Slender tubular or hairlike excretory structures found in insects. They emerge from the alimentary canal between the mesenteron (midgut) and the proctodeum (hindgut).
A genus of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Rhodnius prolixus is a vector for TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
A dilated cavity extended caudally from the hindgut. In adult birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes but few mammals, cloaca is a common chamber into which the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts discharge their contents. In most mammals, cloaca gives rise to LARGE INTESTINE; URINARY BLADDER; and GENITALIA.
The renal tubule portion that extends from the BOWMAN CAPSULE in the KIDNEY CORTEX into the KIDNEY MEDULLA. The proximal tubule consists of a convoluted proximal segment in the cortex, and a distal straight segment descending into the medulla where it forms the U-shaped LOOP OF HENLE.
A genus of beetles which infests grain products. Its larva is called mealworm.
An increase in the excretion of URINE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A subfamily of assassin bugs (REDUVIIDAE) that are obligate blood-suckers of vertebrates. Included are the genera TRIATOMA; RHODNIUS; and PANSTRONGYLUS, which are vectors of TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, the agent of CHAGAS DISEASE in humans.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.
Long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. They collect filtrate from blood passing through the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and process this filtrate into URINE. Each renal tubule consists of a BOWMAN CAPSULE; PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE; LOOP OF HENLE; DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT leading to the central cavity of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS) that connects to the URETER.
The blood/lymphlike nutrient fluid of some invertebrates.
Hormones secreted by insects. They influence their growth and development. Also synthetic substances that act like insect hormones.
Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.
A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.
Proteins found in any species of insect.
Liquid components of living organisms.
The family Gryllidae consists of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, which is used in neurological and physiological studies. Other genera include Gryllotalpa (mole cricket); Gryllus (field cricket); and Oecanthus (tree cricket).
The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.
A generic term used to describe a group of polypeptides with related chemical structures and pharmacological properties that are widely distributed in nature. These peptides are AUTACOIDS that act locally to produce pain, vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, and the synthesis of prostaglandins. Thus, they comprise a subset of the large number of mediators that contribute to the inflammatory response. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p588)
The portion of renal tubule that begins from the enlarged segment of the ascending limb of the LOOP OF HENLE. It reenters the KIDNEY CORTEX and forms the convoluted segments of the distal tubule.
A sulfamyl diuretic.
An order of insects comprising two suborders: Caelifera and Ensifera. They consist of GRASSHOPPERS, locusts, and crickets (GRYLLIDAE).
An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
A large family of fruit flies in the order DIPTERA, comprising over 4,500 species in about 100 genera. They have patterned wings and brightly colored bodies and are found predominantly in the tropical latitudes.
The class Insecta, in the phylum ARTHROPODA, whose members are characterized by division into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. They are the dominant group of animals on earth; several hundred thousand different kinds having been described. Three orders, HEMIPTERA; DIPTERA; and SIPHONAPTERA; are of medical interest in that they cause disease in humans and animals. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p1)
Proton-translocating ATPases that are involved in acidification of a variety of intracellular compartments.
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.
A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.
Straight tubes commencing in the radiate part of the kidney cortex where they receive the curved ends of the distal convoluted tubules. In the medulla the collecting tubules of each pyramid converge to join a central tube (duct of Bellini) which opens on the summit of the papilla.
A nutritional reservoir of fatty tissue found mainly in insects and amphibians.
Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.
Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A genus of cone-nosed bugs of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Its species are vectors of TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).
Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.
The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.
The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Fluid secretion by the malpighian tubules of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans: the effects of ouabain, ethacrynic acid and amiloride. (1/268)

The effects of three inhibitors of sodium transport on the secretion of fluid by the Malpighian tubules of Glossina morsitans have been observed. The cardiac glycoside, ouabain, affects neither the rate of secretion nor the sodium concentration of the fluid secreted when isolated tubules are bathed by solutions containing a range of sodium and potassium concentrations. Secretion is inhibited, however, by ethacrynic acid and amiloride. The results confirm that fluid secretion by the Malpighian tubules of this insect is dependent on the active transport of sodium ions and show that Na+/k+ exchange pumps are not involved in this process.  (+info)

Contributions of K+:Cl- cotransport and Na+/K+-ATPase to basolateral ion transport in malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster. (2/268)

Mechanisms of Na+ and K+ transport across the basolateral membrane of isolated Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster were studied by examining the effects of ion substitution and putative inhibitors of specific ion transporters on fluid secretion rates, basolateral membrane potential and secreted fluid cation composition. Inhibition of fluid secretion by [(dihydroindenyl)oxy]alkanoic acid (DIOA) and bumetanide (10(-)4 mol l-1) suggested that a K+:Cl- cotransporter is the main route for K+ entry into the principal cells of the tubules. Differences in the effects of bumetanide on fluxes of K+ and Na+ are inconsistent with effects upon a basolateral Na+:K+:2Cl- cotransporter. Large differences in electrical potential across apical (>100 mV, lumen positive) and basolateral (<60 mV, cell negative) cell membranes suggest that a favourable electrochemical gradient for Cl- entry into the cell may be used to drive K+ into the cell against its electrochemical gradient, via a DIOA-sensitive K+:Cl- cotransporter. A Na+/K+-ATPase was also present in the basolateral membrane of the Malpighian tubules. Addition of 10(-)5 to 10(-)3 mol l-1 ouabain to unstimulated tubules depolarized the basolateral potential, increased the Na+ concentration of the secreted fluid by 50-73 % and increased the fluid secretion rate by 10-19 %, consistent with an increased availability of intracellular Na+. We suggest that an apical vacuolar-type H+-ATPase and a basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase are both stimulated by cyclic AMP. In cyclic-AMP-stimulated tubules, K+ entry is stimulated by the increase in the apical membrane potential, which drives K+:Cl- cotransport at a faster rate, and by the stimulation of the Na+/K+-ATPase. Fluid secretion by cyclic-AMP-stimulated tubules was reduced by 26 % in the presence of ouabain, suggesting that the Na+/K+-ATPase plays a minor role in K+ entry into the tubule cells. Malpighian tubules secreted a Na+-rich (150 mmol l-1) fluid at high rates when bathed in K+-free amino-acid-replete saline (AARS). Secretion in K+-free AARS was inhibited by amiloride and bafilomycin A1, but not by bumetanide or hydrochlorothiazide, which inhibit Na+:Cl- cotransport. There was no evidence for a Na+ conductance in the basolateral membrane of unstimulated or cyclic-AMP-stimulated tubules. Possible mechanisms of Na+ entry into the tubule cells include cotransport with organic solutes such as amino acids and glucose.  (+info)

A cell surface mucin specifically expressed in the midgut of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. (3/268)

An invertebrate intestinal mucin gene, AgMuc1, was isolated from the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae. The predicted 122-residue protein consists of a central core of seven repeating TTTTVAP motifs flanked by hydrophobic N- and C-terminal domains. This structure is similar to that of mucins that coat the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Northern blot analysis indicated that the gene is expressed exclusively in the midgut of adult mosquitoes. A length polymorphism and in situ hybridization were used to genetically and cytogenetically map AgMuc1 to division 7A of the right arm of the second chromosome. The subcellular localization of the encoded protein in tissue culture cells was examined by using a baculovirus vector to express AgMuc1 protein tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The results indicated that this protein is found at the cell surface and that both hydrophobic domains are required for cell surface targeting. We propose that AgMuc1 is an abundant mucin-like protein that lines the surface of the midgut microvilli, potentially protecting the intestinal epithelium from the proteinase-rich environment of the gut lumen. An intriguing possibility is that, as an abundant surface protein, AgMuc1 may also interact with the malaria parasite during its invasion of the mosquito midgut.  (+info)

Genetic analysis of the bone morphogenetic protein-related gene, gbb, identifies multiple requirements during Drosophila development. (4/268)

We have isolated mutations in the Drosophila melanogaster gene glass bottom boat (gbb), which encodes a TGF-beta signaling molecule (formerly referred to as 60A) with highest sequence similarity to members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) subgroup including vertebrate BMPs 5-8. Genetic analysis of both null and hypomorphic gbb alleles indicates that the gene is required in many developmental processes, including embryonic midgut morphogenesis, patterning of the larval cuticle, fat body morphology, and development and patterning of the imaginal discs. In the embryonic midgut, we show that gbb is required for the formation of the anterior constriction and for maintenance of the homeotic gene Antennapedia in the visceral mesoderm. In addition, we show a requirement for gbb in the anterior and posterior cells of the underlying endoderm and in the formation and extension of the gastric caecae. gbb is required in all the imaginal discs for proper disc growth and for specification of veins in the wing and of macrochaete in the notum. Significantly, some of these tissues have been shown to also require the Drosophila BMP2/4 homolog decapentaplegic (dpp), while others do not. These results indicate that signaling by both gbb and dpp may contribute to the development of some tissues, while in others, gbb may signal independently of dpp.  (+info)

