the steroid molecule. Cortisol is a critical glucocorticoid hormone that helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response, while aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone responsible for maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance in the body.

Deficiencies or mutations in the CYP11B1 gene can lead to various disorders, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which may result in impaired cortisol and aldosterone production, causing hormonal imbalances and associated symptoms.

Oxazepam is a benzodiazepine medication that is primarily used to treat anxiety disorders and symptoms such as sleeplessness and irritability. It works by enhancing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that inhibits the activity of certain neurons in the brain, producing a calming effect.

In medical terms, oxazepam can be defined as follows:

Oxazepam is a Schedule IV controlled substance, indicating that it has a potential for abuse and dependence. It is available in tablet form and is typically taken two to four times per day. Common side effects of oxazepam include drowsiness, dizziness, and weakness. More serious side effects can include memory problems, confusion, and difficulty breathing.

It's important to note that oxazepam should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have significant risks and interactions with other medications. It is not recommended for use in pregnant women or those with a history of substance abuse.

Hydrocortisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is identical to the naturally occurring cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress. Hydrocortisone has anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat various inflammatory conditions such as allergies, skin disorders, and autoimmune diseases. It works by suppressing the immune system's response to reduce swelling, redness, itching, and other symptoms caused by inflammation.

Hydrocortisone is available in different forms, including oral tablets, topical creams, lotions, gels, and ointments, as well as injectable solutions. The specific use and dosage depend on the condition being treated and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

As with any medication, hydrocortisone can have side effects, especially when used in high doses or for extended periods. Common side effects include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and skin thinning. Long-term use of hydrocortisone may also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and other health problems. Therefore, it is essential to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using this medication.

Corticosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland in many animals, including humans. It is a type of glucocorticoid steroid hormone that plays an important role in the body's response to stress, immune function, metabolism, and regulation of inflammation. Corticosterone helps to regulate the balance of sodium and potassium in the body and also plays a role in the development and functioning of the nervous system. It is the primary glucocorticoid hormone in rodents, while cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid hormone in humans and other primates.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is a hormone produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. ACTH plays a crucial role in the regulation of the body's stress response and has significant effects on various physiological processes.

The primary function of ACTH is to stimulate the adrenal glands, which are triangular-shaped glands situated on top of the kidneys. The adrenal glands consist of two parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. ACTH specifically targets the adrenal cortex, where it binds to specific receptors and initiates a series of biochemical reactions leading to the production and release of steroid hormones, primarily cortisol (a glucocorticoid) and aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid).

Cortisol is involved in various metabolic processes, such as regulating blood sugar levels, modulating the immune response, and helping the body respond to stress. Aldosterone plays a vital role in maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.

ACTH release is controlled by the hypothalamus, another part of the brain, which produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH, which in turn triggers cortisol production in the adrenal glands. This complex feedback system helps maintain homeostasis and ensures that appropriate amounts of cortisol are released in response to various physiological and psychological stressors.

Disorders related to ACTH can lead to hormonal imbalances, resulting in conditions such as Cushing's syndrome (excessive cortisol production) or Addison's disease (insufficient cortisol production). Proper diagnosis and management of these disorders typically involve assessing the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and addressing any underlying issues affecting ACTH secretion.

Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) medication that is primarily used to treat depression. It works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain. Imipramine has been found to be effective in treating various types of depression, including major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and depression that is resistant to other treatments.

In addition to its antidepressant effects, imipramine is also used off-label for the treatment of several other conditions, such as anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), enuresis (bedwetting), and chronic pain.

Imipramine was first synthesized in the 1950s and has been widely used since then. It is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release capsules, and liquid solutions. As with all medications, imipramine can have side effects, which may include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, dizziness, and sedation. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects, such as cardiac arrhythmias or seizures.

It is important to use imipramine under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as dosages may need to be adjusted based on individual patient needs and responses to treatment. Additionally, imipramine should not be stopped abruptly, as doing so can lead to withdrawal symptoms or a recurrence of depression.

Antimetabolites are a class of drugs that interfere with the normal metabolic processes of cells, particularly those involved in DNA replication and cell division. They are commonly used as chemotherapeutic agents to treat various types of cancer because many cancer cells divide more rapidly than normal cells. Antimetabolites work by mimicking natural substances needed for cell growth and division, such as nucleotides or amino acids, and getting incorporated into the growing cells' DNA or protein structures, which ultimately leads to the termination of cell division and death of the cancer cells. Examples of antimetabolites include methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and capecitabine.

The Cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) enzyme system is a group of enzymes found primarily in the liver, but also in other organs such as the intestines, lungs, and skin. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism and biotransformation of various substances, including drugs, environmental toxins, and endogenous compounds like hormones and fatty acids.

The name "Cytochrome P-450" refers to the unique property of these enzymes to bind to carbon monoxide (CO) and form a complex that absorbs light at a wavelength of 450 nm, which can be detected spectrophotometrically.

The CYP450 enzyme system is involved in Phase I metabolism of xenobiotics, where it catalyzes oxidation reactions such as hydroxylation, dealkylation, and epoxidation. These reactions introduce functional groups into the substrate molecule, which can then undergo further modifications by other enzymes during Phase II metabolism.

There are several families and subfamilies of CYP450 enzymes, each with distinct substrate specificities and functions. Some of the most important CYP450 enzymes include:

1. CYP3A4: This is the most abundant CYP450 enzyme in the human liver and is involved in the metabolism of approximately 50% of all drugs. It also metabolizes various endogenous compounds like steroids, bile acids, and vitamin D.
2. CYP2D6: This enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of many psychotropic drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and beta-blockers. It also metabolizes some endogenous compounds like dopamine and serotonin.
3. CYP2C9: This enzyme plays a significant role in the metabolism of warfarin, phenytoin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. CYP2C19: This enzyme is involved in the metabolism of proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants, and clopidogrel.
5. CYP2E1: This enzyme metabolizes various xenobiotics like alcohol, acetaminophen, and carbon tetrachloride, as well as some endogenous compounds like fatty acids and prostaglandins.

Genetic polymorphisms in CYP450 enzymes can significantly affect drug metabolism and response, leading to interindividual variability in drug efficacy and toxicity. Understanding the role of CYP450 enzymes in drug metabolism is crucial for optimizing pharmacotherapy and minimizing adverse effects.

Cushing syndrome is a hormonal disorder that occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time. This can happen due to various reasons such as taking high doses of corticosteroid medications or tumors that produce cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

The symptoms of Cushing syndrome may include:

* Obesity, particularly around the trunk and upper body
* Thinning of the skin, easy bruising, and purple or red stretch marks on the abdomen, thighs, breasts, and arms
* Weakened bones, leading to fractures
* High blood pressure
* High blood sugar
* Mental changes such as depression, anxiety, and irritability
* Increased fatigue and weakness
* Menstrual irregularities in women
* Decreased fertility in men

Cushing syndrome can be diagnosed through various tests, including urine and blood tests to measure cortisol levels, saliva tests, and imaging tests to locate any tumors. Treatment depends on the cause of the condition but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or adjusting medication dosages.

Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of certain hormones, primarily cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol helps regulate metabolism, respond to stress, and suppress inflammation, while aldosterone helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body to maintain blood pressure.

Primary adrenal insufficiency, also known as Addison's disease, occurs when there is damage to the adrenal glands themselves, often due to autoimmune disorders, infections, or certain medications. Secondary adrenal insufficiency occurs when the pituitary gland fails to produce enough adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.

Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, low blood pressure, dizziness, and darkening of the skin. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing hormones with medications taken orally or by injection.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

"Health personnel" is a broad term that refers to individuals who are involved in maintaining, promoting, and restoring the health of populations or individuals. This can include a wide range of professionals such as:

1. Healthcare providers: These are medical doctors, nurses, midwives, dentists, pharmacists, allied health professionals (like physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, dietitians, etc.), and other healthcare workers who provide direct patient care.

2. Public health professionals: These are individuals who work in public health agencies, non-governmental organizations, or academia to promote health, prevent diseases, and protect populations from health hazards. They include epidemiologists, biostatisticians, health educators, environmental health specialists, and health services researchers.

3. Health managers and administrators: These are professionals who oversee the operations, finances, and strategic planning of healthcare organizations, such as hospitals, clinics, or public health departments. They may include hospital CEOs, medical directors, practice managers, and healthcare consultants.

4. Health support staff: This group includes various personnel who provide essential services to healthcare organizations, such as medical records technicians, billing specialists, receptionists, and maintenance workers.

5. Health researchers and academics: These are professionals involved in conducting research, teaching, and disseminating knowledge related to health sciences, medicine, public health, or healthcare management in universities, research institutions, or think tanks.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines "health worker" as "a person who contributes to the promotion, protection, or improvement of health through prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, palliation, health promotion, and health education." This definition encompasses a wide range of professionals working in various capacities to improve health outcomes.

