Maternal Welfare
Animal Welfare
Social Welfare
Child Welfare
Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Animal Husbandry
Housing, Animal
Animal Rights
Animal Care Committees
Animals, Laboratory
Child, Abandoned
Animals, Domestic
Euthanasia, Animal
Infant Welfare
Public Policy
Child Abuse
Records as Topic
Social Work
Poverty
Laboratory Animal Science
Animal Testing Alternatives
Political Systems
Veterinary Medicine
Civil Rights
United States
Single Parent
Social Work, Psychiatric
Family Leave
Handling (Psychology)
Capitalism
Ethics
Japan
Veterinarians
Impact of diet on lead in blood and urine in female adults and relevance to mobilization of lead from bone stores. (1/514)
We measured high precision lead isotope ratios and lead concentrations in blood, urine, and environmental samples to assess the significance of diet as a contributing factor to blood and urine lead levels in a cohort of 23 migrant women and 5 Australian-born women. We evaluated possible correlations between levels of dietary lead intake and changes observed in blood and urine lead levels and isotopic composition during pregnancy and postpartum. Mean blood lead concentrations for both groups were approximately 3 microg/dl. The concentration of lead in the diet was 5.8 +/- 3 microg Pb/kg [geometric mean (GM) 5.2] and mean daily dietary intake was 8.5 microg/kg/day (GM 7.4), with a range of 2-39 microg/kg/day. Analysis of 6-day duplicate dietary samples for individual subjects commonly showed major spikes in lead concentration and isotopic composition that were not reflected by associated changes in either blood lead concentration or isotopic composition. Changes in blood lead levels and isotopic composition observed during and after pregnancy could not be solely explained by dietary lead. These data are consistent with earlier conclusions that, in cases where levels of environmental lead exposure and dietary lead intake are low, skeletal contribution is the dominant contributor to blood lead, especially during pregnancy and postpartum. (+info)The Safe Motherhood Initiative: why has it stalled? (2/514)
Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are still the leading cause of death and disability among women of reproductive age in developing countries. After decades of neglect, the founding of the Safe Motherhood Initiative in 1987 promised action on this problem. A dozen years later, there is no evidence that maternal mortality has declined and there are still few sizeable programs. A major reason for this disappointing record is that the initiative lacks a clear, concise, feasible strategy. This article reviews the available options and proposes a strategy based on improving the availability and quality of medical treatment of obstetric complications. Once district hospitals and health centers provide such needed care, community mobilization to improve prove utilization may be beneficial. Substantial reductions in maternal deaths would be possible in a relatively short period of time if this strategy were embraced. (+info)Media watch. (3/514)
In late 1997, Sharon Bernstein, a 35-year-old Los Angeles Times journalist and a new mother, was assigned the county hospital beat. Recently pregnant, the reporter was drawn towards stories of maternal and fetal health. So, she decided to look into obstetric malpractice claims against county hospitals. What she uncovered would change county hospital policy, lead to an assembly bill, and rekindle the medical debate about the safety of lowering Caesarean section (C-section) rates. (+info)Use of hospital data for Safe Motherhood programmes in south Kalimantan, Indonesia. (4/514)
The evaluation of Safe Motherhood programmes has been hampered by difficulties in measuring the preferred outcomes of maternal mortality and morbidity. The need for adequate indicators has led researchers and programme managers alike to resort to indicators of utilization and quality of health services. In this study we assess the magnitude of four indicators of use of essential obstetric care (EOC) and one indicator of quality of care in health facilities in three districts in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The general picture which emerges for South Kalimantan is that the use of obstetric services is low. Even in the more urban district of Banjar where facility-based coverage is highest, fewer than 14% of all deliveries take place in an EOC facility, 2% of expected births are admitted to such a facility with a major obstetric intervention (MOI), and 1% of expected births have an MOI for an absolute maternal indication. The use of facility-based EOC is consistently lower in Barito Kuala compared to the other districts, and the differences persist regardless of the indicators used. In this setting with low utilization rates, general rates of utilization of EOC facilities seem to be as satisfactory an indicator of relative access to EOC as more elaborate indicators specifying the reasons for admission. The inequalities in access to care revealed by the various indicators of use of EOC services may prove to be a more powerful stimulus for change than the widely reported and highly inaccurate accounts of the high levels of maternal mortality. (+info)Assessing the effects of welfare reform policies on reproductive and infant health. (5/514)
OBJECTIVES: The welfare reform law of 1996 marked a historical moment in US policy toward the poor by ending the entitlement to cash assistance, by requiring work, and by establishing time limits. This article examines the potential impact on the health of women and children, the primary recipients of welfare benefits. METHODS: The authors outline the reproductive health outcomes most likely to be sensitive to welfare policies, identify indicators that might be used to assess these outcomes, review empirical evidence, and suggest specific methods and data sources. RESULTS: State welfare requirements could improve health outcomes or deter families from Medicaid and food stamps, as well as income support, thus worsening health outcomes. National and state data may prove useful in detecting these effects; however, new data sources may be required for specific health-related questions. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing the effects of welfare policies on reproductive and infant health is possible, although challenging. Reauthorization of the legislation is required in 2002; it is essential that the consequences for health be included in the next round of public debate. (+info)Sex ratios, family size, and birth order. (6/514)
In many countries, the male:female ratio at birth has varied significantly over the past century, but the reasons for these changes have been unclear. The authors observed a close parallel between decreasing family size and declining male:female sex ratio in Denmark from 1960 to 1994. To explain this finding, they examined the sex ratio and birth order of 1,403,021 children born to 700,030 couples. Overall, 51.2% of the first births were male. However, families with boys were significantly more likely than expected to have another boy (biologic heterogeneity). By the fourth birth to families with three prior boys, 52.4% were male. The increase varied directly with the number of prior boys (p for trend = 0.0007). Furthermore, couples with boys were more likely to continue to have children. In summary, the authors found that the declining male:female ratio in Denmark and probably other European populations is mainly attributable to three effects: declining family size, biologic heterogeneity, and child sex preference. Why families with boys are more likely to have additional boys is unknown. (+info)Reducing perinatal HIV transmission in developing countries through antenatal and delivery care, and breastfeeding: supporting infant survival by supporting women's survival. (7/514)
In 1998, a joint UNAIDS/UNICEF/WHO working group announced an initiative to pilot test an intervention to reduce perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), based on new guidelines on HIV and infant feeding. This intervention for developing countries includes short-course perinatal zidovudine (AZT) treatment and advice to HIV-positive women not to breastfeed their infants, where this can be done safely. The present paper raises questions about the extent of the public health benefit of this intervention, even though it may be cost-effective, due to the limited capacity of antenatal and delivery services to implement it fully. It argues that it is necessary to provide universal access to replacement feeding methods and support in their safe use, not only for women who have tested HIV-positive during pregnancy, but also for untested women who may also decide not to breastfeed, some of whom may be infected with HIV or may acquire HIV during the breastfeeding period. It further argues that additional funding, more staff, staff training, and improved capacity and resources are also needed to integrate this intervention successfully into antenatal and delivery care. The intervention will prevent some infants from getting HIV even in the absence of many of these changes. However, a comprehensive approach to HIV prevention and care in developing countries that includes both women and infants would promote better health and survival of women, which would in turn contribute to greater infant health and survival. If combination antiretroviral therapy in the latter part of pregnancy and/or during the breastfeeding period can be shown to be safe for infants, preliminary evidence suggests that it might reduce perinatal HIV transmission as effectively as the current intervention and, in addition, might allow the practice of breastfeeding to be preserved. (+info)Pregnancy intentions may not be a useful measure for research on maternal and child health outcomes.(8/514)
(+info)Maternal welfare is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a general sense, it refers to the physical, mental, and social well-being of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. It encompasses various factors such as access to quality healthcare services, nutrition, emotional support, and a safe and healthy environment.
