A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.
Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.
A glandular epithelial cell or a unicellular gland. Goblet cells secrete MUCUS. They are scattered in the epithelial linings of many organs, especially the SMALL INTESTINE and the RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).
That part of the STOMACH close to the opening from ESOPHAGUS into the stomach (cardiac orifice), the ESOPHAGOGASTRIC JUNCTION. The cardia is so named because of its closeness to the HEART. Cardia is characterized by the lack of acid-forming cells (GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS).
High molecular weight mucoproteins that protect the surface of EPITHELIAL CELLS by providing a barrier to particulate matter and microorganisms. Membrane-anchored mucins may have additional roles concerned with protein interactions at the cell surface.
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.
A gel-forming mucin that is primarily found on the surface of gastric epithelium and in the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Mucin 5AC was originally identified as two distinct proteins, however a single gene encodes the protein which gives rise to the mucin 5A and mucin 5C variants.
The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the esophagus.
The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.
An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the stomach.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
A gel-forming mucin found predominantly in SMALL INTESTINE and variety of mucous membrane-containing organs. It provides a protective, lubricating barrier against particles and infectious agents.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
A gel-forming mucin that is predominantly associated with the gastric epithelium.
The region between the sharp indentation at the lower third of the STOMACH (incisura angularis) and the junction of the PYLORUS with the DUODENUM. Pyloric antral glands contain mucus-secreting cells and gastrin-secreting endocrine cells (G CELLS).
Epithelial cells that line the basal half of the GASTRIC GLANDS. Chief cells synthesize and export an inactive enzyme PEPSINOGEN which is converted into the highly proteolytic enzyme PEPSIN in the acid environment of the STOMACH.
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.
The area covering the terminal portion of ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of STOMACH at the cardiac orifice.
One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.
The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.
Mucins that are found on the surface of the gastric epithelium. They play a role in protecting the epithelial layer from mechanical and chemical damage.
The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.
Pathological processes involving the STOMACH.
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
A type II keratin found associated with KERATIN-19 in ductal epithelia and gastrointestinal epithelia.
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.
The mucous membrane lining the RESPIRATORY TRACT, including the NASAL CAVITY; the LARYNX; the TRACHEA; and the BRONCHI tree. The respiratory mucosa consists of various types of epithelial cells ranging from ciliated columnar to simple squamous, mucous GOBLET CELLS, and glands containing both mucous and serous cells.
A type I keratin expressed predominately in gastrointestinal epithelia, MERKEL CELLS, and the TASTE BUDS of the oral mucosa.
Large, branched, specialized sweat glands that empty into the upper portion of a HAIR FOLLICLE instead of directly onto the SKIN.
A species of HELICOBACTER that colonizes in the STOMACH of laboratory MICE; CATS; and DOGS. It is associated with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and mild GASTRITIS in CATS.
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.
Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.
A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.
The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the TRACHEA. They include the largest two primary bronchi which branch out into secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi which extend into BRONCHIOLES and PULMONARY ALVEOLI.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Hybrid capture II, a new sensitive test for human papillomavirus detection. Comparison with hybrid capture I and PCR results in cervical lesions. (1/1094)

AIM: To test a new assay for the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, hybrid capture II (HC II), compared with the previous commercialized hybrid capture I (HC I) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results on cervical scrapes from fresh cone excision biopsy samples. METHODS: The three methods were used on cervical scrapes from 42 fresh cone excision biopsy samples. There were nine metaplastic and inflammatory lesions, five low grade lesions, and 28 high grade lesions. PCR was performed using the general primers GP5+/GP6+. The viral load of high risk HPV DNA was estimated by the ratio of relative light units to positive control values in the samples. RESULTS: The sensitivity of HC I for the detection of high grade lesions was 71.4%, while it was 92.8% for HC II and 96.4% for the PCR. Considering only the absence of detectable cervical in situ neoplasia, the specificity was 88.9% for HC I, 66.7% for HC II, and 66.7% for PCR. With HC II, for a ratio of cervical sample to normal control of > 200, the sensitivity for the detection of high grade lesion was only 34.6% with a specificity of 66.7%. CONCLUSIONS: HPV detection with the HC II assay is more sensitive than the previous HC I and represents a more convenient and easier test than PCR for routine use. Nevertheless the viral load estimated with this test cannot be a reliable predictive indicator of high grade lesions.  (+info)

Precancerous lesions in two counties of China with contrasting gastric cancer risk. (2/1094)

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and shows remarkable geographical variation even within countries such as China. Linqu County in Shandong Province of northeast China has a GC rate that is 15 times higher than that of Cangshan County in Shandong, even though these counties are within 200 miles of each other. METHOD: In order to evaluate the frequency of precancerous gastric lesions in Linqu and Cangshan Counties we examined 3400 adults in Linqu County and 224 adults in Cangshan County. An endoscopic examination with four biopsies was performed in each individual of the two populations. RESULTS: The prevalence of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia (DYS) was 30% and 15.1%, respectively, in Linqu compared to 7.9% and 5.6% in Cangshan (P < 0.01). Within these histological categories, advanced grades were found more often in Linqu than in Cangshan. The prevalences of IM and DYS were more common at each biopsy site in Linqu, where the lesions also tended to affect multiple sites. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support the concept that IM and DYS are closely correlated with risks of GC and represent late stages in the multistep process of gastric carcinogenesis.  (+info)

KRAS mutations predict progression of preneoplastic gastric lesions. (3/1094)

Eight hundred sixty-three subjects with atrophic gastritis were recruited to participate in an ongoing chemoprevention trial in Narino, Colombia. The participants were randomly assigned to intervention therapies, which included treatment to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection followed by daily dietary supplementation with antioxidant micronutrients in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. A series of biopsies of gastric mucosa were obtained according to a specified protocol from designated locations in the stomach for each participant at baseline (before intervention therapy) and at year three. A systematic sample of 160 participants was selected from each of the eight treatment combinations. DNA was isolated from each of these biopsies (n = 320), and the first exon of KRAS was amplified using PCR. Mutations in the KRAS gene were detected using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and confirmed by sequence analysis. Of all baseline biopsies, 14.4% (23 of 160) contained KRAS mutations. Among those participants with atrophic gastritis without metaplasia, 19.4% (6 of 25) contained KRAS mutations, indicating that mutation of this important gene is likely an early event in the etiology of gastric carcinoma. An important association was found between the presence of KRAS mutations in baseline biopsies and the progression of preneoplastic lesions. Only 14.6% (20 of 137) of participants without baseline KRAS mutations progressed from atrophic gastritis to intestinal metaplasia or from small intestinal metaplasia to colonic metaplasia; however, 39.1% (9 of 23) with baseline KRAS mutations progressed to a more advanced lesion after 3 years [univariate odds ratio (OR), 3.76 (P = 0.05); multivariate OR adjusted for treatment, 3.74 (P = 0.04)]. In addition, the specificity of the KRAS mutation predicted progression. For those participants with G-->T transversions at position 1 of codon 12 (GGT-->TGT), 19.4% (5 of 17) progressed (univariate OR, 2.4); however, 60.0% (3 of 5) of participants with G-->A transitions at position 1 of codon 12 (GGT-->AGT) progressed (univariate OR, 8.7; P = 0.004 using chi2 test).  (+info)

Apoptotic activity is increased in parallel with the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence of the bronchial epithelium. (4/1094)

A high level of apoptotic activity and an independence of apoptosis from the expression of p53 and bcl-2 have been observed in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. We examined 44 samples of normal, metaplastic and premalignant (i.e. mild, moderate and severe dysplasias and carcinoma in situ) bronchial epithelia to evaluate whether differences in the apoptotic activity could already be seen in the stages preceding squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (SQCLC). Apoptotic cells and bodies were visualized by 3' end labelling. The expression of p53 and members of the bcl-2 gene family, such as bcl-2, bax and mcl-1, were determined immunohistochemically with specific antibodies. The relative number of apoptotic cells and bodies [apoptotic index (AI%)] was already increased threefold as the normal bronchial epithelium changed to squamous metaplasia, and the AIs of the dysplastic lesions were about four times higher than those of the normal epithelium. Apoptosis was significantly associated with cell proliferation, as determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry. However, the extent of apoptosis did not correlate with the expression of p53, bcl-2, bax and mcl-1. We conclude that, in the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence in the lung, the elevation of the AI% is an early event associated with cell proliferation activity, but is independent of the expression of p53, bcl-2, mcl-1 and bax.  (+info)