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a federal government agency responsible for protecting public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our country's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. The FDA also provides guidance on the proper use of these products, and enforces laws and regulations related to them. It is part of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drugs, their actions, and their uses. It involves understanding how drugs interact with biological systems to produce desired effects, as well as any adverse or unwanted effects. This includes studying the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (often referred to as ADME), the receptors and biochemical pathways that drugs affect, and the therapeutic benefits and risks of drug use. Pharmacologists may also be involved in the development and testing of new medications.

Drug-related side effects and adverse reactions refer to any unintended or harmful outcome that occurs during the use of a medication. These reactions can be mild or severe and may include predictable, known responses (side effects) as well as unexpected, idiosyncratic reactions (adverse effects). Side effects are typically related to the pharmacologic properties of the drug and occur at therapeutic doses, while adverse reactions may result from allergic or hypersensitivity reactions, overdoses, or interactions with other medications or substances.

Side effects are often dose-dependent and can be managed by adjusting the dose, frequency, or route of administration. Adverse reactions, on the other hand, may require discontinuation of the medication or treatment with antidotes or supportive care. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for any signs of drug-related side effects and adverse reactions and to take appropriate action when necessary.

Clinical pharmacology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. It involves understanding how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body, as well as their therapeutic effects, side effects, and toxicity. Clinical pharmacology also encompasses the design and conduct of clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new drugs in human subjects. The ultimate goal of clinical pharmacology is to optimize drug therapy for individual patients by considering factors such as age, sex, genetics, lifestyle, and comorbidities. In summary, clinical pharmacology is the application of pharmacological principles to the practice of medicine for the benefit of patients.

The "attitude of health personnel" refers to the overall disposition, behavior, and approach that healthcare professionals exhibit towards their patients or clients. This encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Interpersonal skills: The ability to communicate effectively, listen actively, and build rapport with patients.
2. Professionalism: Adherence to ethical principles, confidentiality, and maintaining a non-judgmental attitude.
3. Compassion and empathy: Showing genuine concern for the patient's well-being and understanding their feelings and experiences.
4. Cultural sensitivity: Respecting and acknowledging the cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values of patients.
5. Competence: Demonstrating knowledge, skills, and expertise in providing healthcare services.
6. Collaboration: Working together with other healthcare professionals to ensure comprehensive care for the patient.
7. Patient-centeredness: Focusing on the individual needs, preferences, and goals of the patient in the decision-making process.
8. Commitment to continuous learning and improvement: Staying updated with the latest developments in the field and seeking opportunities to enhance one's skills and knowledge.

A positive attitude of health personnel contributes significantly to patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment plans, and overall healthcare outcomes.

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Reporting Systems are spontaneous reporting systems used for monitoring the safety of authorized medicines in clinical practice. These systems collect and manage reports of suspected adverse drug reactions from healthcare professionals, patients, and pharmaceutical companies. The primary objective of ADR reporting systems is to identify new risks or previously unrecognized risks associated with the use of a medication, monitor the frequency and severity of known adverse effects, and contribute to post-marketing surveillance and pharmacovigilance activities.

Healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, and nurses, are encouraged to voluntarily report any suspected adverse drug reactions they encounter during their practice. In some countries, patients can also directly report any suspected adverse reactions they experience after taking a medication. Pharmaceutical companies are obligated to submit reports of adverse events identified through their own pharmacovigilance activities or from post-marketing surveillance studies.

The data collected through ADR reporting systems are analyzed to identify signals, which are defined as new, changing, or unknown safety concerns related to a medicine or vaccine. Signals are further investigated and evaluated for causality and clinical significance. If a signal is confirmed, regulatory actions may be taken, such as updating the product label, issuing safety communications, or restricting the use of the medication.

Examples of ADR reporting systems include the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) EudraVigilance, and the World Health Organization's (WHO) Uppsala Monitoring Centre.

