Mandibular Advancement
Occlusal Splints
Orthodontic Appliances, Removable
Chin
Hyoid Bone
Mandible
Orthodontic Appliance Design
Retrognathia
Malocclusion, Angle Class II
Orthodontic Appliances, Functional
Mandibular Condyle
Skull Base
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
Jaw Fixation Techniques
Pharynx
Craniomandibular Disorders
Splints
Vertical Dimension
Tongue
Orthodontic Appliances
Palate, Soft
Oropharynx
Dental Occlusion, Traumatic
Polysomnography
Maxilla
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Sleep Stages
Face
Treatment Outcome
Statistics, Nonparametric
Cross-Over Studies
Oral appliances for the management of snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea. (1/135)
BACKGROUND: Although oral appliances are effective in some patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), they are not universally effective. A novel anterior mandibular positioner (AMP) has been developed with an adjustable hinge that allows progressive advancement of the mandible. The objective of this prospective crossover study was to compare efficacy, side effects, patient compliance, and preference between AMP and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in patients with symptomatic mild to moderate OSA. METHODS: Twenty four patients of mean (SD) age 44.0 (10.6) years were recruited with a mean (SD) body mass index of 32.0 (8.2) kg/m2, Epworth sleepiness score 10.7 (3.4), and apnoea/hypopnoea index 26.8 (11.9)/hour. There was a two week wash-in and a two week wash-out period and two treatment periods (AMP and nCPAP) each of four months. Efficacy, side effects, compliance, and preference were evaluated by a questionnaire and home sleep monitoring. RESULTS: One patient dropped out early in the study and three refused to cross over so treatment results are presented on the remaining 20 patients. The apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) was lower with nasal CPAP 4.2 (2.2)/hour than with the AMP 13.6 (14.5)/hour (p < 0.01). Eleven of the 20 patients (55%) who used the AMP were treatment successes (reduction of AHI to < 10/hour and relief of symptoms), one (5%) was a compliance failure (unable or unwilling to use the treatment), and eight (40%) were treatment failures (failure to reduce AHI to < 10/hour and/or failure to relieve symptoms). Fourteen of the 20 patients (70%) who used nCPAP were treatment successes, six (30%) were compliance failures, and there were no treatment failures. There was greater patient satisfaction with the AMP (p < 0.01) than with nCPAP but no difference in reported side effects or compliance. CONCLUSIONS: AMP is an effective treatment in some patients with mild to moderate OSA and is associated with greater patient satisfaction than nCPAP. (+info)A modification to enable controlled progressive advancement of the Twin Block appliance. (2/135)
A modification of the Twin block appliance has been developed to facilitate controlled gradual advancement of the mandibular position during the treatment of Class II division I malocclusions. This features the incorporation of stainless steel screws with conical heads into the blocks of the upper appliance to provide the inclined plane effect. Advancement is by the addition of polyacetal spacers between the screw heads and the upper blocks. The system is designed to improve the clinical flexibility of the appliance and to enhance patient acceptance in cases where mandibular protrusion is limited initially. Another possible application is gradual reactivation for Class III correction. Other advantages are reduced laboratory and clinical time during reactivation of the appliance, and perhaps a more physiological response to the growth modification process. The design and construction of the advancement system is illustrated, and its clinical use discussed. (+info)Mandibular advancement oral appliance therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea: effect on awake calibre of the velopharynx. (3/135)
BACKGROUND: The mechanisms of action of oral appliance therapy in obstructive sleep apnoea are poorly understood. Videoendoscopy of the upper airway was used during wakefulness to examine whether the changes in pharyngeal dimensions produced by a mandibular advancement oral appliance are related to the improvement in the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea. METHODS: Fifteen patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea (median (range) apnoea index (AI) 4(0-38)/h, apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) 28(9-45)/h) underwent overnight polysomnography and imaging of the upper airway before and after insertion of the oral appliance. Images were obtained in the hypopharynx, oropharynx, and velopharynx at end tidal expiration during quiet nasal breathing in the supine position. The cross sectional area and diameters of the upper airway were measured using image processing software with an intraluminal catheter as a linear calibration. RESULTS: AI decreased to a median (range) value of 0 (0-6)/h (p<0.01) and AHI to 8 (1-28)/h (p<0.001) following insertion of the oral appliance. The median (95% confidence interval) cross sectional area of the upper airway increased by 18% (3 to 35) (p<0.02) in the hypopharynx and by 25% (11 to 69) (p<0.005) in the velopharynx, but not significantly in the oropharynx. Although in general the shape of the pharynx did not change following insertion of the oral appliance, the lateral diameter of the velopharynx increased to a greater extent than the anteroposterior diameter. Following insertion of the oral appliance the reduction in AHI was related to the increase in cross sectional area of the velopharynx (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A mandibular advancement oral appliance increases the cross sectional area of the upper airway during wakefulness, particularly in the velopharynx. Assuming this effect on upper airway calibre is not eliminated by sleep, mandibular advancement oral appliances may reduce the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea by maintaining patency of the velopharynx, particularly in its lateral dimension. (+info)Effect of mandibular advancement splint on psycho-intellectual derangements in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. (4/135)
The mandibular advancement splint (MAS) was recently introduced for the management of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), although its effects on psycho-intellectual functions have not been elucidated yet. We examined psycho-intellectual function before and after treatment with MAS in patients with SAS. Twenty patients with SAS underwent psycho-intellectual function testing before and after treatment with MAS for 3 to 4 weeks. The apnea index significantly decreased from 19.0+/-15.6 to 2.4+/-1.9. The state anxiety score significantly decreased from 44.6+/-12.1 to 33.7+/-11.1, the trait anxiety score significantly decreased from 46.2+/-13.4 to 37.6+/-13.8, and the depression scale score significantly decreased from 39.2+/-11.0 to 30.8+/-9.9 with MAS treatment. By the Cornell Medical Index and the Yatabe-Guilford test, the patients became less neurotic and less eccentric after treatment. By the Uchida-Kraepelin psychodiagnostic test, calculation ability significantly increased from 1247.4+/-402.1 to 1950.2+/-651.9. We conclude that MAS treatment reduces apneic episodes and improves psycho-intellectual derangements in patients with SAS. (+info)An investigation into the changes in airway dimension and the efficacy of mandibular advancement appliances in subjects with obstructive sleep apnoea. (5/135)