Intestinal metaplasia of human stomach displays distinct patterns of mucin (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6) expression. (5/1094)

Intestinal metaplasia is a well-established premalignant condition of the stomach that is characterized by mucin carbohydrate modifications defined by histochemical methods. The purpose of the present study was to see whether the expression of mucin core proteins was modified in the different types of intestinal metaplasia and to evaluate the putative usefulness of mucins as "molecular markers" in this setting. We used a panel of monoclonal antibodies with well-defined specificities to MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 to characterize the expression pattern of mucins. In contrast to normal gastric mucosa, the complete form or type I intestinal metaplasia (n = 20) displayed little or no expression of MUC1, MUC5AC, or MUC6 in the metaplastic cells and strong expression of the intestinal mucin MUC2 in the goblet cells of all cases. The incomplete forms of intestinal metaplasia, type II (n = 25) and type III (n = 16), expressed MUC1 and MUC5AC in every case, both in goblet and in columnar cells. MUC6 was also expressed in 16 cases of type II intestinal metaplasia and in 11 cases of type III intestinal metaplasia. The intestinal mucin MUC2 was expressed in every case of incomplete intestinal metaplasia, mostly in goblet cells. The mucin expression profile in the different types of intestinal metaplasia allows the identification of two patterns: one defined by decreased levels of expression of "gastric" mucins (MUC1, MUC5AC, and MUC6) and expression of MUC2 intestinal mucin, which corresponds to type I intestinal metaplasia, and the other defined by coexpression of "gastric mucins" (MUC1, MUC5AC, and MUC6) together with the MUC2 mucin, encompassing types II and III intestinal metaplasia. Our results challenge the classical sequential pathway of intestinal metaplasia (from type I to type III via a type II intermediate step).  (+info)

Helicobacter pylori-induced chronic active gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric ulcer in Mongolian gerbils. (6/1094)

The establishment of persisting Helicobacter pylori infection in laboratory animals has been difficult, but in 1996 Hirayama reported the development of a successful Mongolian gerbil model. The present study was undertaken with two aims: to better characterize the normal histological structure and histochemical properties of the gastric mucosa of the Mongolian gerbil; and to evaluate the progression of the histopathological features of H. pylori-induced gastritis in this animal model for one year after the experimental infection. Seventy-five Mongolian gerbils were used. Mongolian gerbils were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 12, 26, 38, and 52 weeks after H. pylori inoculation. Sections prepared from stomachs immediately fixed in Carnoy's solution were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue at pH 2.5/periodic acid-Schiff, a dual staining consisting of the galactose oxidase-cold thionin Schiff reaction and paradoxical Concanavalin A staining, and with immunostaining for H. pylori and BrdU. H. pylori infection induced in the Mongolian gerbil a chronic active gastritis, in which a marked mucosal infiltration of neutrophils on a background of chronic inflammation became detectable 4 weeks after inoculation and continued up to 52 weeks. Intestinal metaplasia and gastric ulcers appeared after 26 weeks in some of the animals, whereas others developed multiple hyperplastic polyps. The Mongolian gerbil represents a novel and useful model for the study of H. pylori-induced chronic active gastritis and may lend itself to the investigation of the epithelial alterations that lead to intestinal metaplasia and gastric neoplasia.  (+info)

Pathologic changes induced in respiratory tract mucosa by polycyclic hydrocarbons of differing carcinogenic activity. (7/1094)

Seven aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (PCHs) were investigated for their toxic effects on respiratory mucosa: benzo(e)pyrene (BeP), pyrene, anthracene, benz(a)anthracene(BaA), dibenz(a,c)anthracene(DBacA), benzo (a)pyrene (BaP), and dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The compounds were chosen because they comprise a spectrum of PCHs ranging from noncarcinogens, to initiators, to weak and strong carcinogens. All of them except DMBA are environmentally relevant chemicals. The chemicals were tested over an 8-week period. Heterotopic tracheal transplants were continously exposed and the histopathologic effects induced by the various PCHs were periodically assessed semiquantitatively. All PCHs exhibited varying degrees of toxicity for respiratory epithelium and submucosa. BeP clearly showed the least toxicity followed by pyrene and anthracene. BaA and DBacA caused marked epithelial and submucosal changes. In addition to epithelial hyperplasia, undifferentiated epithelium and squamous metaplasia developed. Marked mononuclear infiltration occurred in the subepithelial connective tissue. With BaP the epithelial and submucosal changes were similar but were much stronger. DMBA was the most toxic substance, causing epithelial necrosis followed by generalized keratinizing squamous metaplasia; the subepithelial changes consisted of an early acellular exudate and, later (at 8 weeks), marked condensation and hyalinization of the lamina propria. The toxic response pattern of the tracheal mucosa to carcinogenic agents was characterized by the chronicity of epithelial and connective tissue damage, as opposed to the short-lived hyperplastic and inflammatory response elicited by the noncarcinogens and weak initiators.  (+info)

Helicobacter pylori infection enhances glandular stomach carcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils treated with chemical carcinogens. (8/1094)

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is thought to be a stomach carcinogen from epidemiological findings. To determine the effects of infection with the bacteria on experimental carcinogenesis, a study of the glandular stomach of Mongolian gerbils (MGs) was performed. Male MGs were treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine followed by inoculation with Hp or infected with Hp followed by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine administration. Animals were killed at week 50, and their excised stomachs underwent microbiological and histopathological examinations. In addition, a serological investigation was performed. The incidences of adenocarcinomas were significantly higher in animals treated with 60 or 300 p.p.m. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine for 10 weeks followed by Hp inoculation or Hp followed by 20 p.p.m. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine for 30 weeks than in the respective controls. Moreover, tumour-bearing animals had higher titres of anti-Hp antibodies than tumour-free animals. Of interest was the finding that a dose of 100 p.p.m. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine given to infected gerbils eradicated the Hp in about half the animals, with a concomitant reduction in the promoting effect. No tumours were found in animals infected with Hp without N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or non-treated gerbils. Hp infection enhances glandular stomach carcinogenesis in MGs treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Animals with high titres of anti-Hp antibodies are at greatest risk of developing neoplasms.  (+info)

Metaplasia is a term used in pathology to describe the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another differentiated cell type within a tissue or organ. It is an adaptive response of epithelial cells to chronic irritation, inflammation, or injury and can be reversible if the damaging stimulus is removed. Metaplastic changes are often associated with an increased risk of cancer development in the affected area.

For example, in the case of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic exposure to stomach acid can lead to metaplasia of the esophageal squamous epithelium into columnar epithelium, a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. This metaplastic change is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Barrett esophagus is a condition in which the tissue lining of the lower esophagus changes, becoming more like the tissue that lines the intestines (intestinal metaplasia). This change can increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer. The exact cause of Barrett esophagus is not known, but it is often associated with long-term gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as chronic acid reflux.

In Barrett esophagus, the normal squamous cells that line the lower esophagus are replaced by columnar epithelial cells. This change is usually detected during an upper endoscopy and biopsy. The diagnosis of Barrett esophagus is confirmed when the biopsy shows intestinal metaplasia in the lower esophagus.

It's important to note that not everyone with GERD will develop Barrett esophagus, and not everyone with Barrett esophagus will develop esophageal cancer. However, if you have been diagnosed with Barrett esophagus, your healthcare provider may recommend regular endoscopies and biopsies to monitor the condition and reduce the risk of cancer. Treatment options for Barrett esophagus include medications to control acid reflux, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

A precancerous condition, also known as a premalignant condition, is a state of abnormal cellular growth and development that has a higher-than-normal potential to progress into cancer. These conditions are characterized by the presence of certain anomalies in the cells, such as dysplasia (abnormal changes in cell shape or size), which can indicate an increased risk for malignant transformation.