... can be used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Metyrapone 30 mg/kg, maximum dose 3,000 mg, is administered ... Analogues of metyrapone include aminoglutethimide, amphenone B, and mitotane. Metyrapone has been found in early human trials ... Pituitary macroadenomas do not always respond to metyrapone. Metyrapone is used for the medical control of hypercortisolism in ... Metyrapone, sold under the brand name Metopirone, is a medication which is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and ...
Stimulation testing with metyrapone is an alternative. Some suggest that an ACTH stimulation test is sufficient as first-line ...
Metyrapone may also be used for treatment. McCune-Albright syndrome is estimated to occur at a frequency between 1 person in ...
Ketoconazole and metyrapone fall under this drug category. Besides mediating the function of adrenal glands, medications may ...
Analogues of mitotane include aminoglutethimide, amphenone B, and metyrapone. Mitotane was introduced in 1960 for the treatment ...
The CYP11B1 gene is reversibly inhibited by etomidate and metyrapone. 11β-hydroxylase is a steroidogenic enzyme, i.e. the ...
"Crystal structures of human cytochrome P450 3A4 bound to metyrapone and progesterone". Science. 305 (5684): 683-6. Bibcode: ...
Metyrapone, a reversible inhibitor of the enzyme steroid 11β-hydroxylase, may increase inhibitory neurosteroid levels. ... Schmoutz CD, Guerin GF, Goeders NE (2014). "Role of GABA-active neurosteroids in the efficacy of metyrapone against cocaine ...
Both a metyrapone-induced decrease in cortisol and hypoglycemia are potentially harmful to intensive care patients. The exact ... Other stimulation tests for adrenal insufficiency which are used in non-critical patients, such as the test using metyrapone or ... such as metyrapone. Several blood test abnormalities can suggest corticosteroid insufficiency, such as hypoglycemia, ... ketoconazole and miconazole and of metyrapone on the secretion of cortisol and its precursors by human adrenocortical cells". J ...
Liddle developed the dexamethasone suppression test for assessing adrenal function and the metyrapone test for pituitary ...
They include direct glucocorticoid receptor antagonists such as mifepristone and synthesis inhibitors such as metyrapone, ...
ACTH stimulation test Dexamethasone suppression test Metyrapone Pituitary-adrenal axis Tetracosactide Andoh K, Kimura T, Saeki ...
... metyrapone, and mitotane. AG was introduced for medical use, as an anticonvulsant, in 1960. In 1963, it was reported that AG ...
"Combined stimulation of adrenocorticotropin and compound-S by single dose metyrapone test as an outpatient procedure to assess ...
Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors such as metyrapone, mitotane, and osilodrostat prevent the production of the potent ... 11β-Hydroxylase (CYP11B1) inhibitors such as amphenone B, etomidate, ketoconazole, metyrapone, mitotane, and osilodrostat ...
... metyrapone) but they are of limited efficacy.[citation needed] Mifepristone is a powerful glucocorticoid type II receptor ...
... receptor Immunosuppressive drug Membrane glucocorticoid receptor Metyrapone blocks glucocorticoid secretion ...
... metyrapone, mitotane, and aminoglutethimide, have corticotropic or procorticotropic effects. Anticorticotropins are analogous ...
... metyrapone MeSH D03.383.725.495 - naphthylvinylpyridine MeSH D03.383.725.506 - nevirapine MeSH D03.383.725.518 - nicotine MeSH ...
... another test used to identify sub-types of adrenal insufficiency Metyrapone, a drug used in the diagnosis of adrenal ...
Metyrapone (INN) Metyridine (INN) (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Lists of ...
... metyrapone (a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist). Treatment options that offer "cures" for NIHL are under research and ...
One of the most potent of these was metyrapone (2-methyl-1,2-di(pyridin-3-yl)propan-1-one), a selective inhibitor of 11β- ...
... and that reduction of stress via metyrapone treatment or a shared social experience (playing the videogame Rock Band together) ...
... metyrapone, rifampicin Vascular: e.g. hemorrhage from sepsis, adrenal vein thrombosis, hypercoagulable states such as heparin- ...
Vitamin A concentrates V04CC01 Sorbitol V04CC02 Magnesium sulfate V04CC03 Sincalide V04CC04 Ceruletide V04CD01 Metyrapone ...
Metyrapone can be used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Metyrapone 30 mg/kg, maximum dose 3,000 mg, is administered ... Analogues of metyrapone include aminoglutethimide, amphenone B, and mitotane. Metyrapone has been found in early human trials ... Pituitary macroadenomas do not always respond to metyrapone. Metyrapone is used for the medical control of hypercortisolism in ... Metyrapone, sold under the brand name Metopirone, is a medication which is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and ...