Maternal welfare is an essential component of maternal health, which aims to ensure that women have a positive and safe pregnancy and childbirth experience, free from complications and harm. It involves addressing issues related to maternal mortality and morbidity, prenatal care, family planning, and reproductive rights.
Promoting maternal welfare requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes healthcare providers, policymakers, community leaders, and families working together to ensure that women have access to the resources and support they need to maintain their health and well-being during pregnancy and beyond.
Animal welfare is a concept that refers to the state of an animal's physical and mental health, comfort, and ability to express normal behaviors. It encompasses factors such as proper nutrition, housing, handling, care, treatment, and protection from harm and distress. The goal of animal welfare is to ensure that animals are treated with respect and consideration, and that their needs and interests are met in a responsible and ethical manner.
The concept of animal welfare is based on the recognition that animals are sentient beings capable of experiencing pain, suffering, and emotions, and that they have intrinsic value beyond their usefulness to humans. It is guided by principles such as the "Five Freedoms," which include freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury or disease, freedom to express normal behavior, and freedom from fear and distress.
Animal welfare is an important consideration in various fields, including agriculture, research, conservation, entertainment, and companionship. It involves a multidisciplinary approach that draws on knowledge from biology, ethology, veterinary medicine, psychology, philosophy, and law. Ultimately, animal welfare aims to promote the humane treatment of animals and to ensure their well-being in all aspects of their lives.
"Social welfare" is a broad concept and not a medical term per se, but it is often discussed in the context of public health and medical social work. Here's a definition related to those fields:
Social welfare refers to the programs, services, and benefits provided by governmental and non-governmental organizations to promote the well-being of individuals, families, and communities, with a particular focus on meeting basic needs, protecting vulnerable populations, and enhancing social and economic opportunities. These efforts aim to improve overall quality of life, reduce health disparities, and strengthen the social determinants of health.
Examples of social welfare programs include Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Medicaid, Section 8 housing assistance, and various community-based services such as mental health counseling, substance abuse treatment, and home healthcare.
In the medical field, social workers often play a crucial role in connecting patients to available social welfare resources to address various psychosocial needs that can impact their health outcomes.
Child welfare is a broad term that refers to the overall well-being and protection of children. It encompasses a range of services and interventions aimed at promoting the physical, emotional, social, and educational development of children, while also protecting them from harm, abuse, and neglect. The medical definition of child welfare may include:
1. Preventive Services: Programs and interventions designed to strengthen families and prevent child maltreatment, such as home visiting programs, parent education classes, and family support services.
2. Protective Services: Interventions that aim to protect children from harm, abuse, or neglect, including investigations of reports of maltreatment, removal of children from dangerous situations, and provision of alternative care arrangements.
3. Family Reunification Services: Efforts to reunite children with their families when it is safe and in the best interest of the child, such as family therapy, parent-child visitation, and case management services.
4. Permanency Planning: The development of long-term plans for children who cannot safely return to their families, including adoption, guardianship, or other permanent living arrangements.
5. Foster Care Services: Provision of temporary care for children who cannot safely remain in their own homes, including placement with foster families, group homes, or residential treatment facilities.
6. Child Health and Development Services: Programs that promote the physical, emotional, and developmental well-being of children, such as health screenings, immunizations, mental health services, and early intervention programs for children with special needs.
7. Advocacy and Policy Development: Efforts to promote policies and practices that support the well-being and protection of children, including advocating for laws and regulations that protect children's rights and ensure their safety and well-being.
"Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)" was a federal assistance program in the United States, established in 1935 as part of the Social Security Act. The program provided financial assistance to families with dependent children who were deprived of support due to the death, disability, or absence of one or both parents.
The primary goal of AFDC was to help ensure the basic needs of children were met, including food, clothing, and housing. Eligibility for the program was based on income and resource limits, and the amount of assistance provided varied by state. In 1996, AFDC was replaced by the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant program as part of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act.
Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and raising animals for agricultural purposes, such as for the production of meat, milk, eggs, or fiber. It involves providing proper care for the animals, including feeding, housing, health care, and breeding management. The goal of animal husbandry is to maintain healthy and productive animals while also being mindful of environmental sustainability and animal welfare.
Animal experimentation, also known as animal testing, refers to the use of non-human animals in scientific research and testing to understand the effects of various substances, treatments, or procedures on living organisms. This practice is performed with the goal of advancing medical and veterinary knowledge, developing new medications, treatments, and surgical techniques, as well as studying basic biological processes and diseases.
In animal experimentation, researchers expose animals to specific conditions, treatments, or substances and then analyze their responses, behaviors, physiological changes, or other outcomes. The selection of animal species for these experiments depends on the research question and the similarities between the animal model and the human or target species under investigation. Commonly used animals include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, primates, and dogs.
Animal experimentation has been instrumental in numerous scientific breakthroughs and medical advancements throughout history. However, it remains a controversial topic due to ethical concerns regarding the treatment and welfare of animals used in research. Many organizations advocate for the reduction, refinement, or replacement (3Rs) of animal testing, aiming to minimize animal suffering and find alternative methods whenever possible.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Housing, Animal" is not a standard term in medical terminology. Medical terminology typically relates to the human body, diseases, treatments, and healthcare practices. "Housing, Animal" would be more related to veterinary medicine or animal care fields, which pertain to the accommodation and environment provided for animals. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!
Foster home care, also known as foster family care or simply foster care, is a type of residential placement where a licensed individual or family, referred to as a foster parent or foster family, provides temporary care and nurturing for children or adolescents who cannot remain in their own homes due to abuse, neglect, abandonment, or other similar circumstances. The primary goal of foster home care is to provide a safe, stable, and supportive environment that meets the emotional, physical, medical, educational, and therapeutic needs of the child while working towards reunification with their biological family or, when appropriate, exploring other permanent placement options such as adoption or guardianship.
In a foster home setting, children receive individualized attention and support, allowing them to maintain connections with their communities, schools, and friends whenever possible. The foster parents collaborate closely with the child's social worker, case manager, therapist, and other professionals involved in the child's life to ensure coordinated care and services that promote the child's overall well-being and development.