This prospective clinical study evaluates a group of 37 male Caucasians with obstructive sleep apnoea for changes in airway dimension and the efficacy associated with the use of mandibular advancement splints. Lateral skull radiographs were obtained with the subjects--upright in occlusion, supine in occlusion, and supine in protrusion. Each radiograph was traced and digitized, and changes in mandibular position, airway dimensions, and hyoid were examined. Subjects were invited to complete pre- and post-treatment questionnaires, and interviewed following fitting of a removable Herbst mandibular advancement splint. Significant changes were recorded in the airway dimensions in response to both a change in position, from upright to supine, and in response to mandibular advancement. A compliance rate of 76 per cent was achieved with no reported serious complications associated with the use of mandibular advancement devices. (+info)Immediate intraoral adaptation of mandibular advancing appliances of thermoplastic material for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. (6/135)
BACKGROUND: In the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), mandibular advancing devices (MAD) are usually individually fabricated on plaster casts of both jaws from polymethyl-methacrylate. The potential disadvantages of these devices are (1) the costs and (2) the time required to construct the device. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the efficacy and feasibility of a cheap MAD consisting of thermoplastic material (SnorBan((R))), which can be directly moulded intraorally, were evaluated. METHODS: In a prospective study, the effect of an MAD consisting of thermoplastic material was investigated in 22 consecutive patients with OSA [respiratory disturbance index (RDI) 32.6 +/- 18.4/h]. Polysomnographic sleep was recorded prior to treatment and after 3 months of treatment with the MAD. RESULTS: Three of the 22 patients who did not tolerate the MAD were excluded from the analysis, whereas 11 patients were classified as responders. In the responder group, the mean RDI decreased from 27.6 +/-7.3 to 7.3 +/- 2.9 (p < 0. 01), correspondingly the sleep quality and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale improved (p < 0.05). Eight patients proved to be non-responders without relevant changes for the measured parameters. CONCLUSIONS: In 50% (11 of 22) of the patients, the MAD improved the OSA to a clinically relevant degree. In contrast to the majority of established MAD, the MAD investigated is cheap and immediately adaptable and thus a feasible strategy to 'screen' the efficacy of this therapeutic principle. Thus the construction of unnecessary MAD is avoided. (+info)Craniomandibular status and function in patients with habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea after nocturnal treatment with a mandibular advancement splint: a 2-year follow-up. (7/135)
The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the status and function of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and masticatory system in patients with habitual snoring and obstructive apnoea after 2 years nocturnal treatment with a mandibular advancement splint. Thirty-two patients participated in the study, ranging from 43.0 to 79.8 years of age (mean 54.4 years, SD 8.78) at the start of treatment. All patients had been referred from the ENT department for treatment with a mandibular advancement splint. The acrylic splint advanced the mandible 50-70 per cent of maximal protrusion, opened 5 mm vertically, and was used 6-8 hours per night and 5-7 nights per week. Overjet, overbite, and molar relationship were measured on dental casts. The patients were asked to answer a questionnaire concerning symptoms of craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD). They were also clinically examined in a standardized manner, including registration of range of mandibular movements, TMJ sounds, pain on movement, and palpatory tenderness of the TMJ and the masticatory muscles. None of the patients showed more than five symptoms of dysfunction either at the start of or after 2 years of treatment. A decrease in the frequency of headache was found for nine of those 18 patients that reported headache (P = 0.004). A minor, but significant decrease in overjet and overbite was found and the molar relationship was also changed. It was concluded that 2 years' treatment with a mandibular advancement splint had no adverse effects on the craniomandibular status and function, but the observed occlusal changes requires further evaluation. (+info)Quality of life assessment of treatment with dental appliance or UPPP in patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea. A prospective randomized 1-year follow-up study. (8/135)
The objectives of this study were: to evaluate the change in the three quality of life (QOL) dimensions of vitality, contentment and sleep before intervention and 1 year after treatment with a dental appliance or uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP); to compare the effect of treatment between these two treatment groups on these three dimensions; and to determine the relation between the QOL scores and somnographic values. Ninety-five patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) (AI > 5) were randomly allocated to either a dental appliance or UPPP treatment group. Seven patients withdrew after randomization but before treatment, leaving 88 patients eligible for treatment. The patients were examined using somnography and administered the Minor Symptoms Evaluation-Profile (MSE-P), a QOL questionnaire, before and 1 year after intervention. Thirty-seven patients in the dental appliance group and 43 in the UPPP group completed the 1-year follow-up. The mean values for the three dimensions vitality, contentment and sleep improved significantly 1 year after intervention in the dental appliance and UPPP groups. No difference in the QOL scores at baseline was noted between the groups. One year after intervention the UPPP group showed significantly more contentment than the dental appliance group. In contrast, vitality and sleep dimensions did not differ between the two treatment groups. No significant correlations were observed between the QOL scores and somnographic values. In conclusion, quality of life improved significantly in the dental appliance and UPPP groups 1 year after intervention. However, the dental appliance group showed a lower level of contentment than the UPPP group, even though the somnographic values were superior in the former group. (+info)Mandibular advancement is a treatment approach used in dentistry and sleep medicine, which involves the surgical or non-surgical forward movement of the mandible (lower jaw) to address certain medical conditions. The most common use of mandibular advancement is in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), where the tongue and soft tissues at the back of the throat can collapse into the airway during sleep, causing obstruction and breathing difficulties.
Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) are often used in non-surgical treatments. These custom-made oral appliances look similar to mouthguards or sports guards and are worn during sleep. They work by holding the lower jaw in a slightly forward position, which helps to keep the airway open and prevents the tongue and soft tissues from collapsing into it.
Surgical mandibular advancement is another option for patients with severe OSA who cannot tolerate or do not respond well to MADs or other treatments like continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). In this procedure, the jaw is surgically moved forward and stabilized in that position using plates, screws, or wires. This creates more space in the airway and reduces the risk of obstruction during sleep.
In summary, mandibular advancement refers to the movement of the lower jaw forward, either through non-surgical means like MADs or surgical interventions, with the primary goal of treating obstructive sleep apnea by maintaining a patent airway during sleep.
Occlusal splints, also known as bite guards or night guards, are removable dental appliances that are used to provide protection and stabilization for the teeth and jaw joint (temporomandibular joint or TMJ). They are typically made of hard acrylic or soft materials and are custom-fit to a patient's mouth.
Occlusal splints work by covering and separating the upper and lower teeth, preventing them from coming into contact with each other. This can help to reduce tooth grinding and clenching (bruxism), which can cause tooth wear, sensitivity, and TMJ disorders. They may also be used to help stabilize the jaw joint and muscles in patients with TMJ disorders or to provide protection for teeth that have undergone restorative dental work.
It is important to note that occlusal splints should only be worn under the guidance of a dentist, as improper use can lead to further dental problems.
Orthodontic appliances, removable, are dental devices that can be removed and inserted by the patient as needed or directed. These appliances are designed to align and straighten teeth, correct bite issues, and improve the function and appearance of the teeth and jaws. They are typically made from materials such as plastic, metal, or acrylic and may include components like wires, springs, or screws. Examples of removable orthodontic appliances include aligners, retainers, and space maintainers. The specific type and design of the appliance will depend on the individual patient's orthodontic needs and treatment goals.
The "chin" is the lower, prominent part of the front portion of the jaw in humans and other animals. In medical terms, it is often referred to as the mentum or the symphysis of the mandible. The chin helps in protecting the soft tissues of the mouth and throat during activities such as eating, speaking, and swallowing. It also plays a role in shaping the overall appearance of the face. Anatomically, the chin is formed by the fusion of the two halves of the mandible (lower jawbone) at the symphysis menti.
The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the anterior neck, superior to the thyroid cartilage. It does not articulate with any other bones and serves as an attachment point for various muscles, including those involved in swallowing, breathing, and speaking. The unique structure of the hyoid bone allows it to support the tongue and contribute to the stability of the airway.
The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.
The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.
In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.
Orthodontic appliance design refers to the creation and development of medical devices used in orthodontics, which is a branch of dentistry focused on the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of dental and facial irregularities. The design process involves creating a customized treatment plan for each patient, based on their specific needs and goals.
Orthodontic appliances can be removable or fixed and are used to move teeth into proper alignment, improve jaw function, and enhance the overall appearance of the smile. Some common types of orthodontic appliances include braces, aligners, palatal expanders, and retainers.
The design of an orthodontic appliance typically involves several factors, including:
1. The specific dental or facial problem being addressed
2. The patient's age, overall health, and oral hygiene habits
3. The patient's lifestyle and personal preferences
4. The estimated treatment time and cost
5. The potential risks and benefits of the appliance
Orthodontic appliance design is a complex process that requires a thorough understanding of dental anatomy, biomechanics, and materials science. It is typically performed by an orthodontist or a dental technician with specialized training in this area. The goal of orthodontic appliance design is to create a device that is both effective and comfortable for the patient, while also ensuring that it is safe and easy to use.
Snoring is defined as the vibration of respiratory structures and the resulting sound, due to obstructed air movement during breathing while sleeping. It occurs when the tissues at the back of the throat relax and narrow during sleep, partially blocking the airway. The airflow causes these tissues to vibrate, leading to the snoring sound. Snoring can be a sign of various conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea or other respiratory disorders. It can also be influenced by factors such as alcohol consumption, obesity, and sleeping position.
Retrognathia is a dental and maxillofacial term that refers to a condition where the mandible (lower jaw) is positioned further back than normal, relative to the maxilla (upper jaw). This results in the chin appearing recessed or set back, and can lead to various functional and aesthetic problems. In severe cases, retrognathia can interfere with speaking, chewing, and breathing, and may require orthodontic or surgical intervention for correction.
Malocclusion, Angle Class II is a type of dental malocclusion where the relationship between the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw) is such that the lower molar teeth are positioned posteriorly relative to the upper molar teeth. This results in an overbite, which means that the upper front teeth overlap the lower front teeth excessively. The classification was proposed by Edward Angle, an American orthodontist who is considered the father of modern orthodontics. In this classification system, Class II malocclusion is further divided into three subclasses (I, II, and III) based on the position of the lower incisors relative to the upper incisors.
Functional Orthodontic Appliances are removable or fixed devices used in orthodontics to correct the alignment and/or positioning of jaw bones and/or teeth. They work by harnessing the power of muscle function and growth to achieve desired changes in the dental arches and jaws. These appliances are typically used in growing children and adolescents, but can also be used in adults in certain cases. Examples of functional orthodontic appliances include activators, bionators, twin blocks, and Herbst appliances. The specific type of appliance used will depend on the individual patient's needs and treatment goals.