Both metyrapone and metyrapol are conjugated with glucuronide. Eight hours after a single oral dose, the ratio of metyrapone to ... Animal reproductive studies have not been conducted with metyrapone. Metyrapone can decrease reproductive hormones by targeting ... METOPIRONE® (metyrapone capsules), for oral use Initial U.S. Approval: 1961. RECENT MAJOR CHANGES Indications and Usage (1). 09 ... METOPIRONE- metyrapone capsule, gelatin coated. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and paste it into your RSS ...
CH$NAME: Metyrapone. CH$COMPOUND_CLASS: N/A. CH$FORMULA: C14H14N2O. CH$EXACT_MASS: 226.11061. CH$SMILES: c(c2)ncc(c2)C(=O)C(C)( ... RECORD_TITLE: Metyrapone; LC-ESI-IT; MS3; m/z: 227/121; [M+H]+. DATE: 2011.12.05 (Created 2008.05.12). AUTHORS: Ojima Y, Kakazu ... Metyrapone; LC-ESI-IT; MS3; m/z: 227/121; [M+H]+. Mass Spectrum ... Metyrapone with the InChIKey FJLBFSROUSIWMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N. ...
Metyrapone, a corticosterone synthesis inhibitor, has been demonstrated to reduce cocaine-related behaviors, especially in a ... A therapeutic combination of metyrapone and oxazepam increases brain levels of GABA-active neurosteroids and decreases cocaine ... A therapeutic combination of metyrapone and oxazepam increases brain levels of GABA-active neurosteroids and decreases cocaine ... 2015). A therapeutic combination of metyrapone and oxazepam increases brain levels of GABA-active neurosteroids and decreases ...
Metyrapone inhibits cortisol synthesis through inhibition of 11β- and 18β-hydroxylase activity [41]. Metyrapone is rapidly ... Metyrapone inhibits cortisol synthesis through inhibition of 11β- and 18β-hydroxylase activity [41]. Metyrapone is rapidly ... What hormone level is suppressed by metyrapone? › The initiation of metyrapone paradoxically decreased plasma ... metyrapone test , allina cheers (2023) How is the test performed?. A venous blood sample and a 24-hour urine sample can be ...
Metyrapone is intended for Pharmaceuticals applications. All information about [2H6]-Metyrapone is provided in the MSDS. We ...
metyrapone. *Acetaminophen/pamabrom/pyrilamine has no listed serious interactions with other drugs. *dasatinib ...
metyrapone. *systemic corticosteroids. *anabolic steroids. Adrenal diseases. Adrenal glands produce androgens. These hormones ...
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is one of the porphyrias, a group of diseases involving defects in heme metabolism and that results in excessive secretion of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors. AIP manifests itself by abdomen pain, neuropathies, and constipation, but, unlike most types of porphyria, patients with AIP do not have a rash.
Preoperative treatment with metyrapone in patients with cushings syndrome due to adrenal adenoma. a pilot prospective study. ... Objective: Metyrapone has been approved for the treatment of patients with Cushings syndrome (CS), but only few retrospective ... Objective: Metyrapone has been approved for the treatment of patients with Cushings syndrome (CS), but only few retrospective ... Preoperative treatment with metyrapone in patients with cushings syndrome due to adrenal adenoma. a pilot prospective study / ...
f. Reduced response to metyrapone test.. g. Reduced serum folate concentration.. h. Increased serum triglyceride and ...
Reduced response to metyrapone test. Drug Interactions (Androgens) Anticoagulants: C-17 substituted derivatives of testosterone ...
Reduced response to metyrapone test.. * Reduced serum folate concentration.. * Increased serum triglyceride and phospholipid ...
Overnight single dose (30 mg/kg) metyrapone test. ACTH ,33 pmol/L at 0730 h. Fifteen patients (60%) had an insufficient ACTH ... Diurnal salivary cortisol profiles were also assessed on an alternative day to when the patients were receiving metyrapone. ... and used overnight single-dose metyrapone testing to measure ACTH response alongside 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol and glucose ...
6. Reduced response to metyrapone test.. E. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Long-term continuous ...
Metyrapone: (Major) Medications which affect pituitary or adrenocortical function, including all corticosteroid therapy, should ... be discontinued prior to and during testing with metyrapone. Patients taking inadvertent doses of corticosteroids on the test ...
Metyrapone: (Contraindicated) Medications which affect pituitary or adrenocortical function, including all corticosteroid ... therapy, should be discontinued prior to and during testing with metyrapone. Patients taking inadvertent doses of ...
Ketoconazole and Metyrapone to reduce the production of adrenal steroid hormones. *Spironolactone to decrease the effects of ...
Metyrapone test *Metyrapone: blocks the conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol, causing decreased cortisol while increasing ...
metyrapone. Monitor Closely (1)metyrapone increases toxicity of pitavastatin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. ... metyrapone. metyrapone increases toxicity of pitavastatin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: OATP1B1 ...
This medication may interfere with certain lab tests (such as metyrapone test), possibly causing false test results. Make sure ...