Foster home care is an essential component of the child welfare system, as it offers a flexible and responsive approach to addressing the diverse needs of children and youth in out-of-home placements. It requires ongoing training, support, and collaboration among all parties involved to ensure positive outcomes for the children and families being served.
"Animal rights" is a term that refers to the philosophical and moral stance that non-human animals have inherent value and basic rights to live free from exploitation, harm, and unnecessary suffering. This perspective holds that animals are not merely property or resources for human use, but sentient beings capable of experiencing pleasure and pain, just like humans.
The concept of animal rights is often associated with the abolitionist movement, which advocates for an end to all forms of animal exploitation, including farming, hunting, fishing, entertainment, experimentation, and clothing production. Instead, proponents of animal rights argue that animals should be treated with respect and compassion, and that their interests and well-being should be considered on par with those of humans.
It is important to note that the concept of animal rights can vary in scope and specifics, with some advocates focusing on certain species or issues, while others take a more comprehensive approach. Ultimately, the goal of the animal rights movement is to promote a more just and equitable relationship between humans and animals, based on respect for their inherent worth and dignity.
Animal Care Committees (ACCs), also known as Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) in the United States, are committees required by regulations to oversee the humane treatment and use of animals in research and teaching at institutions such as universities, hospitals, and pharmaceutical companies.
The main responsibilities of ACCs include reviewing and approving animal use protocols, inspecting animal facilities and laboratories, ensuring compliance with relevant policies and regulations, and providing training and education to researchers and staff on the ethical treatment of animals. The members of ACCs typically include veterinarians, scientists, non-scientists, and community members who can provide a balanced perspective on the use of animals in research and teaching.
'Laboratory animals' are defined as non-human creatures that are used in scientific research and experiments to study various biological phenomena, develop new medical treatments and therapies, test the safety and efficacy of drugs, medical devices, and other products. These animals are kept under controlled conditions in laboratory settings and are typically purpose-bred for research purposes.
The use of laboratory animals is subject to strict regulations and guidelines to ensure their humane treatment and welfare. The most commonly used species include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, non-human primates, and fish. Other less common species may also be used depending on the specific research question being studied.
The primary goal of using laboratory animals in research is to advance our understanding of basic biological processes and develop new medical treatments that can improve human and animal health. However, it is important to note that the use of animals in research remains a controversial topic due to ethical concerns regarding their welfare and potential for suffering.
An abandoned child is a child who has been abandoned or deserted by their parent or caregiver and lacks proper care and supervision. This can occur in various situations, such as when a parent leaves a newborn at a hospital or fire station without providing any identifying information, or when a parent or caregiver fails to return for a child after leaving them in the care of another person.
Abandoned children may face significant risks to their physical and emotional well-being, including neglect, abuse, and trauma. They may also experience developmental delays, behavioral problems, and other negative outcomes as a result of their experiences. In many cases, abandoned children become wards of the state and are placed in foster care or other temporary living arrangements until a permanent home can be found for them.
It is important to note that each jurisdiction has its own legal definition of child abandonment, which may vary depending on factors such as the age of the child, the length of time they have been abandoned, and the specific circumstances surrounding their situation. If you suspect that a child has been abandoned, it is important to contact local child welfare authorities or law enforcement agencies immediately to ensure their safety and well-being.
Domestic animals, also known as domestic animals or pets, are species that have been tamed and kept by humans for various purposes. These purposes can include companionship, work, protection, or food production. Some common examples of domestic animals include dogs, cats, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and chickens.
Domestic animals are distinguished from wild animals in that they are dependent on humans for their survival and are able to live in close proximity to people. They have often been selectively bred over generations to possess certain traits or characteristics that make them more suitable for their intended uses. For example, dogs may be bred for their size, strength, agility, or temperament, while cats may be bred for their coat patterns or behaviors.
It is important to note that the term "domestic animal" does not necessarily mean that an animal is tame or safe to handle. Some domestic animals, such as certain breeds of dogs, can be aggressive or dangerous if not properly trained and managed. It is always important to approach and handle any animal, domestic or wild, with caution and respect.
Euthanasia, when used in the context of animals, refers to the act of intentionally causing the death of an animal in a humane and peaceful manner to alleviate suffering from incurable illness or injury. It is also commonly referred to as "putting an animal to sleep" or "mercy killing." The goal of euthanasia in animals is to minimize pain and distress, and it is typically carried out by a veterinarian using approved medications and techniques. Euthanasia may be considered when an animal's quality of life has become significantly compromised and there are no reasonable treatment options available to alleviate its suffering.
Child care, also known as daycare, refers to the supervision and care of children usually outside of their home, provided by a professional or licensed facility. This can include early education, meals, and activities for children while their parents are at work or otherwise unable to care for them. Child care may be provided in a variety of settings such as child care centers, family child care homes, and in-home care. It is an essential service for many families with young children, allowing parents to maintain employment and providing children with socialization and learning opportunities.
'Infant welfare' is not a medical term per se, but it is a term used to describe the overall health and well-being of infants. It encompasses various aspects of infant care, including physical, mental, emotional, and social development. Infant welfare aims to promote healthy growth and development, prevent illness and injury, and provide early intervention and treatment for any health issues that may arise.
Infant welfare programs often include services such as well-child visits, immunizations, developmental screenings, nutrition counseling, and parent education on topics such as safe sleep practices, feeding, and child safety. These programs are typically provided through healthcare systems, public health departments, and community organizations. The ultimate goal of infant welfare is to ensure that infants have the best possible start in life and are equipped with the necessary foundation for a healthy and successful future.
"Public policy" is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of politics, government, and public administration. It refers to a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or organization to guide decisions and achieve specific goals related to public health, safety, or welfare.
However, in the context of healthcare and medicine, "public policy" often refers to laws, regulations, guidelines, and initiatives established by government entities to promote and protect the health and well-being of the population. Public policies in healthcare aim to ensure access to quality care, reduce health disparities, promote public health, regulate healthcare practices and industries, and address broader social determinants of health. Examples include Medicaid and Medicare programs, laws mandating insurance coverage for certain medical procedures or treatments, and regulations governing the safety and efficacy of drugs and medical devices.
Child abuse is a broad term that refers to any form of physical, emotional, or sexual mistreatment or neglect that causes harm to a child's health, development, or dignity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), child abuse includes:
1. Physical abuse: Non-accidental injuries caused by hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or otherwise harming a child's body.
2. Sexual abuse: Any sexual activity involving a child, such as touching or non-touching behaviors, exploitation, or exposure to pornographic material.
3. Emotional abuse: Behaviors that harm a child's emotional well-being and self-esteem, such as constant criticism, humiliation, threats, or rejection.
4. Neglect: Failure to provide for a child's basic needs, including food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, and emotional support.
Child abuse can have serious short-term and long-term consequences for the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of children. It is a violation of their fundamental human rights and a public health concern that requires prevention, early detection, and intervention.