A novel insect V-ATPase subunit M9.7 is glycosylated extensively. (5/268)

Plasma membrane V-ATPase isolated from midgut and Malpighian tubules of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, contains a novel prominent 20-kDa polypeptide. Based on N-terminal protein sequencing, we cloned a corresponding cDNA. The deduced hydrophobic protein consisted of 88 amino acids with a molecular mass of only 9.7 kDa. Immunoblots of the recombinant 9.7-kDa polypeptide, using a monoclonal anti- body to the 20-kDa polypeptide, confirmed that the correct cDNA had been cloned. The 20-kDa polypeptide is glycosylated, as deduced from lectin staining. Treatment with N-glycosidase A resulted in the appearance of two additional protein bands of 16 and 10 kDa which both were immunoreactive to the 20-kDa polypeptide-specific monoclonal antibody. Thus, extensive N-glycosylation of the novel Vo subunit M9.7 accounts for half of its molecular mass observed in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. M9.7 exhibits some similarities to the yeast protein Vma21p which resides in the endoplasmic reticulum and is required for the assembly of the Vo complex. However, as deduced from immunoblots as well as from activities of the V-ATPase and endoplasmic reticulum marker enzymes in different membrane preparations, M9.7 is, in contrast to the yeast polypeptide, a constitutive subunit of the mature plasma membrane V-ATPase of M. sexta.  (+info)

Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal Cry1Aa toxin binds to a highly conserved region of aminopeptidase N in the host insect leading to its evolutionary success. (6/268)

Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, Cry1Aa toxin, binds to a specific receptor in insect midguts and has insecticidal activity. Therefore, the structure of the receptor molecule is probably a key factor in determining the binding affinity of the toxin and insect susceptibility. The cDNA fragment (PX frg1) encoding the Cry1Aa toxin-binding region of an aminopeptidase N (APN) or an APN family protein from diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella midgut was cloned and sequenced. A comparison between the deduced amino acid sequence of PX frg1 and other insect APN sequences shows that Cry1Aa toxin binds to a highly conserved region of APN family protein. In this paper, we propose a model to explain the mechanism that causes B. thuringiensis evolutionary success and differing insect susceptibility to Cry1Aa toxin.  (+info)

bloated tubules (blot) encodes a Drosophila member of the neurotransmitter transporter family required for organisation of the apical cytocortex. (7/268)

We have identified a novel member of the vertebrate sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporter family from Drosophila melanogaster. This gene, named bloated tubules (blot), shows significant sequence similarity to a subgroup of vertebrate orphan transporters. blot transcripts are maternally supplied and during embryogenesis exhibit a complex and dynamic pattern in a subset of ectodermally derived epithelia, notably in the Malpighian tubules, and in the nervous system. Animals mutant for this gene are larval lethals, in which the Malpighian tubule cells are distended with an enlarged and disorganised apical surface. Embryos lacking the maternal component of blot expression die during early stages of development. They show an inability to form actin filaments in the apical cortex, resulting in impaired syncytial nuclear divisions, severe defects in the organisation of the cortical cytoskeleton, and a failure to cellularise. For the first time, a neurotransmitter transporter-like protein has been implicated in a function outside the nervous system. The isolation of blot thus provides the basis for an analysis of the relationship between the function of this putative transporter and epithelial morphogenesis.  (+info)

Fluid secretion by isolated Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster Meig.: effects of organic anions, quinacrine and a diuretic factor found in the secreted fluid. (8/268)

Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH, 0.2 and 1 mmol l(-)(1)) had no effect on the basal fluid secretion rate (FSR) of isolated Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster Meig. and did not affect stimulation of the FSR induced by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). Phenol Red (phenolsulphonphthalein, PSP; 0.5 and 1 mmol l(-)(1)) slowed the FSR and abolished stimulation of the FSR by cAMP. Diodrast (1 mmol l(-)(1)) slightly, but significantly, reduced the FSR and greatly reduced the stimulation of the FSR normally provoked by cAMP and by the 3',5'-monophosphates of guanosine (cGMP), inosine (cIMP) and uridine (cUMP). However, stimulation of the FSR by the 3', 5'-monophosphate of cytidine (cCMP) was little affected by diodrast. Probenecid (0.2 or 1 mmol l(-)(1)) consistently stimulated the FSR, on average by approximately 25 %, but did not markedly inhibit the subsequent stimulation of the FSR by cAMP, cGMP or cIMP. However, the FSR of tubules stimulated by cGMP was temporarily lowered by probenecid. Quinacrine (0.1 mmol l(-)(1)) slowed basal FSR by an average of approximately 30 %, but subsequent stimulation of the FSR by cAMP was not noticeably affected. Both 0.1 mmol l(-)(1) cAMP and 1 mmol l(-)(1) probenecid stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in extracts of Malpighian tubules, but cIMP, cGMP, cUMP and diodrast were without effect in this regard. Uptake of radioactivity from a solution containing 500 nmol l(-)(1) [(3)H]cAMP and 9.5 micromol l(-)(1) cAMP was reduced by more than 90 % by 1 mmol l(-)(1) PSP, by approximately 40 % by 0.2 mmol l(-)(1) probenecid, by 36 % by 1 mmol l(-)(1) diodrast and by 30 % by 1 mmol l(-)(1) PAH. Neither 0.01 mmol l(-)(1) ouabain nor 0.1 mmol l(-)(1) quinacrine affected the uptake of [(3)H]cAMP by the Malpighian tubules. Fluid secreted by isolated Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster contains a factor that stimulated the FSR on average by approximately 50 %. The presence in the secreted fluid of cGMP at a concentration of 8.3 micromol l(-)(1) did not explain the stimulatory effect on FSR. These results support the existence of a carrier-mediated uptake of cyclic nucleotides into the Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster, possibly involving a multispecific transporter.  (+info)

Malpighian tubules are specialized excretory structures found in the circulatory system of many arthropods, including insects. They are named after Marcello Malpighi, an Italian physician and biologist who was one of the first to describe them. These tubules play a crucial role in eliminating waste products and maintaining water and ion balance within the insect's body.

Functionally, Malpighian tubules are analogous to the vertebrate kidneys as they filter the hemolymph (insect blood) and reabsorb necessary substances while excreting waste materials. The main waste product excreted by these tubules is uric acid, which is a less toxic form of nitrogenous waste compared to urea or ammonia, making it more suitable for terrestrial arthropods.

Malpighian tubules originate from the midgut epithelium and extend into the hemocoel (insect body cavity). They are lined with a single layer of epithelial cells that contain microvilli, increasing their surface area for efficient filtration. The tubules receive nutrient-rich hemolymph from the hemocoel through open-ended or blind-ended structures called ostia.

The filtrate formed by Malpighian tubules passes through a series of cellular transport processes involving both active and passive transport mechanisms. These processes help in reabsorbing water, ions, and nutrients back into the hemolymph while concentrating waste products for excretion. The final waste-laden fluid is then released into the hindgut, where it gets mixed with fecal material before being eliminated from the body through the anus.

In summary, Malpighian tubules are vital excretory organs in arthropods that filter hemolymph, reabsorb essential substances, and excrete waste products to maintain homeostasis within their bodies.

"Rhodnius" is not a medical term, but rather it refers to a genus of true bugs in the family Reduviidae. These small, wingless insects are known as "bugs" and are commonly found in tropical regions of the Americas. They feed on plant sap and are also known to be vectors for certain diseases, such as Chagas disease, which is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. However, they are not typically associated with human medicine or medical conditions.

A cloaca is a common cavity or channel in some animals, including many birds and reptiles, that serves as the combined endpoint for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Feces, urine, and in some cases, eggs are all expelled through this single opening. In humans and other mammals, these systems have separate openings. Anatomical anomalies can result in a human born with a cloaca, which is very rare and typically requires surgical correction.

The proximal kidney tubule is the initial portion of the renal tubule in the nephron of the kidney. It is located in the renal cortex and is called "proximal" because it is closer to the glomerulus, compared to the distal tubule. The proximal tubule plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients from the filtrate that has been formed by the glomerulus. It also helps in the secretion of waste products and other substances into the urine.

The proximal tubule is divided into two segments: the pars convoluta and the pars recta. The pars convoluta is the curved portion that receives filtrate from the Bowman's capsule, while the pars recta is the straight portion that extends deeper into the renal cortex.