metyrapone. Serious - Use Alternative (1)metyrapone increases levels of eluxadoline by decreasing metabolism. Avoid or Use ... metyrapone. metyrapone increases levels of eluxadoline by decreasing metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Decrease ...
Comparison with metyrapone and immunomodulation of cotinine and metyrapone binding by monoclonal anti-cotinine antibodies. ...
Further studies of metyrapone effects upon anilide hydroxylation. Authors. Leibman KC; Ortiz E ...
This medication may interfere with certain lab tests (such as metyrapone test), possibly causing false test results. Make sure ...
The first description of metyrapone use in severe Cushing Syndrome due to ectopic ACTH secretion in an infant with immature ... Wojcik M, Kalicka-Kasperczyk A, Luszawska-Kutrzeba T, Balwierz W, Starzyk J. The first description of metyrapone use in severe ...
Medications for Cushing syndrome include ketoconazole, mitotane and metyrapone, mifepristone, pasireotide.. While these drugs ...
Corticosterone Synthesis Inhibitor Metyrapone Preserves Changes in Maternal Behavior and Neuroendocrine Responses during ...
Sex differences in neurosteroid and hormonal responses to metyrapone in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl ... Sleep and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis responses to metyrapone in posttraumatic stress disorder. ...
Metyrapone controls urinary free cortisol levels in about 50% of patients, and accumulated steroid precursors may cause acne, ... Medical management for hypercortisolemia includes use of metyrapone and ketocanazole.. Corticotroph adenomas express ...
  • Sleep and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis responses to metyrapone in posttraumatic stress disorder. (ucsf.edu)
  • Endocrine Adrenal Hormone Synthesis Inhibitors Figure 1.6 MetyraPONE stimulation test: evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. (osmosis.org)
  • Unresectable or widely disseminated tumors may be palliated by adrenolytic therapy with mitotane, antihormonal drugs (i.e., ketoconazole and metyrapone), systemic chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy. (cancer.gov)
  • Metyrapone, sold under the brand name Metopirone, is a medication which is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and occasionally in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism). (wikipedia.org)
  • Metyrapone can be used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metyrapone hence acts by inhibiting adrenal steroidogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Preoperative treatment with metyrapone in patients with cushing's syndrome due to adrenal adenoma. (uniroma1.it)
  • Design and methods: Before adrenalectomy, seven patients with ACTH-independent CS due to adrenal adenoma were prospectively treated with metyrapone for 3 months in three tertiary academic centers, with endocrine work-up and clinical evaluation at screening and at predefined evaluation time points (Days 14, 31, 48, 65, 82). (uniroma1.it)
  • Conclusions: This prospective pilot study demonstrated that metyrapone is effective in normalizing biochemical and clinical parameters in patients with CS due to adrenal adenoma before surgical intervention, with minimal side effects. (uniroma1.it)
  • Metyrapone blocks cortisol steroidogenesis by acting as a reversible inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metyrapone, a corticosterone synthesis inhibitor, has been demonstrated to reduce cocaine-related behaviors, especially in a low-dose combination with oxazepam, a benzodiazepine. (rti.org)
  • Metyrapone is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450-mediated ω/ω-1 hydroxylase activity and CYP11B1. (adooq.com)
  • Introduction: Osilodrostat is a new 11 ß-hydroxylase inhibitor with a mode of action analogue to metyrapone. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Most patients with pituitary dysfunction and/or pituitary microadenoma will increase ACTH secretion in response to metyrapone, while most ectopic ACTH-producing tumors will not. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metyrapone is used for the medical control of hypercortisolism in Cushing's syndrome (ACTH dependent or independent). (wikipedia.org)
  • The first description of metyrapone use in severe Cushing Syndrome due to ectopic ACTH secretion in an infant with immature sacrococcygeal teratoma. (nel.edu)
  • Wojcik M, Kalicka-Kasperczyk A, Luszawska-Kutrzeba T, Balwierz W, Starzyk J. The first description of metyrapone use in severe Cushing Syndrome due to ectopic ACTH secretion in an infant with immature sacrococcygeal teratoma. (nel.edu)
  • The objective of our study was to compare steroidogenic profiles in patients treated by either Osilodrostat or Metyrapone for ACTH-dependent CS.Me. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Corticotrophin (ACTH), metyrapone, anabolic steroids and the hypoplastic anemias due to the administration you weight loss struggles will end with Clenbuterol. (htdig.org)