'Healthcare Records' or 'Medical Records' are defined as systematic collections of comprehensive information about a patient's health status, including their medical history, demographics, medications, treatment plans, progress notes, laboratory test results, imaging studies, and any other relevant healthcare-related information. These records serve as a vital tool for healthcare providers to make informed decisions regarding diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing care of patients. They also play a crucial role in maintaining continuity of care, supporting research and education, ensuring legal and ethical compliance, and improving overall healthcare quality and safety. Healthcare records may be maintained in paper form or digitally, following specific standards and regulations to ensure accuracy, confidentiality, and easy accessibility.
Social work is a professional field of practice that promotes social change, problem-solving in human relationships, and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. According to the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW), social work involves "the application of social sciences, theory, knowledge, and skills to effect positive changes in individuals, groups, communities, and societies."
Social workers are trained to work with individuals, families, groups, and communities to address a wide range of social, emotional, and practical needs. They help people navigate complex systems, access resources, and advocate for their rights. Social workers may be employed in various settings, including hospitals, mental health clinics, schools, community centers, and government agencies.
In medical settings, social work is often focused on helping patients and their families cope with illness, disability, or injury. Medical social workers provide counseling, support, and advocacy to help patients and families navigate the healthcare system, access needed resources, and make informed decisions about treatment options. They may also assist with discharge planning, coordinating care transitions, and connecting patients with community-based services.
Medical social work is a specialized area of practice that requires knowledge and skills in areas such as psychosocial assessment, crisis intervention, case management, and advocacy. Medical social workers must be able to communicate effectively with healthcare professionals, patients, and families, and have a deep understanding of the social determinants of health and the impact of illness on individuals and communities.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "poverty" is not a medical condition or term. It is a social condition defined by the World Bank as "pronounced deprivation in well-being," and measured through indicators such as income, consumption, and access to basic services. Poverty can have significant impacts on health outcomes and healthcare access, but it is not considered a medical diagnosis. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try my best to help answer them!
Laboratory Animal Science (also known as Experimental Animal Science) is a multidisciplinary field that involves the care, use, and breeding of animals for scientific research. It encompasses various disciplines such as veterinary medicine, biology, genetics, nutrition, and ethology to ensure the humane treatment, proper husbandry, and experimental validity when using animals in research.
The primary goal of laboratory animal science is to support and advance biological and medical knowledge by providing well-characterized and healthy animals for research purposes. This field also includes the development and implementation of guidelines, regulations, and standards regarding the use of animals in research to ensure their welfare and minimize any potential distress or harm.
Animal testing alternatives, also known as alternative methods or replacement methods, refer to scientific techniques that can be used to replace the use of animals in research and testing. These methods aim to achieve the same scientific objectives while avoiding harm to animals. There are several categories of animal testing alternatives:
1. In vitro (test tube or cell culture) methods: These methods involve growing cells or tissues in a laboratory setting, outside of a living organism. They can be used to study the effects of chemicals, drugs, and other substances on specific cell types or tissues.
2. Computer modeling and simulation: Advanced computer programs and algorithms can be used to model biological systems and predict how they will respond to various stimuli. These methods can help researchers understand complex biological processes without using animals.
3. In silico (using computer models) methods: These methods involve the use of computational tools and databases to predict the potential toxicity or other biological effects of chemicals, drugs, and other substances. They can be used to identify potential hazards and prioritize further testing.
4. Microdosing: This method involves giving human volunteers very small doses of a drug or chemical, followed by careful monitoring to assess its safety and pharmacological properties. This approach can provide valuable information while minimizing the use of animals.
5. Tissue engineering: Scientists can create functional tissue constructs using cells, scaffolds, and bioreactors. These engineered tissues can be used to study the effects of drugs, chemicals, and other substances on human tissues without using animals.
6. Human-based approaches: These methods involve the use of human volunteers, donated tissues, or cells obtained from consenting adults. Examples include microdosing, organ-on-a-chip technology, and the use of human cell lines in laboratory experiments.
These animal testing alternatives can help reduce the number of animals used in research and testing, refine experimental procedures to minimize suffering, and replace the use of animals with non-animal methods whenever possible.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Political Systems" is not a term used in medical definitions. Political systems refer to the institutions, procedures, and mechanisms through which a society makes decisions on political matters. Examples include democracies, monarchies, and dictatorships. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health sciences, I'd be happy to help!
Veterinary medicine is the branch of medical science that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and injuries in non-human animals. The profession of veterinary medicine is dedicated to the care, health, and welfare of animals, as well as to the promotion of human health through animal research and public health advancements. Veterinarians employ a variety of diagnostic methods including clinical examination, radiography, laboratory testing, and ultrasound imaging. They use a range of treatments, including medication, surgery, and dietary management. In addition, veterinarians may also advise on preventative healthcare measures such as vaccination schedules and parasite control programs.
Civil rights are a group of rights and protections that guarantee equal treatment to all individuals, regardless of their race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or other characteristics. These rights are enshrined in the laws and constitutions of various countries and include freedoms such as the right to vote, the right to a fair trial, the right to equal protection under the law, and the right to freedom of speech, religion, and assembly.
In the United States, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark piece of legislation that prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment, education, and access to public accommodations. Other important civil rights laws in the U.S. include the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which protects the right to vote, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities.
Violations of civil rights can take many forms, including discrimination, harassment, intimidation, and violence. Those whose civil rights have been violated may be entitled to legal remedies, such as damages, injunctions, or orders for relief.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!
There is no specific medical definition for "single parent." It is a social term used to describe a person who is raising one or more children without the other parent's involvement. This could be due to various reasons such as divorce, separation, death, or absence of the other parent. The responsibilities and challenges faced by single parents can sometimes have implications for their physical and mental health, but it is not a medical term or concept.
"Employment" is a term that is commonly used in the context of social sciences and law rather than medicine. It generally refers to the state or condition of being employed, which means an individual is engaged in a job or occupation, providing services to an employer in exchange for compensation, such as wages or salary. Employment may involve various types of work arrangements, including full-time, part-time, temporary, contract, or freelance positions.
In the context of medicine and public health, employment is often discussed in relation to its impact on health outcomes, healthcare access, and socioeconomic status. For instance, research has shown that unemployment or underemployment can negatively affect mental and physical health, while stable employment can contribute to better health outcomes and overall well-being. Additionally, employment may influence an individual's ability to afford healthcare, medications, and other essential needs, which can impact their health status.
In summary, the medical definition of 'employment' pertains to the state or condition of being engaged in a job or occupation, providing services to an employer for compensation. Employment has significant implications for health outcomes, healthcare access, and socioeconomic status.
Social work, psychiatric, is a specialized field of social work practice that focuses on the mental, emotional, and behavioral well-being of individuals, families, groups, and communities. It involves the application of social work principles, theories, and interventions to address the psychosocial needs and challenges of people living with mental illness or experiencing psychological distress.
Psychiatric social workers collaborate with other mental health professionals, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, and nurses, to provide comprehensive care for individuals with psychiatric disorders. They conduct biopsychosocial assessments, develop treatment plans, provide counseling and therapy, coordinate services, advocate for patients' rights, and engage in case management and discharge planning.