The proximal tubule is lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium, and its cells are characterized by numerous mitochondria, which provide energy for active transport processes. The apical surface of the proximal tubular cells has numerous microvilli, forming a brush border that increases the surface area for reabsorption.

In summary, the proximal kidney tubule is a critical site for the reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients from the glomerular filtrate, contributing to the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

"Tenebrio" is the genus name for mealworm beetles, which are insects commonly found in stored grains and animal feed. The most common species is Tenebrio molitor. Mealworms and their larvae are often used as a food source for pets, such as reptiles and birds, but they can also cause damage to crops and structures if they infest them. They have been studied in various medical and scientific research fields including nutrition, toxicology, and allergies. Some people may have allergic reactions to mealworms or their byproducts.

Diuresis is a medical term that refers to an increased production of urine by the kidneys. It can occur as a result of various factors, including certain medications, medical conditions, or as a response to a physiological need, such as in the case of dehydration. Diuretics are a class of drugs that promote diuresis and are often used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, and edema.

Diuresis can be classified into several types based on its underlying cause or mechanism, including:

1. Osmotic diuresis: This occurs when the kidneys excrete large amounts of urine in response to a high concentration of solutes (such as glucose) in the tubular fluid. The high osmolarity of the tubular fluid causes water to be drawn out of the bloodstream and into the urine, leading to an increase in urine output.
2. Forced diuresis: This is a medical procedure in which large amounts of intravenous fluids are administered to promote diuresis. It is used in certain clinical situations, such as to enhance the excretion of toxic substances or to prevent kidney damage.
3. Natriuretic diuresis: This occurs when the kidneys excrete large amounts of sodium and water in response to the release of natriuretic peptides, which are hormones that regulate sodium balance and blood pressure.
4. Aquaresis: This is a type of diuresis that occurs in response to the ingestion of large amounts of water, leading to dilute urine production.
5. Pathological diuresis: This refers to increased urine production due to underlying medical conditions such as diabetes insipidus or pyelonephritis.

It is important to note that excessive diuresis can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, so it should be monitored carefully in clinical settings.

I could not find a medical definition specifically for "Amaranth dye," as it is not a term that is typically used in the medical field. However, Amaranth is a type of plant that contains a red-colored pigment called "amaranth dye" or "red 2." It has been used as a food coloring and also in textiles.

In the context of medicine, amaranth dye may be mentioned in relation to its potential toxicity. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified amaranth dye as a food additive that is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS), but it has been banned for use in foods in several countries due to concerns about its potential health effects. Some studies have suggested that amaranth dye may cause DNA damage, chromosomal aberrations, and mutations in laboratory animals, and it has been linked to cancer in some studies. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and determine the safety of amaranth dye for human consumption.

It's worth noting that amaranth dye is not commonly used as a food coloring in the United States, and it is not approved for use in cosmetics or other personal care products. If you have any concerns about the safety of a particular product or ingredient, it's always a good idea to speak with your healthcare provider or consult with a trusted source of information.

Triatominae is a subfamily of insects in the family Reduviidae, also known as assassin bugs. Triatomines are commonly called "kissing bugs" because they often bite humans near the mouth or eyes while they sleep. They are called this because of their habit of feeding on the blood of mammals, including humans, and prefer to bite near the lips or eyes where the skin is thin.

Triatomines are vectors for Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasitic protozoan that causes Chagas disease, a potentially life-threatening illness endemic in the Americas. The transmission of T. cruzi to humans occurs when feces or urine from an infected triatomine is accidentally rubbed into the bite wound or mucous membranes, such as those found in the eyes or mouth.

Triatomines are typically nocturnal and hide during the day in crevices in walls, roofs, or beds. They are attracted to light and can be found near human dwellings, particularly in rural areas with poor housing conditions. Preventing triatomine infestations and reducing contact with these insects is an important part of Chagas disease prevention.

"Aedes" is a genus of mosquitoes that are known to transmit various diseases, including Zika virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are distinguished by their black and white striped legs and thorax. Aedes aegypti is the most common species associated with disease transmission, although other species such as Aedes albopictus can also transmit diseases. It's important to note that only female mosquitoes bite and feed on blood, while males feed solely on nectar and plant juices.

Kidney tubules are the structural and functional units of the kidney responsible for reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of various substances. They are part of the nephron, which is the basic unit of the kidney's filtration and reabsorption process.

There are three main types of kidney tubules:

1. Proximal tubule: This is the initial segment of the kidney tubule that receives the filtrate from the glomerulus. It is responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of the filtrate, including water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes.
2. Loop of Henle: This U-shaped segment of the tubule consists of a thin descending limb, a thin ascending limb, and a thick ascending limb. The loop of Henle helps to concentrate urine by creating an osmotic gradient that allows water to be reabsorbed in the collecting ducts.
3. Distal tubule: This is the final segment of the kidney tubule before it empties into the collecting duct. It is responsible for fine-tuning the concentration of electrolytes and pH balance in the urine by selectively reabsorbing or secreting substances such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and hydrogen ions.

Overall, kidney tubules play a critical role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, regulating acid-base balance, and removing waste products from the body.

Hemolymph is not a term typically used in human medicine, but it is commonly used in the study of invertebrates, particularly arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. Hemolymph is the fluid that circulates within the open circulatory system of these animals, serving multiple functions similar to both blood and lymphatic systems in vertebrates.

In simpler terms, hemolymph is a combined fluid that performs the functions of both blood and lymph in invertebrates. It serves as a transport medium for nutrients, waste products, hormones, and immune cells (hemocytes) throughout the body. Hemolymph does not contain red and white blood cells like human blood; instead, hemocytes are the primary cellular components responsible for immune responses and wound healing in these animals.

Insect hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various physiological and behavioral processes in insects. They are produced and released by endocrine glands and organs, such as the corpora allata, prothoracic glands, and neurosecretory cells located in the brain. Insect hormones play crucial roles in the regulation of growth and development, reproduction, diapause (a state of dormancy), metamorphosis, molting, and other vital functions. Some well-known insect hormones include juvenile hormone (JH), ecdysteroids (such as 20-hydroxyecdysone), and neuropeptides like the brain hormone and adipokinetic hormone. These hormones act through specific receptors, often transmembrane proteins, to elicit intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately lead to changes in gene expression, cell behavior, or organ function. Understanding insect hormones is essential for developing novel strategies for pest management and control, as well as for advancing our knowledge of insect biology and evolution.

A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.

The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.

In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.

It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.

'Drosophila melanogaster' is the scientific name for a species of fruit fly that is commonly used as a model organism in various fields of biological research, including genetics, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology. Its small size, short generation time, large number of offspring, and ease of cultivation make it an ideal subject for laboratory studies. The fruit fly's genome has been fully sequenced, and many of its genes have counterparts in the human genome, which facilitates the understanding of genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.

Here is a brief medical definition:

Drosophila melanogaster (droh-suh-fih-luh meh-lon-guh-ster): A species of fruit fly used extensively as a model organism in genetic, developmental, and evolutionary research. Its genome has been sequenced, revealing many genes with human counterparts, making it valuable for understanding genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Insect Proteins" is not a recognized medical term. However, I can provide some information about insect protein from a nutritional and food science perspective.

Insect proteins refer to the proteins that are obtained from insects. Insects are a rich source of protein, and their protein content varies by species. For example, mealworms and crickets have been found to contain approximately 47-63% and 60-72% protein by dry weight, respectively.

In recent years, insect proteins have gained attention as a potential sustainable source of nutrition due to their high protein content, low environmental impact, and the ability to convert feed into protein more efficiently compared to traditional livestock. Insect proteins can be used in various applications such as food and feed additives, nutritional supplements, and even cosmetics.

However, it's important to note that the use of insect proteins in human food is not widely accepted in many Western countries due to cultural and regulatory barriers. Nonetheless, research and development efforts continue to explore the potential benefits and applications of insect proteins in the global food system.

Body fluids refer to the various liquids that can be found within and circulating throughout the human body. These fluids include, but are not limited to:

1. Blood: A fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body via the cardiovascular system. It is composed of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma.
2. Lymph: A clear-to-white fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, helping to remove waste products, bacteria, and damaged cells from tissues while also playing a crucial role in the immune system.
3. Interstitial fluid: Also known as tissue fluid or extracellular fluid, it is the fluid that surrounds the cells in the body's tissues, allowing for nutrient exchange and waste removal between cells and blood vessels.
4. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): A clear, colorless fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord, providing protection, cushioning, and nutrients to these delicate structures while also removing waste products.
5. Pleural fluid: A small amount of lubricating fluid found in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall, allowing for smooth movement during respiration.
6. Pericardial fluid: A small amount of lubricating fluid found within the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, reducing friction during heart contractions.
7. Synovial fluid: A viscous, lubricating fluid found in joint spaces, allowing for smooth movement and protecting the articular cartilage from wear and tear.
8. Urine: A waste product produced by the kidneys, consisting of water, urea, creatinine, and various ions, which is excreted through the urinary system.
9. Gastrointestinal secretions: Fluids produced by the digestive system, including saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal secretions, which aid in digestion, absorption, and elimination of food particles.
10. Reproductive fluids: Secretions from the male (semen) and female (cervical mucus, vaginal lubrication) reproductive systems that facilitate fertilization and reproduction.