  • The metyrapone test may aid in verifying the cause of Cushing's syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Objective: Metyrapone has been approved for the treatment of patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS), but only few retrospective clinical studies are available. (uniroma1.it)
  • Analogues of metyrapone include aminoglutethimide, amphenone B, and mitotane. (wikipedia.org)
  • does not block androgen synthesis ▪ Mitotane: selectively destroys adrenocortical cells by inhibiting mitochondria ▪ Etomidate: inhibits 11-β hydroxylase → Figure 1.2 MetyraPONE: mechanism of action. (osmosis.org)
  • Dose-dependent suppression of adrenocortical activity with metyrapone: Effects on emotion and memory. (bvsalud.org)
  • Glucocorticoid effects were assessed in vivo by depletion of endogenous glucocorticoids after oral administration of 1.5 g metyrapone (MET) and subsequent glucocorticoid replacement, and in vitro by incubation of the cells with different doses of dexamethasone (DEX). (karger.com)
  • These cumene hydroperoxide-dependent activities of microsomes were significantly inhibited by micromolar concentrations of metyrapone and also by known substrates of cytochrome P-450, thus demonstrating the essential role of this hemeprotein in these reactions. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Further studies of metyrapone effects upon anilide hydroxylation. (cdc.gov)
  • Se utiliza como un test de retroalimentación del mecanismo hipotálamo-hipofisario en el diagnóstico del SÍNDROME DE CUSHING. (bvsalud.org)
  • Metyrapone has been found in early human trials to reduce recollection of emotional memories in normal volunteers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metyrapone, sold under the brand name Metopirone, is a medication which is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and occasionally in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism). (wikipedia.org)
  • In a trial of more than 160 patients with treatment-resistant depression, researchers found that there was no benefit to antidepressant therapy from adding the antiglucocorticoid drug metyrapone ( Metopirone , HRA Pharma). (medscape.com)
  • Science: Drugs May Be Able to Erase Bad Memories Metyrapone, in particular. (nymag.com)
  • The Drug Metyrapone to Erase Bad Memories? (psychcentral.com)
  • Metyrapone blocks cortisol steroidogenesis by acting as a reversible inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metyrapone blocks cortisol synthesis by reversibly inhibiting steroid 11β-hydroxylase. (arenda.hr)
  • Metyrapone is an inhibitor of the 11ß-hydroxylase enzyme in the adrenals and thereby blocks cortisol and aldosterone synthesis. (arenda.hr)
  • EMB-001, a combination of the cortisol inhibitor, metyrapone, and the benzodiazepine, oxazepam, has been proposed as a novel therapeutic agent for treating substance abuse. (yale.edu)
  • EMB-001 is a patented combination product comprised of two FDA-approved medications, the cortisol synthesis inhibitor metyrapone and the benzodiazepine oxazepam. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Analogues of metyrapone include aminoglutethimide, amphenone B, and mitotane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metyrapone and aminoglutethimide decrease cortisol production. (studymoose.com)
  • Evidence from two patients indicate that amounts of metyrapone and its active metabolite in breastmilk are very small and unlikely to adversely affect a breastfed infant. (nih.gov)
  • Metyrapone is metabolized to the active metabolite, metyrapol, which has a longer half-life than metyrapone. (nih.gov)
  • Sex-specific investigations of metyrapone and oxazepam effects on mood regulation. (yale.edu)
  • The serum levels of the granular proteins were also measured before and after treatment with metyrapone, a substance that inhibits the synthesis of cortisol in the adrenals. (nih.gov)
  • In a positive, double-blind analysis of 63 inpatients with treatment-responsive depression who were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or metyrapone along with standard serotonergic antidepressant therapy, they found that significantly more of the patients who were given metyrapone than those given placebo had a positive treatment response after 3 weeks. (medscape.com)
  • The primary outcome assessment, which consisted of completing the Montgomery-Åsberg Rating Scale (MADRS) 5 weeks after randomization, was completed by 83% of metyrapone patients and 90% of those receiving placebo. (medscape.com)
  • A total of 12 serious adverse events were reported in 5% of the patients receiving metyrapone and in 7% of those in the placebo group, none of which were linked to the study drug. (medscape.com)
  • The team recorded 134 adverse events in 70% of patients receiving metyrapone and in 55% of those given placebo, with 8% and 4%, respectively, deemed to be probably related to the study drug. (medscape.com)
  • We certainly anticipated that metyrapone would help patients who had failed to respond to conventional antidepressant treatments, and there were various pieces of preclinical data, animal- based data, that supported a potential mechanism for it working," he said. (medscape.com)