Psychiatric social workers also play a critical role in promoting mental health awareness, reducing stigma associated with mental illness, and advocating for policies that support the mental health needs of individuals and communities. They may work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, community mental health centers, private practices, and residential treatment facilities.
Family leave is a type of employment-related benefit that allows employees to take time off from work to attend to personal or family matters. The specific details of family leave policies can vary, but they generally allow an employee to take a certain amount of time off, often with the continuation of health insurance and other benefits, to care for a new child (such as through birth, adoption, or foster placement), to care for a family member with a serious health condition, or to manage their own serious health condition.
In the United States, the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) is a federal law that requires certain employers to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid family leave to eligible employees during a 12-month period for specified family and medical reasons. Some states have their own family leave laws that may offer additional protections or benefits.
Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit in a competitive market. The main features of capitalism include private property rights, voluntary exchange, competition, and the price mechanism.
In a capitalist economy, individuals and businesses are free to produce and sell goods and services according to their own interests and abilities, and consumers are free to buy what they want as long as they have the means to pay for it. Prices are determined by supply and demand, and competition among producers helps ensure that resources are allocated efficiently and that innovation is encouraged.
Capitalism has been widely adopted around the world because of its ability to generate wealth and promote economic growth. However, it can also lead to income inequality, market failures, and other social problems if left unchecked. Therefore, many capitalist economies have regulations and safety nets in place to mitigate these risks and ensure that the benefits of capitalism are shared more broadly.
Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, especially in a natural or instinctive environment. It focuses on the observational research and analysis of animal behavior, including communication, social organization, mating, and development. Ethologists aim to understand the evolutionary basis for these behaviors and how they contribute to an animal's survival and reproduction. The field draws upon various disciplines, including psychology, biology, anthropology, and ecology.
In the context of medical definitions, "transportation" typically refers to the movement of patients from one location to another. This can include the transfer of patients between healthcare facilities (such as from a hospital to a long-term care facility), between departments within a healthcare facility (such as from the emergency department to an inpatient unit), or to and from medical appointments.
Transportation may also refer to the movement of medical equipment, supplies, or specimens between locations. In this context, transportation ensures that necessary items are delivered to the right place at the right time, which is critical for providing high-quality patient care.
It's important to note that safe and timely transportation is essential for ensuring positive patient outcomes, reducing the risk of adverse events, and improving overall healthcare efficiency.
'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "morals" is not a term that has a medical definition. Morals refer to personal or societal beliefs about right and wrong behavior. It is a concept that falls under the realm of ethics, philosophy, and sociology rather than medicine. If you have any questions related to medical terminologies or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
Consumer advocacy in a medical context refers to the process of representing and supporting the rights and interests of patients and healthcare consumers. Consumer advocates work to ensure that individuals receive safe, effective, and affordable healthcare services, and that they are empowered to make informed decisions about their own care. This may involve promoting transparency and accountability in the healthcare system, advocating for policies that protect patient rights, and providing education and support to help consumers navigate the complex world of healthcare. Consumer advocacy can take many forms, including individual case advocacy, class action lawsuits, policy reform efforts, and public awareness campaigns.
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. In the medical field, ethics refers to the principles that guide doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals in making decisions about patient care. These principles often include respect for autonomy (the right of patients to make their own decisions), non-maleficence (doing no harm), beneficence (acting in the best interests of the patient), and justice (fairness in the distribution of resources). Medical ethics may also involve considerations of confidentiality, informed consent, and end-of-life decision making.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Japan" is not a medical term. Japan is the name of a country, officially known as Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku in Japanese, and is located in East Asia. It is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean with a population of about 126 million people.
If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like me to define, please let me know!
A veterinarian is a licensed medical professional who practices veterinary medicine. They are dedicated to the health and well-being of animals, ranging from pets and livestock to wild animals and exotic creatures. Veterinarians diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases and injuries in animals, and they also provide advice and guidance on animal care and nutrition.
Veterinarians may specialize in a particular area of veterinary medicine, such as surgery, internal medicine, dentistry, dermatology, or emergency care. They may work in private clinical practice, research institutions, government agencies, zoos, wildlife rehabilitation centers, or the animal health industry.
To become a veterinarian, one must complete a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree from an accredited veterinary school and pass a licensing exam. Veterinary schools typically require applicants to have a bachelor's degree with a strong background in science courses. Additionally, veterinarians must adhere to strict ethical standards and maintain their knowledge and skills through ongoing education and training.
"Social Security" is a term that refers to a social insurance program, providing financial security to eligible individuals primarily through retirement, disability, and survivor's benefits. In the United States, it is administered by the Social Security Administration (SSA). The program is funded through payroll taxes known as Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax, paid by workers and their employers.
It's important to note that "Social Security" is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in the context of social welfare programs and policies. However, it does have an impact on healthcare as many Americans rely on Social Security benefits to help cover their medical expenses, especially during retirement.
Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association
Grace Cuthbert-Browne
Women's rights in Myanmar
Social Security Act
Rainbow Row
Catholic Guardian Services
David Morley (paediatrician)
Uttar Pradesh
Maternal feminism
Herman Bundesen
1935 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
Health in Finland
Home birth
Mama (2013 film)
Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre
Periyalvar
Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison
Sheep
Miriam Moses
Jane Lewis (academic)
1985 New Year Honours
Ethel Bentham
Women's International Council of Socialist and Labour Organizations
Workers' Birth Control Group
Yenning Amadi Likla
1989 New Year Honours
Ellen Barron
Maternal and Child Health Bureau
National Health Mission
Welfare in Finland
Maternal wall
Aisha Buhari Foundation
Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association - Wikipedia
Field Visit by MBA Healthcare Students to Rural Maternal and Child Welfare Home
Maternal deaths in Australia 2006-2010, Report editions - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
Maternal deaths in Australia 2006-2010, Table of contents - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
Maternal Welfare | Profiles RNS
Kampuchea Women's Welfare Action (KWWA) - Maternal Health Task Force
maternal welfare - - HLFPPT
Maternal Welfare | Profiles RNS
Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association
Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association
Formats: Text / Subjects: Maternal Welfare / Publication Year: 1940 - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search...
Results of search for 'su:{Maternal welfare.}' › WHO HQ Library catalog
Policy - Social Welfare (Consolidated Claims, Payments and Control) Regulations, No. 142 of 2007 | Global database on the...
Maternal deaths in Australia, Data - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
Effects of birth spacing on maternal, perinatal, infant, and child health: a systematic review of causal mechanisms
Association between maternal hyperglycemia in pregnancy and offspring anthropometry in early childhood: the pandora wave 1...
Tribal Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting | National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare
Formats: Text / Collections: World War 2, 1939-1949 / Subjects: Maternal Welfare / Titles: The health situation of Negro...
The Impact of Paid Maternity Leave on Maternal Health
Secondhand smoke and incidence of dental caries in deciduous teeth among children in Japan: population based retrospective...
Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union | The American Presidency Project
Additional Resources|Child Abuse and Neglect|Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC
Maternal depression: Children's adjustment in early childhood | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development
Recurring Influenza B Virus Infections in Seals - Volume 19, Number 3-March 2013 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Frontiers | COVID-19 Effect on Access to Maternal Health Services in Kenya
Social Security history
Mongolian Family Welfare Association | IPPF
Avians | Externwebben
Legal Reform Improves Women's Welfare
Myanmar Maternal an2
- The Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ မိခင်နှင့်ကလေး စောင့်ရှောက်ရေး အသင်း, abbreviated MMCWA) is a non-governmental organisation in Burma which aims to protects mothers and their children in the country. (wikipedia.org)
- The Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association (Centre) was formed on 30 April 1991 and has subsidiary bodies such as the Centre, State/Division, District Supervisory Committees, Township Associations and Branch Associations. (wikipedia.org)
Social welfare17
- In addition, low maternal education predicted 33.2% of the cases with ADHD medication use, single parenthood predicted 13.5%, and social welfare predicted 9.3%, report the study authors. (medscape.com)
- Restrictive abortion policies in the U.S. are predicted to have negative effects on maternal health, women's economic opportunities and social welfare systems. (umich.edu)
- Confront social welfare issues with an open mind and an insightful point of view! (okiu.ac.jp)
- The Social Welfare Major in the Department of Human Welfare provides practical education focusing on the workplace to nurture talented individuals who possess compassion and the ability to work in the fields of welfare, medicine, health, and education. (okiu.ac.jp)
- Students are trained to work as professionals in the field of social welfare. (okiu.ac.jp)
- Students receive comprehensive support in acquiring certificates related to social welfare. (okiu.ac.jp)
- Students learn through practical experience during social welfare training and volunteer activities. (okiu.ac.jp)
- Students are encouraged to acquire international outlooks through overseas training in social welfare. (okiu.ac.jp)
- Applicants who strongly desire to work in the future as social welfare specialists in various fields. (okiu.ac.jp)
- Applicants who have specific skills and abilities that can be put to use in the field of social welfare, and who have promising outlooks for university performance and future careers. (okiu.ac.jp)
- The Social Welfare Major offers a wide range of specialized subjects related to social welfare, medical welfare, community-based welfare, international welfare, mental health, and welfare skills, in order to train professionals who can collaborate with other specialists. (okiu.ac.jp)
- At the same time, the curriculum allows students to systemically acquire the skills, knowledge, and way of thinking required in the field of social welfare, through practical activities and international contributions. (okiu.ac.jp)
- MomsRising.org is a joint website of MomsRising Together, a 501(c)(4) social welfare organization, and MomsRising Education Fund, a 501(c)(3) public charity. (momsrising.org)
- As a social welfare organization, MomsRising Together primarily focuses on nonpartisan education and advocacy on issues that matter most to women, moms, and families. (momsrising.org)
- The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare yesterday issued a statement announcing the renaming of the three major health facilities that Jammeh had named after himself or his party, APRC. (indymedia.org)
- The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare has announced new names for four hospitals. (indymedia.org)
- The ministry of Health and Social Welfare reaffirms its commitment to provide quality, affordable and accessible health care services to the general public and in this regard the ministry solicits the support and cooperation of the general public to adopt and use the new names of the hospitals from henceforth," the news release concluded. (indymedia.org)
Mortality rate3
- The maternal mortality rate in Australia in 2012-2014 was 6.8 deaths per 100,000 women giving birth, which is among the lowest rates in the world. (aihw.gov.au)
- and additionally, the maternal mortality rate is high, with 300 mothers out of 100 thousand mothers dying whilst giving birth or soon thereafter. (ap-lawsolution.com)
- In March, a few weeks before Idaho lawmakers adjourned their 2023 session, the CDC released data that showed the maternal mortality rate in the U.S. climbed in 2021 to 32.9 deaths per 100,000 live births. (northdenvernews.com)
Animal welfare14
- Zoo Animal Welfare Assessment: Where Do We Stand? (mdpi.com)
- Zoos and aquariums have recognized the paramount importance of animal welfare. (mdpi.com)
- Achieving and maintaining the highest possible standards of animal welfare is not only a moral obligation but also a necessary condition for zoos and aquariums to fulfil their educational and conservational functions. (mdpi.com)
- Acquire and make easily accessible to zoo and aquarium professionals the current body of knowledge on animal welfare and ethics. (czaw.org)
- Convene important discussions and presentations on captive exotic animal welfare and ethics. (czaw.org)
- Train professionals on captive exotic animal welfare best practices and policies. (czaw.org)
- Recognize advances in improving captive exotic animal welfare and ethics through awards. (czaw.org)
- The Detroit Zoological Society - a renowned leader in humane education, wildlife conservation, animal welfare and sustainability - operates the Detroit Zoo and Belle Isle Nature Center. (czaw.org)
- Earlier this month, the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) made several resources available to provide researchers and administrators with federal perspectives on the oversight of research involving animal models. (nih.gov)
- Visit the links below to learn more about how OLAW and USDA share information on animal welfare at awardee institutions, and open records requirements. (nih.gov)
- 2023. Animal welfare and effects of per-female stress on male and cattle reproduction-A review. (awionline.org)
- The long-term objective is tightly focused on optimizing animal welfare and productivity under modern farming conditions. (usda.gov)
- Objective 2: To optimize animal husbandry through the development of best practices to improve animal welfare and productivity. (usda.gov)
- Our approach is novel and challenging, but our long-term strategy is to systematically address our goals of developing tools that can objectively assess animal welfare while concurrently developing welfare friendly production practices. (usda.gov)
Causes of maternal deaths2
- The leading causes of maternal deaths for all women continue to be amniotic fluid embolism, thromboembolism and hypertension. (aihw.gov.au)
- Cardiac disease, psychiatric related causes and haemorrhage were the main indirect causes of maternal deaths. (aihw.gov.au)
Reduction of maternal mortality2
- Safe motherhood : priorities and next steps, forward-looking assessment on the reduction of maternal mortality and morbidity within the framework of the safe motherhood initiative (SMI / Maureen Law, Deborah Maine, Marie-Thérèse Feuerstein. (who.int)
- The workshop presentations and discussions will inform the development of a research agenda for NICHD that could lead to improved measurement and reduction of maternal mortality in the United States. (nih.gov)
Behavior1
- consequently, maternal care and protective behavior are important, influencing both productive performance and stockpeople's safety. (awionline.org)
Adolescent Health2
- California Department of Public Health, Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health (MCAH) Program, & University of California, San Francisco, Center on Social Disparities in Health, Maternal and Infant Health Assessment (MIHA) Survey (Mar. 2018). (kidsdata.org)
- MIHA is a collaborative effort of the Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Division and the Women, Infant and Children Division of the California Department of Public Health and the Center on Social Disparities in Health at UC San Francisco. (kidsdata.org)
Morbidity1