"Gryllidae" is not a medical term. It is the family designation for crickets in the order Orthoptera, which includes various species of insects that are characterized by their long antennae and ability to produce chirping sounds. The misinterpretation might have arisen from the fact that some scientific research or studies may reference these creatures; however, it is not a medical term or concept.

Ion transport refers to the active or passive movement of ions, such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and calcium (Ca2+) ions, across cell membranes. This process is essential for various physiological functions, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and maintenance of resting membrane potential.

Ion transport can occur through several mechanisms, including:

1. Diffusion: the passive movement of ions down their concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
2. Facilitated diffusion: the passive movement of ions through specialized channels or transporters in the cell membrane.
3. Active transport: the energy-dependent movement of ions against their concentration gradient, requiring the use of ATP. This process is often mediated by ion pumps, such as the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase).
4. Co-transport or symport: the coupled transport of two or more different ions or molecules in the same direction, often driven by an electrochemical gradient.
5. Counter-transport or antiport: the coupled transport of two or more different ions or molecules in opposite directions, also often driven by an electrochemical gradient.

Abnormalities in ion transport can lead to various medical conditions, such as cystic fibrosis (which involves defective chloride channel function), hypertension (which may be related to altered sodium transport), and certain forms of heart disease (which can result from abnormal calcium handling).

Kinins are a group of endogenous inflammatory mediators that are involved in the body's response to injury or infection. They are derived from the decapeptide bradykinin and its related peptides, which are formed by the enzymatic cleavage of precursor proteins called kininogens.

Kinins exert their effects through the activation of specific G protein-coupled receptors, known as B1 and B2 receptors. These receptors are widely distributed throughout the body, including in the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems.

Activation of kinin receptors leads to a range of physiological responses, including vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, pain, and smooth muscle contraction. Kinins are also known to interact with other inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, to amplify the inflammatory response.

In addition to their role in inflammation, kinins have been implicated in a number of pathological conditions, including hypertension, asthma, arthritis, and pain. As such, kinin-targeted therapies are being explored as potential treatments for these and other diseases.

Distal kidney tubules are the final segment of the renal tubule in the nephron of the kidney. The nephron is the basic unit of the kidney that filters blood and produces urine. After the filtrate leaves the glomerulus, it enters the proximal tubule where most of the reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients occurs.

The filtrate then moves into the loop of Henle, which is divided into a thin and thick descending limb and a thin and thick ascending limb. The loop of Henle helps to establish a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium, allowing for the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts.

The distal tubule is the last segment of the renal tubule before the filtrate enters the collecting duct. It is a relatively short structure that receives filtrate from the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The distal tubule plays an important role in regulating electrolyte and water balance by actively transporting ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride.

The distal tubule also contains specialized cells called principal cells and intercalated cells that are responsible for secreting or reabsorbing hydrogen and potassium ions to maintain acid-base balance. Additionally, the distal tubule is a site of action for several hormones, including aldosterone, which stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.

Bumetanide is a loop diuretic medication that is primarily used to treat fluid buildup and swelling caused by various medical conditions, such as heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and kidney disease. It works by increasing the excretion of salt and water from the body through urination.

The increased urine output helps reduce the amount of fluid in the body, which can help alleviate symptoms such as shortness of breath, weight gain, and swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet. Bumetanide is a potent diuretic and should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider to monitor its effects on the body's electrolyte balance and fluid levels.

Like other loop diuretics, bumetanide can cause side effects such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, hearing loss, and kidney damage if used inappropriately or in excessive doses. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage regimen and inform your healthcare provider of any changes in your health status while taking this medication.

Orthoptera is not a medical term, but rather a taxonomic order in zoology. It includes grasshoppers, crickets, and related insects. These insects are characterized by their long antennae, rear wings that are typically narrower than the front pair, and jumping or leaping locomotion.

While not directly related to medicine, some species of Orthoptera can have medical implications for humans. For example, certain types of ticks (which belong to a different order) can transmit diseases, and chigger mites (also not Orthoptera) can cause itchy skin rashes. However, the order Orthoptera itself does not have specific relevance to medical definitions or human health.

Tetraphenylborate is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a chemical one. However, it can be encountered in the context of medical research or pharmaceutical chemistry. Here's a basic definition:

Tetraphenylborate (TPB-) is an anion of tetraphenylboric acid (C6H5B(OH)3), with the chemical formula [B(C6H5)4]-. It is often used in chemistry as a non-coordinating anion, which means it does not readily form bonds with other ions. This property makes it useful in the preparation of salts of cations that are easily hydrolyzed or oxidized.

In a medical context, tetraphenylborate salts have been used in research to study various biological processes. For instance, rubidium tetraphenylborate has been used in studies investigating the function of ion channels in cells. However, these uses are typically within the realm of laboratory research and not in clinical medicine.

Potassium is a essential mineral and an important electrolyte that is widely distributed in the human body. The majority of potassium in the body (approximately 98%) is found within cells, with the remaining 2% present in blood serum and other bodily fluids. Potassium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including:

1. Regulation of fluid balance and maintenance of normal blood pressure through its effects on vascular tone and sodium excretion.
2. Facilitation of nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction by participating in the generation and propagation of action potentials.
3. Protein synthesis, enzyme activation, and glycogen metabolism.
4. Regulation of acid-base balance through its role in buffering systems.

The normal serum potassium concentration ranges from 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter) or mmol/L (millimoles per liter). Potassium levels outside this range can have significant clinical consequences, with both hypokalemia (low potassium levels) and hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) potentially leading to serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and respiratory failure.

Potassium is primarily obtained through the diet, with rich sources including fruits (e.g., bananas, oranges, and apricots), vegetables (e.g., leafy greens, potatoes, and tomatoes), legumes, nuts, dairy products, and meat. In cases of deficiency or increased needs, potassium supplements may be recommended under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

The digestive system is a complex group of organs and glands that process food. It converts the food we eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. The digestive system also eliminates waste from the body. It is made up of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.

The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Other organs that are part of the digestive system include the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands.

The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The food then travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where it is broken down further by stomach acids. The digested food then moves into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining waste material passes into the large intestine, where it is stored until it is eliminated through the anus.

The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play important roles in the digestive process as well. The liver produces bile, a substance that helps break down fats in the small intestine. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine.

Overall, the digestive system is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. It plays a critical role in maintaining our health and well-being.

Tephritidae is a family of flies commonly known as "fruit flies" or "vinegar flies." The term "Tephritidae" is derived from the Greek word "tephra," which means "ash," likely referring to the often gray or sooty coloration of some members of this family.

Tephritidae includes over 4,000 species worldwide, many of which are important agricultural pests. These flies are known for their habit of laying eggs in or on fruits and vegetables, leading to the development of larvae that feed on the plant tissue and cause damage. Some well-known examples of Tephritidae include the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and the apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella).

It is worth noting that "fruit flies" is also a common name for Drosophilidae, another family of small flies. While both families are sometimes referred to as "fruit flies," Tephritidae species tend to be larger and more brightly colored than Drosophilidae species.

I apologize for any confusion, but "insects" are not a medical term. Insects are small air-breathing arthropods that have a segmented body with six legs and usually have wings. They make up the largest group of animals on Earth, with over a million described species.

If you're looking for information about a specific medical condition or topic, please provide more details so I can offer a relevant response.

Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases (V-ATPases) are complex enzyme systems that are found in the membranes of various intracellular organelles, such as vacuoles, endosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus. They play a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of electrochemical gradients across these membranes by actively pumping protons (H+) from the cytosol to the lumen of the organelles.

The V-ATPases are composed of two major components: a catalytic domain, known as V1, which contains multiple subunits and is responsible for ATP hydrolysis; and a membrane-bound domain, called V0, which consists of several subunits and facilitates proton translocation. The energy generated from ATP hydrolysis in the V1 domain is used to drive conformational changes in the V0 domain, resulting in the vectorial transport of protons across the membrane.