It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will eventually develop into cancer, and some may even regress on their own. However, individuals with precancerous conditions are often at a higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. Regular monitoring and appropriate medical interventions, if necessary, can help manage this risk and potentially prevent or detect cancer at an early stage when it is more treatable.

Examples of precancerous conditions include:

1. Dysplasia in the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN)
2. Atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular hyperplasia in the breast
3. Actinic keratosis on the skin
4. Leukoplakia in the mouth
5. Barrett's esophagus in the digestive tract

Regular medical check-ups, screenings, and lifestyle modifications are crucial for individuals with precancerous conditions to monitor their health and reduce the risk of cancer development.

Gastric mucosa refers to the innermost lining of the stomach, which is in contact with the gastric lumen. It is a specialized mucous membrane that consists of epithelial cells, lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle. The surface epithelium is primarily made up of mucus-secreting cells (goblet cells) and parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and chief cells, which produce pepsinogen.

The gastric mucosa has several important functions, including protection against self-digestion by the stomach's own digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The mucus layer secreted by the epithelial cells forms a physical barrier that prevents the acidic contents of the stomach from damaging the underlying tissues. Additionally, the bicarbonate ions secreted by the surface epithelial cells help neutralize the acidity in the immediate vicinity of the mucosa.

The gastric mucosa is also responsible for the initial digestion of food through the action of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. The intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells plays a crucial role in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

The gastric mucosa is constantly exposed to potential damage from various factors, including acid, pepsin, and other digestive enzymes, as well as mechanical stress due to muscle contractions during digestion. To maintain its integrity, the gastric mucosa has a remarkable capacity for self-repair and regeneration. However, chronic exposure to noxious stimuli or certain medical conditions can lead to inflammation, erosions, ulcers, or even cancer of the gastric mucosa.

Gastritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and stress.

Gastritis can present with a range of symptoms, such as abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and bloating. In some cases, gastritis may not cause any noticeable symptoms. Depending on the severity and duration of inflammation, gastritis can lead to complications like stomach ulcers or even stomach cancer if left untreated.

There are two main types of gastritis: acute and chronic. Acute gastritis develops suddenly and may last for a short period, while chronic gastritis persists over time, often leading to atrophy of the stomach lining. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy and tissue biopsy to assess the extent of inflammation and rule out other potential causes of symptoms. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, or lifestyle modifications.

Atrophic gastritis is a condition characterized by the inflammation and atrophy (wasting away) of the stomach lining, specifically the mucous membrane called the gastric mucosa. This process involves the loss of glandular cells in the stomach, which can result in decreased acid production and potential vitamin B12 deficiency due to reduced intrinsic factor production. Atrophic gastritis can be caused by various factors, including autoimmune disorders, chronic bacterial infection (usually with Helicobacter pylori), and the use of certain medications such as proton pump inhibitors. It can increase the risk of developing stomach cancer, so regular monitoring is often recommended.

Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that are located in various mucosal surfaces, including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. They are named for their goblet-like shape, which is characterized by a narrow base and a wide, rounded top that contains secretory granules. These cells play an essential role in producing and secreting mucins, which are high molecular weight glycoproteins that form the gel-like component of mucus.

Mucus serves as a protective barrier for the underlying epithelial cells by trapping foreign particles, microorganisms, and toxins, preventing them from coming into contact with the epithelium. Goblet cells also help maintain the hydration of the mucosal surface, which is important for normal ciliary function in the respiratory tract and for the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract.

In summary, goblet cells are secretory cells that produce and release mucins to form the mucus layer, providing a protective barrier and maintaining the homeostasis of mucosal surfaces.

Stomach neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the stomach that can be benign or malignant. They include a wide range of conditions such as:

1. Gastric adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop from glandular cells in the stomach lining.
2. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): These are rare tumors that can be found in the stomach and other parts of the digestive tract. They originate from the stem cells in the wall of the digestive tract.
3. Leiomyomas: These are benign tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the stomach wall.
4. Lipomas: These are benign tumors that develop from fat cells in the stomach wall.
5. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): These are tumors that develop from the neuroendocrine cells in the stomach lining. They can be benign or malignant.
6. Gastric carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the glandular cells in the stomach lining. They are the most common type of stomach neoplasm and include adenocarcinomas, signet ring cell carcinomas, and others.
7. Lymphomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the immune cells in the stomach wall.

Stomach neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. The diagnosis of stomach neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy.

The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. It is located in the midline of the neck and chest, passing through the diaphragm to enter the abdomen and join the stomach. The main function of the esophagus is to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.

The esophagus has a few distinct parts: the upper esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the throat), the middle esophagus, and the lower esophageal sphincter (another ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach). The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food and liquids to enter the stomach and then contracts to prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.

The walls of the esophagus are made up of several layers, including mucosa (a moist tissue that lines the inside of the tube), submucosa (a layer of connective tissue), muscle (both voluntary and involuntary types), and adventitia (an outer layer of connective tissue).

Common conditions affecting the esophagus include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, esophageal strictures, and eosinophilic esophagitis.

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a rare, chronic bone marrow disorder characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow tissue with fibrous scar tissue, leading to impaired production of blood cells. This results in cytopenias (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), which can cause fatigue, infection susceptibility, and bleeding tendencies. Additionally, PMF is often accompanied by the proliferation of abnormal megakaryocytes (large, atypical bone marrow cells that produce platelets) and extramedullary hematopoiesis (blood cell formation outside the bone marrow, typically in the spleen and liver).

PMF is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), which is a group of clonal stem cell disorders characterized by excessive proliferation of one or more types of blood cells. PMF can present with various symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, abdominal discomfort due to splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), and bone pain. In some cases, PMF may progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

The exact cause of PMF remains unclear; however, genetic mutations are known to play a significant role in its development. The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), calreticulin (CALR), and MPL genes have been identified as commonly mutated in PMF patients. These genetic alterations contribute to the dysregulated production of blood cells and the activation of signaling pathways that promote fibrosis.

Diagnosis of PMF typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, complete blood count (CBC), bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, cytogenetic analysis, and molecular testing to identify genetic mutations. Treatment options depend on the individual patient's symptoms, risk stratification, and disease progression. They may include observation, supportive care, medications to manage symptoms and control the disease (such as JAK inhibitors), and stem cell transplantation for eligible patients.

Helicobacter infections are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which colonizes the stomach lining and is associated with various gastrointestinal diseases. The infection can lead to chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer.

The spiral-shaped H. pylori bacteria are able to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes gastric acid in their immediate vicinity. This allows them to adhere to and colonize the epithelial lining of the stomach, where they can cause inflammation (gastritis) and disrupt the normal functioning of the stomach.

Transmission of H. pylori typically occurs through oral-oral or fecal-oral routes, and infection is more common in developing countries and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. The diagnosis of Helicobacter infections can be confirmed through various tests, including urea breath tests, stool antigen tests, or gastric biopsy with histology and culture. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and reduce stomach acidity.

In anatomical terms, the stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a crucial role in digestion. The stomach's primary functions include storing food, mixing it with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins, and slowly emptying the partially digested food into the small intestine for further absorption of nutrients.

The stomach is divided into several regions, including the cardia (the area nearest the esophagus), the fundus (the upper portion on the left side), the body (the main central part), and the pylorus (the narrowed region leading to the small intestine). The inner lining of the stomach, called the mucosa, is protected by a layer of mucus that prevents the digestive juices from damaging the stomach tissue itself.

In medical contexts, various conditions can affect the stomach, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach or duodenum), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and stomach cancer. Symptoms related to the stomach may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the stomach of approximately 50% of the global population. It is closely associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. H. pylori infection is usually acquired in childhood and can persist for life if not treated. The bacterium's spiral shape and flagella allow it to penetrate the mucus layer and adhere to the gastric epithelium, where it releases virulence factors that cause inflammation and tissue damage. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection can be made through various tests, including urea breath test, stool antigen test, or histological examination of a gastric biopsy. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and promote healing of the stomach lining.