- Toddler stunting can be categorised as a chronic nutritional problem caused by many factors, including socioeconomic conditions, maternal nutrition during pregnancy, infant morbidity, and lack of nutritional intake. (ap-lawsolution.com)
Quality of maternal3
- In addition, the perception of breeders in relation to the quality of maternal care, puppies' wellbeing and overall relationship between the bitches and the puppies was evaluated using Visual Analogue Scale at the same time points. (purdue.edu)
- Although Bangladesh has a good healthcare service delivery system, there are major concerns about the quality of maternal and newborn health (MNH) care services, which is imperative for achievements in health. (biomedcentral.com)
- The World Health Organization defined quality of maternal and newborn health (MNH) care as "the degree to which maternal and newborn health services (for individuals and population) increase the likelihood of timely, appropriate care for the purpose of achieving desired outcomes that are both consistent with current professional knowledge and take into account the preferences and aspirations of individual women and their family" [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Torres Strait I1
- Although this rate compares favourably with the rates in other developed countries, maternal death rates for Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander women are still more than two and a half times as high as for other women,' Associate Professor King, Chair of the National Advisory Committee Maternal Mortality said. (aihw.gov.au)
20235
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2017) Maternal deaths in Australia 2012-2014 , AIHW, Australian Government, accessed 29 September 2023. (aihw.gov.au)
- The Association of Maternal & Child Health Programs (AMCHP) is excited to share an update on our Fiscal Year 2023 appropriations efforts. (amchp.org)
- This year, AMCHP led several coalitions of national organizations in urging Congress to increase funding for federal maternal and child health programs in the Fiscal Year 2023 appropriations legislation. (amchp.org)
- 2023. Nonhuman Primate Welfare: From History, Science, and Ethics to Practice. (awionline.org)
- 2023. Effects of training for first milking involving positive tactile stimulation on post-calving maternal behaviors in primiparous gyr dairy cows. (awionline.org)
Deaths10
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2017, Maternal deaths in Australia 2012-2014 , AIHW, Canberra. (aihw.gov.au)
- The report, Maternal deaths in Australia 2003-2005 , shows that over the three years from 2003-2005, only 65 maternal deaths occurred that were either directly or indirectly related to the pregnancy or its management. (aihw.gov.au)
- This figure is less than the previous three year period (2000-2002) in which 84 maternal deaths were reported,' said Associate Professor Elizabeth Sullivan of the Institute's National Perinatal Statistics Unit located at the University of New South Wales. (aihw.gov.au)
- In Nepal, referral systems require strengthening, and the policy of posting SBAs alone, in remote clinics, needs to be reconsidered to achieve the goal of reducing maternal deaths through timely management of obstetric complications. (nih.gov)
- On July 1, Idaho became the only state without a legal requirement or specialized committee to review maternal deaths related to pregnancy. (northdenvernews.com)
- The change comes after state lawmakers, in the midst of a national upsurge in maternal deaths, decided not to extend a sunset date for the panel set in 2019, when they established the state's Maternal Mortality Review Committee, or MMRC. (northdenvernews.com)
- Wyoming studies its maternal deaths through a shared committee with Utah. (northdenvernews.com)
- The U.S. recorded 23.8 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2020, compared with 8.4 in Canada and 3.6 in Germany, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (northdenvernews.com)
- Its pregnancy-related mortality ratio was 41.8 pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births in 2020 , according to the Maternal Mortality Review Committee report from that year. (northdenvernews.com)
- The committee, tasked with investigating deaths both individually and collectively, found that almost half of the maternal deaths in Idaho in 2020 occurred after delivery. (northdenvernews.com)
Disparities1
- 3. An overview of root causes of maternal mortality disparities such as medical mistrust, neighborhood environments, and discussion of cultural frameworks that provide an inclusive approach for improving maternal health outcomes for all women. (nih.gov)
Postpartum3
- The psychosocial work environment and maternal postpartum depression. (cdc.gov)
- Future research could assess the impact of the interaction between the work and home environment on maternal postpartum depression. (cdc.gov)
- Amelia Huntsberger, an OB-GYN and a member of the committee, noted also that patients covered by Medicaid during pregnancy are overrepresented in maternal death rates, which led the panel to recommend expansion of postpartum Medicaid coverage to 12 months rather than the current 60 days. (northdenvernews.com)
Australian Institu1
- Australia continues to have one of the lowest maternal death rates in the world, according to a report released today by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (aihw.gov.au)
Deprivation3
- Do we really need to subject more infant monkeys to maternal deprivation experiments? (nih.gov)
- Maternal deprivation affects goat kids' stress coping behaviour. (awionline.org)
- Maternal deprivation early in life has been shown to disrupt neonates' development. (awionline.org)
Pregnancy6
- Maternal illness and drug/medication use during the period surrounding pregnancy and risk of childhood leukemia among offspring. (nih.gov)
- Maternal illness and drug/medication use (prescription, over-the-counter, and illicit) during pregnancy might be related to childhood leukemia risk. (nih.gov)
- Data on maternal illnesses and drug use from before pregnancy through breastfeeding were obtained by interview with the biologic mother and were analyzed by conditional logistic regression. (nih.gov)
- Observing an increased risk of leukemia in children of mothers reporting a history of influenza/pneumonia and sexually transmitted disease around the time of pregnancy suggests that maternal infection might contribute to the etiology of leukemia. (nih.gov)
- This study aimed to assess the relationship between birth weight and maternal exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy, and to investigate some other determinants of birth weight. (who.int)
- 2 , 3 The mechanisms underlying the adverse health effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the child remain poorly understood, although recent evidence suggests that epigenetics (i.e., changes in gene expression) most likely plays a role. (tobaccoinaustralia.org.au)
Behaviour3
- Methods: A study assessed the effect of ADAPTIL, a dog-appeasing pheromone, on maternal behaviour during peripartum. (purdue.edu)
- Differences in maternal behaviour in relation to the treatment were evaluated by the observation of specific activities through video recordings, such as the time spent by the bitch in close contact with the puppies, oronasal interaction and nursing duration and position. (purdue.edu)
- We therefore need to draw from studies that do not specifically investigate welfare but instead ones that examine how rearing environments influence post-release morphology, behaviour and survival. (cambridge.org)
Outcomes3
- This Sub-IPC will provide short- and long-term federal actions to improve equitable outcomes for families affected by substance use disorder involved in, or at risk of being involved in, the child welfare system. (nih.gov)
- Smoking Bans, Maternal Smoking and Birth Outcomes. (uib.no)
- This far-reaching show of support highlights the urgency of improving maternal and child health in the U.S., eliminating long-standing and growing racial, ethnic, and geographic inequities in maternal and child health outcomes, and investing in the programs, policies, and people that will advance meaningful change. (amchp.org)
Women's1
- The pension eligibility of maternal grandfathers and paternal grandparents, however, has no significant effect on the women's labor force participation. (springer.com)
Grandparents2