These electrochemical gradients established by V-ATPases are essential for various cellular processes, including secondary active transport, maintenance of organellar pH, protein sorting and trafficking, and regulation of cell volume. Dysfunction in V-ATPases has been implicated in several human diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, renal tubular acidosis, and certain types of cancer.

'Drosophila proteins' refer to the proteins that are expressed in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This organism is a widely used model system in genetics, developmental biology, and molecular biology research. The study of Drosophila proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of various biological processes, including gene regulation, cell signaling, development, and aging.

Some examples of well-studied Drosophila proteins include:

1. HSP70 (Heat Shock Protein 70): A chaperone protein involved in protein folding and protection from stress conditions.
2. TUBULIN: A structural protein that forms microtubules, important for cell division and intracellular transport.
3. ACTIN: A cytoskeletal protein involved in muscle contraction, cell motility, and maintenance of cell shape.
4. BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (LACZ): A reporter protein often used to monitor gene expression patterns in transgenic flies.
5. ENDOGLIN: A protein involved in the development of blood vessels during embryogenesis.
6. P53: A tumor suppressor protein that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer by regulating cell growth and division.
7. JUN-KINASE (JNK): A signaling protein involved in stress response, apoptosis, and developmental processes.
8. DECAPENTAPLEGIC (DPP): A member of the TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta) superfamily, playing essential roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.

These proteins are often studied using various techniques such as biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and structural biology to understand their functions, interactions, and regulation within the cell.

Probenecid is a medication that is primarily used to treat gout and hyperuricemia (high levels of uric acid in the blood). It works by decreasing the production of uric acid in the body and increasing its excretion through the kidneys.

In medical terms, probenecid is a uricosuric agent, which means it increases the urinary excretion of urate, the salt form of uric acid. It does this by inhibiting the reabsorption of urate in the proximal tubules of the kidneys, thereby promoting its elimination in the urine.

Probenecid is also used in conjunction with certain antibiotics, such as penicillin and cephalosporins, to increase their concentration in the body by reducing their excretion by the kidneys. This is known as probenecid-antibiotic interaction.

It's important to note that probenecid should be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, and its use may be contraindicated in certain medical conditions or in combination with specific medications.

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that is necessary for human health. In a medical context, sodium is often discussed in terms of its concentration in the blood, as measured by serum sodium levels. The normal range for serum sodium is typically between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).

Sodium plays a number of important roles in the body, including:

* Regulating fluid balance: Sodium helps to regulate the amount of water in and around your cells, which is important for maintaining normal blood pressure and preventing dehydration.
* Facilitating nerve impulse transmission: Sodium is involved in the generation and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system, which is necessary for proper muscle function and coordination.
* Assisting with muscle contraction: Sodium helps to regulate muscle contractions by interacting with other minerals such as calcium and potassium.

Low sodium levels (hyponatremia) can cause symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma, while high sodium levels (hypernatremia) can lead to symptoms such as weakness, muscle cramps, and seizures. Both conditions require medical treatment to correct.

Epithelium is the tissue that covers the outer surface of the body, lines the internal cavities and organs, and forms various glands. It is composed of one or more layers of tightly packed cells that have a uniform shape and size, and rest on a basement membrane. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they do not contain blood vessels, and are supplied with nutrients by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue.

Epithelial cells perform a variety of functions, including protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensation. They can be classified based on their shape and the number of cell layers they contain. The main types of epithelium are:

1. Squamous epithelium: composed of flat, scalelike cells that fit together like tiles on a roof. It forms the lining of blood vessels, air sacs in the lungs, and the outermost layer of the skin.
2. Cuboidal epithelium: composed of cube-shaped cells with equal height and width. It is found in glands, tubules, and ducts.
3. Columnar epithelium: composed of tall, rectangular cells that are taller than they are wide. It lines the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
4. Pseudostratified epithelium: appears stratified or layered but is actually made up of a single layer of cells that vary in height. The nuclei of these cells appear at different levels, giving the tissue a stratified appearance. It lines the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
5. Transitional epithelium: composed of several layers of cells that can stretch and change shape to accommodate changes in volume. It is found in the urinary bladder and ureters.

Epithelial tissue provides a barrier between the internal and external environments, protecting the body from physical, chemical, and biological damage. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the exchange of substances between the body and its environment.

Collecting kidney tubules, also known as collecting ducts, are the final portion of the renal tubule in the nephron of the kidney. They collect filtrate from the distal convoluted tubules and glomeruli and are responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes back into the bloodstream under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone. The collecting ducts then deliver the remaining filtrate to the ureter, which transports it to the bladder for storage until urination.

A "fat body" is not a medical term that is typically used to describe human anatomy. It is more commonly used in the context of insects and other invertebrates, where it refers to a specialized tissue that functions to store energy in the form of fat.

However, in humans, we do have adipose tissue, which is the medical term for body fat. Adipose tissue is found throughout the body, but is particularly concentrated in certain areas such as the abdomen, hips, and thighs. It serves a variety of functions, including storing energy, insulating the body, and producing hormones that regulate metabolism and appetite.

If you are looking for information on obesity or excess body fat in humans, there are many medical resources available to help you understand these topics better.

Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that are used by neurons to communicate with each other and with other cells in the body. They are produced in the cell body of a neuron, processed from larger precursor proteins, and then transported to the nerve terminal where they are stored in secretory vesicles. When the neuron is stimulated, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular space.

Neuropeptides can act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, depending on their target receptors and the duration of their effects. They play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including pain perception, appetite regulation, stress response, and social behavior. Some neuropeptides also have hormonal functions, such as oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream to regulate reproductive and cardiovascular function, respectively.

There are hundreds of different neuropeptides that have been identified in the nervous system, and many of them have multiple functions and interact with other signaling molecules to modulate neural activity. Dysregulation of neuropeptide systems has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as chronic pain, addiction, depression, and anxiety.

A microelectrode is a small electrode with dimensions ranging from several micrometers to a few tens of micrometers in diameter. They are used in various biomedical applications, such as neurophysiological studies, neuromodulation, and brain-computer interfaces. In these applications, microelectrodes serve to record electrical activity from individual or small groups of neurons or deliver electrical stimuli to specific neural structures with high spatial resolution.

Microelectrodes can be fabricated using various materials, including metals (e.g., tungsten, stainless steel, platinum), metal alloys, carbon fibers, and semiconductor materials like silicon. The design of microelectrodes may vary depending on the specific application, with some common types being sharpened metal wires, glass-insulated metal microwires, and silicon-based probes with multiple recording sites.

The development and use of microelectrodes have significantly contributed to our understanding of neural function in health and disease, enabling researchers and clinicians to investigate the underlying mechanisms of neurological disorders and develop novel therapies for conditions such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and hearing loss.

"Panstrongylus" is a genus of kissing bugs (triatomines), which are insects that feed on the blood of mammals, including humans. They are called "kissing bugs" because they often bite humans around the mouth and eyes. The most well-known species in this genus is "Panstrongylus megistus," which is a vector for Chagas disease, a potentially life-threatening illness endemic to Central and South America.

Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans through the feces of infected triatomines. The infection can lead to serious cardiac and gastrointestinal complications if left untreated.

It's important to note that while "Panstrongylus" species are vectors for Chagas disease, not all kissing bugs transmit the disease. Furthermore, Chagas disease is primarily a concern in endemic areas of Central and South America, and it's rare for travelers to contract the infection elsewhere.

Diptera is an order of insects that includes flies, mosquitoes, and gnats. The name "Diptera" comes from the Greek words "di," meaning two, and "pteron," meaning wing. This refers to the fact that all members of this order have a single pair of functional wings for flying, while the other pair is reduced to small knob-like structures called halteres, which help with balance and maneuverability during flight.

Some common examples of Diptera include houseflies, fruit flies, horseflies, tsetse flies, and midges. Many species in this order are important pollinators, while others can be significant pests or disease vectors. The study of Diptera is called dipterology.

Diuretics are a type of medication that increase the production of urine and help the body eliminate excess fluid and salt. They work by interfering with the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney tubules, which in turn causes more water to be excreted from the body. Diuretics are commonly used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and kidney disease. There are several types of diuretics, including loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and osmotic diuretics, each with its own mechanism of action and potential side effects. It is important to use diuretics under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can interact with other medications and have an impact on electrolyte balance in the body.

Genes in insects refer to the hereditary units of DNA that are passed down from parents to offspring and contain the instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of an organism. These genetic materials are located within the chromosomes in the nucleus of insect cells. They play a crucial role in determining various traits such as physical characteristics, behavior, and susceptibility to diseases.

Insect genes, like those of other organisms, consist of exons (coding regions) that contain information for protein synthesis and introns (non-coding regions) that are removed during the process of gene expression. The expression of insect genes is regulated by various factors such as transcription factors, enhancers, and silencers, which bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress gene transcription.