The cardia is a term used in anatomical context to refer to the upper part of the stomach that surrounds and opens into the lower end of the esophagus. It is responsible for controlling the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach and is also known as the cardiac orifice or cardiac sphincter. Any medical condition that affects this area, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can lead to symptoms like heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and chest pain.

Mucins are high molecular weight, heavily glycosylated proteins that are the major components of mucus. They are produced and secreted by specialized epithelial cells in various organs, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, as well as the eyes and ears.

Mucins have a characteristic structure consisting of a protein backbone with numerous attached oligosaccharide side chains, which give them their gel-forming properties and provide a protective barrier against pathogens, environmental insults, and digestive enzymes. They also play important roles in lubrication, hydration, and cell signaling.

Mucins can be classified into two main groups based on their structure and function: secreted mucins and membrane-bound mucins. Secreted mucins are released from cells and form a physical barrier on the surface of mucosal tissues, while membrane-bound mucins are integrated into the cell membrane and participate in cell adhesion and signaling processes.

Abnormalities in mucin production or function have been implicated in various diseases, including chronic inflammation, cancer, and cystic fibrosis.

Duodenitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine that receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach. The inflammation can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

Duodenitis can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and autoimmune disorders like Crohn's disease. In some cases, the cause may remain unidentified, leading to a diagnosis of "non-specific duodenitis."

Treatment for duodenitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as eradicating H. pylori infection or discontinuing NSAID use. Acid-suppressing medications and antacids may also be prescribed to alleviate symptoms and promote healing of the duodenal lining. In severe cases, endoscopic procedures or surgery might be necessary to manage complications like bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

Mucin 5AC, also known as MUC5AC, is a type of mucin protein that is heavily glycosylated and secreted by the goblet cells in the mucous membranes of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. It plays an essential role in the protection and lubrication of these surfaces, as well as in the clearance of inhaled particles and microorganisms from the lungs.

MUC5AC is a high molecular weight mucin that forms a gel-like substance when secreted, which traps foreign particles and pathogens, facilitating their removal from the body. Abnormalities in MUC5AC production or function have been implicated in various respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, cystic fibrosis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

In summary, Mucin 5AC is a crucial component of the mucosal defense system in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, contributing to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and protection against infection and injury.

The intestines, also known as the bowel, are a part of the digestive system that extends from the stomach to the anus. They are responsible for the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food, as well as the elimination of waste products. The intestines can be divided into two main sections: the small intestine and the large intestine.

The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that measures about 20 feet in length and is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase its surface area and enhance nutrient absorption. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is a wider tube that measures about 5 feet in length and is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from digested food, forming stool, and eliminating waste products from the body. The large intestine includes several regions, including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.

Together, the intestines play a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being by ensuring that the body receives the nutrients it needs to function properly.

Esophagoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the visual examination of the esophagus, which is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This procedure is typically carried out using an esophagogastroduodenoscope (EGD), a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end.

During the procedure, the EGD is inserted through the mouth and down the throat into the esophagus, allowing the medical professional to examine its lining for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. The procedure may also involve taking tissue samples (biopsies) for further examination and testing.

Esophagoscopy is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, and other disorders affecting the esophagus. It may also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing polyps or foreign objects from the esophagus.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a medical condition where bone tissue forms outside the skeleton, in locations where it does not typically exist. This process can occur in various soft tissues, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, or even inside joint capsules. The abnormal bone growth can lead to pain, stiffness, limited range of motion, and, in some cases, loss of function in the affected area.

There are several types of heterotopic ossification, including:

1. Myositis ossificans - This form is often associated with trauma or injury, such as muscle damage from a fracture, surgery, or direct blow. It typically affects young, active individuals and usually resolves on its own within months to a few years.
2. Neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO) - Also known as "traumatic heterotopic ossification," this form is often linked to spinal cord injuries, brain injuries, or central nervous system damage. NHO can cause significant impairment and may require surgical intervention in some cases.
3. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) - This rare, genetic disorder causes progressive heterotopic ossification throughout the body, starting in early childhood. The condition significantly impacts mobility and quality of life, with no known cure.

The exact mechanisms behind heterotopic ossification are not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of factors, including inflammation, tissue injury, and genetic predisposition, contribute to its development. Treatment options may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), radiation therapy, physical therapy, or surgical removal of the abnormal bone growth, depending on the severity and location of the HO.

A mucous membrane is a type of moist, protective lining that covers various body surfaces inside the body, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, as well as the inner surface of the eyelids and the nasal cavity. These membranes are composed of epithelial cells that produce mucus, a slippery secretion that helps trap particles, microorganisms, and other foreign substances, preventing them from entering the body or causing damage to tissues. The mucous membrane functions as a barrier against infection and irritation while also facilitating the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the body and its environment.

Gastroscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a gastroscope, which is a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end, through the mouth and into the digestive tract. The gastroscope allows the doctor to visually examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors.

The procedure is usually performed under sedation to minimize discomfort, and it typically takes only a few minutes to complete. Gastroscopy can help diagnose various conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, stomach ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus. It can also be used to take tissue samples for biopsy or to treat certain conditions, such as bleeding or the removal of polyps.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Mucin-2, also known as MUC2, is a type of mucin that is primarily produced by the goblet cells in the mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal tract. It is a large, heavily glycosylated protein that forms the gel-like structure of mucus, which provides lubrication and protection to the epithelial surfaces. Mucin-2 is the major component of intestinal mucus and plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the gut barrier by preventing the adhesion and colonization of harmful microorganisms. Additionally, it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may play a role in regulating immune responses in the gut.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular epithelial cells. These cells line the inside of many internal organs, including the breasts, prostate, colon, and lungs. Adenocarcinomas can occur in any of these organs, as well as in other locations where glands are present.

The term "adenocarcinoma" is used to describe a cancer that has features of glandular tissue, such as mucus-secreting cells or cells that produce hormones. These cancers often form glandular structures within the tumor mass and may produce mucus or other substances.

Adenocarcinomas are typically slow-growing and tend to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The prognosis for adenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and age.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mucin-6" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins that are the major component of mucus, which is produced by specialized epithelial cells in various organs. Each mucin is identified by a number, such as Mucin-1, Mucin-2, and so on, based on their order of discovery.

However, I couldn't find any reputable medical sources that mention "Mucin-6." It's possible that it may be a topic of ongoing research or that it might be referred to by another name. I would recommend consulting a specific scientific study or researcher for more accurate and detailed information.

The pyloric antrum is the distal part of the stomach, which is the last portion that precedes the pylorus and the beginning of the duodenum. It is a thickened, muscular area responsible for grinding and mixing food with gastric juices during digestion. The pyloric antrum also helps regulate the passage of chyme (partially digested food) into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter, which controls the opening and closing of the pylorus. This region is crucial in the gastrointestinal tract's motor functions and overall digestive process.

Chief cells, also known as zymogenic cells or peptic cells, are a type of cell located in the gastric glands of the stomach. They are responsible for producing and secreting pepsinogen, a precursor to the enzyme pepsin, which plays a crucial role in digesting proteins in the stomach.

The gastric glands are tubular structures that extend deep into the lamina propria of the stomach mucosa. They consist of several types of cells, including chief cells, parietal cells, mucous neck cells, and enteroendocrine cells. Chief cells are located in the base of the gastric glands, and they are characterized by their large, basophilic cytoplasm and apical secretory granules.

When stimulated by gastrin, a hormone produced by the G cells in the antrum of the stomach, chief cells release pepsinogen into the stomach lumen. Once in the acidic environment of the stomach, pepsinogen is converted to pepsin, which begins the process of protein digestion.

It's worth noting that chronic inflammation or damage to the stomach lining, such as that caused by gastritis or Helicobacter pylori infection, can lead to decreased numbers of chief cells and reduced production of pepsinogen, which can impair protein digestion and contribute to malnutrition.

Esophageal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissue of the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant esophageal neoplasms are typically classified as either squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas, depending on the type of cell from which they originate.