Cephalometry is a medical term that refers to the measurement and analysis of the skull, particularly the head face relations. It is commonly used in orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery to assess and plan treatment for abnormalities related to the teeth, jaws, and facial structures. The process typically involves taking X-ray images called cephalograms, which provide a lateral view of the head, and then using various landmarks and reference lines to make measurements and evaluate skeletal and dental relationships. This information can help clinicians diagnose problems, plan treatment, and assess treatment outcomes.
The mandibular condyle is a part of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the human body. It is a rounded eminence at the end of the mandible (lower jawbone) that articulates with the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone in the skull, allowing for movements such as opening and closing the mouth, chewing, speaking, and swallowing. The mandibular condyle has both a fibrocartilaginous articular surface and a synovial joint capsule surrounding it, which provides protection and lubrication during these movements.
The skull base is the lower part of the skull that forms the floor of the cranial cavity and the roof of the facial skeleton. It is a complex anatomical region composed of several bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, and ethmoid bones. The skull base supports the brain and contains openings for blood vessels and nerves that travel between the brain and the face or neck. The skull base can be divided into three regions: the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and posterior cranial fossa, which house different parts of the brain.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder that occurs when the upper airway becomes partially or completely blocked during sleep, leading to pauses in breathing or shallow breaths. These episodes, known as apneas or hypopneas, can last for 10 seconds or longer and may occur multiple times throughout the night, disrupting normal sleep patterns and causing oxygen levels in the blood to drop.
The obstruction in OSA is typically caused by the relaxation of the muscles in the back of the throat during sleep, which allows the soft tissues to collapse and block the airway. This can result in snoring, choking, gasping for air, or awakening from sleep with a start.
Contributing factors to OSA may include obesity, large neck circumference, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, alcohol consumption, smoking, and use of sedatives or muscle relaxants. Untreated OSA can lead to serious health consequences such as high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cognitive impairment. Treatment options for OSA include lifestyle changes, oral appliances, positive airway pressure therapy, and surgery.
Jaw fixation techniques, also known as maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), are procedures used in dental and oral surgery to hold the jaw in a specific position. This is typically done by wiring the upper and lower teeth together or using elastic bands and other devices to keep the jaws aligned. The technique is often used after surgical procedures on the jaw, such as corrective jaw surgery (orthognathic surgery) or fracture repair, to help promote proper healing and alignment of the bones. It may also be used in the management of temporomandibular joint disorders or other conditions affecting the jaw. The duration of jaw fixation can vary depending on the specific procedure and individual patient needs, but it typically lasts several weeks.
The pharynx is a part of the digestive and respiratory systems that serves as a conduit for food and air. It is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.
The pharynx has three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the uppermost region, which lies above the soft palate and is connected to the nasal cavity. The oropharynx is the middle region, which includes the area between the soft palate and the hyoid bone, including the tonsils and base of the tongue. The laryngopharynx is the lowest region, which lies below the hyoid bone and connects to the larynx.
The primary function of the pharynx is to convey food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during swallowing and to allow air to pass from the nasal cavity to the larynx during breathing. It also plays a role in speech, taste, and immune defense.
Craniomandibular disorders (CMD) refer to a group of painful conditions that affect the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and the associated structures. The TMJ is the joint that connects the jawbone (mandible) to the skull (cranium).
Craniomandibular disorders can be classified into three main categories:
1. Myofascial pain: This is the most common form of CMD and is characterized by pain and tenderness in the masticatory muscles, which can radiate to the temples, ears, and neck.
2. TMJ disc displacement: This occurs when the articular disc that separates the condyle (the rounded end of the mandible) from the fossa (socket) in the skull slips out of place, causing pain, clicking, or popping sounds in the joint.
3. TMJ osteoarthritis or inflammatory arthritis: This involves degeneration or inflammation of the TMJ, which can cause pain, stiffness, and limited jaw movement.
The exact causes of CMD are not fully understood, but they may be associated with factors such as teeth clenching or grinding (bruxism), stress, poor posture, joint laxity, trauma, or structural abnormalities in the jaw or skull. Treatment for CMD may include pain management, physical therapy, behavioral modifications, oral appliances, and, in some cases, surgery.
A splint is a device used to support, protect, and immobilize injured body parts, such as bones, joints, or muscles. It can be made from various materials like plastic, metal, or fiberglass. Splints are often used to keep the injured area in a stable position, reducing pain, swelling, and further damage while the injury heals. They come in different shapes and sizes, tailored to fit specific body parts and injuries. A splint can be adjustable or custom-made, depending on the patient's needs. It is essential to follow healthcare professionals' instructions for using and caring for a splint to ensure proper healing and prevent complications.
The term "vertical dimension" is used in dentistry, specifically in the field of prosthodontics, to refer to the measurement of the distance between two specific points in the vertical direction when the jaw is closed. The most common measurement is the "vertical dimension of occlusion," which is the distance between the upper and lower teeth when the jaw is in a balanced and comfortable position during resting closure.
The vertical dimension is an important consideration in the design and fabrication of dental restorations, such as dentures or dental crowns, to ensure proper function, comfort, and aesthetics. Changes in the vertical dimension can occur due to various factors, including tooth loss, jaw joint disorders, or muscle imbalances, which may require correction through dental treatment.
In medical terms, the tongue is a muscular organ in the oral cavity that plays a crucial role in various functions such as taste, swallowing, and speech. It's covered with a mucous membrane and contains papillae, which are tiny projections that contain taste buds to help us perceive different tastes - sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The tongue also assists in the initial process of digestion by moving food around in the mouth for chewing and mixing with saliva. Additionally, it helps in forming words and speaking clearly by shaping the sounds produced in the mouth.