Understanding the genetic makeup of insects has important implications for various fields, including agriculture, public health, and evolutionary biology. For example, genes associated with insect pests' resistance to pesticides can be identified and targeted to develop more effective control strategies. Similarly, genes involved in disease transmission by insect vectors such as mosquitoes can be studied to develop novel interventions for preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Biological transport refers to the movement of molecules, ions, or solutes across biological membranes or through cells in living organisms. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulating cellular functions, and enabling communication between cells. There are two main types of biological transport: passive transport and active transport.

Passive transport does not require the input of energy and includes:

1. Diffusion: The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
3. Facilitated diffusion: The assisted passage of polar or charged substances through protein channels or carriers in the cell membrane, which increases the rate of diffusion without consuming energy.

Active transport requires the input of energy (in the form of ATP) and includes:

1. Primary active transport: The direct use of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient, often driven by specific transport proteins called pumps.
2. Secondary active transport: The coupling of the movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient with the uphill transport of another substance, mediated by a shared transport protein. This process is also known as co-transport or counter-transport.

Biological transport, active is the process by which cells use energy to move materials across their membranes from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This type of transport is facilitated by specialized proteins called transporters or pumps that are located in the cell membrane. These proteins undergo conformational changes to physically carry the molecules through the lipid bilayer of the membrane, often against their concentration gradient.

Active transport requires energy because it works against the natural tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, a process known as diffusion. Cells obtain this energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is produced through cellular respiration.

Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose and amino acids into cells, as well as the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters. The sodium-potassium pump, which helps maintain resting membrane potential in nerve and muscle cells, is a classic example of an active transporter.