Esophageal cancer is a serious and often life-threatening condition that can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, weight loss, and coughing. Risk factors for esophageal neoplasms include smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Barrett's esophagus. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is the region of the gastrointestinal tract where the esophagus (the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach) meets the stomach. It serves as a physiological sphincter, which helps control the direction of flow and prevent reflux of gastric contents back into the esophagus. The EGJ is also known as the gastroesophageal junction or cardia.

Epithelium is the tissue that covers the outer surface of the body, lines the internal cavities and organs, and forms various glands. It is composed of one or more layers of tightly packed cells that have a uniform shape and size, and rest on a basement membrane. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they do not contain blood vessels, and are supplied with nutrients by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue.

Epithelial cells perform a variety of functions, including protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensation. They can be classified based on their shape and the number of cell layers they contain. The main types of epithelium are:

1. Squamous epithelium: composed of flat, scalelike cells that fit together like tiles on a roof. It forms the lining of blood vessels, air sacs in the lungs, and the outermost layer of the skin.
2. Cuboidal epithelium: composed of cube-shaped cells with equal height and width. It is found in glands, tubules, and ducts.
3. Columnar epithelium: composed of tall, rectangular cells that are taller than they are wide. It lines the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
4. Pseudostratified epithelium: appears stratified or layered but is actually made up of a single layer of cells that vary in height. The nuclei of these cells appear at different levels, giving the tissue a stratified appearance. It lines the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
5. Transitional epithelium: composed of several layers of cells that can stretch and change shape to accommodate changes in volume. It is found in the urinary bladder and ureters.

Epithelial tissue provides a barrier between the internal and external environments, protecting the body from physical, chemical, and biological damage. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the exchange of substances between the body and its environment.

Mucus is a viscous, slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that line various body cavities such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. It serves to lubricate and protect these surfaces from damage, infection, and foreign particles. Mucus contains water, proteins, salts, and other substances, including antibodies, enzymes, and glycoproteins called mucins that give it its characteristic gel-like consistency.

In the respiratory system, mucus traps inhaled particles such as dust, allergens, and pathogens, preventing them from reaching the lungs. The cilia, tiny hair-like structures lining the airways, move the mucus upward toward the throat, where it can be swallowed or expelled through coughing or sneezing. In the gastrointestinal tract, mucus helps protect the lining of the stomach and intestines from digestive enzymes and other harmful substances.

Excessive production of mucus can occur in various medical conditions such as allergies, respiratory infections, chronic lung diseases, and gastrointestinal disorders, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, nasal congestion, and diarrhea.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the retrograde movement of stomach contents into the esophagus, which can cause discomfort and symptoms. It occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach) relaxes inappropriately, allowing the acidic or non-acidic gastric contents to flow back into the esophagus.

Gastroesophageal reflux becomes gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) when it is more severe, persistent, and/or results in complications such as esophagitis, strictures, or Barrett's esophagus. Common symptoms of GERD include heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and chronic cough or hoarseness.

Gastric mucins refer to the mucin proteins that are produced and secreted by the mucus-secreting cells in the stomach lining, also known as gastric mucosa. These mucins are part of the gastric mucus layer that coats and protects the stomach from damage caused by digestive acids and enzymes, as well as from physical and chemical injuries.

Gastric mucins have a complex structure and are composed of large glycoprotein molecules that contain both protein and carbohydrate components. They form a gel-like substance that provides a physical barrier between the stomach lining and the gastric juices, preventing acid and enzymes from damaging the underlying tissues.

There are several types of gastric mucins, including MUC5AC and MUC6, which have different structures and functions. MUC5AC is the predominant mucin in the stomach and is produced by surface mucous cells, while MUC6 is produced by deeper glandular cells.

Abnormalities in gastric mucin production or composition can contribute to various gastrointestinal disorders, including gastritis, gastric ulcers, and gastric cancer.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, immediately following the stomach. It is a C-shaped structure that is about 10-12 inches long and is responsible for continuing the digestion process that begins in the stomach. The duodenum receives partially digested food from the stomach through the pyloric valve and mixes it with digestive enzymes and bile produced by the pancreas and liver, respectively. These enzymes help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules, allowing for efficient absorption in the remaining sections of the small intestine.

Stomach diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the stomach, a muscular sac located in the upper part of the abdomen and is responsible for storing and digesting food. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, indigestion, loss of appetite, and bloating. Some common stomach diseases include:

1. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining that can cause pain, irritation, and ulcers.
2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damage to the esophageal lining.
3. Peptic ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. Stomach cancer: Abnormal growth of cancerous cells in the stomach, which can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
5. Gastroparesis: A condition where the stomach muscles are weakened or paralyzed, leading to difficulty digesting food and emptying the stomach.
6. Functional dyspepsia: A chronic disorder characterized by symptoms such as pain, bloating, and fullness in the upper abdomen, without any identifiable cause.
7. Eosinophilic esophagitis: A condition where eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, accumulate in the esophagus, causing inflammation and difficulty swallowing.
8. Stomal stenosis: Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and small intestine, often caused by scar tissue or surgical complications.
9. Hiatal hernia: A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, causing symptoms such as heartburn and difficulty swallowing.

These are just a few examples of stomach diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the stomach. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing these conditions and preventing complications.

A stomach ulcer, also known as a gastric ulcer, is a sore that forms in the lining of the stomach. It's caused by a breakdown in the mucous layer that protects the stomach from digestive juices, allowing acid to come into contact with the stomach lining and cause an ulcer. The most common causes are bacterial infection (usually by Helicobacter pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stomach ulcers may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, and nausea. If left untreated, they can lead to more serious complications like internal bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

Keratin-7 is not a medical term itself, but it is a specific type of keratin protein that is often used in pathology as a marker for certain types of carcinomas. Keratins are a family of fibrous proteins that make up the structural framework of epithelial cells, which line the surfaces and glands of the body.

Keratin-7 is typically expressed in simple epithelia, such as those found in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, bile ducts, and respiratory and genitourinary tracts. It can be used as a marker to help identify carcinomas that arise from these tissues, such as adenocarcinomas of the pancreas or biliary system.

In medical terminology, keratin-7 positivity is often reported in the pathology report of a biopsy or surgical specimen to indicate the presence of this protein in cancer cells. This information can be helpful in determining the origin and behavior of the tumor, as well as guiding treatment decisions.

Hyperplasia is a medical term that refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, leading to an enlargement of the affected area. It's a response to various stimuli such as hormones, chronic irritation, or inflammation. Hyperplasia can be physiological, like the growth of breast tissue during pregnancy, or pathological, like in the case of benign or malignant tumors. The process is generally reversible if the stimulus is removed. It's important to note that hyperplasia itself is not cancerous, but some forms of hyperplasia can increase the risk of developing cancer over time.

Respiratory mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the respiratory tract, including the nose, throat, bronchi, and lungs. It is a specialized type of tissue that is composed of epithelial cells, goblet cells, and glands that produce mucus, which helps to trap inhaled particles such as dust, allergens, and pathogens.

The respiratory mucosa also contains cilia, tiny hair-like structures that move rhythmically to help propel the mucus and trapped particles out of the airways and into the upper part of the throat, where they can be swallowed or coughed up. This defense mechanism is known as the mucociliary clearance system.

In addition to its role in protecting the respiratory tract from harmful substances, the respiratory mucosa also plays a crucial role in immune function by containing various types of immune cells that help to detect and respond to pathogens and other threats.

Keratin 20 is a type of keratin protein that is specifically expressed in the differentiated cells of the upper layer of the epidermis, particularly in the small intestine and colon. It is often used as a marker for the identification and study of these cell types. Mutations in the gene that encodes keratin 20 have been associated with certain diseases, such as benign and malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.

Apocrine glands are a type of sweat gland found in mammals, including humans. They are most concentrated in areas with dense hair follicles, such as the axillae (armpits) and genital region. These glands release their secretions into the hair follicle, which then reaches the skin surface through the pores.