  • A subtherapeutic response to metyrapone can be seen in patients on estrogens, including oral contraceptives, that contain estrogen therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Metyrapone 30 mg/kg, maximum dose 3,000 mg, is administered at midnight usually with a snack. (wikipedia.org)
  • Three days later, they were divided into three groups - participants in the first group received a single dose of metyrapone and a second group received a double dose. (psychcentral.com)
  • At 5 weeks postpartum, infant blood was collected 1 hour after receiving 40 mL of expressed breastmilk that had been collected 3 hours after a 250 mg maternal dose of metyrapone. (nih.gov)
  • Metyrapone is a drug that significantly decreases the levels of cortisol, a stress hormone that is involved in memory recall," explained lead author Marie-France Marin, a doctoral student. (psychcentral.com)
  • cyproheptadine decreases effects of metyrapone by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
  • ethinylestradiol decreases effects of metyrapone by unspecified interaction mechanism. (medscape.com)
  • ethotoin decreases levels of metyrapone by increasing metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • University of Montreal researchers say that the drug metyrapone reduces the brain's ability to re-record the negative emotions associated with painful memories. (psychcentral.com)
  • The participants, who were already taking a single agent or combination treatment that included a serotonergic drug at the time of the study, were randomly assigned to receive metyrapone 500 mg twice daily or placebo for 21 days. (medscape.com)
  • We have assessed the effects of pharmacological and genetic manipulation of cortisol and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) on global development and stress response during the first 120 hpf.Methods: Cortisol production was modulated by inhibiting the enzyme 11b hydroxylase using morpholino gene knockdown (MO) or incubation in the drug metyrapone. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Consequently, the team concluded that metyrapone "is an effective adjunct in the treatment of major depression" that accelerates the onset of antidepressant action. (medscape.com)
  • metyrapone increases levels of eluxadoline by decreasing metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • metyrapone increases toxicity of atorvastatin by Other (see comment). (medscape.com)
  • metyrapone increases toxicity of pitavastatin by Other (see comment). (medscape.com)
  • metyrapone will decrease the level or effect of pacritinib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • metyrapone will increase the level or effect of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir by decreasing metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Metyrapone has been found in early human trials to reduce recollection of emotional memories in normal volunteers. (wikipedia.org)
  • We found that the men in the group who received two doses of metyrapone were impaired when retrieving the negative events of the story, while they showed no impairment recalling the neutral parts of the story," Marin said. (psychcentral.com)
  • All fractions investigated rapidly reduced metyrapone, with highest specific activities found in insect, invertebrate and vertebrate fractions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Six of the IH subjects had abnormal oral metyrapone tests on at least 1 occasion. (psu.edu)
  • The infant plasma concentrations of metyrapone and metyrapol were 0.05 mcg/L and 4 mcg/L, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • Certainly, our evidence suggests that's the case with regards to metyrapone. (medscape.com)
  • It may be advisable to discontinue estrogens prior to and during metyrapone administration. (medscape.com)
  • Dr McAllister-Williams said that he was surprised that metyrapone augmentation of antidepressant therapy was not effective in the current study. (medscape.com)
  • One major hurdle, however, is the fact that metyrapone is no longer commercially produced. (psychcentral.com)
  • metyrapone will increase the level or effect of sacubitril/valsartan by Other (see comment). (medscape.com)
  • Metyrapone did not influence the level of the granular proteins measured. (nih.gov)
  • Postpartum , she took metyrapone 250 mg 3 times daily, as well as bisoprolol 10 mg and captopril 12.5 mg twice a day. (nih.gov)
  • A woman was taking metyrapone 250 mg 3 times daily. (nih.gov)
  • The milk values for metyrapone and metyrapol differed with the sampling scheme, with higher average amounts when milk as sampled every 30 minutes rather than every hour. (nih.gov)
  • Pituitary macroadenomas do not always respond to metyrapone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Functional and immunological relationships between metyrapone reductase from mouse liver microsomes and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas testosteroni. (ox.ac.uk)