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... the distal straight tubule ), and ending at the distal convoluted tubule Malpighian tubule: any of the excretory organs in ... "Cuvierian tubules". Oceanography Dictionary. Retrieved April 13, 2012. "Malpighian tubule". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. ... Collecting tubules: terminal channels of the nephrons Cuvierian tubules: clusters of sticky tubules located at the base of the ... "Tubule". Free Online Dictionary. Retrieved April 10, 2012. "Tubule". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved April 13, 2012. "Tubule". Free ...
... ns have four Malpighian tubules. Unlike the genetical structures of other beetles, yolk chambers alternate with egg ...
They have lost their Malpighian tubules. When host plant quality becomes poor or conditions become crowded, some aphid species ... the case of insect Malpighian tubules - PMC". Biology Letters. 11 (5). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0154. PMC 4455741. PMID 25972400. ...
The number of malpighian tubules differs between castes; in M. dispar, males have 16 tubules, queens range from 23 to 26, and ... Gray, B.; Lamb, K. P. (June 1968). "Some observations on the malpighian tubules and ovarioles in Myrmecia dispar (Clark) ( ...
The number of Malpighian tubules possessed by a given insect varies between species, ranging from only two tubules in some ... Long, slender (extratory) malpighian tubules can be found between the junction of the mid- and hind gut. The reproductive ... There are typically four to six Malpighian tubules. The nervous system in beetles contains all the types found in insects, ... The uric acid is formed using hemolymph waste products diffused from the Malpighian tubules (element 20). It is then emptied ...
There are typically four to six Malpighian tubules. The nervous system in beetles contains all the types found in insects, ...
... the number of malpighian tubules in workers is 21. The related black-headed sugar ant (Camponotus nigriceps) has a similar ...
They excrete waste through a single pair of malpighian tubules. Just as the first pair of legs are modified into forcipules, ...
Extraction is by various combinations of nephridia and Malpighian tubules. The tubules filter wastes out of the blood and dump ... To conserve water, air-breathing chelicerates excrete waste as solids that are removed from their blood by Malpighian tubules, ... 9 Malphigian tubules 10 Stercoral pocket 11 Rear aorta 12 Spinneret 13 Silk gland 14 Trachea 15 Ovary (female) 16 Book lung 17 ...
... s may have one to hundreds of Malpighian tubules (element 20). These tubules remove nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph ... Envaginations at the anterior end of the hindgut form the Malpighian tubules, which form the main excretory system of insects. ...
Species in this genus that usually infect the malpighian tubules of invertebrates. Legerella helminthorum infects the ...
Plasmodia inhabit and feed on Malpighian tubule cells where they are in direct contact with the cytoplasm. Multi-nucleate ... Radek, Ranate; Wellmanns, Daniel; Wolf, Anja (2011). "Two new species of Nephridiphaga (Zygomycota) in the Malpighian tubules ... that pathogenically inhabit the Malpighian tubules of insects. Ivanic described the type species from honey bees. ... "Ultrastructural investigation of the spore-forming protist Nephridiophaga blattellae in the Malpighian tubules of the German ...
sSJs are in gut endoderm and Malpighian tubules, while pSJs are in the ectodermally derived epithelia. sSJs and pSJs vary in ... Characterize the properties of the paracellular pathway in insect Malpighian tubules (MTs). Some unusual septate junctions have ...
The malpighian tubules are relatively large until approximately the twelfth larval instar. Ctenolepisma longicaudatum is a ...
Because of this, blind-ended ducts called Malpighian tubules come into play. These ducts emerge as evaginations at the anterior ... Excretion and osmoregulation in insects are not orchestrated by the Malpighian tubules alone, but require a joint function of ... These tubules continually produce the insect's uric acid, which is transported to the hindgut, where important salts and water ...
Brown, W.L. (1988). Data on Malpighian tubule numbers in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Advances in myrmecology. p. 23. Brown ...
In insects, a system involving Malpighian tubules is used to excrete metabolic waste. Metabolic waste diffuses or is actively ... transported into the tubule, which transports the wastes to the intestines. The metabolic waste is then released from the body ...
It is possible that the bio-luminescence in adults is simply a carry-over from the larval form because the Malpighian tubules ... It occurs in modified excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules in the abdomen. The luciferase enzyme in this species shares ...
It occurs in modified excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules in the abdomen. The body of the larva is soft while the head ...
The digestive system is typical of insects, with Malpighian tubules discharging into the midgut. Carbohydrates are digested ... Saliva is abundant but largely free of enzymes, helping to move food and Malpighian secretions along the gut. Some grasshoppers ...
The anterior and superior cavities are formed by the bases of four Malpighian tubules. The superior cavity opens into the lumen ...
The excretory system includes a nephridium and one or two pairs of Malpighian tubules. Several families of mites, such as ...
Development occurs in the epithelial cells of the gut or rarely in the Malpighian tubules. The gamontocysts are enclosed in a ... Syzygy and encystment occur in the lumen of the gut (or tubule). About 25-30 spores are generated from each gametocyst. Crawley ...
taeniorhynchus Malpighian tubules in a process that changes the microvillar border to impede fluid transport. The parasite ... Bradley, Timothy J.; Donald M. Sauerman, Jr.; Nayar, Jai K. (1984). "Early Cellular Responses in the Malpighian Tubules of the ...
The Malpighian tubules are significant for excretory features by throwing out excess and unnecessary solutes. Ileum, on the ... An analysis of these organs showed that Bombus morio Malpighian tubules are made up of two cell types, and the ileum four types ... Instead, the excretion system in Bombus morio, consisting of the Malpighian tubules, ileum, and rectum, gives the bees an ...
Development occurs in the epithelial cells of the gut or rarely in the Malpighian tubules. The gamontocysts are enclosed in a ... Syzygy and encystment occur in the lumen of the gut (or tubule). About 25-30 spores are generated from each gametocyst. ...
They have six Malpighian tubules, and their abdominal ganglia have fused into two separate ganglionic complexes. Immature ...
Malpighian tubules excrete nitrogenous waste into the digestive system, which typically consists of a simple tube. Although the ...
There are six Malpighian tubules, inserted as a group of four tubules and two tubules separately. The prothoracic ganglion is ...
Malpighian tubules in most insects also contain accessory musculature associated with the tubules which may function to mix the ... Malpighian tubules are slender tubes normally found in the posterior regions of arthropod alimentary canals. Each tubule ... Complex cycling systems of Malpighian tubules have been described in other insect orders. Hemipteran insects use tubules that ... Aphididae completely lack a Malpighian tubule system. Pre-urine is formed in the tubules, when nitrogenous waste and ...
It is known from earlier studies that the heat shock (HS) response in Malpighian tubules (MTs) of Drosophila larvae is ... Regulation of heat shock proteins, Hsp70 and Hsp64, in heat-shocked Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. ... in heat-shocked Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster larvae," Cell Stress & Chaperones 7(4), 347-356, (1 October 2002 ... in heat-shocked Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster larvae," Cell Stress & Chaperones, 7(4), 347-356, (1 October 2002 ...
The Malpighian system consists of tubules that are closed at the distal end and extend from the point of junction of the midgut ... The distal ends of the Malpighian tubules in G. campestris, which are long and wiggly in shape, extend freely into the body ... When the structure of the Malpighian tubules was compared with those of other species belonging to Orthoptera and other insect ... In this study, the histology of Malpighian tubules in Gryllus campestris (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) has been examined in detail by ...
The insect renal (Malpighian) tubule has long been a model system for the study. of fluid secretion and its neurohormonal ... biologists with an entirely new model system, the Drosophila Malpighian tubule,. which is utilized in multiple fields as ... Epithelial function in the Drosophila Malpighian Tubule: An in vivo renal model. ... Epithelial function in the Drosophila Malpighian Tubule: An in vivo renal model. ...
THE PERMEABILITY OF DRAGONFLY MALPIGHIAN TUBULE CELLS TO PROTEIN USING HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE AS A TRACER , Journal of Cell ... THE PERMEABILITY OF DRAGONFLY MALPIGHIAN TUBULE CELLS TO PROTEIN USING HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE AS A TRACER R. G. Kessel R. G. ... R. G. Kessel; THE PERMEABILITY OF DRAGONFLY MALPIGHIAN TUBULE CELLS TO PROTEIN USING HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE AS A TRACER . J ... ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES ON THE CELLS OF THE MALPIGHIAN TUBULES OF THE GRASSHOPPER (ORTHOPTERA, ACRIDIDAE) ...
Learn about malpighian tubules topic of Biology in details explained by subject experts on vedantu.com. Register free for ... Malpighian Tubules Definition. Malpighian tubules are the structures that are present in insects and they are helpful in the ... Malpighian tubules in humans are absent. Instead of malpighian tubules, we have the kidneys that help us in filtering out the ... There are a number of Malpighian tubules in cockroach. The main function of malpighian tubules is to help in the process of ...
We also characterized the role of dZnT1 (CG17723) in zinc reabsorption in Malpighian tubules. Finally, using a tubule ... Our results start to sketch out a relatively complete picture of the zinc excretion process in Drosophila Malpighian tubules, ... Tubule-specific knockdown of Zip71B/dZip5 reduces zinc accumulation in the tubules, but increases zinc levels in the body, ... members for their likely roles in zinc excretion in Malpighian tubules, an insect organ functionally analogous to mammalian ...
Tissues from fifth-instar larvae (head, epidermis, hemolymph, fat body, silk gland, trachea, the Malpighian Tubule, and midgut ... the Malpighian tubule; 3′: trachea; 4′: silk gland; 5′: fat body; 6′: hemolymph; 7′: epidermis; 8′: head. The arrow indicates ...
Malpighian tubules; MTs), and how this leads to elevated host defense and contributes to immunosenescence. A short period of ... Malpighian tubule (MT) EcR and PGRP-LC induced by desiccation and 20E feeding. Relative mRNA of (a) EcR and (b) PGRP-LC in ... Figure S5. RNAi on disembodied (dib) in Malpighian tubules (MTs). Reduced dib mRNA in MTs when dib RNAi is driven in stellate ( ... a) EcR and (b) PGRP-LC mRNA from Malpighian tubules (MTs) of young (7 days) and old (40 days) yw females in control (food, PBS ...
... in the Malpighian tubule. We genetically manipulated mesh specifically in the principal cells of the tubule at different life ... in the Malpighian tubule. We genetically manipulated mesh specifically in the principal cells of the tubule at different life ... in the Malpighian tubule. We genetically manipulated mesh specifically in the principal cells of the tubule at different life ... in the Malpighian tubule. We genetically manipulated mesh specifically in the principal cells of the tubule at different life ...
VOLTAGE CLAMPING SINGLE CELLS IN INTACT MALPIGHIAN TUBULES OF MOSQUITOES (Peer Reviewed Journal) (31-May-00) ...
Malpighian Tubules (terrestrial arthropods). No special structures - use water vascular system. Reproduction. Sexual ...
The excretory organs are two pairs of malpighian tubules, located near the mid-part of the gut. The digestive tract is a simple ...
What can insect malpighian tubules reveal about human diseases? The Weta 43: 1-5. Abstract and full article (PDF) Reference ...
... malpighian tubule numbers); Caetano, 1988: 129 (digestive tract anatomy); Solis et al., 2012 PDF: 1 (Monomorium digestive tract ...
... malpighian tubule numbers); Caetano, 1988: 129 (digestive tract anatomy); Solis et al., 2012 PDF: 1 (Monomorium digestive tract ...
Malpighian Tubule. Where scientists think tardigrade pee is made. These three tubes connect to the gut and remove water, ...
Malpighian tubules. Malpighian tubules develop from four separate outpushings of the prospective hindgut (Campos-Ortega and ... emc is required for Malpighian tubules development. (A) Wild-type developing Malpighian tubule stained with anti-Cut antibody ( ... emc is required for Malpighian tubules development. (A) Wild-type developing Malpighian tubule stained with anti-Cut antibody ( ... 1L,N), the rudiments of the Malpighian tubules (Fig. 1I), the tubules themselves (not shown), and the muscle attachment sites ( ...
View articletitled, ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF WATER BY INSECT MALPIGHIAN TUBULES. Supplementary information ...
The Malpighian tubule: rapid insights from post-genomic biology. JAT Dow, SA Davies ... Neuropeptide stimulation of the nitric oxide signaling pathway in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian tubules. SA Davies, EJ ... Function-informed transcriptome analysis of Drosophila renal tubule. J Wang, L Kean, J Yang, AK Allan, SA Davies, P Herzyk, JAT ... Insect renal tubules constitute a cell-autonomous immune system that protects the organism against bacterial infection. J ...
Aquaporin and aquaglyceroporin genes have different expression levels in the digestive tract and Malpighian tubules of honey ...
HalhaCAPA-R responded specifically to CAPA-PVK peptides (PVK1 and PVK2), and was highly expressed in the Malpighian tubules ... Their gene expression was restricted mostly to the central nervous system and Malpighian tubules. All PK receptors were ... Malpighian tubules, and reproductive organs of males and females. HalhaPK-R2 showed the strongest response to PK2 peptides and ...
2003, May). Sodium dependent transport of Chlorophenol red uptake by Malpighian tubules of acheta domesticus. Poster presented ...