The uvula is a small, conical piece of soft tissue that hangs down from the middle part of the back of the soft palate (the rear-most portion of the roof of the mouth). It contains muscle fibers and mucous glands, and its function is associated with swallowing, speaking, and protecting the airway. During swallowing, the uvula helps to prevent food and liquids from entering the nasal cavity by blocking the opening between the oral and nasal cavities (the nasopharynx). In speech, it plays a role in shaping certain sounds like "a" and "u."
Orthodontic appliances are devices used in orthodontics, a branch of dentistry focused on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. These appliances can be fixed or removable and are used to align teeth, correct jaw relationships, or modify dental forces. They can include braces, aligners, palatal expanders, space maintainers, and headgear, among others. The specific type of appliance used depends on the individual patient's needs and the treatment plan developed by the orthodontist.
The soft palate, also known as the velum, is the rear portion of the roof of the mouth that is made up of muscle and mucous membrane. It extends from the hard palate (the bony front part of the roof of the mouth) to the uvula, which is the small piece of tissue that hangs down at the back of the throat.
The soft palate plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and breathing. During swallowing, it moves upward and backward to block off the nasal cavity, preventing food and liquids from entering the nose. In speech, it helps to direct the flow of air from the mouth into the nose, which is necessary for producing certain sounds.
Anatomically, the soft palate consists of several muscles that allow it to change shape and move. These muscles include the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and palatoglossus. The soft palate also contains a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide sensation and help regulate its function.
The oropharynx is the part of the throat (pharynx) that is located immediately behind the mouth and includes the back one-third of the tongue, the soft palate, the side and back walls of the throat, and the tonsils. It serves as a passageway for both food and air, and is also an important area for the immune system due to the presence of tonsils.
Dental occlusion, traumatic is a term used to describe an abnormal bite or contact between the upper and lower teeth that results in trauma or injury to the oral structures. This can occur when there is a discrepancy in the alignment of the teeth or jaws, such as an overbite, underbite, or crossbite, which causes excessive force or pressure on certain teeth or tissues.
Traumatic dental occlusion can result in various dental and oral health issues, including tooth wear, fractures, mobility of teeth, gum recession, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. It is important to diagnose and treat traumatic dental occlusion early to prevent further damage and alleviate any discomfort or pain. Treatment options may include orthodontic treatment, adjustment of the bite, restoration of damaged teeth, or a combination of these approaches.
Polysomnography (PSG) is a comprehensive sleep study that monitors various body functions during sleep, including brain activity, eye movement, muscle tone, heart rate, respirations, and oxygen levels. It is typically conducted in a sleep laboratory under the supervision of a trained technologist. The data collected during PSG is used to diagnose and manage various sleep disorders such as sleep-related breathing disorders (e.g., sleep apnea), movement disorders (e.g., periodic limb movement disorder), parasomnias, and narcolepsy.
The study usually involves the attachment of electrodes to different parts of the body, such as the scalp, face, chest, and legs, to record electrical signals from the brain, eye movements, muscle activity, and heartbeats. Additionally, sensors may be placed on or near the nose and mouth to measure airflow, and a belt may be worn around the chest and abdomen to monitor breathing efforts. Oxygen levels are also monitored through a sensor attached to the finger or ear.
Polysomnography is often recommended when a sleep disorder is suspected based on symptoms or medical history, and other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive. The results of the study can help guide treatment decisions and improve overall sleep health.
The maxilla is a paired bone that forms the upper jaw in vertebrates. In humans, it is a major bone in the face and plays several important roles in the craniofacial complex. Each maxilla consists of a body and four processes: frontal process, zygomatic process, alveolar process, and palatine process.
The maxillae contribute to the formation of the eye sockets (orbits), nasal cavity, and the hard palate of the mouth. They also contain the upper teeth sockets (alveoli) and help form the lower part of the orbit and the cheekbones (zygomatic arches).
Here's a quick rundown of its key functions:
1. Supports the upper teeth and forms the upper jaw.
2. Contributes to the formation of the eye sockets, nasal cavity, and hard palate.
3. Helps shape the lower part of the orbit and cheekbones.
4. Partakes in the creation of important sinuses, such as the maxillary sinus, which is located within the body of the maxilla.
Sleep apnea syndromes refer to a group of disorders characterized by abnormal breathing patterns during sleep. These patterns can result in repeated pauses in breathing (apneas) or shallow breaths (hypopneas), causing interruptions in sleep and decreased oxygen supply to the body. There are three main types of sleep apnea syndromes:
1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): This is the most common form, caused by the collapse or obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, often due to relaxation of the muscles in the throat and tongue.
2. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA): This type is less common and results from the brain's failure to send proper signals to the breathing muscles. It can be associated with conditions such as heart failure, stroke, or certain medications.
3. Complex/Mixed Sleep Apnea: In some cases, a person may experience both obstructive and central sleep apnea symptoms, known as complex or mixed sleep apnea.
Symptoms of sleep apnea syndromes can include loud snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, morning headaches, difficulty concentrating, and mood changes. Diagnosis typically involves a sleep study (polysomnography) to monitor breathing patterns, heart rate, brain activity, and other physiological factors during sleep. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, oral appliances, positive airway pressure therapy, or even surgery in severe cases.
Sleep stages are distinct patterns of brain activity that occur during sleep, as measured by an electroencephalogram (EEG). They are part of the sleep cycle and are used to describe the different types of sleep that humans go through during a normal night's rest. The sleep cycle includes several repeating stages:
1. Stage 1 (N1): This is the lightest stage of sleep, where you transition from wakefulness to sleep. During this stage, muscle activity and brain waves begin to slow down.
2. Stage 2 (N2): In this stage, your heart rate slows, body temperature decreases, and eye movements stop. Brain wave activity becomes slower, with occasional bursts of electrical activity called sleep spindles.