Apocrine glands become active during puberty and are associated with the production of odorous sweat. The sweat produced by apocrine glands is initially odorless but can acquire a smell when it comes into contact with bacteria on the skin surface, which break down the organic compounds in the sweat. This can contribute to body odor.

It's important to note that while apocrine glands are often associated with body odor, they do not cause body odor directly. The odor is produced when the sweat from apocrine glands mixes with bacteria on the skin surface.

"Helicobacter felis" is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the stomachs of cats and other animals. It is closely related to "Helicobacter pylori," which is a well-known cause of gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer in humans. "Helicobacter felis" has been associated with similar gastrointestinal diseases in cats and has been occasionally found in human stomachs, although its role in human pathogenesis is not as clearly established as that of "Helicobacter pylori."

A duodenal ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer that develops in the lining of the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. It is characterized by a break in the mucosal layer of the duodinal wall, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Duodenal ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between digestive acid and mucus production, which can be exacerbated by factors such as bacterial infection (commonly with Helicobacter pylori), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, smoking, and stress. Symptoms may include gnawing or burning abdominal pain, often occurring a few hours after meals or during the night, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Complications can be severe, including bleeding, perforation, and obstruction of the duodenum. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy, and treatment may include antibiotics (if H. pylori infection is present), acid-suppressing medications, lifestyle modifications, and potentially surgery in severe cases.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows direct visualization of the inner lining of the digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and sometimes the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). This procedure is performed using an endoscope, a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth for upper endoscopy or through the rectum for lower endoscopy (colonoscopy), and the images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor for the physician to view.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy can help diagnose various conditions, such as inflammation, ulcers, tumors, polyps, or bleeding in the digestive tract. It can also be used for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps, taking tissue samples (biopsies), treating bleeding, and performing other interventions to manage certain digestive diseases.

There are different types of gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures, including:

1. Upper Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure examines the colon and rectum.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: A limited examination of the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) using a shorter endoscope.
4. Enteroscopy: An examination of the small intestine, which can be performed using various techniques, such as push enteroscopy, single-balloon enteroscopy, or double-balloon enteroscopy.
5. Capsule Endoscopy: A procedure that involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera, which captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is generally considered safe when performed by experienced medical professionals. However, like any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications, such as bleeding, infection, perforation, or adverse reactions to sedatives used during the procedure. Patients should discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Bile reflux is a condition in which bile flows backward from the small intestine into the stomach and sometimes into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, nausea, vomiting a greenish-yellow fluid (bile), and abdominal pain. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps to break down fats in the small intestine. Normally, a muscle called the sphincter of Oddi prevents bile from flowing backward into the stomach. However, if this muscle becomes weak or damaged, bile reflux can occur.

Bile reflux is different from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which occurs when stomach acid flows backward into the esophagus. Although both conditions can cause similar symptoms, such as heartburn and regurgitation, they require different treatments. Bile reflux can increase the risk of complications such as inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis), ulcers, and cancer of the esophagus. If left untreated, bile reflux can lead to serious health problems, so it is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms.

Keratins are a type of fibrous structural proteins that constitute the main component of the integumentary system, which includes the hair, nails, and skin of vertebrates. They are also found in other tissues such as horns, hooves, feathers, and reptilian scales. Keratins are insoluble proteins that provide strength, rigidity, and protection to these structures.

Keratins are classified into two types: soft keratins (Type I) and hard keratins (Type II). Soft keratins are found in the skin and simple epithelial tissues, while hard keratins are present in structures like hair, nails, horns, and hooves.

Keratin proteins have a complex structure consisting of several domains, including an alpha-helical domain, beta-pleated sheet domain, and a non-repetitive domain. These domains provide keratin with its unique properties, such as resistance to heat, chemicals, and mechanical stress.

In summary, keratins are fibrous structural proteins that play a crucial role in providing strength, rigidity, and protection to various tissues in the body.

"Bronchi" are a pair of airways in the respiratory system that branch off from the trachea (windpipe) and lead to the lungs. They are responsible for delivering oxygen-rich air to the lungs and removing carbon dioxide during exhalation. The right bronchus is slightly larger and more vertical than the left, and they further divide into smaller branches called bronchioles within the lungs. Any abnormalities or diseases affecting the bronchi can impact lung function and overall respiratory health.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Epithelial cells are types of cells that cover the outer surfaces of the body, line the inner surfaces of organs and glands, and form the lining of blood vessels and body cavities. They provide a protective barrier against the external environment, regulate the movement of materials between the internal and external environments, and are involved in the sense of touch, temperature, and pain. Epithelial cells can be squamous (flat and thin), cuboidal (square-shaped and of equal height), or columnar (tall and narrow) in shape and are classified based on their location and function.