Drosophila renal stem cells enhance fitness by delayed remodeling of adult Malpighian tubules. Sci Adv 8(20): eabn7436. PubMed ... RSCs are abundant, quiescent, and confined to the peri-ureter region of the kidney-like Malpighian tubules (MTs). Although ... The remodeled tubules have a larger luminal diameter and shorter brush border, changes linked to enhanced stone resistance. ...
2003, May). Sodium dependent transport of Chlorophenol red uptake by Malpighian tubules of acheta domesticus. Poster presented ...
Characterization of salicylate uptake across the basolateral membrane of the Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster. ... Our results suggest that salicylate uptake across the basolateral membrane of D. melanogaster Malpighian tubules is mediated by ...
They migrate to the malpighian tubules (the kidneys) to create more cysts that then accumulate in the rectum and are excreted ...
Determining the role of the microbiome in Parkinsons disease, Characterizing the Malpighian tubule phenotype in PD model flies ...
... accomplished primarily by the Malpighian tubules (MTs). The so-called cryptonephridial condition, along with extreme regional ...
  • It is known from earlier studies that the heat shock (HS) response in Malpighian tubules (MTs) of Drosophila larvae is different from that in other tissues because instead of the Hsp70 and other common heat shock proteins, Hsp64 and certain other new proteins are induced immediately after HS. (bioone.org)
  • The development of this first physiological assay for a Drosophila epithelium, allowing combined approaches of integrative physiology and functional genomics, has now provided biologists with an entirely new model system, the Drosophila Malpighian tubule, which is utilized in multiple fields as diverse as kidney disease research and development of new modes of pest insect control. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
  • Our results start to sketch out a relatively complete picture of the zinc excretion process in Drosophila Malpighian tubules, and may provide a reference for relevant mammalian studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Drosophila melanogaster, sSJs are found in the midgut and Malpighian tubules, but the functions of sSJs and their protein components in the tubule epithelium are unknown. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Drosophila kinin decreased transepithelial potential and increased chloride permeability, and it stimulated fluid secretion in both control and adult mesh knockdown tubules but had no effect on 4-kDa dextran flux. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Together, these data indicate roles for Mesh in the developmental maturation of the Drosophila Malpighian tubule and in ion and macromolecular transport in the adult tubule. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Drosophila Malpighian (renal) tubules are important epithelial tissue in which to study transport mechanisms. (gla.ac.uk)
  • RNA-seq has been chosen to investigate Drosophila Malpighian (renal) tubules to identify novel genes following a three- way comparison between three popular transcriptome profiling methods. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Two types of novel gene have been found in Drosophila tubules, coding genes and noncoding genes. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Reverse genetics has been applied to identify novel coding gene function in Drosophila tubules. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Poly(A) selected RNA-seq has been used as a discovery tool for searching novel genes in Drosophila Malpighian tubules in this thesis. (gla.ac.uk)
  • A TopHat and Cufflinks pipeline has been used as an analytical pipeline for novel gene discovery and differential gene expression analysis between Drosophila tubules and whole flies in order to find the tubule-enriched genes. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The implementation was illustrated on two time series microarray data sets generated from the samples of accessory gland (ACG) and malpighian tubule (MT) tissues of the line W 118 of M. drosophila . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although a transcriptional analysis has been done for the Malpighian tubules in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera), no functional genomics analysis has yet been carried out for any Coleoptera species. (geneticsmr.com)
  • The insect orders, Dermaptera and Thysanoptera do not possess these muscles and Collembola and Hemiptera:Aphididae completely lack a Malpighian tubule system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Complex cycling systems of Malpighian tubules have been described in other insect orders. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the structure of the Malpighian tubules was compared with those of other species belonging to Orthoptera and other insect orders, similarities and differences were observed. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The insect renal (Malpighian) tubule has long been a model system for the study of fluid secretion and its neurohormonal control, as well as studies on ion transport mechanisms. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
  • In this work, we screened all the potential zinc transporter Zip (SLC39) and ZnT (SLC30) members for their likely roles in zinc excretion in Malpighian tubules, an insect organ functionally analogous to mammalian kidneys. (biomedcentral.com)
  • What can insect malpighian tubules reveal about human diseases? (wikimedia.org)
  • The Malpighian tubules play a key role in insect osmoregulation. (geneticsmr.com)
  • Although primarily involved in excretion and osmoregulation, Malpighian tubules have been modified in some insects to serve accessory functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Malpighian tubules are responsible for excretion and osmoregulation in insects. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Malpighian tubules are the structures that are present in insects and they are helpful in the process of excretion and osmoregulation. (vedantu.com)
  • There are a number of malpighian tubules in cockroach that help in the process of excretion and osmoregulation. (vedantu.com)
  • Each tubule consists of a single layer of cells that is closed off at the distal end with the proximal end joining the alimentary canal at the junction between the midgut and hindgut. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Malpighian system consists of tubules that are closed at the distal end and extend from the point of junction of the midgut and hindgut. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • RT-PCR results revealed that these receptors had little or no expression in the tissues tested, including the whole body, central nervous system, midgut, Malpighian tubules, and reproductive organs of males and females. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The system consists of branching tubules extending from the alimentary canal that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this system of malpighian tubules, branched tubules are present and these tubules are extending from the alimentary canal of the cockroach. (vedantu.com)
  • Tubules of flies with developmental mesh knockdown revealed defects in epithelial architecture, sSJ molecular and structural organization, and lack of urine production in basal and kinin-stimulated conditions, resulting in edema and early adult lethality. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Knockdown of mesh during adulthood did not disrupt tubule epithelial and sSJ integrity but decreased the transepithelial potential, diminished transepithelial fluid and ion transport, and decreased paracellular permeability to 4-kDa dextran. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The function of this gene has been identified as involvement in tubule secretion, which may relate to calcium transport. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) showed that in adult Tribolium, the receptor is mainly expressed in the head and much less in the hindgut and Malpighian tubules, suggesting that the inotocin/receptor couple does not play a role in water homeostasis. (lu.se)
  • Hemipteran insects use tubules that permit movement of solutes into the distal portion of the tubules while reabsorption of water and essential ions directly to the hemolymph occurs in the proximal portion and the rectum. (wikipedia.org)
  • We also characterized the role of dZnT1 (CG17723) in zinc reabsorption in Malpighian tubules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Instead of malpighian tubules, we have the kidneys that help us in filtering out the waste products from our body. (vedantu.com)
  • They don't have a bladder or kidneys, but instead, they have Malpighian tubules that filter waste products from their blood. (bedbugssprays.net)
  • Tubules are usually bathed in hemolymph and are in proximity to fat body tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Malpighian tubules in most insects also contain accessory musculature associated with the tubules which may function to mix the contents of the tubules or expose the tubules to more hemolymph. (wikipedia.org)
  • In insects which feed on plant material containing noxious allelochemicals, Malpighian tubules also serve to rapidly excrete such compounds from the hemolymph. (wikipedia.org)
  • Malpighian tubules are also helpful in regulating the hemolymph. (vedantu.com)
  • A number of malpighian tubules in cockroaches are blind tubules that are present freely in the hemolymph. (vedantu.com)
  • The Malpighian tubules play a vital role in Mosquitoes' survival, as they help regulate the amount of water and salt in their body. (bedbugssprays.net)
  • Measures such as controlling breeding sites, using insecticides and mosquito nets, and understanding the role of the Malpighian tubules in excreting waste products are all important factors in preventing the spread of diseases and reducing the impact of mosquitoes on public health. (bedbugssprays.net)
  • The Malpighian tubule system is a type of excretory and osmoregulatory system found in some insects, myriapods, arachnids and tardigrades. (wikipedia.org)
  • Apart from malpighian tubules, there are other excretory glands that are present in cockroaches. (vedantu.com)
  • Additionally, the presence of plant secondary metabolites which serve as anti-herbivory agents requires uninterrupted excretory function, accomplished primarily by the Malpighian tubules (MTs). (mcmaster.ca)
  • Here we examined the role of the previously identified integral sSJ component, Mesh, in the Malpighian tubule. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We genetically manipulated mesh specifically in the principal cells of the tubule at different life stages. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Both Coleoptera and Lepidoptera use a cryptonephridial arrangement where the distal end of the tubules are embedded in fat tissue surrounding the rectum. (wikipedia.org)
  • The distal ends of the Malpighian tubules in G. campestris, which are long and wiggly in shape, extend freely into the body cavity. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Tubule-specific knockdown of Zip71B /dZip5 reduces zinc accumulation in the tubules, but increases zinc levels in the body, resulting in survival defect under zinc excess conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, using a tubule calcification model, we were able to show that knockdown of Zip71B/dZip5 or ZnT35C was able to mitigate stone formation, consistent with their roles in tubular zinc homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The location of this gene has been confirmed in tubule main segments, principle cell cytoplasm or apical membrane. (gla.ac.uk)
  • HalhaCAPA-R responded specifically to CAPA-PVK peptides (PVK1 and PVK2), and was highly expressed in the Malpighian tubules with low to moderate expression in other tissues, and life stages. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Pre-urine is formed in the tubules, when nitrogenous waste and electrolytes are transported through the tubule walls. (wikipedia.org)
  • The function of malpighian tubules is to absorb the nitrogenous waste products and then help them to convert into uric acids. (vedantu.com)
  • The growths lodge in the fly's Malpighian tubule, which is the equivalent of the convoluted tubules in the million or so microscopic nephrons that make up a human kidney. (newswise.com)
  • The number of tubules varies between species although most occur in multiples of two. (wikipedia.org)
  • Larvae of all species in genus Arachnocampa use modified and swollen Malpighian tubules to produce a blue-green light attracting prey towards mucus-coated trap lines. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main function of malpighian tubules is to help in the process of excretion. (vedantu.com)
  • Their gene expression was restricted mostly to the central nervous system and Malpighian tubules. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Transmission electron microscopic study of gill showed severe damages which included degenerative changes in mitochondria, cellular vacuolation, damage in tubule vascular system, presence of lipid droplets, elongated nucleus, but in case of field experiment dilated mitochondria and cytoplasmic vacuolation were more prominent. (omicsonline.org)
  • In a cross-section of the tubules, it has been observed that the outer surface of the cells is covered by muscles and trachea. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Malpighian tubules are slender tubes normally found in the posterior regions of arthropod alimentary canals. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, the histology of Malpighian tubules in Gryllus campestris (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) has been examined in detail by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • For the process of excretion, malpighian tubules are present in cockroaches. (vedantu.com)
  • Furthermore, Zip71B/dZip5 expression is regulated by zinc so that, in response to toxic levels of zinc, the tubules can increase zinc efflux capability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These tubules are connected to their gut, where the waste products are expelled as feces. (bedbugssprays.net)
  • Such an arrangement may serve to increase the efficiency of solute processing in the Malpighian tubules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Now we will learn more about cockroaches and the malpighian tubules present in them. (vedantu.com)