3. Stage 3 (N3): Also known as deep non-REM sleep, this stage is characterized by slow delta waves. It is during this stage that the body undergoes restorative processes such as tissue repair, growth, and immune function enhancement.
4. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep: This is the stage where dreaming typically occurs. Your eyes move rapidly beneath closed eyelids, heart rate and respiration become irregular, and brain wave activity increases to levels similar to wakefulness. REM sleep is important for memory consolidation and learning.
The sleep cycle progresses through these stages multiple times during the night, with REM sleep periods becoming longer towards morning. Understanding sleep stages is crucial in diagnosing and treating various sleep disorders.
Airway obstruction is a medical condition that occurs when the normal flow of air into and out of the lungs is partially or completely blocked. This blockage can be caused by a variety of factors, including swelling of the tissues in the airway, the presence of foreign objects or substances, or abnormal growths such as tumors.
When the airway becomes obstructed, it can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally. They may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. In severe cases, airway obstruction can lead to respiratory failure and other life-threatening complications.
There are several types of airway obstruction, including:
1. Upper airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the upper part of the airway, such as the nose, throat, or voice box.
2. Lower airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the lower part of the airway, such as the trachea or bronchi.
3. Partial airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is partially blocked, allowing some air to flow in and out of the lungs.
4. Complete airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is completely blocked, preventing any air from flowing into or out of the lungs.
Treatment for airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, removing the obstruction may be as simple as clearing the airway of foreign objects or mucus. In other cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery may be necessary.
Osteotomy is a surgical procedure in which a bone is cut to shorten, lengthen, or change its alignment. It is often performed to correct deformities or to realign bones that have been damaged by trauma or disease. The bone may be cut straight across (transverse osteotomy) or at an angle (oblique osteotomy). After the bone is cut, it can be realigned and held in place with pins, plates, or screws until it heals. This procedure is commonly performed on bones in the leg, such as the femur or tibia, but can also be done on other bones in the body.
Posture is the position or alignment of body parts supported by the muscles, especially the spine and head in relation to the vertebral column. It can be described as static (related to a stationary position) or dynamic (related to movement). Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. Poor posture can lead to various health issues such as back pain, neck pain, headaches, and respiratory problems.
In medical terms, the face refers to the front part of the head that is distinguished by the presence of the eyes, nose, and mouth. It includes the bones of the skull (frontal bone, maxilla, zygoma, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae, and mandible), muscles, nerves, blood vessels, skin, and other soft tissues. The face plays a crucial role in various functions such as breathing, eating, drinking, speaking, seeing, smelling, and expressing emotions. It also serves as an important identifier for individuals, allowing them to be recognized by others.
Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.
Nonparametric statistics is a branch of statistics that does not rely on assumptions about the distribution of variables in the population from which the sample is drawn. In contrast to parametric methods, nonparametric techniques make fewer assumptions about the data and are therefore more flexible in their application. Nonparametric tests are often used when the data do not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests, such as normality or equal variances.
Nonparametric statistical methods include tests such as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (also known as the Mann-Whitney U test) for comparing two independent groups, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparing two related groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing more than two independent groups. These tests use the ranks of the data rather than the actual values to make comparisons, which allows them to be used with ordinal or continuous data that do not meet the assumptions of parametric tests.
Overall, nonparametric statistics provide a useful set of tools for analyzing data in situations where the assumptions of parametric methods are not met, and can help researchers draw valid conclusions from their data even when the data are not normally distributed or have other characteristics that violate the assumptions of parametric tests.
A cross-over study is a type of experimental design in which participants receive two or more interventions in a specific order. After a washout period, each participant receives the opposite intervention(s). The primary advantage of this design is that it controls for individual variability by allowing each participant to act as their own control.
In medical research, cross-over studies are often used to compare the efficacy or safety of two treatments. For example, a researcher might conduct a cross-over study to compare the effectiveness of two different medications for treating high blood pressure. Half of the participants would be randomly assigned to receive one medication first and then switch to the other medication after a washout period. The other half of the participants would receive the opposite order of treatments.
Cross-over studies can provide valuable insights into the relative merits of different interventions, but they also have some limitations. For example, they may not be suitable for studying conditions that are chronic or irreversible, as it may not be possible to completely reverse the effects of the first intervention before administering the second one. Additionally, carryover effects from the first intervention can confound the results if they persist into the second treatment period.
Overall, cross-over studies are a useful tool in medical research when used appropriately and with careful consideration of their limitations.
Mandibular advancement splint - Wikipedia
Align Technology gets FDA OK for Invisalign with mandibular advancement | DrBicuspid.com
Case reports on mandibular advancement with clear aligners in growing subjects
A mandibular advancement device did not affect daytime sleepiness and quality of life in obstructive sleep apnoea | BMJ...
Mandibular advancement device - Oniris
Mandibular Advancement | Profiles RNS
How Mandibular Advancement Devices Work - CPAP Victoria
Mandibular Advancement Devices
Pharyngeal airspace in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery for mandibular advancement
5 Best Mandibular Advancement Device for Sleep Apnea - 2023
Mandibular Advancement Device Therapy in Fort Worth, TX | Dr. Birth
The Treatment of Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnoea with Mandibular Advancement Appliance | AVESİS
Surgery for Sleep Apnea: Procedures, Success Rate, and Risks
Choosing the right sleep apnea appliance guide - e-architect
Distraction rate and latency: factors in the outcome of pediatric mandibular distraction
Surgery and obstructive sleep apnea: long-term clinical outcomes
Is It Possible To Use A Mandibular Advancement Device (MAD) If One Has Dental Implants? - Sleep And Sound
Factors associated with treatment adherence to mandibular advancement devices: a scoping review. | Sleep Breath;2023 Jun 29. ...