Normal physiological metaplasia, such as that of the endocervix, is highly desirable. The medical significance of metaplasia is ... If the stimulus causing metaplasia is removed or ceases, tissues return to their normal pattern of differentiation. Metaplasia ... squamous metaplasia). Metaplasia is an adaptation that replaces one type of epithelium with another that is more likely to be ... Metaplasia (Greek: "change in form") is the transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type ...
Intestinal metaplasia Squamous metaplasia Micrograph of Barrett's esophagus, an example of glandular metaplasia. "Metaplasia". ... Glandular metaplasia is a type of metaplasia where irritated tissue converts to a glandular form. An example occurs in the ... Ward AM (July 1971). "Glandular metaplasia and mucin production in transitional cell carcinomas of bladder". J. Clin. Pathol. ...
... is a condition affecting the epithelial surfaces of the body. It is caused by a dietary deficiency of ...
... is a benign non-cancerous change (metaplasia) of surfacing lining cells (epithelium) to a squamous ... Metaplasia Dysplasia Barrett esophagus - a columnar cell metaplasia of squamous epithelium Subareolar abscess Goralczyk, R ( ... Vitamin A deficiency or overdose can also lead to squamous metaplasia. In regard to the cervix, squamous metaplasia can ... Common sites for squamous metaplasia include the bladder and cervix. Smokers often exhibit squamous metaplasia in the linings ...
... is the transformation (metaplasia) of epithelium (usually of the stomach or the esophagus) into a type of ... AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Intestinal metaplasia (definition) - mondofacto ... Risk factors for progression of gastric intestinal metaplasia to full blown cancer are smoking and family history. Choi, AY; ... Although it was originally reported that people of East Asian ethnicity with gastric intestinal metaplasia are at increased ...
Metaplasia Johansson J, Håkansson HO, Mellblom L, et al. (March 2010). "Pancreatic acinar metaplasia in the distal oesophagus ... as may be seen in a true metaplasia. The histopathologic features of pancreatic acinar metaplasia are: (1) the presence of cell ... Pancreatic acinar metaplasia (PAM) is a common incidental histopathologic finding present in approximately 20-25% of patients ... "Prevalence and significance of pancreatic acinar metaplasia at the gastroesophageal junction". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 20 (12): ...
"Nephrogenic metaplasia". Pathology Outlines. Retrieved 22 October 2016. Peeker R Aldenborg F Fall M: Nephrogenic adenoma: A ...
"Intraocular osseous metaplasia. A clinico-pathological study". Indian J Ophthalmol. 50 (3): 183-8. PMID 12355691.{{cite journal ...
Endometriosis Metaplasia Bermejo, Rosa; Gómez, Alicia; Galiana, Nuria; Campos, Antonio; Puente, Rebeca; Bas, Ernesto; Díaz- ...
The reversible transformation of cells of one differentiated cell type to another is called metaplasia. This transition can be ... Slack JM (January 2009). "Metaplasia and somatic cell reprogramming". The Journal of Pathology. 217 (2): 161-8. doi:10.1002/ ...
An example of PAS-D in use is in showing gastric/duodenal metaplasia in duodenal adenomas. PAS diastase stain is also used to ... Periodic acid-Schiff stain Diastase Rubio CA (2007). "Gastric duodenal metaplasia in duodenal adenomas". J. Clin. Pathol. 60 (6 ...
Fukunaga M(2000). Smooth muscle metaplasia in ovarian endometriosis. Histopathology 36(4):348-352. Fujii S, Konishi I, Mori T ( ... Anyway, the phenomenon of smooth muscle cell metaplasia occurring in association with endometriosis (endomyometriosis), as well ...
The disease was also known as myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia The World Health ... Tefferi A (2003). "The forgotten myeloproliferative disorder: myeloid metaplasia". The Oncologist. 8 (3): 225-231. doi:10.1634/ ... Lichtman MA (July 2005). "Is it chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, chronic megakaryocytic ... "The role of splenectomy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia". Minerva Chirurgica. 65 (6): 619-625. PMID 21224796. "FDA ...
Retrieved 2016-06-07 Definition of metaplasia. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-06-07 Definition of ...
Metaplasia, however, aligns more closely with transdifferentiation, because metaplasia refers more to the idea of a phenotypic ... Metaplasia refers to the change from a fully differentiated cell type to another. This implies that the cell is able to adapt ... The idea of metaplasia depends on the ability for a cell to dedifferentiate. This definition is important to consider when ... Metaplasia [13] is not another definition of dedifferentiation, but the two words have very similar implications for cells. ...
Squamous metaplasia of breast epithelia is known to be more prevalent in postmenopausal women (where it does not cause any ... Squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts - abbreviated SMOLD is a change where the normal double layer cuboid epithelium of the ... Further uncertainty in the relation of SMOLD and the subareolar abscess is that squamous metaplasia is very often caused by ... It is a frequently aseptic inflammation and has been associated with squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts. The term is ...
Adenocarcinoma of the stomach and intestinal metaplasia. H&E stain. If cancer cells are found in the tissue sample, the next ... Tsukamoto T, Mizoshita T, Tatematsu M (2006). "Gastric-and-intestinal mixed-type intestinal metaplasia: aberrant expression of ... and intestinal metaplasia. In addition, Foxp3 polymorphism (rs3761548) might contribute to gastric cancer development through ... it associates intestinal metaplasia in neighbouring mucosa. Depending on glandular architecture, cellular pleomorphism and ...
"Visceral Nodular Cartilaginous Metaplasia in Rockfishes (Sebastes Spp.) in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean." Journal of ... discrete nodules of cartilaginous metaplasia. Like other rockfish, yellowmouth rockfish have swim bladders that are unable to ...
The presence of intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus represents a marker for the progression of metaplasia towards ... The metaplasia is grossly visible through a gastroscope, but biopsy specimens must be examined under a microscope to determine ... Colonic metaplasia is usually identified by finding goblet cells in the epithelium and is necessary for the true diagnosis.[ ... Fléjou JF (March 2005). "Barrett's oesophagus: from metaplasia to dysplasia and cancer". Gut. 54 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): i6-12. doi: ...
"Prostatic Metaplasia of the Vagina and Uterine Cervix: An Androgen-associated Glandular Lesion of Surface Squamous Epithelium ... "Prostatic metaplasia of the vagina in transmasculine individuals". World Journal of Urology. 40 (3): 849-855. doi:10.1007/ ...
Spechler SJ, Goyal RK (February 1996). "The columnar-lined esophagus, intestinal metaplasia, and Norman Barrett". ...
In 2018, Merchant was awarded additional NIH funding to study "MDSC Polarization and Helicobacter-Induced Gastric Metaplasia;" ... "1R01DK118563-01, MDSC POLARIZATION AND HELICOBACTER-INDUCED GASTRIC METAPLASIA". projectreporter.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-06-10 ...
Slack, J.M.W. (2007). "Metaplasia and transdifferentiation: from pure biology to the clinic". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell ... "Evidence for dedifferentiation and metaplasia in amphibian limb regeneration from inheritance of DNA methylation". Development ...
"CDX1 is an important molecular mediator of Barrett's metaplasia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United ... with special emphasis on participation in intestinal metaplasia of the human stomach". Gastric Cancer. 4 (4): 185-91. doi: ...
Slack, J.M.W. (2007). "Metaplasia and transdifferentiation: from pure biology to the clinic". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell ...
Intestinal metaplasia is classified histologically as complete or incomplete. With complete metaplasia, gastric mucosa is ... Intestinal metaplasia typically begins in response to chronic mucosal injury in the antrum and may extend to the body. Gastric ... Mucous gland metaplasia, the reversible replacement of differentiated cells, occurs in the setting of severe damage of the ... In incomplete metaplasia, the epithelium assumes a histologic appearance closer to that of the large intestine and frequently ...
This mode of bone formation is identified as metaplasia. Osteoderms are not historically uniform but include a mix of tissues, ...
Yadav UC, Aguilera-Aguirre L, Ramana KV, Boldogh I, Srivastava SK (2010). "Aldose reductase inhibition prevents metaplasia of ... root pathology modulating treatment for asthma and COPD since it has been shown that they inhibit goblet cell metaplasia in the ...
Interleukin-13 has a critical role in goblet cell metaplasia. Goblet cells are filled with mucin (MUC). MUC5AC Mucin 5AC is a ... goblet cell metaplasia, mucus hypersecretion and airway remodelling which all contribute to airway obstruction. murine studies ...
2001). "LI-cadherin: a marker of gastric metaplasia and neoplasia". Gut. 49 (1): 73-81. doi:10.1136/gut.49.1.73. PMC 1728355. ...
Normal physiological metaplasia, such as that of the endocervix, is highly desirable. The medical significance of metaplasia is ... If the stimulus causing metaplasia is removed or ceases, tissues return to their normal pattern of differentiation. Metaplasia ... squamous metaplasia). Metaplasia is an adaptation that replaces one type of epithelium with another that is more likely to be ... Metaplasia (Greek: "change in form") is the transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type ...
Today, I want to talk about the management of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). Its something that we commonly see on ... Cite this: A Guide to Managing Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia - Medscape - Jan 19, 2023. ... and the operative link on gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment (OLGIM) staging systems. These are validated instruments ...
Intestinal metaplasia consists of areas of gastric mucosa morphologically similar to the intestine (Figure 1 and Figure 2). ... Stomach, Glandular Stomach - Metaplasia, Intestinal Narrative. Comment:. Intestinal metaplasia consists of areas of gastric ... Stomach, Glandular stomach - Metaplasia, Intestinal in a male F344/N rat from a chronic study. Metaplasia of fundic glands to ... Stomach, Glandular stomach - Metaplasia, Intestinal in a male F344/N rat from a chronic study. Metaplasia of fundic glands to ...