- In this paper, we assess whether grandparents' potential availability for childcare, proxied by their meeting pension eligibility requirements, has a positive effect on female, and especially maternal, labor force participation. (springer.com)
- Jenica then pinballed between foster homes until she reunited with her half-siblings and settled with their maternal grandparents, who intended to adopt the children. (tampabay.com)
Mothers4
- Findings suggest that the issues affecting children of mothers with child welfare and criminal justice involvement extend beyond issues of MCJI alone and have significant implications for criminal justice and child welfare practice and policy. (pdx.edu)
- The welfare of mothers and children is an inseparable unity that affects each other. (ap-lawsolution.com)
- Single Mothers and their children: Evaluating a work-encouraging welfare reform. (uib.no)
- Plaintiff, a North Carolina physician who performs abortions, seeks to eradicate important state-law protections for unborn children and their mothers' health and welfare," lawmakers' lawyers wrote. (carolinajournal.com)
Nutrition1
- Maternal Nutrition and Health Care Program. (who.int)
Gaps3
- The workshop's purpose is to identify research questions, gaps, and opportunities that could expand knowledge regarding maternal mortality data, trends, and causes. (nih.gov)
- State child welfare officials are also reviewing their adoptions screening process after the investigation identified potentially dangerous gaps in the system. (tampabay.com)
- A majority of the state committees were established within the past decade as federal officials scrambled to understand state and local data to address gaps in maternal care. (northdenvernews.com)
Care4
- Understanding and evaluating traditional practices : a guide for improving maternal care / Barbara Pillsbury, Ann Brownlee, and Judith Timyan. (who.int)
- Originating in 2022, the Pregnant People, Substance Use Disorder and Child Welfare Sub Interagency Policy Committee (IPC) of the Maternal Health IPC will address the Biden-Harris Adminstration's First Year Drug Policy Priority, "Explore, identify barriers, and establish policy to help pregnant people with substance use disorder obtain prenatal care and addiction treatment without fear of child removal. (nih.gov)
- This volume reviews the broad topic of welfare in nonhuman primates under human care. (awionline.org)
- Multiple regression analysis showed that after controlling for all the variables studied, birth weight had a significant inverse correlation with the maternal exposure to passive smoking and a positive correlation with adequate antenatal care. (who.int)
Practices1
- and develop management practices and methods to minimize any deleterious effect on welfare. (usda.gov)
Family Welfare2
- Family Welfare Cultures. (uib.no)
- Though both the directorates are under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the human resources structure and management systems are different in DHs and MCWCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Substance3
- MCJI was associated with maternal substance abuse, exposure to violence, and community adversity. (pdx.edu)
- Multiple regression models show that MCJI, maternal mental illness, maternal substance abuse, violence exposure, and community adversity were associated with externalizing problems. (pdx.edu)
- Maternal mental illness, maternal substance abuse, violence exposure, and community adversity were associated with internalizing problems. (pdx.edu)
Recipients1
- Getting people into work: What (if anything) can justify mandatory activation of welfare recipients? (uib.no)
Health and wel3
- As of 2008 the MMCWA now functions with 324 township associations, and 11,233 branch associations formed to undertake health and welfare activities nationwide. (wikipedia.org)
- To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of risk factors for ADHD in a national cohort of school children," write lead author Anders Hjern, MD, PhD, from the Centre for Epidemiology and the National Board of Health and Welfare in Stockholm, Sweden, and colleagues. (medscape.com)
- Following a contentious session of the Health and Welfare Committee of the Idaho House of Representatives in February, House Bill 81 , which would have renewed the committee, failed to advance. (northdenvernews.com)
Centre2
- The study was conducted in two district-level public health facilities-a district hospital (DH) and a mother and child welfare centre (MCWC). (biomedcentral.com)
- In Bangladesh, in each district, there is a district hospital (DH) and a mother and child welfare centre (MCWC). (biomedcentral.com)
Child health1
- NSCH data are collected by the U.S. Census Bureau on behalf of the Maternal and Child Health Bureau of the Department of Health and Human Services. (kidsdata.org)
Children3
- The National Survey on Child and Adolescent Well-Being was used to examine a sample of 1,735 children ages five to 15 years with child welfare involvement. (pdx.edu)
- The authors selected 365 children under age 15 years who had been diagnosed with incident leukemia and birth certificate controls who were matched to them on age, sex, Hispanic ethnicity, and maternal race. (nih.gov)
- Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) creates concurrent but presumptively tribal jurisdiction over proceedings involving children not domiciled on reservations. (narf.org)
Dairy1
- Early cow-calf separation management induced various welfare problems for dairy calves. (awionline.org)
Congress1
- Congress created a strong presumption in favor of transferring Indian child custody proceedings to tribal court by mandating in the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) that state courts 'shall,' absent good cause, transfer the matter. (narf.org)
Search1
- Results of search for 'su:{Maternal welfare. (who.int)
Death2
- The most common causes of maternal death were bleeding in the brain and in the abdomen (non-obstetric haemorrhage). (aihw.gov.au)
- During the three-year period from 2003-2005, one woman died for every 11,896 women giving birth, giving a maternal death ratio of 8.4 per 100,000 women. (aihw.gov.au)
Affects1
- 1.E. To determine if feeding resistant starch to sows prior to farrowing and through lactation affects parturition duration and piglet welfare. (usda.gov)
Suggests1
- calf research suggests this improves growth and welfare, but solid feed intakes are problematic. (awionline.org)
Research2
- Conduct and facilitate welfare assessments and applied welfare research on captive exotic animals. (czaw.org)
- This database, created in 2000, is updated every three months with newly published scientific articles, books, and other publications related to improving or safeguarding the welfare of animals used in research. (awionline.org)
Pigs1
- 2.D. Determine the impact of photoperiod on development of diurnal rhythmicity and welfare in pigs. (usda.gov)
Women1
- Estimated percentage of women with a live birth who before age 14 had a parent or guardian who got in trouble with the law or went to jail, by maternal age (e.g., among California women ages 15-19 with a live birth in 2013-2014, an estimated 13.8% had a parent or guardian who got in trouble with the law or went to jail). (kidsdata.org)
Work1
- The relevance for maternal health of the hours worked, the time point of the return to work and the control experienced in everyday work and family life depend on the overall context and national system-specific circumstances. (egms.de)
Evaluating3
- However, evaluating the welfare of zoo animals presents a challenge due to the wide range of species involved and a lack of knowledge regarding the specific requirements of each species. (mdpi.com)
- "Evaluating a National Labour and Welfare Administration Reform (NAV)" (2013). (uib.no)
- 1.D. Evaluating the impact of in utero heat stress on maternal to fetal cortisol transfer. (usda.gov)
Children's1
- This study analyzed the extent that maternal criminal justice involvement (MCJI) and other maternal and environmental risks increase the potential for children's internalizing and externalizing problems. (pdx.edu)
Data1
- In addition, the Swedish National Education Register was used to provide data on maternal education, the 2005 Register of the Total Population was used to determine head-of-household status, and the Total Enumeration Income Survey of 2005 was used to determine social assistance. (medscape.com)