Align Technology
Treatable Cases for orthodontists | Invisalign Provider
Maintenance of soft tissue changes after rigid versus wire fixation for mandibular advancement, with and without genioplasty<...
Response to "Compliance and efficacy of titratable thermoplastic versus custom mandibular advancement devices" from...
A Ten-Year Follow-Up Case Report on the Treatment of Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using a Mandibular Advancement Device
Stability of simultaneous maxillary intrusion and mandibular advancement: A comparison of rigid and nonrigid fixation...
Surgical Approach to Snoring and Sleep Apnea: Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Indications for Surgery, Contraindications to Surgery
Review Article 1, Issue 10.2
Solutions for a Snoring Partner - TGDaily
Research] This oral appliance could help you (and your partner) sleep better | Hiroshima University
MADs6
- Mandibular Advancement Devices (MADs) offer a solution that can make this dream a reality for many sleep apnea sufferers. (downtowndentalmanhattan.com)
- Mandibular Advancement Devices , or MADs , are custom-made oral appliances designed to treat mild to moderate sleep apnea, snoring, and teeth grinding by expanding the airway through a forward movement of the jaw. (downtowndentalmanhattan.com)
- Do Mandibular Advancement Devices (MADs) Work? (sleepdeeper.net)
- Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is frequently treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or mandibular advancement devices (MADs). (bvsalud.org)
- Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) prevent upper airway collapse by moving the jaw forward and downward. (aadsm.org)
- Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) adjust the mouth and jaw to achieve less obstructed air flow. (primeinc.org)
Apnea12
- A mandibi splint or mandibi advancement splint is a prescription custom-made medical device worn in the mouth used to treat sleep-related breathing disorders including: obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), snoring, and TMJ disorders. (wikipedia.org)
- These devices are also known as mandibular advancement devices, sleep apnea oral appliances, oral airway dilators, and sleep apnea mouth guards. (wikipedia.org)
- This being the case, how can you find the best mandibular advancement device for sleep apnea that works just as well or even better than a CPAP ? (sleepdeeper.net)
- Enter Mandibular Advancement Device (MAD) oral appliance therapy - a game-changing, non-invasive solution for those tackling sleep apnea and bothersome snoring. (fortworthsleepapnea.com)
- A mandibular advancement device (MAD) is an oral appliance designed to treat sleep apnea and snoring by repositioning the lower jaw and tongue forward during sleep. (fortworthsleepapnea.com)
- A small 2016 study involving 16 participants found that maxillomandibular advancement reduced the severity of sleep apnea in all participants by more than 50 percent. (healthline.com)
- Therefore, using a mandibular advancement device (MAD) may be a suitable approach for improving compliance [ 1 ], especially in cases of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with craniofacial disharmony [ 2 ]. (e-jsm.org)
- Mandibular protrusion greater than 50% of maximum protrusion results in a decrease of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) by an average of 62.3% and an increase in oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ). (aadsm.org)
- Findings of this review can help clinicians determine titration amounts of mandibular advancement for specific patients and can help gauge the level of MAD efficacy on patients with sleep apnea. (aadsm.org)
- The most popular dental appliance category for snoring and sleep apnea is the mandibular advancement device (MAD) . (glidewelldental.com)
- Mandibular advancement device (MAD) - widely used in the treatment of sleep apnea. (bhdentists.com)
- I have mild sleep apnea and Dr Yudelman swiftly sorted it out with a Mandibular Advancement Splint. (whatclinic.com)
Airway6
- Aim: To evaluate the increase of pharyngeal airway space (PAS) in patients undergoing mandibular advancement. (bvsalud.org)
- Conclusions: Surgical advancement of the mandible increases the size of the pharyngeal airway space. (bvsalud.org)
- To summarize systematic reviews regarding function and anatomy of the upper airway and subjective evaluations on breathing capability depending on the advancement and/or opening of the mandible. (aadsm.org)
- 10 , 11 Several studies have shown that compared to non advancement appliances, oral appliances that include mandibular advancement, and subsequent mandibular opening due to the condylar hinge angle, have significant benefits in preventing upper airway collapse. (aadsm.org)
- Several published systematic reviews have assessed the effect of mandibular advancement on the upper airway, and it is important to map and summarize their conclusions. (aadsm.org)
- The most commonly prescribed treatments for OSA include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or dental and mandibular devices. (primeinc.org)
CPAP2
- Browse our online CPAP store to buy mandibular splints online. (cpapvictoria.com.au)
- ACP recommends a mandibular advancement device (MAD) as an alternative therapy for patients who prefer it or who do not tolerate or comply with CPAP treatment. (eurekalert.org)
Bilateral sagittal split2
- This study examines the short-term stability of bimaxillary surgery following Le Fort I impaction with simultaneous bilateral sagittal split osteotomies and mandibular advancement using two standard techniques of post-surgical fixation. (uthscsa.edu)
- This multisite prospective randomized clinical trial examined 2-year longitudinal soft tissue profile changes after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy for mandibular advancement by using rigid or wire fixation, with and without genioplasty. (uky.edu)
Splint1
- MAD and other dental appliances such as Mandibular Advancement Splint (MAS) and Tongue Rotating Device (TRD) showed an adequate long-term control of sleep apnoea compared to surgical treatment such as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). (cpapvictoria.com.au)
Devices6
- Oral or dental appliances are termed mandibular advancement devices (MAD) or mandibular advancement splints (MAS). (cpapvictoria.com.au)
- There are various mandibular devices on the market. (sleepdeeper.net)
- Factors associated with treatment adherence to mandibular advancement devices: a scoping review. (bvsalud.org)
- All MAD designs reviewed in the study show the potential to reduce AHI and respiratory disturbance index, with slightly lower AHI levels with those devices favoring more anterior than vertical mandibular movement. (aadsm.org)