Metaplasia is often, but not always, an adaptive change that occurs in response to repeated epithelial damage and is therefore ... Squamous metaplasia may be reversible if the cause is removed. ... Metaplasia is a change in which one terminally differentiated ... Squamous metaplasia may be reversible if the cause is removed. Squamous metaplasia is a common form of metaplasia, presumably ... Salivary Gland, Duct - Metaplasia, Squamous Narrative. Comment:. Metaplasia is a change in which one terminally differentiated ...
Definition / general , Bone metaplasia , Cartilaginous metaplasia , Gastric gland metaplasia , Intestinal metaplasia , Squamous ... Bone metaplasia. Case reports * 53 year old woman with abdominal pain (South Med J 2009;102:322) * Bone metaplasia in the ... Squamous metaplasia. Case reports * 47 year old woman with gastric heterotopia and squamous metaplasia (Acta Gastroenterol ... Cartilaginous metaplasia. Case reports * Infant with extrahepatic biliary atresia with cartilaginous metaplasia (J Clin Pathol ...
A signaling cascade of IL-33 to IL-13 regulates metaplasia in the mouse stomach. Gut. 2018;67(5):805-817.. View this article ... R-spondin/YAP axis promotes gastric oxyntic gland regeneration and Helicobacter pylori-associated metaplasia in mice. Anne- ... Characterization of progressive metaplasia in the gastric corpus mucosa of Mongolian gerbils infected with Helicobacter pylori ... Chief cell plasticity is the origin of metaplasia following acute injury in the stomach mucosa. Gut. 2021;71(6):1068-1077. ...
Gastric metaplasia and Helicobacter pylori infection.. L A Noach T M Rolf N B Bosma M P Schwartz J Oosting E A Rauws G N Tytgat ...
Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is where intestinal-type epithelium replaces normal gastric epithelium. GIM is considered a ... Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia in Children: Natural History and Clinicopathological Correlation, published in the September ... Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is where intestinal-type epithelium replaces normal gastric epithelium. GIM is considered a ... Pediatric Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia: Exploring its Clinicopathological Correlation, and Natural History. Oct 04, 2023 ...
Prevalence of advanced (moderate or severe) metaplasia showed two age-related peaks: the first at 10-14 years of age (at the ... Among 705 evaluable cytology specimens, prevalence of inflammation (39%), hyperkeratosis (30%), metaplasia (33%), and frank ... metaplasia prevalence persisted at 33-45% prevalence despite a decline in infection prevalence and intensity. ... Age-group analysis confirmed parallel increases in metaplasia and S. haematobium infection prevalence early in life (from age I ...
Metaplasia intestinal e carcinoma gástrico: correlação com os subtipos histológicos da neoplasia. Overview of attention for ... Metaplasia intestinal e carcinoma gástrico: correlação com os subtipos histológicos da neoplasia ...
In patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia, the guidelines recommend testing for H. pylori followed by eradication over no ... AGA releases guidelines on managing gastric intestinal metaplasia found during routine endoscopy The guidelines from the ... could be reasonably chosen by patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia at higher risk for gastric cancer who place a high ... one year for risk stratification if they have gastric intestinal metaplasia and high-risk stigmata, are concerned about ...
... intestinal metaplasia; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; OLGIM, Operative Link on Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia; ROC ... intestinal metaplasia; OLGIM, Operative Link on Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. ... Mucins as key molecules for the classification of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach. Virchows Arch 2002;440:311-7.doi: ... Utility of subtyping intestinal metaplasia as marker of gastric cancer risk. A review of the evidence. Int J Cancer 2013;133: ...
Byrne, James (1999) Comparative study of intestinal metaplasia and mucin staining at the cardia and esophagogastric junction in ... Comparative study of intestinal metaplasia and mucin staining at the cardia and esophagogastric junction in 225 symptomatic ... Comparative study of intestinal metaplasia and mucin staining at the cardia and esophagogastric junction in 225 symptomatic ... Comparative study of intestinal metaplasia and mucin staining at the cardia and esophagogastric junction in 225 symptomatic ...
Home / Useful / Articles / The first experience of welding technologies in endoscopy in HCC and metaplasia of the esophagus ... The first experience of welding technologies in endoscopy in HCC and metaplasia of the esophagus. September 20, 2018 ...
Immunophenotype of transitional metaplasia of the uterine cervix. Patricia Harnden*, Wendy Kennedy, Alison C. Andrew, Jennifer ... Immunophenotype of transitional metaplasia of the uterine cervix. / Harnden, Patricia; Kennedy, Wendy; Andrew, Alison C. et al ... Immunophenotype of transitional metaplasia of the uterine cervix. International Journal of Gynecological Pathology. 1999 Apr 1; ... Immunophenotype of transitional metaplasia of the uterine cervix. In: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology. 1999 ; ...
To characterise a specific and sensitive marker of Barretts metaplasia (BM). METHODS: Cases of normal oesophageal squamous ... AIMS: To characterise a specific and sensitive marker of Barretts metaplasia (BM). METHODS: Cases of normal oesophageal ... Metaplasia, Prospective Studies, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ...
Benign Phyllodes Tumor with squamous metaplasia. farukske2013-12-17T09:56:49+01:00December 17, 2013,Categories: Benign lesions, ...
Apocrine metaplasia[edit]. Micrograph showing apocrine metaplasia of the breast. H&E stain.. .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font- ... Main article: Metaplasia. Apocrine metaplasia is a reversible transformation of cells to an apocrine phenotype. It is common in ... This type of metaplasia represents an exception to the common rule of metaplasia increasing the risk for developing cancer in ... Metaplasia happens when there is an irritation to the breast (breast cyst). Apocrine-like cells form in a lining of developing ...
... Examine how somebody is able to, by natural means, quickly eliminate HPV disease and trouble ... Cervical Metaplasia And Dysplasia. No matter just how this publication came to be in your possession. Just what matters is just ... What is Cervical Metaplasia And Dysplasia? *Dysplasia Treatment is a general petition thanks to the reason that it appertains ... Cervical Metaplasia And Dysplasia is a basic item of interest because it is of concern when evaluating Cervical Dysplasia While ...
Metaplasia. Metaplasia, or the changing from one normal type of tissue to another normal type of tissue, is another theory. The ... 22] Coelomic metaplasia is also believed to explain the occurrence of endometriosis in women who have undergone total ... Suginami H. A reappraisal of the coelomic metaplasia theory by reviewing endometriosis occurring in unusual sites and instances ...
Figure 1: CD24 expression in gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). (A) Strong CD24 immunoreactivity in GIM; (B) negative CD24 ... Gastric intestinal metaplasia with basal gland atypia: a morphological and biologic evaluation in a large Chinese cohort. Hum ... Role of intestinal metaplasia subtyping in the risk of gastric cancer in Korea. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009; 24:140-148. ... Figure 4: The classification of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) with high iron diamine-alcian blue staining (HIDAB). (A) ...
Everything you need to know about Squamous Metaplasia. Health Issue Description - FCN ... Squamous Metaplasia: This is a non-cancerous enlargement of the gland caused by excess amounts of estrogen. An estrogen- ... Squamous Metaplasia. Other Names. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Prostate Disease, BPH, Cystic Hyperplasia, Paraprostatic Cysts ... Cystic hyperplasia: This condition is usually secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia. It is caused by ...
什麼是腸化生Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia(GIM)?. 簡單來說,就是原本胃部裡面正常的胃部表皮細胞,受到外在的慢性傷害(通常是幽門螺旋桿菌感染)後,長出原本只該出現在小腸裡頭的細胞,這種狀態我們就叫做胃部的腸化生(GIM ... 首先我們要知道,胃癌是
"Metaplasia" is a concept of differentiated cells and tissues transformation that has been discussed since the second half of ... Lopashov G. V., Sologub A.A. Artificial metaplasia of pigmented epithelium into retina in tadpoles and adult frogs. J. Emryol. ... Giroux V., Rustgi A.K. Metaplasia: tissue injury adaptation and a precursor to the dysplasia-cancer sequence. Nat. Rev. Cancer ...
... incomplete intestinal metaplasia, with moderate inflammation) (Figs. 5 + 6). ...
Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia ? (friends dad has it). Anyone know what this is, where I can get more info about it and what can ... Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia is considered a low grade disease, in that, while it is not curable, progresses slowly and can ...
There are many papers reporting osseous metaplasia, but few studies have described osseous metaplasia in the oral and ... and histologic features and common causes of osseous metaplasia and report a rare case of osseous metaplasia of the palate.. ... Osseous metaplasia has been reported to occur systemically other than intra-oral portion. Chun et al.2 reported three cases of ... Osseous metaplasia is the formation of lamellar bone inside soft tissue structures where bone normally does not exist1. It ...
Metaplasia*Epithelial metaplasia*Transitional cell metaplasia*Peritoneal Transitional Cell Metaplasia. *Vaginal Transitional ... Mucinous metaplasia in the prostate gland.. Grignon DJ, OMalley FP. Am J Surg Pathol 1993 Mar;17(3):287-90. doi: 10.1097/ ... Transitional cell metaplasia of the uterine cervix and vagina: an underrecognized lesion that may be confused with high-grade ... Transitional cell metaplasia of fallopian tube fimbriae: a potential mimic of early tubal carcinoma in risk reduction salpingo- ...
Is there a cure for intestinal metaplasia? The crucial question that many people… ... Intestinal metaplasia is a condition in which cells in the lining of the stomach or esophagus transform to resemble intestinal ... Is there a cure for intestinal metaplasia?. The crucial question that many people have in mind is whether intestinal metaplasia ... Intestinal metaplasia is a condition in which cells in the lining of the stomach or esophagus transform to resemble intestinal ...

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