- Devices that favor progressive mandibular advancement with less vertical opening have the potential to decrease AHI and increase SaO 2 . (aadsm.org)
- Orthodontic-orthopaedic therapy consists in using intraoral devices, such as Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) or mandibular advancement appliances. (medicoebambino.com)
Mandible2
- Objective: To describe the use of clear aligners to achieve mandibular advancement in patients with retrognathic mandible. (quintpub.com)
- The patients were in correspondence of the pubertal peak, so treatment plans included the advancement of the mandible to possibly stimulate mandibular growth. (quintpub.com)
Protrusion2
- Passive OMT appliances encourage a myofunctionally appropriate tongue position and lip competence with minimal mandibular protrusion. (aadsm.org)
- Mandibular deficiency and maxillary protrusion are common elements of Class II growth patterns. (speareducation.com)
Splints2
- Vanderveken et al (2008) researched prescription custom-made splints head-to-head with thermoplastic over-the-counter splints: "Our results suggest that the thermoplastic device cannot be recommended as a therapeutic option nor can it be used as a screening tool to find good candidates for mandibular advancement therapy. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Mandibular advancement splints are widely used in the United States and are beginning to be used in the UK. (wikipedia.org)
Patients9
- For most OSA patients, an 8mm to 10mm advancement is sufficient to make a difference. (cpapvictoria.com.au)
- Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in thirteen patients who underwent mandibular advancement and were evaluated by cephalometric tracing in pre and postoperative lateral radiographs. (bvsalud.org)
- The mean mandibular advancement in evaluated patients was 5 mm. (bvsalud.org)
- There was no statistical correlation between PAS increase and the amount of mandibular advancement for UP-PHW (p=0.058) and TB-PHW (p=0.53), as there was no such correlation either between PAS increase and the age of patients for UP-PHW (p=0.16) and TB-PHW (p=0.26). (bvsalud.org)
- This study is a retrospective review of 22 pediatric patients with mandibular hypoplasia undergoing mandibular distraction osteogenesis. (nih.gov)
- Invisalign ® treatment with mandibular advancement is for growing patients presenting with retrognathic Class II malocclusions in permanent dentition or stable late mixed dentition. (invisalign.co.uk)
- however, significant volumetric increase of the oropharynx after mandibular advancement device (MAD) use in growing patients was observed. (aadsm.org)
- that, in most patients with mild to moderate OSA, advancement of 50% of the patient's range of motion is equally as effective as a 75% titration. (glidewelldental.com)
- In this study the Authors describe two clinical cases of OSAS patients, one treated with RME and the other with mandibular advancement appliance. (medicoebambino.com)
Apnoea2
- The mandibular advancement device can be used to treat snoring and mild to moderate sleep apnoea . (oniris-snoring.co.uk)
- Are you considering a mandibular advancement device for your apnoea? (cpapvictoria.com.au)
Therapy2
- This case report highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary team in ensuring the success of mandibular advancement device therapy with excellent clinical outcomes. (e-jsm.org)
- One patient requires myofunctional therapy, and two cases utilize the mandibular-advancement feature. (jco-online.com)
Treatment2
- Medical device company Align Technology has received 510(k) clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its Invisalign treatment with mandibular advancement. (drbicuspid.com)
- The alternate treatment is the mandibular advancement device (MAD). (aadsm.org)
Skeletal1
- There was a positive correlation with the amount of skeletal advancement and clinical outcome. (nih.gov)
Appliances1
- Appliances with adjustable components, such as advancement mechanisms or trays, allow for individualized adjustments. (e-architect.com)
Fixation1
- These findings suggest that subjects undergoing rigid fixation and genioplasty maintained the most soft tissue advancement. (uky.edu)
Teeth2
- Narrow arches is the condition in which the transverse width of the maxillary and/or mandibular arches is too narrow for the teeth to properly align and have good occlusal contact. (invisalign.co.uk)
- The mandibular left and right incisors were the earliest teeth to emerge at a mean of 8.0 months in boys and 7.9 months in girls. (who.int)
Advantages1
- One of the main advantages of the mandibular advancement device is that it is effective from the very first night it is used. (oniris-snoring.co.uk)
Adjustment1
- The adjustment of the advancement is also an important choice criterion, which allows the device to be adjusted to its morphology according to the effectiveness obtained. (oniris-snoring.co.uk)
Sleepiness1
- The evidence shows that a mandibular advancement device can effectively improve sleep study results and sleepiness," Dr. Cooke said. (eurekalert.org)
Involves1
- Genioglossus advancement involves slightly tightening the tendons in the front of your tongue. (healthline.com)
Proper1
- Proper care and maintenance of your Mandibular Advancement Device (MAD) are essential to ensure its effectiveness, longevity, and your overall comfort. (fortworthsleepapnea.com)
Systematic1
- Impact of mandibular advancement appliance on periodontal health: a systematic review of the literature. (llu.edu)
Work1
- How Does a Mandibular Advancement Device (MAD) Work? (fortworthsleepapnea.com)
Growth2
- During advancement of the lower arch with growth modification, the width discrepancy between upper and lower molars will increase. (speareducation.com)
- Cephalometric images using the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) have also been reported to aid in determining the time of the mandibular growth spurt. (speareducation.com)
Effect2
- A greater effect of the retrolingual dimension in mandibular advancement was observed, with an average increase of 24.52% while in the retropalatal dimension an average increase of 20.75% was obtained. (bvsalud.org)
- An often-mentioned side effect of mandibular advancement is morning malocclusion. (glidewelldental.com)
Achieve1
- Those with stiff jaw joints may not achieve the required 8 to 10mm advancement required for a MAD. (cpapvictoria.com.au)
Shows1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Mandibular Advancement" by people in this website by year, and whether "Mandibular Advancement" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (jefferson.edu)